Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 1

Sample Problems

Compute each of the following integrals. Assume that a and b are positive numbers.
Z Z Z p
sec ( x)
1. sin x dx 8. csc x dx 15. p dx
x
Z Z
2. cos 5x dx 9. sin2 x dx Z=3
p
16. 1 + cos 2x dx
Z Z 0
3. cos x sin4 x dx 10. sin3 x dx
Z=2
Z Z p
4
17. 1 cos x dx
4. csc2 x dx 11. sin x dx
0

Z Z Z
5. tan x dx 12. sin5 x dx 18. tan3 x dx
Z
Z Z
1 19. sin 7x cos 3x dx
6. cot x dx 13. dx
a + b2 x2
2

Z Z Z
1
7. sec x dx 14. p dx 20. sin 10x sin 4x dx
a2 x2

Practice Problems
Z Z
1. cos 3x dx 8. cos2 (2x) dx Z=6
p
15. 1 cos 6x dx
Z Z 0
2. sin 4x dx 9. cos3 x dx
5
Z Z Z
3. sec tan d 10. cos4 x dx 16. sin 2a cos 8a da

Z Z
4. sec2 d 11. cos5 x dx Z
17. cos b cos 11b db
Z Z
5. x tan x2 dx 12. sin x cos5 x dx
Z
Z Z 18. sin 6 sin 14 d
6. cot (2x ) dx 13. sin3 x cos5 x dx
Z Z Z
7. cos2 x dx 14. tan2 x dx 19. cos 11m sin 3m dm

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013

Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 2

Sample Problems - Answers

1 1
1.) cos x + C 2.) sin 5x + C 3.) sin5 x + C 4.) cot x + C 5.) ln jcos xj + C = ln jsec xj + C
5 5
1 1
6.) ln jsin xj + C 7.) ln jsec x + tan xj + C 8.) ln jcsc x + cot xj + C 9.) x sin 2x + C
2 4
1 1 1 3 2 1
10.) cos3 x cos x + C 11.) sin 2x + sin 4x + x + C 12.) cos x + cos3 x cos5 x + C
3 4 32 8 3 5
p
1 1 b 1 x p p 6
13.) tan x +C 14.) sin +C 15.) 2 ln jsec ( x) + tan ( x)j + C 16.)
ab a a 2
p 1 1 1 1 1
17.) 2 2 2 18.) sec2 x + ln jcos xj + C 19.) cos 10x cos 4x + C 20.) sin 6x sin 14x + C
2 20 8 12 28

Practice Problems - Answers

1 1 1
1.) sin 3x + C 2.) cos 4x +C 3.) sec + C 4.) tan + C 5.) ln sec x2 +C
3 4 5 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
6.) ln jsin (2x )j + C 7.) x + sin 2x + C 8.) x + sin 4x + C 9.) sin x sin3 x + C
2 2 4 2 8 3
3 1 1 1 2 1
10.) x + sin 2x + sin 4x + C 11.) sin5 x sin3 x + sin x + C 12.) cos6 x + C
8 4 32 5 3 6
p
1 1 2 1 1
13.) cos6 x + cos8 x + C 14.) x + tan x + C 15.) 16.) cos 6a cos 10a + C
6 8 3 12 20
1 1 1 1 1 1
17.) sin 10b + sin 12b + C 18.) sin 8 sin 20 + C 19.) cos 8m cos 14m + C
20 24 16 40 16 28

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013

Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 3

Sample Problems - Solutions

Z
1. sin x dx

Solution: This is a basic integral we know from di¤erentiating

Z basic trigonometric functions. Since
d d
cos x = sin x, clearly ( cos x) = sin x and so sin x dx = cos x + C .
dx dx
Z
2. cos 5x dx

d
Solution: We know that cos x = sin x + C. We will use substitution. Let u = 5x and then du = 5dx
dx
du
and so = dx.
5 Z Z Z
du 1 1
cos 5x dx = cos u = cos u du = sin 5x + C
5 5 5
Note: Once we Z have enough practice, there is no need to perform this substitution in writing. We can just
1
simply write cos 5x dx = sin 5x + C.
5
Z
3. cos x sin4 x dx

Solution: Let u = sin x. Then du = cos xdx.

Z Z Z
1 1
cos x sin4 x dx = sin4 x (cos xdx) = u4 u = u5 + C = sin5 x + C
5 5
Z
4. csc2 x dx

d
Solution: We need to remember that cot x = csc2 x.
dx
Z Z
2
csc x dx = csc2 x dx = cot x + C

Z
5. tan x dx

Solution: Let u = cos x. Then du = sin x dx.

Z Z Z Z Z
sin x 1 1 1
tan x dx = dx = (sin xdu) = ( du) = du = ln juj + C = ln jcos xj + C
cos x u u u
1
= ln (cos x) + C = ln jsec xj + C

Z
6. cot x dx

Solution: Let u = sin x. Then du = cos x dx.

Z Z Z Z
cos x 1 1
cot x dx = dx = (cos xdu) = du = ln juj + C = ln jsin xj + C
sin x u u

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013

Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 4

Z
7. sec x dx
Z Z Z
sec x + tan x sec2 x + sec x tan x
Solution: sec x dx = sec x dx = dx
sec x + tan x sec x + tan x
d d
From here we will use substitution. Recall that sec x = sec x tan x and tan x = sec2 x. Let u =
dx dx
sec x + tan x. Then du = sec x tan x + sec2 x dx.
Z Z Z
sec2 x + sec x tan x 1 2 1
dx = sec x + sec x tan x dx = du = ln juj + C = ln jsec x + tan xj + C
sec x + tan x u u
Z
8. csc x dx
Z Z Z
csc x + cot x csc2 x + csc x cot x
Solution: csc x dx = csc x dx = dx
csc x + cot x csc x + cot x
d d
From here we will use substitution. Recall that csc x = csc x cot x and cot x = csc2 x. Let
dx dx
u = csc x + cot x. Then du = csc2 x csc x cot x dx.
Z Z Z Z
csc2 x + csc x cot x 1 1 1
dx = csc2 x + csc x cot x dx = ( du) = du = ln juj + C
csc x + cot x u u u
= ln jcsc x + cot xj + C

Z
9. sin2 x dx

Solution: Recall the double angle formula for cosine, cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x. We solve this for sin2 x
1
sin2 x = (1 cos 2x)
2

Z Z Z Z
2 1 1 1 1
sin x dx = (1 cos 2x) dx = 1 dx cos 2x dx = x + C1 sin 2x + C2
2 2 2 2
1 1
= x sin 2x + C
2 4
Z
10. sin3 x dx

Solution: Z Z Z
3 2
sin x dx = sin x sin x dx = sin x 1 cos2 x dx

Let u = cos x: Then du = sin xdx

Z Z Z Z Z
3 2 2 2
sin x dx = sin x 1 cos x dx = 1 cos x (sin xdx) = 1 u ( du) = u2 1 du

1 3 1
= u u+C = cos3 x cos x + C
3 3

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013

Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 5

Z
11. sin4 x dx

Solution: We use the double angle formula for cosine to express sin2 x.
1
cos 2x = 1 2 sin2 x =) sin2 x = (1 cos 2x)
2
Z Z Z 2 Z Z
4 2 2 1 1 2 1
sin x dx = sin x dx = (1 cos 2x) dx = (1 cos 2x) dx = 1 2 cos 2x + cos2 2x dx
2 4 4
We use the double angle formula for cosine again to express cos2 2x.
1
cos 4x = 2 cos2 2x 1 =) cos2 2x = (cos 4x + 1)
2

Z Z Z
4 1 1 2 1
sin x dx = 1 2 cos 2x + cos 2x dx = 1 2 cos 2x + (cos 4x + 1) dx
4 4 2
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1 3
= cos 2x + cos 4x + dx = cos 2x + cos 4x + dx
4 2 8 8 2 8 8
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3
= sin 2x + sin 4x + x + C = sin 2x + sin 4x + x + C
2 2 8 4 8 4 32 8
Z
12. sin5 x dx

Solution: This method works with odd powers of sin x or cos x. We will separate one factor of sin x from the
rest which will be expressed in terms of cos x.
Z Z Z Z Z
5 2 2
sin x dx = sin x sin x dx = sin x sin x dx = sin x sin x dx = sin x 1 cos2 x dx
4 4 2

Z
= sin x 1 2 cos2 x + cos4 x dx

We proceed with substitution. Let u = cos x: Then du = sin xdx.

Z Z Z
sin5 x dx = sin x 1 2 cos2 x + cos4 x dx = 1 2 cos2 x + cos4 x (sin xdx)
Z Z
2 1 5
= 1 2u2 + u4 ( du) = 1 + 2u2 u4 du = u + u3 u +C
3 5
2 1
= cos x + cos3 x cos5 x + C
3 5
Z
1
13. dx
a2 + b2 x2
Z
1 1x
Solution: The basic integral here is dx = tan + C. We need a substitution under which
+1 x2
a2 x2 = b2 u2 . This would be convenient because then
1 1 1 1
= 2 2 = 2
a2 x2 +b 2 b u +b 2 2
b u +1

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013

Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 6

a
So we will pursue this substitution. We solve a2 x2 = b2 u2 for a possible value of u and obtain u = x. Then
b
a b
du = dx and so du = dx.
b a
Z Z Z Z
1 1 b 1 1 b b 1 1
2 2 2
dx = 2 2 2
du = 2 2
du = 2 2
du = tan 1 u + C
a x +b b u +b a b u +1 a ab u +1 ab
1 1 b
= tan x +C
ab a

Z
1
14. p dx
a2 x2
Z
1 1
Solution: The basic integral here is p dx = sin x + C. We need a substitution under which
1 x2
x2 = a2 u2 . This would be useful because then
1 1 1 1
p =p =p = p
a2 x2 a2 a2 u2 a2 (1 u2 ) a 1 u2

So we will pursue this substitution. We solve x2 = a2 u2 for a possible value of u and obtain x = au and
dx = adu.
Z Z Z Z
1 1 a 1 x
p dx = p (adu) = p du = p du = sin 1 u+C = sin 1 +C
a2 x2 a2 2
a u 2 a 1 u 2 1 u 2 a
Z p
sec ( x)
15. p dx
x
p 1
Let u = x. Then du = p dx.
2 x
Z p Z p Z Z
sec ( x) sec ( x) p 1
p dx = 2 p dx = 2 sec x p dx =2 sec u du = 2 ln jsec u + tan uj + C
x 2 x 2 x
p p
= 2 ln jsec ( x) + tan ( x)j + C

Z=3
p
16. 1 + cos 2x dx
0
Solution: We will yet again use the double angle formula for cosine, this time to eliminate the square root.

cos 2x = 2 cos2 x 1 =) 2 cos2 x = cos 2x + 1

Z=3 Z=3 p =3
p Z p p Z
=3
p
1 + cos 2x dx = 2 cos2 x dx = 2 cos2 x dx = 2 jcos xj dx
0 0 0 0
h i
Since f (x) = cos x is positive on 0; ; we can simplify jcos xj = cos x
3
=3 =3 ! p ! p
p Z p Z p =3 p p 3 6
2 jcos xj dx = 2 cos x dx = 2 sin x = 2 sin sin 0 = 2 0 =
0 3 2 2
0 0

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013

Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 7

Z=2
p
17. 1 cos x dx
0
Solution:
cos 2 = 1 2 sin2 =) 2 sin2 = 1 cos 2
x
We substitute = into this and obtain
2
x
2 sin2 =1 cos x
2
Z=2 Z=2 r p Z=2
p 2 x x
1 cos x dx = 2 sin dx = 2 sin dx
2 2
0 0 0
x h i x x
Since f (x) = sin is non-negative on 0; ; we can simplify sin = sin
2 2 2 2
=2 ! !
p Z x p x =2 p x =2 p
2 sin dx = 2 2 cos = 2 2 cos = 2 2 cos cos 0
2 2 0 2 0 4
0
p !
p 2 p p
= 2 2 1 = 2+2 2= 2 2 2
2
Z
18. tan3 x dx

Solution: Let u = cos x. Then du = sin xdx

Z Z Z Z Z Z 2
3 sin3 x sin2 x 1 cos2 x 1 u2 u 1
tan x dx = 3
dx = sin x 3 dx = 3
sin xdx = 3
( du) = 3
du
cos x cos x cos x u u
Z 2 Z
u 1 1 3 u 2 1
= 3 3
du = u du = ln juj + C = ln juj + 2 + C
u u u 2 2u
1
= ln jcos xj + sec2 x + C
2
Z
19. sin 7x cos 3x dx

Solution: We wil use the product-to-sum identities to trasform this product into a sum. We write the sine
formula for the sum and the di¤erence of these two angles.
sin 10x = sin (7x + 3x) = sin 7x cos 3x + cos 7x sin 3x
sin 4x = sin (7x 3x) = sin 7x cos 3x cos 7x sin 3x
We will add the two equations
sin 10x + sin 4x = 2 sin 7x cos 3x
1
(sin 10x + sin 4x) = sin 7x cos 3x
2
1
We can very easily integrate (sin 10x + sin 4x)
2
Z Z Z
1 1
sin 7x cos 3x dx = (sin 10x + sin 4x) dx = sin 10x + sin 4x dx
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= ( cos 10x) + ( cos 4x) + C = cos 10x cos 4x + C
2 10 2 4 20 8

c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013

Lecture Notes Trigonometric Integrals 1 page 8

Z
20. sin 10x sin 4x dx

Solution: We wil use the product-to-sum identities to trasform this product into a sum. We write the cosine
formula for the sum and the di¤erence of these two angles.

cos 14x = cos (10x + 4x) = cos 10x cos 4x sin 10x sin 4x
cos 6x = cos (10x 4x) = cos 10x cos 4x + sin 10x sin 4x

We will subtract the …rst equation from the …rst one

cos 6x cos 14x = 2 sin 10x sin 4x

1
(cos 6x cos 14x) = sin 10x sin 4x
2
1
We can very easily integrate (cos 6x cos 14x)
2
Z Z Z
1 1
sin 10x sin 4x dx = (cos 6x cos 14x) dx = cos 6x cos 14x dx
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
= (sin 6x) (sin 14x) + C = sin 6x sin 14x + C
2 6 2 14 12 28

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c copyright Hidegkuti, Powell, 2012 Last revised: December 8, 2013