Segment 1.

Emotion
Emotion refers to feelings affective responses as a result of physiological arousal, thoughts and beliefs,
subjective evaluation and bodily expression. It is a state characterized by facial expressions, gestures,
postures and subjective feelings (Uriarte, 2009).
Emotion is associated with mood, temperament, personality, and disposition. The English word 'emotion'
is derived from the French word émouvoir. This is based on the Latin emovere, where e- (variant of ex-)
means the 'out' and movere means 'move'. The related term "motivation" is also derived re from movere
(Santrock, 2000).

Theories of Emotion are:

1. James-Lange Theory by William James and Carl Lange James-Lange theory states that emotion
results from physiological states triggered by stimuli in the environment: emotion occurs after
physiological reactions. This theory and its derivatives states that a changed situation leads to a changed
bodily state. A James says, "the perception of bodily changes as they occur is the emotion."
James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we
tremble, and neither have we cried, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case
may be." The James-Lange theory has now been all but abandoned by most scholars.
2. Cannon-Bard Theory by Walter Cannon and Philip Bard - This suggests tha people feel emotions
first and then act upon them. This is a theory that emotion and physiological reactions occur
simultaneously. These actions include changes i muscular tension, perspiration, etc. The theory was
formulated following the introduction of the James-Lange theory of Emotion in the late 1800s, which
alternately suggested that emotion is the result of one's perception of their reaction, or "bodily change."
Example: I see a man outside my window. I am afraid. I begin to perspire. The Cannon-Bard
Theory of Emotion is based on the premise that one reacts to a specific stimulus and experiences the
corresponding emotion simultaneously. Cannon and Bard posited that one is able to react to a stimulus
only after experiencing the related emotion and experience.
3. Two Factor Theory- This theory was provided by Schachter & Singer, in which they posited that
emotion is the cognitive interpretation of a physiological response. For many, this remains the best
formulation of emotion. Most people consider this to be the "common sense" theory to explain
physiological changes; their physiology changes as a result of their emotion (Santrock, 2000).

Segment 2. Conflict
Conflict is a stressful condition that occurs when a person must choose between incompatible or
contradictory alternatives. It is a negative emotional state caused by an inability to choose between two or
more incompatible goals or impulse (Uriarte, 2009).
Conflict is the state in which two or more motives cannot be satisfied because they interfere with
one another (Lahey, 2001).
Types of Conflict
The following are the types of conflict:
Psychological Conflict (Internal Conflict) - Psychological conflict could be going on inside the
person and no one would know (instinct may be at odds with values). Freud would say
unconscious id battling superego and further claimed that our personalities are always in conflict.
Social Conflict-The different kinds of social conflict are:
a. Interpersonal Conflict.

b. Two individuals me against you;

c. Inter-group Struggles us against them;

d. Individual Opposing a Group-me against them, them against me,

e. Intra-group Conflict-members of group all against each other on a task,

Approach-Avoidance-Conflict can be described as having features of approach and avoidance:

approach-approach; avoidance-avoidance; approach-avoidance Approach speaks to things that we
want avoidance refers to things that we do not want.
Kinds of Approach-Avoidance
a. Approach-Approach Conflict-In Approach-Approach conflict, the individual must choose between
two positive goals of approximately equal value. In the two pleasing things are wanted but only one
option should be chosen.
Examples: Choice between two colleges, two roommates, or two ways spending the summer.4
b. Aviodance-Aviodance Conflict- involve more obvious sources of stress. The individual must choose
between two or more negative outcomes.
c. Approach-Avoidance Conflict - Approach-Avoidance conflict exists when there is an attractive and
unattractive part to both sides. It arises when obtaining a positive goal necessitates a negative outcome as
well.
Examples: Gina is beautiful, but she is lazy. "I want this, but I don't want what this entails".
Another is the dilemma of the student who is offered a stolen copy of an important final exam. Cheating
will bring guilt and reduced self-esteem, but also a good grade.
d. Multiple-Approach-Avoidance Conflict - This refers to conflict with complex combinations of
approach and avoidance conflicts. It requires individual to choose between alternatives that contain both
positive and negative consequences (Lahey, 2001).
Functional vs. Dysfunctional Conflict
a. Dysfunctional Conflict - There is dysfunctional conflict if conflict disrupts, hinders job performance,
and upsets personal psychological functioning.
b. Functional Conflict -There is functional conflict if conflict is responsive and innovative aiding in
creativity and viability.