Rajasthan History (Free E-Book)

Free RAS Classes by IAS Gaurav Budania and Kuldeep Sir
History of Rajasthan
Lecture-2
Invasion of Allauddin Khilji
Delhi- Allauddin
Khilji
Ranthambhore- Hammir Dev

Shataldev Chouhan – Chouhan (1st Attack in 1301)
Siwana fort (1308- 3rd
Attack)
Jalore- Kanhad Dev Chouhan (1311-
12- 4th Attack) Chittor- Rana Samar Singh (2nd
Attack in 1303)
Gujarat
Title of Allauddin- Sikandar Sani (सिकंदर िानी)
Required Horses which were available in Gujarat
• Khilji’s Gujarat Campaign in leadership of-

▪ Ulugh khan
▪ Nusrat khan
• Jalore was between GJ and Delhi. Ruler of Jalore was Kanhad Dev Chouhan and
he did not provide passage to Allauddin Khilji’s Army.
• Allauddin Khilji opted the path of Chittor (Mewar). Ruler of Chittor Rana Samar
Samar Singh gave the path in return of tax. AK got money and horses for
his army.
• While returning to Delhi Mongol General (Senapati) Mohammed Shah
decided to go back Delhi through Rajasthan
o Dispute between Md. Shah and Ulugh + Nusrat
o Md. Shah went to get protection to Hammir Dev Chouhan of
Ranthambhore.
• Hence AK has now 3 enemies in Rajasthan-
o Ranthambhore- Hammir Dev Chouhan (Refuge to the Unfaithful)
o Chittor- Rana Samar Singh (Route Dispute)
o Jalore – Kanhad Dev Chouhan (Route Dispute)
1st Attack- 1301- Ranthambhore-
→ Ruler Hammir Dev- Kesariya Kesariya + Jauhar= Saka

→ Wife Rani Rangad + daughter Deval Padmana – Jauhar
→ 1st Saka of Rajasthan Kesariya= वीरगति
1
2nd Attack- 1303- Chittor-
→ Ruler Raval Ratan Singh, son of Rana Samar Singh- Kesariya

→ Wife – Padmini- Jauhar
→ Senapati- Gora & Badal- Kesariya
→ 1st Saka of Chittor
→ Extra info- old name of Chittor was Chitrakoot
→ AK changed the name of Chittor to Khijrabad and made Kijra Khan its ruler
3rd Attack- 1308- Siwana Fort (Barmer)
→ Siwana fort was sub-fort of Jalore region

→ Ruler- Shatal Dev Chouhan (Cousin of Kanhad Dev Chouhan)
→ AK changed the name of Siwana fort to Khairabad fort
4th Attack- 1311-12- Jalore
→ Ruler Kanhad Dev Chouhan + son Veeram Dev Chouhan

→ Before attack- Kanhad and Veeram went to Delhi for treaty with AK. AK’s daughter Firoza started
loving Veeram Dev but Veeram refused to marry her.
→ AK changed Jalore’s name to Jalalabad
2
Lecture-3
Medieval History of Rajasthan
Chouhan dynasty
Chouhan Chahman [Definition in Prithviraj Vijay written by Jayanak Bhatt]
चाहमान- चाप + हरर + मान + नीति
Origin-
From Agnikund- By Chandbardai and supported by Muhnot Nainsi and Suryamall Mishra
Havan by Guru Vashishtha on Mount Abu
→ Pratiharas
→ Chouhans (प्रतिहारों क़े सामंि)
Abu Mountain → Chalukyas
→ Parmaras
Suryavanshi- by Gaurishankar Heerachand Ojha
Chandravanshi- in two inscription- 1. Hansi inscription- Haryana
2. Achaleshwar inscription- Sirohi
Brahamans- (Vatsa Gotra)
→ Bijolia inscription- found in Parshwanath Temple near Bhilwada

→ Supported by – Dr. Dashrath Sharma, Dr. Gopinath Sharma and Dr. R. Bhandarkar
Foreigner-
→ Supported by Colonel James Todd [Father of History of Rajasthan]

→ Book- Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan
→ Editor- William Crook
→ Colonel James Todd – known as घोड़े वाल़े बाबा
→ He accepted the origin of Chouhans from Shaka Sapiens
Branches of Chouhans
Expansion of the Chouhan Empire (िपादलक्ष क्षेत्र)
(First branch of Chouhans)
Nadol (Pali) By Lakshaman Singh Ajmer By Ajayraj
Jalore Siwana Sirohi Ranthambhore by Govind Dev Chouhan
Songara Chouhans Devda Chouhans
Kota Bundi
Hada Chouhans
3
Vasudev Chouhan-
→ Adipurush of Chouhans (Founder), Pradhanpurush

→ Founded in 551 CE
→ Sambhar Lake construction- largest salt water lake in RJ- Written in Bijolia Inscription
Guvak-I
→ Feudal of Pratihara Ruler Nagbhatt-II

→ First independent Chouhan Ruler
→ Started construction of Harshnath Temple in Siker
Totem (कुलद़े विा) of Chouhans
Chandanraj- Wife Rudrani/Aatmaprabha
[Rudrani lit daily 1000 diyas at the bank of Pushkar lake to ger rid of Kalsarp Dosh
Singh Raj-
→ Title- Maharajadhiraj
→ Completed Harshnath temple
Vigrahraj-II
→ Title of Matanga (Act like and elephant in warfare)

→ Source- Harsh Mandir Edicts
→ He defeated the Chalukya ruler Mulraj-I
→ Constructed Ashapura Mata Temple in Bharuch, Gujarat (भडोच)
Govind-III
→ Title- वैरीघट्ट (meaning- Enemy killer/ शत्रु संहारक)

→ In Prithviraj Vijay Book by Jayanak Bhatt
Vakpatiraj- Defeated Mewar Ruler Ambaprasad
Prithviraj-I
→ Jeenmata mandir in Rewasa, Sikar by Minister हट्ड
Kuldevi of Chouhans- 2 time fair in a year
Chouhans of Ajmer-
Ajayraj Chouhan-
→ प्रारं भभक चौहानों का तनमााण काल- गोपीनाथ शमाा

→ Title- Garjan-matanga
→ Shaiv Dharma
→ Established Ajmer city in 1113
o Ajaymeru Fort – Other names-
▪ Taragarh Fort
▪ गढ़बबटली दग
ु ा
4
▪ Gibraltar of East
▪ Highest attacked fort by national rulers- Ajaymeru fort
→ Silver and copper coins- Ajaypriya Dramm (अजयप्रप्रय द्रम्म)
→ Coins with the name of wife Somlekha or Somaldevi
o First ruler to issue coins with his wife’s name
→ Gold donation for Parshwanath Jain Temple
→ Presided the debate assembly between Shwetambara and Digambara
→ He took retirement and left for Pushkar and made son Arnoraj the next ruler.
→ Attack on Ajmer by Turk invaders- People called Ajayraj back to save them.
→ बबना भसर क़े ही िुकों का नरसंहार- भसर कटकर पुष्कर में गगर गया- बकरी वाल़े बाबा का मंददर
o शरीर लडि़े-लडि़े अजम़ेर पहुुँच गया
Arnoraj (अर्णोराज)-
→ Created Aanasagar lake by stopping water of Chandra river in 1137

o Later, Jahangir made Daulatabag (New name- Subhash Udyan)
o Here, Shahjahan made 5 Baradaris of marble
→ Varah Temple in Pushkar
→ Devbodh and Dharmaghosh- 2 Scholars in his court
→ Defeated Narvarman
→ Defeated Turks
→ Married to Kanchan Devi, Daughter of Chalukya king of Gujarat Jay singh Siddhraj
→ Arnoraj defeated by Chalukya king Kumarpal
o In Prabandh Kosh by Rajshekhar and Prabandh Chintamani by Merutung (म़ेरुिुंग)
Jagdev Chouhan-
→ Killed his father Arnoraj

→ चौहानों का प्रपिह
ृ न्िा
5
Lecture-4
1 Ajayraj Chouhan
2 Arnoraj Chouhan
Killed By 4
3 Jagdev Chouhan Vigrahraj- IV 7 Someshwar Chouhan
Aparangeya (अपरांगेय)
6 Prithviraj Chouhan-II Killed By 5 8 Prithviraj-III Hariraj
Nagarjuna
Vigrahraj Chouhan – IV
→ Also known as Bisaldev

→ Title of Kavibandhav or Katibandhu- For providing shelter to scholars
→ Golden era of Chouhans
→ Golden era of Ajmer
Vigrahraj-IV as a Warrior-
→ Defeared Ghazni emperor Khusrav Shah

→ Annexation of Delhi by defeating Tomars
o Mentioned in Shivalik Edict Gathered tax from Himalayas to Vindyanchal
Vigrahraj-IV as a Scholar-
→ Harikeli Drama (हररक़ेभल नाटक) by Vigrahraj

o Some lines of this drama are written on the walls of Adhai Din Ka Jhopra
o And Some line are also written on memorial of Raja Ram Mohan Roy in England
→ Comparison by Kilhorne with Kalidas and Bhavbhuti
→ Provider of Shelter to Scholars-
o Somdev- ‘Lalit Vigrahraj’ Drama
▪ Love Story of Vigrahraj and princess of Indrapuri
o Narpatinaal- ‘Bisaldev Raso’
▪ Love story of Vigrahraj and Rajmati
Vigrahraj-IV, a creator/constructor-
→ Bisaldev Town in Tonk District

→ Bisaldev Pond
→ Gokarneshwar Mahadev Temple
→ Sanskrit Pathshala in Ajmer
o Kutubuddin Aibak broke it and made Adhai din ka Jhopra on its place
▪ Oldest Mosque of Rajasthan
▪ Oldest Persian Text of Rajasthan is written on its walls
6
Vigrahraj-IV, a religious and secular person-
→ Shaivism (शैव मिावलंबी)

→ On request of Jain Guru Dharmghosh Suri, put ban of animal sacrifices on Ekadashi
o Similarity to Emperor Ashoka
Prithviraj Chouhan-III
→ 1177-1192
→ Title- Raipithora and Dalpungal
→ Born- Anhilpatan, Gujarat in 1166
→ Father- Someshwar Chouhan
→ Mother- Karpuri devi (Kalachuri Dynesty)
→ Wife- Sanyogita
→ Son- Govindraj
→ Prime Minister- Kadambavasa or Kaimasa
→ Commander in chief- Bhuvanmal
→ Horse- Natyarambha
• Constructed Department of Arts in Ajmer- Presided by Padmanabha (पद्मनाभ)
• Constructed Pithoragarh Fort in Delhi
Political life-
→ Defeated cousin Nagarjuna (1177)

→ Defeated Bhandanak tribe (1182)
→ Mahoba Vijay
→ Chouhan-Chalukya Struggle
→ Chouhan-Garhwal Struggle
→ Prithviraj Vs Mohammed Gori
Nagore
1. Gurgaon (Gurpur)-
Nagarjuna
3. Mahoba- Chandel emperor

Parmardi dev
(Parmardi Dev and his Senapati

Abu Alha and Udal died)
Prithviraj appointed Punjanray

(पुन्जंराय) in Mahoba
7
• Chouhan Vs Chalukya King Mulraj-II (Bhimdev-II)-

❖ Issues-
1. Possession of Mulraj-II on Nagore
2. Murder of Someshwar Chouhan, father of Prithviraj Chouhan, by Mulraj-II
3. Princess Ikshini (इक्षिणी) of Abu Empire- She was lover of Prithviraj-III but
Mulraj-III wanted to marry her.
❖ War No result
❖ Mediated by Jagdev Pratihar (Chalukya Senapati)
• Chouhan Vs Garhwal King Jaichand-
❖ Jaichand Garhwal Daughter Sanyogita Swayamwar- Sanyogita married to the
dummy of Prithviraj Chouhan and eloped with him
❖ Sanyogita Did not exist- supported by G.H. Ojha and R.S. Tripathi
Existed- C.V. Vaidya and Dashrath Sharma
• Prithviraj & Mohammed Gori-

→ Tarain – Karnal, Haryana
→ Mohd. Gori – Turk Invader
→ First Battle of Tarain- 1191
▪ PC won
▪ Historical Mistake- PC left Mohd. Gori alive
→ Second Battle of Tarain- 1192
▪ Mohd. Gori won
▪ Historical changes in India- establishment of Muslim dynasties
▪ ‘Ghulam dynasty’ by Kutubuddin Aibak (Servant of Mohd. Gori)
Death of Prithviraj Chouhan-
• According to Prithviraj Raso by Chandbardai

→ Gori took Prithvi to Ghazni made PC blind Murder of Gori by Shabdbhedi Baan
→ Prithviraj Raso completed by son of Prithviraj
• According to Tabkat-e-Nasiri written by Siraj
→ Murder of PC in Sirsa (Haryana)
• According to Taj-ul-Masir written by Hasan Nizami
→ Gori appointed PC as ruler in Ajmer under him
Courtiers of Prithviraj Chouhan
→ Chandbardai- Prithviraj Raso

→ Jayanak Bhatt- Prithviraj Vijay
→ Janardan
→ Vidyapati Gaud
→ Vishwarup
8
Lecture-5
Chouhans of Ranthambhore- [Sawai Madhopur]
Rantahpur (रं िःपरु ) Ranthamban (रणथंबन) Ranthambhore
Thamban
Hills
Rann (रण)
Govindraj/ Govind Dev Chouhan-
→ Founder of Chouhans of Ranthambhore in 1194
Balhandev (बल्हर्णदे व)-
→ 1126- Possession on Ranthambhore fort by Iltutmish
Prahladan
Veer Narayan-
→ Murder by Iltutmish
Vagbhatt-
→ 1236- Again possession on rann after the death of Iltutmish
Jaitra Singh/ Jai Simha-
→ Ruled for 32 years
Hammir Dev Chouhan-
→ भसंह सुवन, सत्पुरुष वचन, कदली फलै इक बार।

तिररया ि़ेल हमीर हठ, चढ़ै न दज
ू ी बार।।
→ Father- Jaitra Singh
→ Mother- Heera Devi
→ Wife- Rang De
→ Guru- Raghav Dev
→ Courtier Scholar- Vijyaditya/ Bijaditya
→ Purohit- Vishwarup
Literary Sources-
→ Hammir Mahakavya- Nayanchandra Suri

→ Hammir Raso- Jodhraj
→ Hammir Hath- Chandrashekhar
→ Surjan Charitra- Chandrashekhar
→ Hammir Bandhan- Amrit Kailash
9
→ Hammirayan (हम्मीराय़ण)- Vyas Bhanau (व्यास भाडउ)

→ Khajain-ul-futuh or Tarikh-e-alai – Amir Khushro
→ Mitfa-ul-futuh – Amir Khushro
→ Balban Edict- Kota- कोदट यजन यज्ञ की जानकारी
• Hammir Dev Chouhan- ‘Shringar Har’ [Kavya-granth (काव्यग्रंथ़)]
-रणथम्भौर दग
ु ा में अपऩे प्रपिा क़े स्वर्णाम 32 वषों क़े शासन क़े सम्मान में 32 छिररयों का तनमााण
न्याय की छिरी
• Hammir Dev Chouhan fought 17 wars, in which he won 16 wars and lost 1 against Allauddin Khilji
• Initial Victories-
→ Ruler Arjun of Bhimras (U.P.)
→ Parmar king Bhoj
→ Mewar King Samar Singh
• Hammir Dev Chouhan Vs Jalaluddin Khilji- 1291
Founder of Khilji Dynesty in Delhi
Jhain Fort (झाईन दग

ु )ा - Key of Ranthambhore
Result- Hammir Dev won the war
Senapati Gurdas Saini got killed in the war
Jalaluddin- “I would not risk the hair of a single muslim for hundred such forts.” (About Jhain fort)
• Hammir Dev Vs Allauddin Khilji-

→ Reasons-
▪ Hammir Dev provided shelter of the enemy of Allauddin Khilji Mangol Senapati
Mohd. Shah
▪ Revenge of defeat of Jalaluddin Khilji
▪ Imperialist policy of Allauddin Khilji
→ Hindwat Valley (region of Banas River)
▪ Hammir Dev side-
• Bhim Singh (Killed by Khilji army)
• Dharma Singh (made blind by Hammir due to doubt of Bhim Singh’s
murder by him)
▪ AK Side- Ulug Khan and Nusrat Khan
▪ Result- Jhain fort in possession of AK
→ Ranthambhore conquest of AK- 1301
▪ Nusrat Khan died in the war
▪ Treaty proposal by AK through Molhan Dev (Villager)
▪ Ranmal and Rattipal cheated Hammir dev and joined AK’s army
▪ Result- AK won and made Ulug khan administrator of Ranthambhore fort
→ Jauhar by Rang De and Hammir dev got killed
→ But In Hammir Mahakavya- AK defeated & Hammir sacrificed his head in a Shiv Temple due to
the sorrow of Johar performed by his queen Rang De
→ First Saka of Rajasthan
10
→ Amir khushro
▪ आज कुफ्र का गढ़ इस्लाम का घर हो गया (जीि क़े बाद)
▪ सोऩे क़े 2 दानों क़े बदल़े चावल का 1 दाना भी नसीब नहीं है (रणथंभौर दग
ु ा क़े बाहर पडाव क़े
समय)
11
Lecture-6
Chouhans of Nadol-
→ First and oldest branch of Chouhans

→ Founder- Lakshman Singh (Son of Shakanbhari ruler Vakpatiraj Chouhan), 960 AD in Nadol
Chouhans of Jalore-
→ Founder- Alhan’s (अल्हण द़े व) son Kirtipal Chouhan

o Munhot Nainsi (मुहणोि नैणसी)- कीिु एक महान शासक
→ Kirtipal Chouhan – Founder of Songara Chouhans of Jalore
→ Fort Suvarngiri- of Songara Chouhans
Jalore= Jal + Ore (जाल + ओर)
→ Old name- Jabalipur (on Rishi Jabali)
Kirtipal Chouhan-
→ Established branch of Chouhans in Jalore by defeating Parmaras
Uday Singh-
→ 1228 Iltutmish attacked on Jalore
Chaching Dev (चाचचंग दे व)-
→ Contemporary to Nasiruddin (grandson of Iltutmish) and Balban
Samant Singh-
→ Ghulam Dynesty ended till his time

→ Khilji Dynesty is ruling on Delhi
→ 1291- Jalaluddin attacked but lost due to Sarangdev Vabela (सारं गद़े व वाब़ेला), Senapati of
Samant Singh
Kanhad Dev Chouhan-
→ Allauddin Khilji attacked on Jalore- Chouhan Dynesty ended and Jalore became a part of Delhi
→ Wife- Jaital Dey Performed Jauhar after the death of Kanhad Dev
→ Son- Veeramdev Chouhan
→ Brother- Maldev Chouhan (Muchhala Maldev- मछ
ु ाला मालद़े व)
→ Sources of knowledge
o ‘Kanhad Dev Prabandh’ – by Padmanabh (पद्मनाभ)
o ‘Veerdev Songara Ri Baat’ – By Padmanabh
o ‘Khajain-ul-futuh’ or ‘Tareekh-e-alai’ (खजाइन-उल-फुिुह/ िारीख-ए-अलाई) – by Amir
Khusro
▪ Source of Allauddin Khilji’s military operations
Kanhad Dev Chouhan Vs Allauddin Khilji-
12
Reasons-
→ Not giving route to Allauddin Khilji’s army while his Gujarat Campaign
→ Attack by Jeta Devda on returning army of AK from Gujarat
→ Imperial policy of AK
→ Love affair of Veeramdev and AK’s daughter Firoza (by Munhot Nainsi)
AK’s attacks on Jalore-
I Attack – 1305-
→ Aain-ul-mulk treaty
→ Insult of Kanhad Dev and Veeramdev by AK in Delhi
II Attack- 1308- On Sivana Fort (Sub-fort of Jalore)
→ Shatal Dev Chouhan (Cousin of Kanhad Dev Chouhan) + son Somdev – Kesariya of both
→ Wife Mena Dey (म़ेणा द़े )- Performed Jauhar
→ First Saka of Siwana
→ AK Kamaluddin Gurg (कमालद्द
ु ीन गग
ु )ा - Leadership- Succeeded
Bhawla Panwar (भाुँवला पंवार)- Cheated Kanhad Dev
→ Name of Siwana changed to Khairabad by AK
→ Kamaluddin appointed as administrator of Khairabad by AK
→ AK’s commander (Senapati) Nahar Khan died in the battle
III Attack- 1309- (Battle of Malkana)
→ AK lost
→ Leaders of AK- Naib Khan and Shams Khan Bandi
→ Leaders of Kanhad Dev- Veeramdev and Maldev
IV and last attack of AK in 1311-12 -
→ AK attacked Jalore
o Leadership by Kamaludding
→ Cheated by Bika Dahiya (बीका ददहया)
o Bika’s wife murdered Bika due to cheating with their king Kanhad Dev
→ Kanhad Dev martyred
→ Veeram Dev- Attempted Suicide
o AK’s daughter Firoza took Veeram’s head with her and died in Yamuna river
(Performed Sati in love of Veeram Dev)
→ AK changed Jalore’s name to Jalalabad and appointed Kamaluddin as its administrator
→ Construction of Topkhana Mosque by AK in Jalore
13
Lecture-7
Guhila Dynesty of Mewar-
→ Longest period of reign

→ Modern Geographic Location- Udaipur, Chittor, Rajsamand, Bhilwara, and some parts of
Pratapgarh
→ Description of 24 branches – By Col. James Todd and Muhnot Nainsi
o In these 24 branches, the most important branch was Guhila Dynesty of Mewar
→ Ancient India Alexander’s invasion from North-East border of India
Shivi Tribe escaped from border to save their lives
Came to Mewar Area
Shivi District Capital- Madhyamika (माध्यभमका) (a city in Chittor)
Pragvat (प्राग्वाट्) Due to its ancientness
Medpat (म़ेदपाट) Med Tribe (म़ेद जनजाति)
Mewar South-East of Aravali Mountains
Opinions on Origin-
→ Suryavanshi Kshatriya G. H. Ojha

→ Nagar Brahman (नागर ब्राह्मण) D. R. Bhandarkar
→ Foreigner (Descendants of Norokhas) Abul Fazl
of Iran
→ Came from Vallabhi, Gujarat Col. James Todd and Mohnot Nainsi
Genealogy-
Guhaditya (गह
ु ाददत्य)-
→ Founder of Guhila Dynesty (566 CE)

→ Father- Shiladitya
14
→ Mother- Pushpavati Went to Ambamata Temple in Mewar Gave birth to son in a cave
Hence name-Guhaditya
Bappa Rawal (बप्पा रावल) –
→ Real founder of Guhila dynasty

→ Real Name- Kaalbhoj (कालभोज)
→ Disciple of Harit Rishi (Pashupat Sampradaya- Shaivism)
o With his guidance, in 734 CE, he founded Guhila dynasty by deafeating Maan Maurya
of Mauraya Dynesty
→ Capital- Nagda (नागदा)
o Constructed Eklingnath Ji (एकभलंगनाथ जी) (Shiv Ji) Temple in Kailashpuri village of
Nagda
“म़ेवाड क़े अगिपति” िथा “Totem of Guhila Dynesty” (गुदहल वंश क़े
कुलद़े विा)
→ First currency system started

→ Feudal of Nagbhatt-II
→ Killed Muslim invaders in Ghazni hence C. V. Vaidya compared with Charles Mortel,
French Commander
→ Pakistan’s Rawalpindi in the name of Bappa Rawal
Allat (अल्लट)- (आलूरावल)
→ Married to Hun (हूण) princess Hariyadevi First international marriage of Rajasthan

→ Formation of bureaucracy for the first time India’s first International
→ Capital- Ahad (आहड) marriage by
Constructed Varah temple Chandragupt Maurya
Shakti Singh-
→ Parmar Ruler Munj of Malwa took over Chittor

o Successor Bhoj Parmar
▪ Made Tribhuvan Narayana Temple in Chittor Fort
Later Rana Mokal reconstructed this temple and named it as Samadhishwar

Temple (समागिश्वर मंददर) (also known as Mokal Temple)
15
Ran Singh (रर्ण सिंह)-
→ Division of Guhil Dynesty into Rawal and Rana branches
Ran Singh
Rahap (राहप) Kshaim Singh (िैम भसंह) (Younger son- declared successor)
(Rana title) (Rawal title)

Jagirdar of Sisoda Village
of Mewar Region Samant Singh Kumar Singh
His descendants are Guhila Dynesty of Vagad Took back Chittor from
called Sisodia and title (वागड) Kirtipal (Keetu)
Rana was used by them
During his reign, Chauhan
Lakshman Singh and king of Jalore Kirtipal
Jaitra Singh
his 7 sons captured Chittor
1 son was Ari Singh

Tej Singh
son
He went to Dungarpur-
Banswada and founded
Rana Hammir (next ruler Guhila dynasty of Vagad
after Rawal Ratan Singh) Samar Singh
→ Savior of Mewar
(म़ेवाड का उद्धारक) Rawal Ratan Singh
→ Vishamghati
Panchanan Last ruler of Rawal Branch
(प्रवषमघाटी पंचानन)
(like lion in distress)
During his period, AK
→ ‘Prabal Hindu
attacked on Chittor
Samrat’ by Col.
James Todd Reign of AK and
Title by Rana Kumbha, Tughlaqs on Chittor for
Ratan Jauhar
written in Kirti Stambha 23 years (1303-1326)
Singh + performed
(Chittorgarh)
Gora + by Rani
Badal Padmini
Rana Hammir recaptured
Mewar by defeating Kesariya
Tughlaqs
Reign of Rana Branch

started
16
Genealogy- Ran Singh Kshaim Singh Samant Singh Kumar Singh Jaitra Singh
Tej Singh Samar Singh Rawal Ratan Singh Rana Hammir
Jaitra Singh-
→ ‘Golden Era of Medieval Mewar’ by Dr. Dashrath Sharma

→ Seen reigning period of 6 Sultana’s of Delhi
→ Capital- Chittor (After destruction of capital Nagda)
→ Battle of Bhutala (भूिाला का युद्ध) Jaitra Singh Vs Iltutmish (1227 CE)
Won Destroyed Nagda (old capital)
Tej Singh-
→ Title- Maharajadhiraj (महाराजागिराज) & उमापतिवारलब्िप्रोढ़प्रिाप

→ शासनकाल में गचत्रग्रंथ “श्रावक प्रतिकमाण सत्र
ू चणू ी” की रचना
o 1260 CE by Kamalchandra
o First Picture book of Mewar painting style (गचत्रशैली)
Samar Singh-
→ Took tax from Allauddin Khilji on his Gujarat campaign

→ 2 Sons-
o Kumbhkaran
o Rawal Ratan Singh wife Rani Padmini (from Poogal of Jaisalmer- written in
local texts)
Rawal Ratan Singh-
→ Reigned on Mewar (1302-1303)

→ Wife- Padmini Princess of Singhal Dweep
Daughter of Gandharva Sen
Heeraman parrot
→ Sources of Knowledge
o Padmawat by Malik Mohammed Jayasi
o Padmini Charitra by Labdhodaya (लब्िोदय)
o Gora-Badal Chaupai by Hemratan
o Khajain-ul-Futuh by Amir Khusro
▪ Another name of the book- Tareekh-e-Alai
▪ Description of AK’s military campaigns
Rawal Ratan Singh Vs Allauddin Khilji-
→ Reasons
o Collection of road tax by Samar Singh (father of Ratan Singh)
o Imperialist policy of AK
o Strategic importance of Chittor
▪ Located on the trade route between Delhi and Gujarat
o To get Rani Padmini
17
▪ Description of this story of Padmini and AK is written in Padmavat which was

written by Malik Mohd. Jayasi in 1545 CE, while Rani Padmini existed in
1303.
→ Eyes seen description of the battle by Amir Khusro
→ Gora, Badal and Rawal Ratan Singh martyred
→ Rani Padmavati performed Jauhar with over 1600 women in fort
→ 1303- First Saka of Chittor
→ AK appointed Khijra Khan as administrator of Chitto
→ AK changed its name to Khijrabad (खिज्राबाद)
→ Khijra Khan handed over Chittor to Maldev Songara
18
Lecture-8
Rana Hammir-
→ First Rana
→ Titles- Vishamghati Panchanan (प्रवषमघाटी पंचानन), Veer Raja, Savior of Mewar (म़ेवाड का
उद्धारक), Prabal Hindu Samrat by Col. James Todd
Written on Kirti Piller (Chittorgarh) by Rana Kumbha
→ Captured Chittor by defeating Banveer Songara (Administrator of Mohd. Bin Tughlaq)

→ Battle of Singoli Rana Hammir Vs Mohd. Bin Tughlaq
(1326) Won imprisoned for 6-7 months
Rana Kshetra Singh- (रार्णा क्षेत्र सिंह या रार्णा िेता)-
Rana Lakha Singh (Laksha Singh)-
→ Period of economic growth

→ Production of silver from Jawar (जावर)
→ Construction of Pichhola Lake (प्रपछोला झील) in Udaipur by Pichchhu Banjara
Natni ka Chabutara (नटनी का चबूिरा)- around lake
→ Scholars in the court- Dhaneshwar Bhatt and Jhoting Bhatt

→ Married to Hansabai, princess of Marwar
State of Mewar Marwar State
Rana Lakha Ranmal Hansabai Kanha

(Successor)
Kunwar Chuda (कंु वर चूडा) Married to

Condition of marriage was to make the
→ Bhishma Pitamah of Mewar new born child by this relationship the
→ His descendants are called successor of Mewar – condition by
Chudawat Ranmal
Rana Mokal
→ Granted him privilege that
Story behind calling Kunwar Chuda ‘Bhishma Pitamah’
Chudawat will lead front
squad “हरावल दस्िा” in every Ranman originally sent Hansabai’s marriage proposal to
battle Kunwar Chuda but by mistake it was sent to Rana Lakha.
→ Given them place to reside As the condition of the marriage stated that the new born
named ‘Salumbar’, one out of child will be next king, hence Kunwar Chuda vows never to
16 places be the king of Mewar.
→ Stamp of Chudawats on royal
order made mandatory
19
Rana Mokal-
→ Initially Kunwar Chuda was the Patron

o But after the arrival of Ranman, Kunwar Chuda went to Malwa
→ Ranmal, brother of Hansabai, controlled power of the state
→ Battle of Rampura-1428 Rana Mokal Vs Firoz Khilji (Nagore)
o Rana Mokal won
→ Reconstructed Tribhuvan Narayana temple of Chittor- Later called Mokal Temple or
Samadhishwar Temple
→ Chacha, Mera and Mahpa Panwar killed Rana Mokal
Rana Kumbha- (1433-1468)
→ Son of Mokal
→ Cultural and religious development
Rana Kumbha, a Diplomat-
→ With the help of Ranmal, killed Chacha and Mera

→ Panwar saved his life by running to Malwa
→ Dancer Bharmali (who was in love with Rana Kumbha, but Ranmal was also in love with
Bharmali= Love Triangle)
o Ranmal was killed by Bharmali at the behest of Rana Kumbha
o Rana Kumbha captured Mandore
▪ By recalling Kunwar Chuda, he took over Mandore
Capital of Rao Jodha, son of Ranmal
Rana Kumbha, a Shelter provider to Scholars- Therefore title of Ranaraso
→ Guru- Heerananda (हीरानन्द)

→ Music Teacher- Sarang Vyas (सारं ग व्यास)
→ Paid poet- Kanha Vyas (कान्ह व्यास)
→ Court craftsman- (दरबारी भशल्पकार)- Mandan (मण्डन) (from Gujarat)
→ Other- Poet Meha, Kanhaiya, Manikya, Jaichand Suri (Jain scholar), Som Sundar, Tila Bhatt, Kavi
Atri, Poet Mahesh Bhatt
Kumbha, a warrior-
→ Battle of Sarangpur (1437)- Rana Kumbha Vs Mahmood Khilji-I (Malwa)

o Reason- Giving shelter to Mahpa Panwar by Malwa
o Constructed Vijaya Stambha after winning the battle
→ Treaty of Aawal-Bawal- In 1453 between Rana Kumbha and Rao Jodha
o Result- Border dispute of Mewar and Marwar solved
o Marwar (in West) Sojat (Pali) Mewar (in East)
o Mandore was given back to Rao Jodha
o Shringar Devi, daughter of Rao Jodha got married to Raimal, son of Rana Kumbha
→ Treaty of Champaner- in 1456 between Mahmood Khilji-I and Kutub Shah (Gujarat)
o Treaty destroyed by Rana Kumbha in the battle of Badnor in 1457
20
Kumbha, a constructer-
→ Father of Architecture in Rajasthan

o Constructed 32 forts out of 84 in Rajasthan
o Written by Shyamal Das in his book ‘Veer Vinod’
→ Kumbhalgarh fort (Rajasmand) [अबल
ु फजल- ककल़े क़े नीच़े खड़े होकर परू ी दीवार द़े खो िो पगडी गगर
जाए]
o Main architect- Mandan
o Longest wall of that time after China wall
o Sub-fort – Katargarh (Eyes of Mewar)
→ In Sirohi- Achalgarh Fort, Basanti Fort, Machan fort
→ In Bhilwada- Badnore Fort, Berath Fort
→ Bhomath fort on the border of Dungarpur-Banswada
o To end rebellion of the bhils
→ Temples-
o Kumbhaswami Temple (in Chittor and Kumbhalgarh)
▪ Kumbhashyam temple (कंु भश्याम मंददर)
o श्रंग
ृ ार चंवरी- Jain Temple- in Chittor
o Meera Temple of Ekling Ji
→ Pillers- Vijay Stambha / Kirti Stambha- Chittor
9 Kirtistambh Prashasti by Kavi Atri and his son
After the victory of Sarangpur 8
Mahesh Bhatt
Dedicated to Lord Vishnu 7
o Name- प्रवष्णु ध्वज 6 Col. James Todd- Compared to Qutub Minar
5 Ferguson- compared to Tarzan of Rome
Known as the Museum of Hindu
4
Idols
3
Also known as the Encyclopedia
2 Allah word in Arabic language
of Indian sculpture.
1
By Kumbha to protect against Muslim invasion.
→ R. C. Agarwal- List of constructors- Jeta (architect of Gujarat), Napa, Poma, Punja, Chuthi, and
Balraj (Jeta + Family)
→ 15 Aug., 1949- First stamp ticket of Rajasthan was issued with the picture of this piller
→ At present Piller is shown in the logo of RJ Police & Board of secondary education (Ajmer)
Also, in the logo of Abhinav Bharat – Formed by V. D. Savarkar (Freedom fighter)
Kumbha, a Scholar-
→ Music Books-
o Sangeet Raj (5 Parts- Path (पाठ) Ratna Kosh, Vadya Ratna Kosh, Gaan Ratna Kosh,
Nritya Ratna Kosh, Ras Ratna Kosh)
o Sangeet Meemansha
o Sud Prabandh (सूड प्रबंि)
→ Others-
o Rasik Priya Tika on “Geet Govind” originally written by Jaydev
o Kamraj Rattisar
21
o Explanation of Chandishatkam
o Harivartika
o Rajvarnan – Ekling Mahatmya (एकभलंग महात्म्य)
1st Part Rajvarnan by Kumbha 2nd Part by Kanha Vyas
→ Title of “अभभनव भरिाचाया” for contribution in the field of Music

→ Ramabai, daughter of Kumbha- Titles by Kumbha given to her- वागीश्वरी िथा सािाि ् सरस्विी
Books by other courtiers-
Mandan son Govind Uncle Natha
Books on Architect → Dwardipika (द्वारदीप्रपका) Vastumanjari (वास्िुमंजरी)

→ Rajvallabh (राजवल्लभ) → उद्धारिोररणी
Peak –
→ Devmurti prakaran (द़े वमूतिा प्रकरण) → Kalanidhi (कलातनगि) Characteristics
→ Rajprasad Mandan (राजप्रसाद मंडन) of Nagar Style
→ Roop Mandan (रूप मंझन)
Titles of Rana Kumbha-
→ अभभनव भरिाचाया- for the contribution in the area of music

→ दहंद ु सुरिाण- by Muslim scholars
→ हाल गुरु/ शैल गुरु- for victory over hilly forts
→ दान गुरु
→ छाप गुरु- for Guerilla method
→ परमभागवि ् परम़ेश्वर- for being devotee of Vaishnava Religion
→ रूप प्रवश्वम्भरो
→ नरपति
Rana Kumbha- Hysterical (उन्माद ग्रस्त) –
→ Killed by son Uday Singh (Udaykaran)

o Became next Ruler
→ Udaykaran killed by another son of Rana Kumbha, Raimal (to take revenge of the murder of
Rana Kumbha)
Rana Sanga
Mahmood Lodi
Emperor Babur
22
Lecture-9
Rana Kumbha-
Udaykaran (Uda-उदा) Raimal

Vs
(म़ेवाड का प्रपिह
ृ न्िा) (Sirohi)
Battle of Dadimpur (दाडिमपरु का यद्ध

ु ) – 1472
→ Raimal won
→ Uda went to Malwa Death by lightning
Raimal-
→ Married to Shringar Devi, daughter of Rao Jodha

Construction of Ghosundi ki Baoli
→ Construction of Shiv Temple in Chittor fort
→ Reservoir
o Rama Ghosundi Inscription- oldest inscription
o Shankar of spreading of Bhagwat religion
o Samyasankat
→ Raimal did not declare any successor
→ 3 Sons Astrologer predicted Sangram Singh to become the king
Kunwar Prithviraj Jaimal Sangram Singh
→ उडणा राजकुमार
→ Prithviraj’s lookalike → Escaped to friend of
(ि़ेज मारक िमिा) → Engagement to princess Sevantri village, Bida
→ Wife- Tarabai of Tonda by becoming Rathod to save his life
Taragarh (Ajmer) Prithviraj from his brothers
→ 12 खम्भों की → For this, murdered by → Bida Rathod was
छिरी- King of Tonda threatened by Prithviraj
Kumbhalgarh Fort → Sangram escaped to
→ Murder by friend Karamchand Pawar
brother-in-law from Ajmer
(Sirohi) → He helped in becoming
king
Sangram Singh/ Rana Sanga-
→ From 24 May, 1509 to 30 Jan, 1528

→ Friend- Karamchand Pawar- Title of “Rawat” and appointed as minister
23
→ Sikandar Lodi was the ruler in Delhi at the time of Rana Sanga’s coronation
→ Batter between Rana Sanga and Ibrahim Lodi
Idar Region of Sirohi, Gujarat

o Battle between two brothers- Raimal Vs Bharmal
o Muzaffar Shah supported Raimal, while Rana Sanga supported
Bharmal
o Bharmal won the battle
Rana Sanga Vs Ibrahim Lodi-
Battle of Khatoli (Kota) in 1517 Battle of Bari (Dhaulpur)

in 1518
Rana Sanga Won Sanga won
Leadership of Ibrahim’s army by

Marufi Farmuli and Miyan
Makkhan
Rana Sanga did not follow imperialistic police, hence did not took charges over Dehli
Rana Sanga Vs Mahmood Khilji II of Malwa-
Gagron fort- Water fort (जलमहल)
Jhalwad
In the administration of Medini Rai,

Rana Sanga’s representative
Mahmood Khilji-II captured the fort

by defeating Medini Rai
Battle of Gagron (1519)
→ Rana Sanga won

→ Recaptured Gagron
→ Reappointed Medini Rai as its administrator
Rana Sanga Vs Babur-
• Reasons-
→ To give stability to Mughal empire after the Battle of Panipat
→ To subdue the Rajputs
→ Border clash
24
• 2 Wars
Battle of Bayana (16 Feb, 1527) Battle of Khanwa
In Bharatpur Roopwas, Bharatpur
→ Babur- Mehndi Khwaja and Ishq Aaka → Babur won

→ Sanga won → Declared battle as Jihad
→ After victory, Sanga’s mistake- to → Ghazi title
leave Babur alive → Tulguma method and artillery used
→ Rana Sanga- Paati writing system
o To gather Rajputas
→ A. L. Shrivastava- 1:4
Rana Sanga’s army Babur’s Army

(7 kings, 9 Rao, 104 Samant)
→ Marwar- Maldev (Son of Rao Ganga)
→ Medta- Veeramdev
→ Aamer- Prithviraj Took injured Sanga to Baswa
→ Bikaner- Kalyanmal (Dosa) in Ranthambhore
→ Jagner- Ashok Parmar
Wore Sanga’s armour and
→ Chanderi- Medinirai
martyred
→ Sadadi (सादडी)- Jhala Ajja
• Rai Sen- Salhadi Tanwar- Betrayal

• Jamna Ji Sodha- Recited poem of Veer Ras to encourage Rana Sanga
• Muslim Senapati of Rana Sanga – Hasan Khan Mewati and Mahmood Lodi
Babur Chanderi Medinirai (next attack)
→ Rana Sanga was killed by his own soldiers by giving poison to stop him to again go for battle
o In Kalpi, Mewar (Bhilwada)
o Last rituals at Mandalgarh- राणा की छिरी
• Rana Sanga’s wives-
Dhanbai Karmavati
Bhojraj Ratan Singh Vikramaditya Uday Singh

Husband of
Mirabai
Maharana Pratap
25
Col. James Todd- Titles to Sanga- सैतनकों का भग्नावश़ेष िथा दहन्दप

ु ि
Ratan Singh-
• King of Mewar after Sanga

• Died during Ahoriya festival in Bundi
Vikramaditya-
• Attack of Bahadur Shah
1533- 1534-35
Karmawati gave → Karmawati sent Rakhi to Humayun

Ranthambhore Fort → Kesariya in leadership of Baghsingh
→ Jauhar in leadership of Karmawati
→ Vikramaditya and Uday Singh were kids
Sent to her mother’s home in Bundi
26
Lecture-10
When Humayun became free from war with Sher Shah Attacked over Bahadur Shah
Bahadur Shah went to GJ from Chittor

Called back Vikramaditya and Uday Singh to Chittor
In Daman-Diu, killed by Portuguese
Vikramaditya was killed by Banveer (उडणा राजकुमार)
Tried killing Uday Singh too
Panna Dhai sacrificed her son Chandan

Ashashah Devpura (Administrator)
Took Uday Singh to Kumbhalgarh from Chittor became protector of Uday Singh
Banveer captured Chittor
2 Centres of Mewar Administration
Chittor Kumbhalgarh
Banveer (1536-1590) Uday Singh
(1537-1572)
Nokotha Mahal
Battle of Mawli (1540)
Uday Singh won Chittor with the help of Rao Maldev of

Mewar
Maharana Uday Singh-

→ Coronation- 1st at Kumbhalgarh, and 2nd at Chittorgarh
→ 1537-1572
→ 1544- Battle between Shershah Suri and Rao Maldev in Marwar
o Battle of Jaitaran - Girisumel
o Shershar won- “आज मैं मट्ठ
ु ी भर बाजऱे क़े भलए परू ़े द़े श को हार जािा”
o Shershar moved towards Mewar- Uday Singh hand overed Chittor fort to him
▪ Khwas Khan administrator
→ 1545- Shershah died- Chittorgarh again captured by Uday Singh
→ 1557- Battle of Harmada- Uday Singh Vs Hazi Khan Pathan (Senapati of Shershah Suri)
o Hazi Khan Pathan won with the help of Maldev of Marwar
→ 1559- Established Udaipur city- Uday Sagar Lake
27
Chittor campaign of Akbar (1567-68)-

→ Uday Singh went to hills of Girwa
→ Jaimal Medatiya, brother-in-law of Patta Chudawat with Kalla Ji Rathod (nephew of Mirabai)
Successor of Kunwar Chuda
Later removed
→ Stone sculptures outside Agra fort Title of “चार हाथों वाला द़े विा”
by Aurangzeb
→ Akbar won
→ Patta chuda’s wife Phoolkanwar- by Akbar
Jauhar
श़ेषनाग का अविार
→ (3rd Saka of Chittorgarh)
→ Asfa Khan- administrator
→ Massacred over 30000 innocents
28 Feb, 1572- Uday Singh died in Gogunda on the day of Holi

1567-68 to 1615- Chittorgarh under Mughals
Uday Singh- 3 Wives
Jayanta Bai Sajja Bai Dheerbai Bhatiyani
Maharana Pratap Shakti Singh Jagmal
(Most eligible)
Rajmahal’s Revolution- Maharana Pratap became ruler by removing Jagmal Jagmal went to Akbar
Surtan Deora (सुरिाण Battle of Dattani Jahajpur Pargana and

some area of Sirohi
द़े वडा) killed Jagmal
given by Akbar to him
Maharana Pratap-
→ 1572-1597
→ Birth- 9 May, 1540 (ज्य़ेष्ठ शक्
ु ल िि
ृ ीया, प्रवक्रम संवि ् 1597)
→ Father- Maharana Uday Singh
→ Mother- Jayvanta Bai
→ Wife- Ajab Dey Panwar
→ Son- Amar Singh
→ Horse- Chetak
→ Elephant- Ramprasad
→ Courtier scholars- Chakrapani Mishra (चक्रपार्ण भमश्र)
o मुहुिम
ा ाला
o प्रवश्ववल्लभ
28
o राज्याभभष़ेक पद्धति
→ Coronation-
o 1st- Gogunda- By presenting swort by Salumber’s Rawat Krishnadas Chudawat
o 2nd – Kumbhalgarh- Official coronation
o Never happened in Chittor
→ Nickname- Kika/ Kuka
→ “Pride of Rajasthan”- Maharana Pratap and Chittor Fort
→ Title of Veer Shiromani
→ Literary name- Pathal
o In Pathal-Pithal Poem by Kanhaiya Lal Sethia
o पाथल-पीथल पत्र व्यवहार- Between Maharana Pratap and Prithviraj Rathod
Maharana Pratap Vs Akbar-

→ There were only 2 Rulers of Rajasthan who did not accepted Akbar’s submission– Maharana
Pratap and Rao Chandrasen
→ Akbar formed delegations to convince Pratap
o Jalal Khan – Nov 1572
o Man Singh- June 1573
o Bhagwant Das- Oct 1573
o Todarmal- Dec 1573
➢ Battle of Haldighati- Maharana Pratap Vs Man Singh

➢ Battle of Kumbhalgarh- Maharana Pratap Vs Shahbaj Khan
➢ Battle of Diver- Maharana Pratap and Sultan Khan
Battle of Haldighati-
→ 18 June, 1576
→ Dr. Gopinath Sharma- 21 June, 1576 खमनोर गोगन्
ु दा
→ Rakta Talai
→ Other names of the Battle
o Battle of Haldhighati
o Thermopoly of Mewar- Col. James Todd
o Battle of Gogunda- Abdul Kadir Bandayuni – मुन्िखब उि िवाररस में आुँखों द़े खा वणान
o
Battle of Khamnor- Abul Fazl- in 3rd part of Akbarnama- “Aain-e-Akbari”
o
Battle of Badshahbag- A.L. Shrivastava
o
Battle of Banas
o
Battle of elephants-
▪ Maharana Pratap’s side- Luna, Ramprasad
▪ Akbar’ side- Ranmadar, Gajmukta, Gajraj + Mardana (elephant of Man Singh)
→ Ramprasad was caught by Akbar’s army and Akbar renamed it to Peer Prasad
→ Akbar in Magazine Fort (Ajmer) Man Singh became first time independent Senapati
→ Man Singh made camp at Molela (Rajasmand)-

o Led by-
29
▪ Asaf Khan- Declared Jihad

▪ Jagannath Kachhwaha
▪ Mihattar Khan
→ Maharana Pratap made camp at Losing
o Led by
▪ Ramshah Tanwar
▪ Punja Bheel
▪ Purohit Gopinath
▪ Charan Jaisa
→ Soldier Jhala Bida wore the crown and umbrella of Maharana Pratap and helped injured Pratap
to escape from them
o Maharana Pratap took injured Chetak towards Kumbhalgarh
▪ Chetak died in Balicha
→ Battle inconclusive
→ Akbar accused Man Singh of leaving Maharana Pratap alive because he was a Rajput too
o Man Singh and Asaf Khan- ड्योढ़ी बंद
→ Nov, 1576- Akbar captured Udaypur
o Renamed to Muhammadabad
→ After Battle of Haldighati, Maharana Pratap made “Avargarh” his temporary capital
o Kumbhalgarh- Permanent capital between 1576-1585
Campaigns of Akbar-
→ Shahbaz Khan – 3 times campaigns
o 1578- Battle of Kumbhalgarh- Akbar won
→ Bhamashah helped Maharana Pratap
→ 1580- Abdurrahim Khanekhana became “Rahimdas” after defeating by Amar Singh (son of
Maharana Pratap
→ 1584- Jagannath Kachhwaha
षड्यंत्र- अकबर की अिीनिा स्वीकार करऩे
Maharana Pratap Akbar
क़े भलए पत्र भ़ेजा
Poet of Akbar’s court
Bikaner’s Prithviraj Rathod (supporter of Maharana Pratap)
Pathal-Pithal Letter
Battle of Diver-
1. Debari 2. Diver
3. Desuri 4. Deval
→ 1582
→ Between Maharana Pratap and Sultan Khan
→ Col. James Todd-
30
o Marathon of Mewar
o प्रिाप क़े गौरव का प्रिीक
o First and last success of Pratap against Akbar
→ 1584- Last campaign in the leadership of Jagannath Kachhwaha

→ 1585- Pratap made Chavand (चावण्ड) his capital
o Last and for longest period
→ 19 Jan, 1597- Death of Maharana Pratap
प्रिाप की छिरी- बांडोली
च़ेिक की समागि/छिरी- बलीचा गांव
हकीम खाुँ सूरी की छिरी- खमनोर
नोट- ददव़ेर यद्ध

ु क़े बाद महाराणा प्रिाप ऩे क़ेवल गचत्िौडगढ़ िथा मांडलगढ़ को छोडकर बाकी सभी दग
ु ों पर कफर
स़े अगिकार कर भलया था।
Maharana Amar Singh-

→ 1597-1620
→ Son of Maharana Pratap
→ Contemporary of Akbar (death in 1605) and Jahangir
→ Campaigns of Jahangir all 5 campaigns unsuccessful
o 1605
▪ Parwej
▪ Asaf Khan
▪ Jafar Begh
o 1608- Mahavat Khan
o 1609- Abdulla khan
o 1612- Raja Basu
o 1613- Ajij
After Jahangir, next Mughal ruler- Shahjahan (Khurram)

o He explained Karan Singh, son of Amar Singh for treaty
o Mewar-Mughal Treaty- 1615
▪ Between Amar Singh and Shahjahan
→ Haridas → Sundar Das
Jhala → Shukralla
→ Shubhkaran Shiraji
→ Provisions of the Treaty

o Chittor Fort- back to Mewar but will not be repaired at any time
o No princess of Mewar will ever marry any Mughal
31
o The ruler of Mewar will never go to the court of Mughals, but Prince will go
▪ First price to go was Karan Singh, son of Amar Singh
Maharana Amar Singh died in Ahad in 1620

o आहड में ही छिरी
o After this, all the tombs of Mewar rulers were made at Ahad
32
Lecture-11
Karna Singh- (कर्णण सिंह)
→ In Udaipur-
o Construction started of Jagmandir Mahal- Near Pichhola Lake
o Karna Vilas Mahal
o ददलखश
ु महल
→ Gave shelter to Shahjahan - Gafur Baba ki Mazar
Jagat Singh-
→ Second son of Amar Singh
→ Golden era of Mewar Art style
o गचि़ेरो री ओवरी – (िस्वीरा रो कारखाना)- Udaipur
→ Completer construction of Jagmandir Mahal
→ Jagdish Temple in Udaipur- भगवान जगन्नाथ क़े द्वारा सपऩे में डूंगरपुर की पहाडडयों स़े मूतिा
तनकालकर मंददर बनवाऩे का तनदे ष- title of “Sapno me bana Mandir”
o Krishna Bhatt- प्रशस्स्ि अभभल़ेख- म़ेवाड राजवंश की उपलस्ब्ियाुँ
→ Reconstructed Chittor Fort- Violation of Mughal-Mewar Treaty
Maharana Raj Singh-

→ 1652-1680
→ Title- प्रवजयकटक़ेिु िथा म़ेवाड का हाइड्रोभलक रूलर
For construction of Rajasmand Lake
→ Contemporary to Shahjahan and Aurangzeb
→ Shahjahan- 5000 Mansab
→ Aurangzeb- 6000 Mansab + Subdivisions of Gyaspur, Dungarpur, Banswada
o Reason- Maharana Raj Singh gave indirect support to him in wars of succession
o Among Aurangzeb, Shuja, Murad, Dara Shikoh
o 5 Battles-
1. Bahadurpur
2. Dharmat
3. Samugarh
4. Khajua
5. Dorai near Ajmer
→ Maharana Raj Singh was the only Rajasthani king who supported Aurangzeb in these battles
Raj Singh Vs Aurangzeb-

→ Reasons of enmity
o Desire of marrying to Charumati, princess of Kishangarh and sister of Man Singh
Rathod (a courtier of Aurangzeb)
▪ Charumati rejected Aurangzeb’s proposal
▪ She sent marriage proposal to Raj Singh
o 1669- Aurangzeb’s order to demolish temples- Raj Singh led the rebellion
o 1679- Jazia tax reimplemented (Stopped by Akbar in 1564)
33
o Shelter to Ajit Singh of Marwar and his protector Durgadas

o Took side of Akbar-II
o टीका दौड (वषा का पहला भशकार)
▪ इस बहाऩे राजभसंह मुग़ल सूबों को लूटि़े थ़े।
हाडी रानी-
→ Real name- Sahal Kanwar

→ Wife of Ratan Singh Chudawat, Rawat of Salumbar
→ चूडावि माुँग़े स़ेनाणी
स़ेनाणी कप्रविा- म़ेघराज मुकुल
भसर काट ददयो ित्राणी
→ During Attack of Aurangzeb
Cultural contribution of Maharana Raj Singh-

→ Construction of Rajasmand Lake
o Ghevar Mata Mandir
o Gomti River
o Old name- Raj Samudra
o On the name of lake, District Rajasmand was named
o Raj Prashasti- Nochoki Pal
▪ By Ranchhod Bhatt Telang
▪ 25 Sanskrit edicts
▪ Bappa Rawal to Raj Singh
▪ Largest Edict
→ Construction of Temples- Note- Head bench of Nath
o Shri Nath Temple in Nathdwara Community – Mahamandir,
▪ Head bench of Vallabh community Jodhpur
o Dwarikadheesh Temple
▪ At Kankroli, Rajasmand Constructed by Man Singh
Rathod
Golden era of Nathdwara Painting style-

→ Sub-style of Mewar Painting style
→ Effects of Vallabh community
→ Pichhawai Art
Rana Jai Singh-

→ Construction of Jaysamand Lake- Udaipur- Old name was Dhebar Lake
→ Mughal-Mewar second treaty
o 1680
o Jai Singh + Aurangzeb
o Rules-
▪ Pur, Mandal, and Badnor in return of Tax
▪ 5000 Mansab to Jai Singh and title of “Rana”
34
Amar Singh- II –
Debari Treaty
Mewar Jaipur Marwar
Amar Singh- II Sawai Jai Singh Ajit Singh
Daughter Chandrakunwari
Marriage – Condition-
Child will be the
successor
1707- Aurangzeb died
Bahadur Shah-II – Made Vijay Singh the king of Amer after removing Jai Singh of Jaipur
→ Jai Singh and Ajit Singh asked for help from Amar Singh-II
→ Amar Singh-II helped both of them in becoming kings
Sangram Singh-II
→ Saheliyon ki vaadi (सह़ेभलयों की वाडी)
→ 1711- Attack by Marathas on Mandsor – First attack of Marathas on Rajasthan
o Mandsor is in MP but at than time, it was a part of Mewar
o Marathas applied Chauth and Sardeshmukhi
→ Hurda Conference (हुरडा सम्म़ेलन)
o Sangram Singh-II became president
o But before conference, Sangram Singh-II died
o Hence new host- Jagat Singh-II
o Plan of conference was made by Sawai Jai Singh (Jaipur)
Jagat Singh-II
→ Construction of Jagnivas Mahal in Udaipur near Pichhola lake
→ President of Hurda Conference
Others- 17 July, 1734

Marwar- Ajay Singh Hurda village of Bhilwada
Bikaner- Joravar Singh Hurda Conference
Nagore- Bakht Singh Aim- to tackle Marathas

Bundi- Dalel Singh President- Jagat
Singh Plan by Sawai Jai Singh, Jaipur
Kota- Durjan Singh
Reason of failure- The desire of Sawai Jai Singh to become its president as he planned this entire
conference
35
Bhim Singh-
→ Dispute of Bhim Singh’s daughter Krishna Kumari marriage
Mewar Marwar Jaipur
Fixed Marriage to Brother

Bhim Singh Bhim Singh Jagat Singh
Bhim Singh Man Singh
Objection
Daughter Krishna Kumari
Died before wedding
Again, fixed her marriage to Jagat Singh
→ 1807- Battle of Gingoli- Man Singh Vs Jagat Singh

o Jagat Singh won
→ 1810- Murder of Krishna Kumari by her father Bhim Singh
→ 1818- Treaty with Britishers
o Bhim Singh, Mewar
o Man Singh, Marwar
o Jagat Singh, Jaipur
Sardar Singh-
→ 1841- Formation of Mewar Bhil Core
o Against Bhil rebellion
o HQ- Kherwada (ख़ेरवाडा), Udaipur
o New British army was formed by this by removing Mewar Army
Swaroop Singh-
→ Maharana of Mewar during revolution of 1857
→ Reconstructed Vijay Piller in Chittor Fort
→ Social Work-
o 1844- कन्या वि पर रोक
o 1853- डाकन प्रथा पर रोक- शम्भू जी क़े समय पण
ू ि
ा ः समाप्ि
o 1861- सिी प्रथा पर रोक
→ Last Sati incident of Mewar was of Aejabai (ऐजाबाई), wife of Swaroop Singh
Sajjan Singh-
→ Construction of Sajjangarh fort in Udaipur
o Known as the Crown of Udaipur
→ Shyamaldas- title of Kaviraj by Sajjan Singh
o Wrote genealogy of Mewar Dynesty
36
o “Veervinod” (वीरप्रवनोद)
→ Dayanand Saraswati came to Udaipur
o Completed 2nd part of “Satyartha Prakash”- Gulab Bag in Udaipur
o व़ेदों की ओर लौटो का नारा
o स्वराज्य शब्द का सवाप्रथम प्रयोग
→ 2 July, 1877- द़े शदहि़ेषणी सभा
→ 1880- महाइन्द्राज सभा
→ 1883- परोपकाररणी सभा
Maharana Fateh Singh-

→ Lord Karzan became the viceroy of India
→ Bijoliya Kisan Movement started
o by Ghamad farmers
o lasted for 44 years
o Against extra tax- non-violent movement
→ च़ेिावणी रा चग
ूं ट्या (13 सोरठ़े )- Kesari Singh Barhath (क़ेसरी भसंह बारहठ)
→ 1889- वाल्टर द्वारा स्थाप्रपि राजपूि दहिकाररणी सभा
Maharana Bhupal Singh-

→ Formation of Mewar Prajamandal
→ Bijolia Movement ended- 1897 to 1941
→ Maharana of Mewar during unification
o 3rd phase
o “Rajpramukh” post
→ But in 4th phase- Man Singh of Jaipur became “Rajpramukh” and Maharana Bhupal Singh
became “Maharaj Pramukh”
o 30 March, 1949
37
Lecture-12
Jaipur
Kachhwaha Dynesty-
→ First dynasty that accepted the suzerainty of Akbar
→ First State that accepted the suzerainty of Akbar
→ Successors of Kush, son of Lord Ram
o Kushwaha- Kachhwaha
→ Founder- Dulherai (Tejkaran)- 1137 CE
o Dausa-
▪ By defeating Bad Gurjar (बड गुजरा ों को हराकर)
▪ First capital
o Ramgarh
▪ By defeating Meenas (मीणाओं को हराकर)
▪ Second capital
▪ Jamuvay Mata Temple (जमुवाय माता) (Kuldevi)
Kokil Dev – Made Amer his capital by defeating Meenas
Prithviraj Kachhwaha-
→ Distributed his State among his 12 sons – बारह कोटडी व्यवस्था
→ Supported Rana Sanga in Battle of Khanwa with Rao Maldev
→ Son- Sanga (named son on Rana Sanga of Mewar)- established Sanganer city
→ Establishment of head bench of Ramanuj/ Ramnandi community in Galta Ji
▪ By Krishna Das Payhari
Bharmal-
→ First ruler to accept suzerainty of Akbar
→ Met Akbar with the help of Majnu Khan and Chagtai Khan
→ 1562- In Sambhar- Akbar weds Harkha Bai (daughter of Bharmal)
“Mariyam-uz-zamani”
Mother of Jahangir (Salim)
Bhagwant Das-
→ 1562- Appointed in Mughal service
→ Daughter Man Bai weds Jahangir
Khushro
38
Bharmal
(Marwar)
Bhagwant Das Harkha Bai Akbar Motaraja Uday Singh
Man Singh Man Bai Jahangir (Salim) Jagat Gosai
Khushro Khurram (Shahjahan)
Man Singh-
→ Highest Mansab in entire Mughal Era- 7000
o Mirja Ajij Koka was another person who had 7000 Mansab
o 1589-1614
→ Birth- 1550 in Mojmabad, Amer
→ 1562- in Services of Mughals
→ 1569- Ranthambhore campaign
→ 1569- Gurajat campaign- Battle of Sarnal
→ 1576- Battle of Haldighati- First time independent Senapati of Mughals
→ Governor of Kabul-
o Suppressed rebellion of Mirja Hakim
o Suppression of Raushanjai, Yusufjai, Afridi clans (रोशनजाई, युसुफजाई, अफरीदी कबील़े)
o 5 rebellions by clans
o All were suppressed by Man Singh
o Akbar gave “Panchrangi” flag to Amer on this occasion
→ Governor of Bihar-
o Defeated King Puranmal of Gidhor (गगिोर का शासक परू णमल)
o 1589- Death of father Bhagwant Das
▪ 1st coronation in Patna
o 1590- 2nd coronation by Akbar in Amer
▪ Gave title of “Farzand” (फजान्द- पत्र
ु क़े समान)
▪ Mansab of 5000
→ Governor of Bengal-
o 1594-1605
o By defeating Lakshminarayan of Kuchbihar, married to his daughter Abla Devi
o Got statue of Shiladevi by defeating King Kedar of East Bengal
▪ Established in Amer Fort
→ 1592- Won Odisha
→ 1604-05 – 7000 Mansab- Title of “Mirza Raja”- First by Akbar
→ After Jahangir becoming the Ruler-
o Made governor of Bengal and Ahmednagar by Jahangir
o 1614- Death in Achalpur/ Elichpur in Maharashtra
39
Cultural contribution of Man Singh-
Forts Palaces Temples Cities Art
→ Amer Fort → Sukh Mandir → Radha Govind → Akbar → Blue

→ Yash Mandir temple in Nagar in Pottery
→ Suhag Mandir Vrindavan Bengal from
→ Jaigarh Fort → Manmahal in → Bhavani Temple in → Manpur in Lahore
(named on Pushkar Patna Bihar
Mirza Raja → Panchmala in → Mahadev Temple in
Jai Singh) Bairath Gaya
→ Rohtas Fort → Shiladevi Temple in
Amer
o ईष्ट द़े वी
Contribution of Man Singh in Literature-

→ Courtier Scholars-
o Harinath, Sunder Das, Hapa Barhath (हापा बारहठ), Muraridan (Man Prakash Granth),
Jagannath (Mansingh Kirti Muktavali), Dalpatraj (Patra Prashasti and Pawan Pashchim)
→ Contemporary Scholar-
o Pundrik Vitthal (पण्
ु डरीक प्रवट्ठल)
▪ Nartak Nirnay, Rag-Mala, Rag-Manjari, Rag Chandroday, Duni Prakash
▪ Vitthal was the courtier of Man Singh’s brother Madho Singh
40
Lecture-13
Jaipur-2
Mirza Raja Jai Singh- Jai Singh -I [longest period of reign in Kachhwaha dynasty]
Contemporary of In wars of • Bihari- Bihari Satsai

Jahangir, successorship, gave • Ramkavi- Jay Singh
Shahjahan & support to Dara in Charitra
Aurangzeb beginning • Kulpati Mishra
o Nephew of
Bihari
Title of “Mirza Later, supported
Raja” by Aurangzeb
Shahjahan +
Mansab of 6000
Treaty of Purandar
Shivaji Vs Jai Singh- I

Shivaji prisoned by
Gave 23 forts out of 35 to Aurangzeb in Agra
Mughals
• Jai Singh- “मैं भशवाजी को

Later, Mirza Raja help him to
वत्ृ ि क़े केंद्र की िरह घ़ेर elope from prison
लुँ ग
ू ा”
• Mediator- Raghunath
Pandit Atre
Sawai Jai Singh (Jai Singh-II)-

→ Contemporary to most Mughal rulers (7 Mughal rulers)
→ 1700-1743
→ Battle of Jajau- Aazam Vs Muajjam (both were Aurangzeb’s son)
Supported by (Bahadur Shah-I)
Sawai Jai Singh
Won
Gave Amer’s administration to

Vijay Singh
Amer- Mominabad
→ Titles-
o “Sawai” by Auragzeb
o Rajrajeshwar- by Mohd. Rangila (Mughal Emperor)
o Rajadhiraj- by Mohd. Rangila
o Chanakya of Jaipur
o ज्योतिष राजा- by Jadunath Sarkar (historian)
41
→ अश्वम़ेि यज्ञ- Last- Dweepsingh Kumhani

→ Dewari Treaty in Mewar- became king of Jaipur
→ Married to Chandrakunwari
Interfered in Bundi-
→ Marathas entered in RJ for the first time
Jaipur Bundi
Sawai Jaisingh Sister Amar Kunwari Buddh Singh

Son from
another queen
Daughter Krishna Kunwari Childless Ummed Singh
Adopted Appointed successor by Amar

Kunwari after death of Buddh
Dalel Singh Singh
Asked for help by sending Rakhi

to Malhar Rao Holker
With the help of Marathas,

Ummed Singh became next
ruler
Interfere in Bharatpur state-

Ruler- Chudaman Jat Background-
Son Nephew
Aurangzeb destroyed temples
Mokaham Singh Badan Singh (Brijraj)
Supported by
(Won)
Rebellion by Gokula Jat
Title by Sawai Jai Singh
After his death, leadership by his

Mughal Emperor Mohd. Shah son Rajaram Jat
Rangila gave “Rajrajeshwar” title
to him
After him, leadership of rebellion by
Chudaman Jat
Sawai Jai Singh Vs Maratha-
→ Battle of Pipsur- 1715
→ Battle of Mandsor- 1733 - 1734 – Hurda Conference unsuccessful
→ Battle of Rampura- 1735
Made Nahargarh Fort
42
1741- Treaty of Dhaulpur- Sawai Jai Singh vs Balaji Bajirao
ज्योतिष-नित्र प्रवद्या – 5 खगोल व़ेि शालाएुँ-
“नित्रों की शुद्ध सारणी” 1. Delhi- 1724

2. Jaipur- 1728
In जीज मोहम्मद शाही by सवाई जयभसंह 3. Ujjain- 1734
4. Varanasi- 1737
5. Mathura- 1738
Started in 1725, completed in 1733
Dedicated to Mohd. Shah Rangila
→ “Jaisingh Karika” by Sawai Jai Singh

→ Portuguese astronomer-
o Pedro de Silva (construction of Jaipur)
o Andre Stroble
o Anthony Gables
o Claude Boudier
→ Literature-
o Translated texts-
▪ Kevalram- French book logarithm
▪ Samrat Jagannath- Euclid’s geometry and Siddhant Kostubh
Sawai Jaisingh’s guru
▪ Nayan Mukhopadhyay- Arabic book “Ukar”
o Krishna Bhatt “Kalanidhi”- Ramrasa [Kalanidhi title by Sawai Jai Singh]
o Pundrik Ratnakar- Jaisingh Kalpdrum
Contribution in Architecture-
→ Establishment of Jaipur city- 18 Nov., 1727
o Main architect- Vidyadhar Bhattacharya
o 1729- capital of Kachhwaha Dynesty
→ Nahargarh fort- 1734- security- Nahargarh Bhomiya (fort was named on him)
→ जयबाण िोप- in Jaigarh Fort- (largest artillery of Asia at that time)
→ Jalmahar (Jaipur)- near Mansagar Lake
→ Chandramahal (City Palace)- Govind Dev Temple in front of palace
जयपुर क़े अगिपति
Stanley Reed- “The royal town of India” book
1st time called Jaipur- “Pink City”
43
Lecture-14
Jaipur-3 Mewar- Maharana Amar Singh- II
Sawai Jai Singh- daughter
Sawai Jai Singh Chandrakunwari
Marriage condition- child will be the

successor
Madho Singh Ishawari Singh
Madho Singh
War for successorship
Battle of Rajmahal (1747) Battle of Bagru (1748)
Ishwari Singh Madho Singh Ishwari Singh Madho Singh
Regions of Tonk, Toda,

Malhar Rao Holker Rano Ji Sindhiya Malhar Rao Holker
& Malpura to Madho
Mughal Mewar- Jagat Singh II Singh Mughal
Won Bundi- Ummed Singh Won
जयपुर में ईसरलाट/सरगासूली Ishwari Singh committed suicide due to the fear of
Marathas
का तनमााण
Madho Singh-
→ 1751- Slaughter of Marathas by Madho Singh in Jaipur

→ 1761- Battle of Bhatwada- Madho Singh Vs Shatrushal
Won (in leadership of Jhala Jalim Singh)
→ 1763- Established Sawai Madhopur City

→ Construction of Moti Dungari Palaces
Pratap Singh-
Battle of Tunga Battle of Patan Battle of Malpura

(28 July, 1787) (20 June, 1790) (16 April, 1800)
Pratap Singh + Vijay Pratap Singh + Vijay Singh vs Pratap Singh Vs Daulat Rao
Singh (Marwar) vs Mahad Ji Sindhiya + D. Boy Sindhiya + D. Boy
Mahad Ji Sindhiya (French commander) + Lakwa
Dada
Daulat Rao won
44 Pratap Singh won
Mahad Ji Sindhiya won
Cultural Contribution of Pratap Singh-

→ गंिवा बाईसी/ गुणीजन खाना
→ Music teacher- Chand Khan “Swar Sagar” [Buddha Prakash title by Pratap Singh)
→ Kavya Guru- Ganpat Bharti
→ Literature work with pen name- Brijnidhi
→ Conducted music summit in Jaipur- President Devarshi Brijpal Bhatt (Book- Radha Govind
Sangeet Sar)
→ Tamasha play style
→ Construction of Hawa Mahal in 1799
o Total 953 windows 5th Floor- Hawa Mandir
4th Floor- Prakash Mandir
o Main windows- 365
3rd Floor- Vichitra Mandir
o Without base
2nd Floor- Ratan Mandir
o Like crown of Krishna 1st Floor- Pratap/ Sharad
o 5 floor building Mandir
o Architect- Lal Chand Ustad
Jagat Singh-
→ Infamous king of Jaipur

o Reason- Girl Friend Ras Kapoor
→ 1807- Battle of Gingoli
o Jagat Singh Vs Man Singh (Marwar)
o Jagat Singh won
Ram Singh-II
→ Britishers made council for Ram Singh’s protection

o John Ross- 1st president of this council
o John Ludlo- 2nd President of the council-
▪ Social worker-
• 1844- कन्या वि पर रोक
• 1845- सिी प्रथा पर रोक
→ 1857- Helper British in 1857 Revolution-
o ‘Sitara-e-Hind’ title and Kotputali pargana by British
→ 1857- “Madarsa-e-Hunari” (Art School)- In 1886 converted to “Maharaja School of Arts and
Crafts”
→ Most development of Blue Pottery
→ Ramprakash Theatre- First theatre of North India
→ 1866- Mahila Vidyalaya (भसलाई क़े भलए)- First effort for Women’s education
→ Painted Jaipur in blue color on the arrival of Price Albert
o Albert Hall- Architect Stiven Zaikab
o Ramnivas Bag
45
→ Lord Meyo and Lord Northkrook came to Jaipur during reign of Ram Singh-II
Madho Singh-
→ बब्बर श़ेर
→ Mubarak Mahal- Jaipur and Tonk
→ Donation to Banaras Hindu University
→ 1904- First time Dak Ticket and Postcard system started in Jaipur in entire Rajasthan
Man Singh-II –
→ Last king of Jaipur

→ 4th phase of unification
→ 30th March, 1949- Merger of Jaipur State
आजीवन राजप्रमख
ु मानभसंह द्प्रविीय िथा महाराज प्रमख
ु पद म़ेवाड महाराणा भप
ू ाल भसंह
According to Indian Constitution- 1st Governor of Rajasthan- 1956- Sardar Gurmukh Nihal Singh
46
Aravali Lecture-15
Mountain
s Rathod of Marwar
→ Branch of Rashtrakutas
→ Last Rajput caste to enter in Rajasthan
Marwar
(in North-West of Aravali)
Garhwal Kannauj Badaun
By Col. James Todd and By G.H. Ojha and Gopinath

Muhnot Nainsi Sharma
Rao Siha-
→ Founder of Rathod Dynesty- Balotara (Barmer) – Pali- Mandor- Jodhpur
→ Bithu Gaon Edicts-
o Father- Setram (King of Kannauj)
o Wife- Parvati Solanki
o Death- 1273 CE
Rao Aasthan-
→ Made Gundoj (Pali) center
→ Battle with Jalaluddin Khilji – Death
Rao Dhuhad-
→ Established Chakreshwari Mata Murti from Karnataka in Nagana village (नगाणा गाुँव)
(Barmer)
o नागण़ेची मािा कहलाईं
o राठौड वंश की कुलद़े वी
→ Brother- Dhandhal Ji Rathod ------- Son Lokdevta Pabu
Rao Mallinath-
→ Title- Lok Devta
o Wife- Rupa Dey – Lok Devi
→ Mevanagar (नाकोडा) (Barmer)- Capital
→ मालाणी ि़ेत्र- (मस्ल्लनाथ जी क़े प्रभाव क़े कारण) (in Barmer)
→ Made Brother Veeramdev his successor Mehmood Begda of GJ Girls kidnapped
o Veeramdev unsuccessful
o Again, Mallinath’s son Jagmal went to save those girls and bring Mehmood Begda’s
daughter Gindoli with him
→ Son Jagmal- Gindoli (गणगौर क़े ददन लाया इसभलए इस ददन गगंदौली क़े गीि गाए जाि़े हैं।)
Rao Chuda-
→ Mandor- Capital
→ Wife- Chandkanwar constructed Chand Baoli (in Mandor)
→ Rao Chuda
47
Ranmal Hansa Bai Kanha (successor)

रणमल ऩे सशिा हं साबाई की Married to
Rana Lakha of Mewar

शादी करवाई
Son Mokal
Son Rana Kumbha
Rao Jodha-
→ Son of Ranmal Rana Kumbha captured Mandor
o Jodha ran to Kahuni Village of Bikaner
→ 1453- Treaty of Aawal-Bawal- Regained Mandor
→ 1459- Established Jodhpur city (Capital)
o Mehrangarh Fort (Mayur Dhwaj Fort)
o In Fort
▪ नागण़ेची मािा मंददर
▪ चामुण्डा मािा मंददर
→ Son- Rao Bika (5th son)
o Founded Rathod Dynesty of Bikaner
Rao Ganga-
→ Battle of Sevaki village (1529)- Rao Ganga + Rao Jaitsi (Bikaner) Vs Daulat khan (Nagor)
o Rao Ganga won
→ Death-
o नश़े में र्खडकी स़े गगरकर- वी. एन. ऱे ऊ
o पुत्र मालद़े व द्वारा हत्या- Dr. Gopinath Sharma and G.H. Ojha
o मालद़े व- मारवाड का प्रपिह
ृ न्िा
48
Lecture-16
Rao Maldev- (1532-1562) – Initially authority over Jodhpur and Sojat Paragnas
→ मारवाड का प्रपिह
ृ न्िा प्रपिह
ृ न्िा
→ हशमिवाला राजा Title by Persian historians
1. Chauhan- Jagdev Chauhan
→ Victory campaigns- 2. Mewar- Udaykaran
o Medta- Veeramdev 3. Marwar- Rao Maldev
o Nagore- Daulat Khan 4. Pratihar- Mihir Bhoj
o Bhradajuna- Veersinghal
Ruthi Rani-
→ Uma Dey Bhatiyani (उमा द़े भदटयाणी) Daughter of Rao Lunkaran (राव लण
ू करण भाटी)
→ जैसलम़ेर क़े राजा राव लण

ू करण ऩे पहल़े फलौदी ि़ेत्र द़े कर मालद़े व का आक्रमण रोका
→ Later married his daughter to Rao Maldev
→ Servant Bharmali came with Uma Dey after marriage
Bharmali Maldev Uma Dey Bhatiyani went to Taragarh in anger
Returned to Jaisalmer
Prince of Jaisalmer started liking Bharmali Kelwa village (Mewar)
His wife called her brother Bagha Kotariya

from Kotra (Barmer)
Sati in 1562 after death of Rao Maldev
Bagha kidnapped Bharmali
Later, they started loving each other
Battle of Pahewa (1541)-

→ Rao Maldev Vs Rao Jaitsi (Bikaner)
→ Rao Maldev won
→ Rao Kalyan, son of Rao Jaitsi went to Shershah Suri
Battle of Giri-Sumel/ Battle of Jaitaran- Background

→ 5 January, 1544
Humayun (Delhi) Vs Shershah Suri (Bihar)
→ Rao Maldev Vs Shershah Suri
→ Battle of Chausa 1539
+ Kalyanmal
→ Battle of Bilgram/ Kannauj 1540
+ Veeramdev (Medta) → Both battles won by Shershah Suri
→ Humayun went to Jogi Tirth (Jodhpur) after
→ Jaita and Kumpa, from Rao Maldev’s side
defeat
Martyred
→ Humayun sent his persons to Maldev for
→ Rao Maldev went to Siwana
giving him shelter
→ Shershah won
→ Later, Mulla Surkh denied the idea of
o Appointed Khawas Khan as
shelter in Marwar
Administrator
→ Humayun went to Iran
49
श़ेरशाह सूरी- “मुट्ठीभर बाजऱे क़े भलए मैं आज दहन्दस्

ु िान की बादशाहि को खो द़े िा।”
Cultural Achievements-
o ईसरदार जी- “हाला झाला री कुण्डभलयाुँ” िथा “द़े वयानी”
o आशानंद जी- “उमा द़े भदटयाणी रा कप्रवत्ि” िथा “बाबा-भारमली रा दह
ु ा”
→ Architecture-
o Forts in Medta, Riva, Sojat, and Pokharan
o Jodhpur- Ranisar Kot and Shaharpanah
Rao Maldev
Ram Singh Raimal Uday Singh Chandrasen
Rebellion in Sojat Rebellion in Dunada Rebellion of Gangadi Successor
In Shelter of Akbar
Battle of Lohavat-
→ In Falaudi district (फलौदी)
→ Chandrasen Vs Uday Singh
→ Chandrasen won
50
Lecture-17
Rao Chandrasen-
→ Similar to Pratap of Mewar because he did not accept Mughals’ superiority

→ 1562-1581
→ “Pratap of Marwar”
→ प्रिाप का अग्रगामी (because Chandrasen’s coronation held before Maharana Pratap)
→ मारवाड का भल
ू ा-बबसरा नायक
→ Gave mountains priority for battles instead of Forts
→ छापामार युद्ध पद्धति (Uday Singh and Rao Chandrasen)
→ Last ruler of Marwar who did not bend down before Mughals
1564- Attack of Hussain Kuli Khan- Authority over Mehrangarh fort-

o Rao Chandrasen went to Bhadrajuna
1570- Nagore Darbar
o By Akbar (constructed Shukra Pont in Nagore)
o Rao Chandrasen attended to know the aim of the Nagore Darbar
o Therefore, historians called him “भूला-बबसरा नायक”
1571- Campaign of Raisingh over Bhadrajuna भसवाणा- मारवाडों की शरणस्थली
o Chandrasen went to Siwana
कुम्भलगढ़- म़ेवाड राजाओं की शरणस्थली
1572- Akbar appointed Raisingh as administrator of Jodhpur

o Made Jodhpur “Khalsa” (Khalsa- area under Mughals)
1573- Campaign by Rai Singh
1574- Campaign by Jalal Khan
1575- Campaign by Shahbaz Khan-
o Rao Chandrasen went to Piplud
1581- Death of Rao Chandrasen at Sachiyap in Saran hills (सगचयाप, सारण पहाडडयाुँ)
o Sojat, Pali
Mota Raja Uday Singh-

→ First ruler of Marwar to accept submission of Mughals
→ Daughter- Jagat Gosai Jahangir
Khurram (Shahjahan)
→ Brother of Rao Chandrasen
→ Became ruler of Jodhpur with the help of Akbar
→ Died in Lahore
→ “Mota Raja” Title by Akbar
Shur Singh- (शूर सिंह)

→ Son of Uday Singh Title of “Sawai” to Jai
Singh-II of Jaipur by
Aurangzeb
51
→ Coronation in Lahore
→ “Sawai” title by Akbar
Gaj Singh-
→ Title of “Dalthamban” by Jahangir
→ Sons
Amar Singh Rathod Jaswant Singh (successor)
→ Ruler of Nagore
→ Friend- Bablu Singh Champawat
→ नागौर में ही अमरभसंह की छिरी
→ कटार की िणी
→ 1644- मिीऱे की राड यद्ध
ु - Amar Singh Vs Karan Singh (Bikaner)
→ 1644- Murdered Salavat Khan (Brother in law of Shahjahan in his court)
Jaswant Singh-
→ “Maharana” title by Shahjahan
→ Birth- Burhanpur
→ Coronation- Agra
→ Death- Jagrud (Kabul)
→ Battle of Dharmat, 1658- Darashikoh Vs Aurangzeb
o Darashikoh was supported by Jaswant Singh and Kasim Khan
o Kasim Khan joined Aurangzeb one day before battle
o जसवंि क़े युद्ध को जीि़े बबना वापस आऩे पर उनकी पत्नी हाडी रानी जसवंद द़े ऩे महल क़े
दरवाज़े नहीं खोल़े।
→ Battle of Samugarh- Decision in favour of Aurangzeb
o Supported Aurangzeb but hated him
o Aurangzeb sent him to Gujarat South Kabul
→ Death- 1678- Aurangzeb- “आज कुफ्र का दरवाजा टूट गया”
Jaswant Singh-
→ Books-
o भाषा भूषण
o आनंद प्रवलास
o अपरोि भसद्धान्ि सार
o प्रबोि चंद्रोदय
→ Jaswantpura Nagar in Maharashtra
→ Courtier scholars- Dalpat Mishra- “Jaswant Vilas”
Rani Jaswant Dey-

→ Rai ka Baag (राई का बाग), Jodhpur
→ Kalyan Sagar Pond (रिनाडा)- Jodhpur
52
Muhnot Nainsi- (मह

ु र्णोत- गोत्र तथा नैर्णिी- नाम)
→ राजपिु ाऩे का अबल

ु फजल- मश ंु ी द़े वी प्रसाद
o Sequential history of Rajasthan
→ Birth- 1610- Oswal Family
→ 1658- Diwan of Jaswant
→ 1667- Arrested in charges of corruption
→ 1670- Died in Fulsari (Maharashtra)
→ नैणसी री ख्याि
→ मारवाड रा परगना री प्रवगि- मारवाड का गज़ेदटयर
53
Lecture-18
Jaswant Singh-
→ Became father of two sons from two different wives after his death
Lahore- Ajit Singh Agra- Dalthamban
→ Aurangzeb imprisoned both the boys in Delhi with the help of Roopsingh Shekhawat
→ Dalthamban was killed there.
→ Durgadas Rathod (Senapati of Jaswant Singh) + Gora Dhai + Mukund Khichi rescued Ajit Singh
o Went to Salwa Village
▪ First symbolic coronation of Ajit Singh in patron of Durgadas Rathod
▪ Then they went in shelter of Maharana of Mewar, Raj Singh
Gora Dhai- Panna Dhai of Marwar
Ajit Singh-
→ Durgadas Rathod Salwa village Mewar in shelter of Mukund Khichi of
Kalindi village (friend of Durgadas Rathod)
→ 1698- Met Auragzeb Son of Aurangzeb- Akbar-II
1500 Mansab 3000 Mansab
To Ajit Singh To Durgadas Rathod Buland Akhtar दग

ु ाादास राठौड ऩे
Safiyatunnisa भशिा की व्यवस्था की
कान का कच्चा
→ Ajit Singh Daughter Indrakunwari Married to Farrukhshiyar (Mughal emperor)
शासक बनि़े ही
Last Rajput & Mughal marriage
दग
ु ाादास को
Only Hindu princess who converted to Muslim
राज्य स़े ब़ेदखल
कर ददया And again converted to Hindu after the death of Farrukhshiyar
Durgadas Rathod-
▪ “Ulysses of Rathods”- by Colonel James Todd
▪ मारवाड का अणबबर्णया मोिी
▪ मारवाड का रिक/चाणक्य
▪ मत्ृ यु िथा छिरी- उज्जैन
Books by Ajit Singh-
▪ Nirwan Ra Duha
▪ Durga Path
▪ Gunsagar
54
Abhay Singh-
→ Khejadli Movement-
o 28 Aug, 1730
o Order to cut trees by Hakim Girdhari Lal, an officer of Abhay Singh
o Amrita Bishnoi led the movement to save trees
o Amrita with 363 other people died in the movement
o करणीदान- सूरज प्रकाश पुस्िक
o वीरभाण- राजरूपम अमरचंदद्रका पस्
ु िक
क़े बाद क़े बाद क़े बाद
Abhay Singh Vijay Singh Bhim Singh Man Singh Rathod
Man Singh Rathod-

→ Follower of Nath Community
o Mahamandir (Jodhpur)- Head Temple of Nath community
→ Guru- Aayas Devnath
→ Book- Nath Charitra
→ 1807- Battle of Gingoli- Man Singh Rathod Vs Jagat Singh
o Jagat Singh won
→ 1835- Jodhpur Legion (Erinpura)
Kavi Bankidas-
o बांकीदास री ख्याि
o आयो अंग्ऱेज मल
ु क ऱे ऊपर
o मानजसो मंडन
o दािार बावनी
o कुरुवी बत्िीसी
Takht Singh-
→ Revolution of 1857
o Battle with Revolutionary Thakur Kushal Singh Champawat (Bhauva) (भाउवा)
Jaswant Singh-II
→ Lover Nanhi Jaan killed Dayanand Saraswati with poison
Sardar Singh-
→ Construction of “Jaswant Thada” in Jodhpur
o Tajmahal of Rajasthan
o Made with white Marbles
55
o In memory of his father Jaswant Singh-II
Sumer Singh-
→ Jodhpur Lancers Service
o Sent in First world war in support of Britishers
Umaid Singh-
→ Construction of Umaid Bhawan Palace
o Also known as Chhitar Bhawan Palace
Hanuwant Singh-
→ Ruler during unification
→ Had the desire to merge with Pakistan
56
Lecture-19
Rathod Dynesty of Bikaner (Second Rathod Dynesty)
Rao Bika-
• Ajmer- 1113- Ajay Raj
→ 5th Son of Rao Jodha of Marwar
• Jodhpur- 1459- Rao Jodha
→ Founder
• Udaipur- 1559- Maharana Uday
→ 1488- Established Bikaner city Singh
→ Residing place- Bikaji ki Tekari
Rao Lunkaran-
→ “Karan of Kaliyug” by Bithu Suja in “Rao Jaitsi Ro Chhand” Karan of Rajputas- Rai Singh
→ Lunkaransar Lake
→ Lunkaransar city
Rao Jaitsi-
→ 1534- Defeated Kamran, son of Babar

→ 1541- Battle of Paheba
o Rao Maldev vs Rao Jaitsi
Won Son Kalyanmal went in shelter of Shershah Suri
Battle of Giri Sumel
Bikaner to Kalyanmal and Medta to Veeramdev
Rao Kalyanmal-
→ 1544- Battle of Giri Sumel

o Recaptured Bikaner
→ 1570- Nagore Darbar (Akbar)
o Accepted Akbar’s possession
→ Kalyanmal’s sons
Rai Singh (Successor) Prithviraj Rathod
→ Region of Gagron by Akbar

“Karan of Rajputas” → Wrote many books in Dingal Language
o डडंगल का ह़े रोस – ट़े सीटॉरी
o पस्श्चमी राजस्थान शैली
पाथल-पीथल रचनाएँ → व़ेल ककशन रुक्मणी री
o 5th Veda and 19th Purana (5वााुँ व़ेद िथा 19वााुँ
महाराणा प्रिाप पथ्
ृ वीराज राठौड
पुराण)- दस
ु रा आढा जी
→ कल्ला रायमलोि री कुण्डभलयाुँ
→ गंगालहरी
→ दशम भागवि रा दहु ा
57
Rai Singh-
→ 1574-1612
→ Piller of Mughal Empire
• 1570- in service of Mughals In possession of Mughals • 1573- Ibrahim Mirza

• 1572- Governor of Jodhpur o Nagore
• Akbar- 4000 Mansab + “Rai”
• 1574- Ruler of Bikaner Rebellion
Title
o Title of a “Maharaja” o Suppressed in
• Second most trustworthy
• “Karan of Rajputas” title by Katholi
commander of Akbar after
Munshi Devi Prasad o Complete
Man Singh
• “Rajendra” word used for Rai suppression
• Jahangir- 5000 Mansab in Gujarat
Singh by Jaison in his book
“करमचंदवंशोकीिानम ्”
Battle of Dattani (दत्तार्णी का युद्ध) Pratap- by removing Jagmal
→ 1583 Revolution of Rajmahal

→ Rai Singh captured Sirohi by In shelter of Akbar
defeating Surtan Devda (सरु िाड द़े वडा)
Jahajpur Paragna ½ Sirohi state
→ Main campaigns- Gujarat, Baluchistan,
Kabul, Kandhar, Kashmir, Bengal, ½ Sirohi- Surtan
Thatta etc. Devda
Interest in Literature-
→ Rai Singh Mahotsav

→ Balbodhini Tika
Shelter to Scholars-
→ Jaisom- करमचंदवंशोकीिानम ्
Karan Singh-
→ Title of “Jangaldhar Badshah” (जांगलिर बादशाह) by Aurangzeb

o During Atak campaign (Punjab)
→ “Mateere Ri Raad” – 1664- Karan Singh Vs Amar Singh Rathod (Nagore)
→ Book- सादहत्यकल्पद्रम
ु
→ Scholar- Gangadhar Maithili- काव्य डाककनी
Anup Singh-
→ Title of “मादह मरातिब” by Aurangzeb
58
→ Golden era of Bikaner Art Style

→ Anup Museum in Bikaner
→ Collected books of Rana Kumbha
→ Idols of South India- Bikaner- 33 करोड द़े वी-द़े विाओं का मंददर
→ First translation of Geeta into Rajasthani language by Anand Ram
→ Books
o अनूप प्रवव़ेक
o अनप
ू ोदय
o कामप्रबोि
o श्राद्ध प्रयोग गचंिामणी
→ Scholar- Bhav Bhatt
o अनूप संगीि प्रवलास
o अनप
ू संगीि रत्नाकर
o अनूप अंकुश
Surat Singh-
→ 1805- Attacked on fort of Bhatner and won

o Today’s Hanumangarh
→ 1824- Attack on Churu
o Ruler- Shiv Singh
▪ Saddened during battle due to finished artillery
▪ Women of Churu gave their silver to create cannon balls
Ratan Singh-
→ Ratan Temple- Bikaner

→ 1836- Called a conference on female infanticide in Gaya, Bihar
→ 1848- Second Anglo-Sikh war
o Britishers were supported by Ratan Singh
Sardar Singh-
→ 1857 revolution
o Sent army to Badlu in Punjab
→ Ban on Sati and samadhi rituals
Ganga Singh-
→ 1922- Construction of Ganganahar (from Satluj river) started

o 1927- Opening by Lord Irwin
→ Lalgarh Palace, Bikaner in memory of father Sardar Singh
→ Karni Mata Temple
→ Rav Devra (रावद़े वरा) Temple Gave present form
→ Goga Medi (गोगा म़ेडी)
59
1921- Narendra Mandal

o First President – Ganga Singh (1921-25)
1930, 1931, 1932- Attended all three round table conferences in London
o From Rajasthan-
▪ Ganga Singh – Bikaner
▪ Udaybhan- Dhaulpur
▪ Jai Singh- Alwar
Ganga Risala- army of camels made by Ganga Singh
o Sent in-
▪ Battle of Boxer
▪ 1st world war- 1914-18
▪ 2nd world war- 1939-44
Shardul Singh-
→ Ruler during unification

→ On 30th March, 1949- State Day of Rajasthan
o Jaipur
o Jodhpur
Merger of 4 large princely states in Rajasthan
o Bikaner
o Jaisalmer
60
Lecture-20
Jat Dynesty of Bharatpur
1669 Gokula Jat Rajaram Jat Chudaman Jat

Order of Aurangzeb Leader of Jat “Sinsinwar” (Branch
• थण
ू - Capital
to destroy temples Rebellion of Jats)
• Founder of
Sinsin Village independent
Rebellions of Jat in Bharatpur
Mathura, Aligarh,
Bharatpur etc. अकबर की कब्र
(भसकंदरा) स़े अस्स्थयाुँ
तनकालकर दहन्द ू
रीतिररवाज स़े अंतिम
संस्कार
Chudaman Jat (चूडामन जाट)-
Mokham Singh (son) Badan Singh (Nephew)

Supported by Mohd. Shah Rangila
→ Became next ruler Supported by Sawai Jai Singh (Jaipur)

→ “Brijraja” title by Sawai Jai Singh
Mohd. Shah Rangila gave
→ Real founder of Jat Dynesty “Rajadhiraj” title to Sawai Jai Singh
→ Deeg-
o Fort
o Capital
o Started construction of Jal
Mahals
→ Used “Thakur” before names and
rejected Mughals possession
o Therefore, Thakur Badan
Singh
Maharaja Suraj Singh/ Surajmal-

→ “Pluto of Jats”- अफलािून (in Local language)
→ Constructed Lohagarh fort in Bharatpur
→ Capital- Bharatpur
→ Completed construction of Jal Mahals of Deeg
→ 1761- 3rd Battle of Panipat
61
o Maratha Vs Ahmad Shah Abdali

o Maratha were supported by Maharaja Suraj Singh
o Commander of Maratha- Sadashiv Bhau
o Ahmad Shah Abdali won
→ New administrative system- Diwan- “Mukhtyar” (मख्
ु त्यार) post name
→ 1754- Victory over Delhi – नरू जहाुँ का झल
ू ा लाकर डीग महलों में स्थाप्रपि ककया।
Maharaja Jawahar Singh-

→ 1774- Victory over Delhi- अष्टिािु दरवाजा (Door of Red fort)- brought to Bharatpur
o Jawahar Piller in Lohagarh fort of Bharatpur
Maharaja Ranjit Singh-

→ Second Anglo-Maratha war- 1805 to 1805
o Jaswant Rao Holker took shelter in Lohagarh fort of Bharatpur
o Lord Lake attacked 5 times on Lohagarh but failed
→ आठ कफरं गी, नौ गोरा।
लड़े जाट का दौ छोरा।।
→ 1818- Treaty with Britishers but did not follow
Jaswant Singh-II –
→ 1857 Revolution- Morisson – ran because of rebellion of local people
o Morisson was the Political agent of British
Brijendra Singh-
→ Unification
→ 1 Phase- Alwar, Dhaulpur, Bharatpur and Karoli- मत्स्य संघ का तनमााण
→ 5th Phase- Merger in Rajasthan
Unification started from Alwar because people of Alwar gave shelter to the murderer of M.K.
Gandhi
Hindu-Muslim riots in Bharatpur
62
Lecture-21
Gurjar-Pratihar Dynesty
Dr. Gopinath Sharma
Rulers of Gurjatra-
Gurjar
R.C. Majumdar- role of protector during Muslim invasion
Views on Origin-
→ From Agnikund- Supported by Chadbardai and Muhnot Nainsi
→ Vaidik Kshatriiya- G.H. Ojha
→ Originated from foreign-
o Colonel James Todd- Khajar Tribe of Iran
o Cunningham – From Kushanas
ब्रोचगज
ु रा िाम्रपत्र क़े आिार पर
o स्ट़े नकोनो
हूणों स़े गुजरा -प्रतिहार का एक माना
o Smith
o D.R. Bhandarkar
Sources of information-
→ Aihole inscription
o Chalukya king Pulkeshin-II
o By Courtier poet Ravikirti
o First use of “Gurjar” word
→ Gwalior commendation of Mihirbhoj
o Incarnation of Lakshman
→ Ghatiyala inscription and Baauk (बाउक) commendation – Information of Pratiharas of
Mandor
→ Rajorgarh inscription- Pratihars are Gurjar
o In Alwar tehsil of Rajgarh
→ Daulatpur inscription
→ Raghanpur inscription
→ Karhada inscription
Munhot Nainsi-
→ 26 branches of Pratihars
→ Bhadoch, Mandor, Bhinmal, Kannuaj
63
Pratihars of Mandor-
→ Oldest branch of Pratihars
→ Founder and Adipurush- Harishchandra
→ Information-
o Ghatiyala inscription – by Pratihar king Kakkuk (कक्कुक)- 861 CE
o बाउक Commendation- in Sanskrit- 837 CE- राजा बाउक
Harishachandra-
→ Brahmin wife- Gurjar Gaud Brahman- Brahman Pratihar
→ Kshatriya Wife Bhadra
o रस्ज्जल
o भोगभट्ट
Gurjar-Pratihar
o दट्ट
o कक्क
Rajjil (रज्जजल)-
→ Started Dynesty of Pratihars of Mandor

→ Captured Mandor- Made capital
Narbhatt
Nagbhatt-
→ Grandson of Rajjil
→ Made Medta his capital
→ Title- नाहड
→ Sons
Bhoj Taat (िाि)
शीलूक बाउक कक्कुक
Defeated Baauk Ghatiyala inscription

Bhati king commendation
2 inscriptions
Devraj of (837CE)
Vall region • Prakrit language
(वल्ल ि़ेत्र), • Sanskrit language
Jaisalmer In Sanskrit
Pratihars of Bhinmal
→ Raghuvanshi Pratihar
→ Founder- Nagbhatt-I
64
Nagbhatt-I-
→ Real founder of Pratihars
→ Capital- Bhinmal and Ujjain
→ Title-
o मल़ेच्छों का नाशक (ग्वाभलयर प्रशस्स्ि)
o नागावलोक
o नारायण
o इंद्र क़े दम्भ को िोडऩे वाला
→ Defeated Junaid, governor of Sindh (Turkish governor of Ghaznavi)
→ Battle with Dantidurg, Rashtrakut king
Vatsraj-
→ Title- रणहस्स्थन व जयवराह
→ Tripartite war started
Chakrayudh Dharmpal Dhruv-I

Kannauj
→ He defeated Chakrayudh and Dharmpal (Pal Dynesty- Bengal) but got defeat from Dhruv-I,
Rashtrakut king
→ Ausiya- (Jodhpur)- Jain temple of Mahavir Swami
o Oldest Jain temple of west Rajasthan
→ Scholars-
o Udyotan Suri- कुवलयमाला ग्रंथ- मरुभाषा का पहला उल्ल़ेख
o Jinsen Suri- हररवंश पुराण ग्रंथ- महाभारि का जैन संस्मरण
Nagbhatt-II
→ Titles-
o महाराजागिराज
o परमभट्टारक, परम़ेश्वर
o प्रतिहारों का कणा
→ Buchukela (Jodhpur)- Shiv-Parvati Temple
→ Got defeat from Govind-III, Rashtrakut king
→ Made Kannauj capital
Rambhadra- Killed by son Mihirbhoj
Mihirbhoj-
→ Title-
o Aadivarah (Gwalior commendation)
o Prabhas (Daulatpur inscription)
65
→ प्रतिहारों का प्रपिह
ृ ं िा
→ Golden era of Pratihars
→ Arbi traveller- Suleman- gave title of “Rival of Islam” क्योंकक मुहरा म और िास्जया पर प्रतिबंि
Bagrama (बग्रमा) inscription-

प्रपिह
ृ न्िा
→ Winner of entire earth- Mihirbhoj
❖ Chouhan- Jagdev
❖ Mewar- Uda
Mahendrapal-I ❖ Marwar- Maldev
→ Title- ❖ Pratihar-
o Raghukul Chudamani Mihirbhoj
o Raghukkul Tilakmani
o Nirbhay Naresh
→ Courtier scholar- Rajshekhar-
• कपूरा मंजरी
• काव्य मीमांसा
• प्रबंि कोष अणोराज की जानकारी (Chouhan ruler of Ajmer)
• भुवन कोष
• प्रवद्धशाला भंस्जना प्रबंि गचंिामर्ण- मोरुिुंग
• बालरामायण
• हररप्रवलास आदद
Mahipal-
→ Title-
o Raghukul Mukutmani
o Maharajadhiraj of Aryavritta
→ End of tripartite war- Pratihar won- got Kannauj
→ Poet Rajshekhar
→ Bagdad traveller- Almasudi-
o मौसम शब्द प्रतिपाददि
o अलगुजरा - गुजरा ों को कहा
o शासक बौरा- मदहपाल
Rajyapal-
→ Attack by Mahmood Ghaznavi
Yashpal-
→ Chandradev Garhwal captured Kannuaj and established Garhwal dynasty
महामाल शैली- Temples of Gurjar-Pratihar’s era
Hiuen Tsang- (came during Harshvardhan’ reign)-
o Travelled to Bhinmal-भीनमाल को पोलोमीलो नाम ददया
o गुजरा ि़ेत्र को कुच़ेलो नाम ददया
66
Lecture-22
Ancient Rajasthan
Prehistoric Period Protohistoric Period Historical period
• Script XX Script was there, but not

• Stone Age readable
Palaeolithic Mesolithic Neolithic Therefore, certification XX
• Animal • Agriculture • Indus civilization

husbandry • Permanent • Vedic civilization
• burial Houses
• wheel
Prehistoric Period-
→ Stone age Stone Metal
Copper Copper + Bronze Iron
Rajasthan Archaeological Department- 1950

o 1871- Beginning of archaeological works in Rajasthan
Paleolithic Period-
→ 1870- CA Hickett- हस्ि कुठार- Jaipur and Indragarh
→ Setankar- Found tools from Jhalawar
→ B. Allchin- in Jalore
Establishment of the archaeological department of India-
o Members-
▪ V.N. Mishra
▪ R.C. Agarwal
▪ Vijay Kumar
▪ H.C. Mishra
Ajmer- Budha Pushkar
Nagore- Didwana
Chittor, Bhilwara, Alwar
Mesolithic Age-
→ Luni (in Tilwara, Barmer), Bedach, Viratnagar
→ Bagore- near Bedach river- Earliest evidence of animal husbandry
o MP- Adamgarh
Neolithic Age-
→ Ajmer, Nagore, Jaipur, Sikar, Jhunjhunu, Jodhpur
67
Kalibangan Civilization
→ Place- Hanumangarh
→ River- Ghaggar
→ Searched by- Amalanand Ghosh- 1952
→ Excavation- 1961-69- B.V. Lal and B.K. Thapar
→ Meaning- काल़े रं ग की चूडडयाुँ
→ Another name- दीनहीन बस्िी
→ Characteristics of Kalibangan Civilization-
o Urban Culture
o Bronze age
o Pre-Harappan era or North Harappan era
o Protohistoric
o written evidences were there but we could not read them
o excavation on 5 levels-
▪ First 2 levels- Pre Harappan पस्श्चमी टीला
▪ Others- Harappan period पूवी टीला
Kalibanga-
→ Urban Culture-
o Building-
▪ Raw bricks (sun-dried)
▪ Roof- Mortar coating on wooden battens
▪ No crusher used
सरु िा प्राचीर
o Drainage system
o Roads used to intersect at 90 degrees
Evidences found at Kalibanga

→ Matridevi XX
→ Black-red pottery
→ Mixed crop
→ Ploughed field
→ Wooden drains (only)
→ Skull with hole (surgical information)
→ Evidence of earthquake
→ Cylindrical seals (same as Mesopotamia) (व्यापार का संक़ेि)
→ Elliptical tombs (गचरायू कब्र)
→ Fire altars (पशु बभल क़े साक्ष्य)
→ Couple samadhi (Kalibanga and Lothal)- शायद सिी प्रथा स़े पररगचि
→ Taurus made of clay
→ Dr. Dashrath Sharma- “Third capital of Indus Civilization”
1985- Kalibanga Museuem- Hanumangarh
B.V. Lal + Jagpati Joshi- “Excavation at Kalibanga: The Early Harappa”
68
Ahar (आहड) Civilization – 1900 BC to 1200 BC
Gopinath Sharma
→ Situation- Udaipur
→ River- Ahar/ Banas
→ Excavation
o 1953- Akshay Kirti Vyas
o 1956- R.C Agarwal
→ Features- Rural civilization
→ Other names-
o िाम्रविी नगर
o बनास सभ्यिा
o बड़े मद
ृ भाण्डों की सभ्यिा
o कोठ़े गोर की सभ्यिा
o िल
ू कोट का टीला
oआघाटपरु
→ Earthenware- Black-red Pottery (Strong and huge)
Difference
Black-red ware on Kalibanga
(Light and Weak)
Features-
→ House- Mud bricks and stones
→ Jewelry with the deceased- belief in reincarnation
→ Rural culture
Evidence received-
→ Evidence of 6 Chulhas from the house – joint family
→ Copper utensils- plates, lamps (Earthen utensils the most)
→ Banasian bull- clay bull toy
→ रं गाई क़े ठप्प़े, माप-िौल क़े बाुँट
→ गोम़ेद, स्फदटक, सीप, काुँच, हड्डडयों क़े आभूषण
Centre of Ahar Civilization-

→ In Rajasmand
o Civilization of Banas River
o 1957-58- B.V Lal – excavation
o 1998-2003- V. S. Shinde + Gregory (Pennsylvania university)
69
Gilund
o Features
▪ Burnt brick used in houses (burnt bricks - not used in main Ahar)
▪ Bangles made of elephant tusk
▪ Mud toys
▪ 5 Type of utensils
70
Lecture-23
Ganeshwar Civilization
→ Situation- Neem Ka Thana (Sikar)
→ River- Kantli
→ Excavation-
o R.C. Agarwal (1977)
o Vijay Kumar (1978-89)
→ Other names- “Mother of copper age civilization” & Pushkar of Archaeology
→ Chalcolithic civilization
→ Houses constructed with stones
→ Chronology- 2000BC
Evidences received-
→ Fishing hooks- copper
→ Stone made dam
→ Spearheads of copper, arrow, spears, needles
→ कृपषवणी मद
ृ भाण्ड- Black and Blue (not red)
Characteristics of Ganeshwar civilization-
→ Hunters (not producers)
→ Gatherers
→ 99% copper used in utensils and equipment
→ Supply of copper to Harappan places
Bairath Civilization
→ Civilization- Jaipur
→ River- Banganga
→ Excavation-
o Dayaram Sahani
o Neelratna Banerjee
o Kailashnath Dixit
→ Other names- Art gallery of ancient era
71
→ Evidences-
o Prehistoric Era- Rock paintings of Elephant, Bear, Deer
o Mahabharata period- Unknown residence of Pandavas, Bhim Dungri, Bhimtal,

Pandupol, Virat Parv etc.
o Mahajanapada period- Matsya district- Capital Virat Nagar
o Maurya period- Bhabru inscription-
→ 1836 Captain Burt found the inscription
→ Also known as “Triratna inscription”- Buddha, Dhamma,

Sangha
→ 7 Buddha texts
→ King Ashok- Buddha religion
o Post Maurayan period- Punchmarked currencies
→ 8 from Bairath
→ Greek currencies- 28 (16- Menander)
→ 1872- C.L. Carlyle – Fragmentary inscription found (Ashok)
→ Buddhist Monastery, Round temple
→ Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPWJ)
o Harshvardhan period- Hensang’s journey- Journey in Bairath- सी यू की ग्रंथ
→ Prince of travellers
→ नीति का पस्ण्डि (Scholar of Policy)
o Medieval times-
→ ईदगाह, Jain temples, Mughal mint
→ स्वणा मंजूषा- Founded by Ram Singh-II (Jaipur- Kachhawaha

Dynesty)
→ Prevalence of Sankha script- Symbolic script
→ Swastika (worship of sun) and Triratna Chakra on pottery
→ Stone plates
→ Cotton fabric made with hands
→ Broken lion statue, Iron tools
→ Construction of houses with bricks
72
Civilization Chronology Earthenware
1. Kalibanga 2300-1750 BC Black-red (Light)
2. Ahad 2000-1200 BC Black-red (Strong)
3. Ganeshwar 2800 BC (oldest) Kripasvarni (Black-Blue)
4. Bairath 600 BC Northern Black Polished
Copper Age Civilization-
o Ganeshwar (Sikar), Ahad (Udaipur), Kalibanga (Hanumangarh), Gilund (Rajasmand)
o Jhadole (Udaipur)
o Pind Padalia (Chittor), Kurada (Nagore), Pugal and Sabaniya (Bikaner)
o Nandlalpura, Kiradot, Chithvadi, (All in Jaipur)
o Elana (Jalore)
o Old Pushkar (Ajmer)
o Kkol Maholi (Sawai Madhopur)
o Malah
Iron Age Civilization-
o Noh (Bharatpur)
o Jodhpur (Jaipur) (Sabi River)
o Sunari (Jhunjhunu) (Kantali river)
o Redh (Tonk) (Tata city of ancient India) (Deel river)
❖ Bagor-
o Bhilwada- Kothari river
o Mesolithic period
o Excavation- V.N. Mishra and L.S. Leshin
o Deposits of small stone tools (Microlith)
o Earliest evidence of animal husbandry, earliest evidence of agriculture
o Perforated needle (Copper)
❖ Balathal-
o Udaipur
73
o V.N. Mishra
o Chalcolithic civilization
o Seals with marks of elephant and moon
o House with 12 rooms
o Handmade cloth
o Copper tools
o Smelting pot
❖ रै ढ़-
o Tonk
o Deel river
o Kedarnath Puri (1938-40)
o Tata nagar of ancient India
o Store of punchmarked coins
o Coins
▪ Malav district
▪ Greek- Apollodotes (Greek ruler)
❖ Nagri-
o Chittor
o 1904 by D.R. Bhandarkar
o Coins of Shivi district
o Old name- Madhyamik (capital)
o The oldest idol of Nataraja
❖ Bhinmal-
o Jalore
o R.C. Agarwal
o Roman Amphora
o Roman Jug
❖ Nagar-
o Tonk
o Kheda civilization
o Coins of Malav district
74
o Mahishasurmardini statue (Shunga period)
o Rati Kamdev idol (Kushana period)
o Uma/ Lakshmi idol- Lotus in hand
❖ Noh-
o Bharatpur
o Ruparel river
o 1963-64 by R.C. Agarwal
o Yaksha statue (Jakham baba)- Shunga period
o Coins of Kushana rulers
o Ring well- Post Mauryan era
❖ Munari-
o Jhunjhunu
o Kantli river
o Bellow furnaces for iron smelting
o Post Mauryan ware (Northern black polished earthenware)
75
Lecture-24
History of Modern India
British rule over Rajasthan-
Due to treaties Subsidiary Subsidiary Implementation Security of

alliance of alliance of of treaties treaties
Lord Wellesley Lord Hastings
Due to treaties-
Jaipur- Pratap Singh

Vs Maratha- Battle of Tunga, Battle of Patan, Battle of Malpura
Jodhpur- Vijay Singh
(First initiative of treaty by both)
Maratha Vs British
First Anglo-Maratha war (1775-1782)
→ Treaty of Salbai
→ Britishers won the war
Reasons of treaties-
→ Freedom from terror of Marathas and Pindaris

→ Disputes between kings and feudal lords
→ Weak economic condition of the kings
→ Mutual rivalry between kings
→ Imperialist ambitions (most responsible cause)
Maratha Vs British + Rajput
Subsidiary treaties of Lord Wellesley Policy- Policy of subsidiary encirclement
→ First in India- Hyderabad (1798)

→ In Rajasthan-
o Bharatpur- 29th September, 1803- Ranjit Singh
o Alwar- 28th Nov, 1803- Bakhtawar Singh
o Jaipur- Dec 1803- Jagat Singh
76
1803-1805- Second Anglo-Maratha war
Lord Wellesley Bajirao II
Jaswant Rao Holker (Maratha commander)
Ran away from war to Bharatpur
Ruler Ranjit Singh (friend of Marathas)

1761- 3rd Battle of Panipat
5 times attacked by Lord Lack but failed Surajmal, Ruler of Bharatpur

helped Marathas
British forced Bharatpur for treaty
1st treaty
Battle of Laswadi (लसवाडी का युद्ध)- British Vs Marathas
Marathas helped by Bakhtawar Singh of Alwar
Lord Wellesley-
• George Barlow came (after Wellesley)
• Treaties with Bharatpur and Alwar continued but others canceled
Subsidiary alliance of Lord Hastings-
→ Colonel Todd, Charles Metcalf

→ McColm Bilson (or Malcolm), Mil
Princely State Date Ruler

Karoli 9 November 1817 Harvakshpal Singh
Tonk 15 Nov. 1817 Amir Khan Pindari
Kota 28 Dec 1817 Ummed Singh
Jodhpur 6 January 1818 Mansingh Rathod
Mewar 22 January 1818 Bhim Singh
Bundi 10 February 1818 Vishnu Singh (Bishan Singh)
Bikaner 21 March 1818 Surat Singh
Kishangarh 7 April 1818 Kalyan Singh
Jaipur 15 April 1818 Jagat Singh
Pratapgarh October 1818 Samant Singh
Dungarpur 1818 Jaswant Singh
Banswada Dec 1818 Ummed Singh
Sirohi 11 September 1823 Shiv Singh
77
→ Sirohi was the last princely state for treaty

→ Kota- Supplementary treaty- Febru 1818- Jhala Jalim Singh
o Special privilege to Jhala Jalim Singh
o 1838- Creation of Jhalawar by descendants of Jhala Jalim Singh
Implementation of Treaties-
→ Appointment of Political agent in every princely state

EIC
o They became specials of kings and became corrupt
Agent to governor general (AGG)

Governor General
1832
First AGG- Mr. Locket

Agent to
Office
Governor general
Rajputana Residency 1832- Ajmer (Winter)

Political agent
1845- Mount Abu (Summer)
Security of Treaties- Formation of New British-Indian armies
→ Marwar Battalion (Beawar)- 1822

→ Jodhpur Legion (Erinpura Pali)- 1835
→ Shekhawati Brigade (Jhunjhunu)- 1835
→ Mewar Bhil Core (Khekhada, Udaipur)- 1841
Deoli-Kota कोटस्न्लजेंट
Business monopoly
Opium Salt
New Royal Commission Jaipur Jodhpur
(1893)
Ram Singh-II Takht Singh
Aug 1869 1868 Salt treaty
1 May, 1871- Salt treaty came into effect
78
Lecture- 25
1857- First war of Independence
Background-
1600 1757 1764 1765
EIC Battle of Battle of Allahabad Pact with Mughal

Plassey Buxar emperor and Awadh Nawab-
All rights
100 years
→ Bengal
British → Awadh Nawab
Established as
political power → Mughal
1857
Reasons of 1857 revolution-
Commercial Social reasons Religious Political reasons Reasons of soldiers

purpose reasons
→ Social reforms → Treaties of → Ban of religious
→ Land revenue → English → Religious 1818 symbols
system supremacy conversion → Interference → Disbelief
→ Excessive taxes → Overseas
Policy of
→ Fall of
Christianity
Samantas
→ Suryast law
→ Unemployment Main reason
→ Indian
industries have
been destroyed Military dissatisfaction
Reason- Use of Greased
cartridges
Birth of revolution
Rifle
Browse Bass rifle (before 1857)
Enfield Rifles (Use began in 1857)
29th March, 1857- Bairakpur Cantonment (Bengal)
34th N.I. (Native Infantry)- Mangal Pandey- 8th April, 1857 (Hanging)
Revolution started
79
Meerut- 10 May, 1857- start

• While the plan to start the revolution was from 31 May, 1857
• Hence unsuccessful
At the time of revolution-
• Governor general of India- Lork Canning
• Prime minister of England- Palmerston
• British Queen- Victoria
• Agent to governor general in Rajasthan- Patrick Lawrence
• Symbol of Revolution- Lotus and Roti
• Fixed date of revolution- 31 May, 1857
• Began in India- 10 May, 1857
• Started in Rajasthan- 28th May, 1857 – From Nasirabad
Military Cantonments in Rajasthan- 6
o Nasirabad (Ajmer)
o Neemuch (Mewar)
o Deoli (Tonk)
o Erinpura (Pali)- Slogan of “Chalo Delhi, Maaro Firangi”
o Beawar (Ajmer)
o Khekhada (Udaipur) Not participated in revolution
Princely States Political Agents Ruler

Mewar Shaburs (शाबसा) Swarup Singh
Kota Burton Ram Singh-II
Jaipur Eden Ram Singh-II
Jodhpur Mecmosan (म़ेकमोसन) Takht Singh
Bharatpur Mosison (मॉसीसन) Jaswant Singh
Sirohi J.D. Hall
Nasirabad Rebellion- Beginning of revolution due to distrust towards soldiers
28th May, 1857 • 15th N.I.

• 30th N.I. Rebellion
• 1st Bombay Lancers-
• Captain New Bury

Murder
• Spottiswood
• Lt. Lock
• Hardy Injured
→ Nasirabad soldiers- 18 June, 1857- Delhi
Neemuch Rebellion-
o Sworn in by Abott to remain faithful to the British
o But Mohd. Ali Beg (Awadh) and Hira Singh refused to take sworn
80
o Hence, revolution started

o 3 June, 1857
→ Dungla Incident- British stayed at Farmer Rugparam’s house
Shavars brings army from Mewar, Bundi and Kota and saves Britishers
And went in the shelter of Maharana Swaroop Singh of Udaipur
Neemuch Nimbaheda Shahpura Deoli Tonk Delhi
Jackson- led 5th June, Nawab Vazeer-ud-daula

British army 1857
British side
Vs Rebellion by
Rebel
Tarachand Patel
soldiers of Maternal uncle
(Tonk)
Neemuch
Meer Alam
Won
In Favor of rebels
→ Aajmaish (Drama)- by Mohd. Mujib- Information of women taking part in the revolution
Erinpura Rebellion-
→ 21 August, 1857
→ Soldiers- Moti Khan, Tilakram, Sheetal Prasad- rebellion started in Maunt Aby
→ “Chalo Delhi, Maaro Firangi” slogan
→ Auwa (Pali)- Support of revolution by Thakur Kushal Singh Champawat
गल
ू र, आसोप, आलतनयावास, रुद्रावास, बंिावास
Support
British + Takht Singh (Jodhpur) Vs Champawat rebels
I. Battle of Bithoda- 8 Sept, 1857

a. Kushal Singh + Rebels Vs Kushalraj Singhwi + Onad Singh (Anar Singh)+ Heathcott
→ Kushal Singh and others- won
II. Battle of Chelawas- 18 September, 1857
a. Kushal Singh + rebels vs McMasson (political agent) + Patrick Lawrence (AGG)
काला-गोरा युद्ध मारकर भसर आउवा दग

ु ा क़े दरवाज़े पर लटका ददया
III. Battle of Narnol- November 1857

a. Rebels Vs Mazor Garad (म़ेजर गराड)
→ Rebels defeated
81
Lord Canning (Governor general of India)
Major Hawks- Attacked on Auwa on January 20, 1858

Brother
Kushal Singh Prithviraj Singh
In shelter of Kesari Singh, Auwa’s responsibility

Rawat of Salumber Major Hawks captured Auwa
Broke the fort

In shelter of Jyotisingh Kuldevi Sugali Mata (10 heads and 54
(Jodh Singh) of Kotharia hands)
Took to Magazine fort

Ultimately- 8 Aug. 1860-
Surrender
To investigate his involvement-

Trench Commission
Revolt in Kota-
→ 15 Oct. 1857 – िनि़ेरस क़े ददन
→ Mehrab Khan (Karoli) and Lala Jaydayal (Mathura- Advocate)
→ Soldiers house arrest Ram Singh-II, supporter of British in Kota Fort कोटा में सैतनक छावनी
→ The beheaded Political agent Burton नहीं, कफर भी सवाागिक
o Sons of Burton ( Arthur, Franck, Saddler Cottam) were also died प्रवध्वंस
o And Ram Singh-II was falsely charged for their murder
→ Ram Singh-II was taken from Kota fort by Madanpal (Ruler of Karoli)
→ H.G. Roberts- Captured Kota fort with the help of soldiers of Nazirabad
Revolt in Bharatpur-
→ By Gurjar-Mev soldiers
o Mev- soldiers of Mewat
→ Jaswant Singh-II (minor) made Political agent run
→ Complete rule came in hands of Jaswant Singh-II
Dhaulpur Rebellion-
→ Led by Heeralal and Ramchandra Rao
→ Ruler- Bhagwant Singh- arrested by soldiers of Indore and Gwalior
o Freed by army of Patiala
❖ Roles of the rulers-

→ Jaipur- Ram Singh-II – Sitar-e-Hind title and Kotputli Paragna by English
82
o Expelled Vilayat Ali, Usman Ali, Sadulla Khan from the state
→ Bikaner- Sardar Singh- Sent army outside Rajasthan (in Badlu, Punjab)
o Got 41 villages of Tibbi Paragna as gift by English
→ Alwar- Vijay Singh/ Banne Singh- Sent artillery and army for the help of British in Agra
fort
→ Mewar- Swaroop Singh- gave shelter to British soldiers came from Dungla village
→ Banswada- Lakshman Singh- Did not give support to Tantya Tope
❖ Tantya Tope-
→ Real Name- Ramchandra Panduranga
→ Commander of Nana Saheb
→ Leadership in Gwalior and Jhansi
▪ Fought with army of Hurose
▪ When British army captured both the place, Tanya Tope came to Rajasthan
→ Firstly, came to Mandalgarh of Bhilwada – 8 Aug. 1857
→ 9 Aug 1857- Fought with army of Major Roberts and lost
→ Gone to Srinath ji temple in Nathdwara
→ In shelter of Jodh Singh of Kotharia ----- helped by Mohd. Nisar (Tonk)
▪ Ruled Jhalawad by defeating its ruler Prithviraj Singh (For some time)
→ Second time visit in Rajasthan-
▪ 11 Dec 1857- Banswada
▪ Lakshaman Singh did not give support to Tanya Tope
▪ Friend Mansingh Naruka cheated on Tanya and gave his location to British
army
• Got for forest of Narwar
• 18 April, 1859- Hanged in Shivpuri (Shipri)
▪
❖ Amarchand Bathiya (Bikaner)
→ Helped Tantya
▪ Kranti ka Bhamashah
▪ Mangal Pandey of Rajasthan
❖ Dungji- Jawahar Ji-

o Soldiers of Shekhawati Brigade
o Fought with British army of Jodhpur and Bikaner
o डूंगजी- काकीम़ेडी, गगरदडा गाुँव, जैसलम़ेर
▪ साल़े भैरूभसंह ऩे बुलाया िथा अंग्ऱेजों द्वारा आगरा में कैद
o जवाहर जी- ख़ेरथट्टा, बीकाऩेर
o जवाहर जी, लोटू जी तनठारवाल, करणा मीणा, सांखू लुहार िथा बालू नाई- कैद स़े डूंगजी को
छुडवा लाए
❖ Books-
83
o The Mutiny in Rajasthan- Prichard

o Loyal Rajputana- Munshi Jwala Sahai
o Role of Rajasthan in 1857- N. L. Khadgavat (Nathu Lal Khadgavat)
o Aajmaish (आजमाइश) Drama- Mohd. Mujib
o Veer Satsai- Poet Suryamall Mishran
▪ Main poet of Bundi- Ruler Ramsingh
o Aayo Angrej Mulak Re Upar- Bankidas
▪ Poet of Marwar- ruler Mansingh Rathod
o Ragho Das Poet
o Sandu Gogji poet
Reasons of failure-
→ No plan
→ No leadership
→ No spy system
→ No resources
→ Non-cooperation from ruling classes
→ Not supported by Samant class
→ Not supported by educated class
Results-
→ Learned to raise voice for rights

→ Hindu-Muslim unity awakened
→ Prepared later Leaders (eg. Ajun Lal Sethi, Kesari Singh Barhath etc.)
84
Lecture- 26
Tribal and Peasant movements
Tribals- Farmers-
→ Bijolia → Mev
→ Bengu → Bhil
→ Bundi/ Barad → Bhagat
→ Bharatpur → Eki
→ Mev
→ Alwar/ Neemuchana
→ Sikar
Bijolia Peasant Movement
o India’s first organized farmers’ movement

o Continued non-violently for 44 years
o Bijolia- A class Thikana of Bhilwada, Mewar state
▪ Predominance of Dhakad caste
o Title of Thikanedars of Bijolia- Rao
o Rao Govind Das- died in 1894 (well-wisher of Farmers)
▪ After his death, exploitation of farmers by new Thikanedaras
3 Phases of the movement-
→ 1897-1915- First stage- Sadhu Sitaram Das

→ 1916-1923- Vijay Singh Pathik (Real name- Bhoop Singh)
• From Guthawali village of Bulandshahar, UP
• Father of Peasant movement in Rajasthan
→ 1923-1941- Rajasthan Seva Sangh
Rajasthan Seva Sangh-
→ Established by Vijay Singh Pathik

→ 1919- in Vardha, Maharashtra
→ 1920- HQ shifted to Ajmer
→ “Rajasthan Kesari” newspaper
First Phase [1897-1915]-
→ Rao Krishna Singh became new Thikanedar

o Imposed 84 type of Lal-bag
→ 1897- Farmers met Sadhu Sitaram Das in Girdharipura village
→ Sadhu Sitaram Das sent Nanji Patel and Thakri Patel to Maharana Fateh Singh (Udaipur) for
complaint
o Fateh Singh appointed Hamid Hussain for inquiry
o Hamid took side of farmers but Fateh Singh did not take any step
→ Thikanedar expelled Nanji Patel and Thakri Patel and imposed new Chanwari tax
o 1903- by Rao Krishna Singh
चुँवरी कर- ककसानों क़े द्वारा अपनी ब़ेटी की शादी करवाऩे पर
ददया जाऩे वाला कर
85
→ 1906- Prithvi Singh- Talwar Bandhai Tax
िलवार बंिाई कर- नया दठकाऩेदार बनऩे पर राजा द्वारा लगाया

जाऩे वाला कर, ल़ेककन दठकाऩेदार द्वारा जनिा स़े वसूला गया
→ New taxes opposed by Sadhu Sitaram, Brahamdev and Fatehkaran

→ 1914- Kesari Singh (minor)- all rights in the hands of Maharana of Mewar
o Made Amar Singh his representative in Bijolia
→ First phase ended
Sadhu Sitaram Das went to Vidya Pracharini Sabha in Chittor organized by Haribhau Kinker
o There, he met with Vijay Singh “Pathik”
Second Phase [1916-1923]
→ 1916- Vijay Singh Pathik joined the movement

→ 1916- Kisan Panch board- by Sadhu Sitaram Das
→ 1917- Uparmalpanch Board-
o Manna ji Patel became president
→ Vijay Singh Pathik- decision
o Will not give donation and tax
o Will not do farming
→ Sadhu Sitaram Das and Manikya Lal Verma- arrested
→ “Pratap” newspaper-
o Released from Kanpur, UP
o By Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
o Gave national identification to Bijolia movement
→ April, 1919- Bindulal Bhattacharya Commission
o 3 Members- Hakim Bindulal Bhattacharya, Thakur Amar Singh and Afzal Ali
o Recommendations
▪ Remove taxes
▪ Free arrested people
o Result- Arrested people got freed but no other benefit
→ 1919- Vijay Singh Pathik met M.K. Gandhi
o Gandhi ji sent Mahadev Desai to Mewar
→ Dec 1919- Amritsar session- INC- Balgangadhar Tilak raised his voice in favour of Bijolia
movement
o Vijay Singh Pathik also attended Amritsar session
→ 1920- Nagpur session of INC- MK Gandhi supported Bijolia movement
→ Narayan Patel arrested
→ 1922- Holand commission-
o 11 June, 1922- Agreement
o Tax of 32 types- ended
o From the side of Government-
▪ AGG Patrick Holand
▪ Colonel Ogalvi
▪ Wilkinson
86
▪ Prabhash Chandra Chatterjee

▪ Bihari Lal Kaushik
o From the side of farmers-
▪ Manikya Lal Verma
▪ Ramnarayan Chaudhary
▪ Narayan Patel
▪ Motilal
o From the side of Mewar state
▪ Heera Lal
▪ Tej Singh
▪ Jhalam Singh
Third Phase [1923-1941]
→ 10 September. 1923- V.S. Pathik got arrested

→ Rajasthan Sewa Sangh- Leaders
o Manikya Lal Verma
o Jamnalal Bajaj
o Haribhau Upadhyay
→ 1941- Sir T. Raghavachari (Prime minister of Mewar) sent Mohan Singh Mehta and Wilkinson
→ All the demands of farmers were accepted
→ Bijolia movement ended completely
Manikya Lal Verma sang “Panchida” song (पंछीडा गीि)

Poet Pragyachakshu Bhanwarlal Sarraf
o मान-मान म़ेवाड राणा प्रजा कऱे पुकार।
रूस जार को पिो न लाग्यो सणु राणा फिमाल।।
Munshi Premchand- “Rangbhumi” novel
Bengu Movement
→ Bengu- A class Jagir of Chittor, Mewar state

→ Leadership- Ramnarayan Chaudhary
o Sent by VS Pathik
→ Inspired by Bijolia movement
→ 1921- Farmers gathered in Bherukund (in Menal)
→ Thikanedar Anup Singh was the well-wisher of farmers
o Agreement with farmers
o Named as “Bolshevik agreement”
→ Trench Commission- to review the movement
→ 13th July, 1923- March in Govindpura village
o Firing on farmers
o Rupa Ji and Kripa Ji died
→ 1925- Lal-Bag of 34 types ended
87
Bundi/ Barad Movement
→ Sadhu Sitaram Das established “Dabi Kisan Panchayat” (डाबी ककसान पंचायि)
o Head- Harla Bhadak (हरला भडक)
→ Leader- Pandit Naynuram Sharma
→ 2nd April, 1923- Dabi Massacre
o During Kisan conference
o In leadership of Ikram Hussain
o Nanak Ji Bhil and Devi Lal Gurjar died
→ May, 1923- Naynuram arrested
→ “अजी गीि”- by Manikya Lal Verma
Alwar Peasant Movement (Neemuchana Massacre)
→ Reasons- terror of wild boars/ pigs and high tax rates

→ 1921- Movement started- King Jaisingh gave the permission to kill wild pigs
→ 1923-24- tax rates doubled
→ 1925- Akhil Bhartiya Kshatriya Mahasabha session in Delhi
o “Pukar” magazine by Alwar farmers
o Jai Singh imposed restrictions to enter the village on returning farmers
→ Neemuchana Massacre- [ 14th May, 1925]
o March in Neemuchana village by these banned farmers
o Firing done by Chhaju Singh- 156 dead and 350+ injured
▪ Chhaju Singh- General Dyre of Rajasthan
o M.K. Gandhi-
▪ जाभलयांवाला बाग हत्याकाण्ड स़े भी वीभत्स
▪ दोहरी डायरशाही
Bharatpur Peasant Movement
→ By Gurjar and Mev farmers

→ 1931- New land settlement- taxes increased
→ Protest by Lambardars and Patels
→ Led by Bhoji Lambardar- surrounded secretariat – jailed
Mev Peasant Movement
→ Leader- Chaudhary Yasin Khan

→ Mohd. Hadi established “Anjuman Khadim Ul Islam” in 1932
→ Kaji Ajijuddin Bilgrami (Mev farmer) was included in state council
→ 1934- Movement ended
88
Lecture- 27
Sikar Peasant Movement
→ Jat Farmers
→ Jaipur princely state
→ Main reason- Tax increased by 50% by Rao Raja Kalyan Singh (Thikanedar)
→ Led by-
o Ramnarayan Chaudhary
o Hari Brahmchari
o Thakur Deshraj – “Rajasthan Sandesh” newspaper
→ Sikar movement- one and only-
o House of commons
o Central assembly on Britain
o Published in Daily Herald
→ 1925- in Pushkar- Akhil Bhartiya Jat Mahasabha sammelan
o Raja Krishna Singh of Bharatpur was also present
o No solution
→ 1931- Establishment of Jat Mahasabha- by Thakur Deshraj
→ 1933- Conference of Jat Mahasabha at Palthana
→ Jan 1934- Jat Mahayagya in Sikar
→ 1935- Movement ended with the help of Jaipur state
Dhapi Devi-
→ Motivated women to participate in the movement
Movements in Shekhavati region
→ In 5 Thikane
o Navalgarh
o Bisau
o Dundlod पंचपाण़े
o Malasar
o Mandava
Katrathal Sabha (25th April, 1934)
→ 10,000 women gathered under the leadership of Kishori Devi

→ Repressive action by Sihot Thakur Mansingh
→ Addressed by Chaudhary Uttama Devi
Hanumanpura incident (16 May, 1934)
→ Kalyan Singh burnt entire village
Jaisinghpura incident (21 June, 1934)
→ Massacre done by Harnath Singh, younger brother of Thakur of Dundlod

→ First case of Jaipur state where the culprits were punished
Khundi village incident (March, 1935)
89
→ The Jat groom was ostracized by the Rajputs

→ Ratna Devi murdered for protesting against it
→ Published in “Karmaveer” newspaper
Kundan incident (कंु दर्ण) (April, 1935)
→ Extortion of tax by Captain Web

→ Chetram and Tikuram martyred
→ Issues raised in House of Commons
Movements in Marwar region
Chandawal incident-
→ 28th March, 1942

→ May 1938- “Marwar Lok Parishad” established
o Aim- Accountable government
→ Gathered to celebrate “accountable government day” but beaten by Rajputs
Dabda (िाबडा) incident-
→ 13th March 1947

→ Nagore region
→ Conference of “Marwar Lok Parishad”
→ 12 people died including Pannaram and Motilal
Bikaner Peasant Movement
→ Jan, 1934- attended Jat Mahayagya in Sikar

→ 1937- Jeevan Chaudhary- Protest in Udasar village (first time)
→ 1945- Hanuman Singh- led Dudhva Khara movement
→ 1946- Bikaner Praja Parishad- Peaceful march in Raisingh Nagar
o Birbal Singh died during firing
o Hardutt Chaudhary (magistrate of Hanumangarh) resigned from his post
→ Review Committee – members
• Heeralal Shastri
• Gokul Bhai Bhatt
• Raghuvar Dayal Goel
→ 1946- Kangan incident (कांगड काण्ड)
o Tax imposed during famine
o People were killed during protest
Chaudhary Kumbharam Arya-
→ Book- “ककसान यूतनयन क्यों?”
90
Lecture- 28
Tribal Movements
Mer Rebellion-
→ Reason- controlled by British

→ 1818- agreement by F. Wilder- Looting XX
→ 1819- Attack on Merwada (Merwada- Mewar + Marwar + Ajmer)
o Revolt started
→ 1822- Merwada Battalion by British
Bhil Rebellion-
→ Udaipur, Dungarpur, Banswada

→ Reasons
o Forced labor from Bhils
o Removal of Bhils from the army
o Policy of oppression of Bhils
o Control over Bhils by British
o Chaukidari tax
o Bolai tax
▪ For security
→ 1881- Census- Rumour
Bhagat Revolt-
→ Govind Giri
o Guru- Sadhu Rajgiri
o Born in Bansia (Bedasa) village of Dungarpur
o Inspired by Dayanand Saraswati
o Banjara Family
o Followers called as “Bhagat”
→ 1883- Samp Sabha- (meaning- brotherhood)
o Session of Samp Sabha- Mangarh hills
▪ 17 November, 1913 (Ashwin Shukla Purnima)
▪ 1500 Bhils were killed
▪ Guru Govind Giri took his last breath in Kamboi (Gujarat)
o Mangarh Hills- “Jaliyanwala of Rajasthan”
Eki Revolt / Bhomath Aandolan-
→ Aim- Unity between Bhils and Garasiya (गराभसयों िथा भीलों क़े मध्य एकिा)
→ Leader- Motilal Tejawat
o Gandhi of Mewar
o Bavji of Bhils
o Masiha of Bhils
o Born in Kolyari village (Udaipur)
o Oswal Baniya family
o Worker in Jhadol Jagir (Udaipur)
o Formed “Vanvasi Sangh” for political unity in Bhils
91
o Matrikundiya (मािक ृ ु स्ण्डया) (Haridwar of Rajasthan)

▪ Bhils gathered in leadership of Motilal Tejawat
▪ “Mewar Ki Pukar”- 21 points demand letter prepared
▪ Not all demands accepted
▪ To protest gathered in Nimra Village (13 July, 1922)
▪ Major Saturn led firing – 1200 Bhils were killed
o After some years, Motilal Tejawat surrendered at the behest of MK Gandhi
Meena Movement-
→ Watchman and Landlord

→ 1924- Criminal Tribes act passed and it declared Meena Caste as criminal caste
→ 1930- Jarayam Pesha Law- by Jaipur Govt- Daily sign or thumb impression in nearby jail
→ Meena Jaati Sudhar Samiti-
o Chhotu Ram Jharwal
o Mahadevram Pawadi
o Jawahar Ram Meena
→ Formation of “Meena Kshetriya Mahasabha”- 1933
→ 1944- Session- Neemka Thana, Sikar
o Muni Magar Sagar (Jain Muni) narrated “Meen Purana” because Meena believes its
origin from Pisces
→ 1945- Meeting in Srimadhopur, Sikar
Demand to remove Jarayam Pesha Law
→ 1946- Meeting in Bagawas
Thakkar Bapa-
→ Masiha of tribals
→ Wrote letter to Mirza Ismail about Meena’s demands
→ 1946- Jarayam Pesha Law- abolished by Jaipur govt.

→ 1952- Criminal Tribes act abolished
92
Lecture- 29
Mass Awakening in Rajasthan (जनजागरर्ण/ जनजागतृ त)
Contribution Role of Role of Political Social

of Dayanand congress Newspapers Organisations Organisations
Saraswati
Dayanand Saraswati
→ Birth- Tankra village (GJ) in 1824

→ 1874- Satyarth Prakash Supporter of Arya
→ 1875- Established “Arya Samaj” in Mumbai Samaj
▪ शुप्रद्ध आंदोलन (to make people Hindu again) • Mewar
→ Slogan- “Return back to Vedas” • Jodhpur
→ First came in Rajasthan- June 1865- Karoli • Shahpura
→ 1877- Vedic Yantralaya (Printing Press)
▪ In Varanasi
▪ Transferred to Ajmer
→ 1881-
▪ Jaipur- Established “Vedic Dharmasabha”
▪ Ajmer- First time establishment of Arya Samaj in Rajasthan
▪ Chittor- Went to Chittor on request of Kaviraj Shyamal Das
→ 1882- Udaipur- Part-2 of “Satyarth Prakash” completed – in Gulab Bag
▪ Udaipur Maharana Sajjan Singh
→ 27 February 1883- Founded “Paropkarini Sabha” in Udaipur
▪ President- Maharana Sajjan Singh
→ 1883- Jodhpur – Jaswant Singh-II- supporter of Arya Samaj
▪ Lover of Jaswant Singh, Nanhi Jaan killed Dayanand Saraswati by poisoning him
→ Thoughts of Dayanand Saraswati-
▪ Supporter of Vedic education and opponent of English education
▪ Supporter of Varna system but opponent of caste system
▪ Opponent of Child marriage, sati system, Parda Pratha
▪ Supporter of widow remarriage etc.
→ Impact of his thoughts on-
▪ Guru Govind Giri – Bhagat Movement
Role of Congress
→ 1885 by A.O. Hume
→ 3 phases of National Movement
▪ 1885 to 1905- Naram Dal
▪ 1905 to 1919- Garam Dal
▪ 1919 to 1947- M.K. Gandhi
→ First session- 28 Dec. 1885- Mumbai
93
→ In Rajasthan- 1887- Foundation of Congress by students of Ajmer Rajkiya Mahavidyalaya

▪ Fateh Chand Khubiyan
▪ Ramgopal Kayastha
▪ Harvilas Sharda [ Sharda Act 1929- Child marriage]
→ 1888- Allahabad Session- President- George Yule
▪ First time representatives from Rajasthan also attended the session
• Gopinath Mathur
• Kishanlal
Role of Newspapers
→ First of India- “Bengal Gazette” by James Augustus Hickey

→ Acts passed to ban newspapers-
o Vernacular Act, 1876
▪ Imposed by Lord Lytton
▪ Removed by Lort Ripon
o Lord Metcalfe- Liberator of Newspapers
→ 1864- Beawar (first in Rajasthan)- by Christian Missionaries
o Banned by Govt.
→ Editing of first and most newspapers- Ajmer
Important Newspapers-
→ Mazharul Sarur- 1849-
▪ First newspaper of Rajputana
▪ Hindi and Urdu language- from Bharatpur
→ Rajputana Gazette- 1885-
▪ Ajmer
▪ Maulvi Murad Ali “Bimar”
→ Sajjan Kirti Sudhakar- 1879
▪ Udaipur Maharana Sajjan Singh
▪ Hindi
▪ First Weekly newspaper of Rajasthan
→ Rajputana Herald- 1885
▪ Ajmer- English- Hanuman Singh
▪ Opposed works done by AGG
→ “Rajasthan Samachar Patra”- 1889
▪ Ajmer- Samarthdan Charan
▪ First Daily Hindi Newspaper on Rajasthan
→ Rajasthan Kesari- 1920
▪ Vardha (Mumbai)- Vijay Singh Pathik
▪ Transferred to Ajmer
▪ News of Bijolia movement
→ Naveen Rajasthan- 1922
▪ Rajasthan Sewa Sangh
▪ Ajmer
94
→ Tarun Rajasthan- 1923

▪ Name changed from Naveen Rajasthan after ban
▪ Rajasthan Sewa Sangh
→ Pratap- 1910
▪ Kanpur- Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi
▪ National importance to Bijolia movement
→ Rajasthan- 1923-
▪ Beawar- Rishidutt Mehta
→ Tyagbhumi- 1927
▪ Ajmer- Haribhau Upadhyay
▪ Spread thoughts of M.K. Gandhi
→ Aagiban- 1932
▪ Beawar- Jaynarayan Vyas (Gandhi of Marwar)
▪ First Weekly in Rajasthani language
→ Navjyoti- 1936
▪ Ajmer- Ramnarayan Chaudhary
▪ Captain Durga Prasad
→ Navjeevan- 1939
▪ Ajmer- Kanak Mathur
→ Lokvani- 1943
▪ Devishankar Tiwadi
→ Young Rajasthan- 1929
▪ Ajmer- Ramnarayan Chaudhary- English
→ Sarvhit- 1890
▪ Bundi- Rampratap Sharma
▪ First newspaper with serial number of publication
Roles of Newspaper-
→ People awakening
→ News of Peasant and Tribal movements
→ Criticism of British, Ranas, Feudal lords and Thikanedars
→ Cautioned about rights
Political Organisations
• Pratap Sabha- 1915- Udaipur – Balwant Singh Mehta

▪ 1st President of Mewar Prajamandal
• Jain Vardhman Vidyalaya- 1907- Jaipur- Arjun Lal Sethi
Arjun Lal Sethi-
• Education of weapons in Jain Vardhman Vidyalaya

• “If I will work for British, who will drive them out?”
• Books-
o Mahendra Vijay
o Stri Mukti
o Shudra Mukti
95
• Sarvhitkarini Sabha- 1907- Churu- Kanhaiya Lal Dhundh (कन्है या लाल ढूंढ), Swami Gopaldas
▪ Kabir Pathshala and Putria Pathshala
• Veer Bharat Sabha- 1910- Kesari Singh Barhath, Gopal Singh Kharwa
• Veer Bharat Samaj- 1910- Vijay Singh Pathik
• Uparmalpanch Board- 1917- Vijay Singh Pathik
• Vidya Pracharini Sabha- 1914-
o Udaipur- Haribhai Kinkar
o Bijolia- Sadhu Sitaram Das
o Ochhadi (ओछडी) village- Vijay Singh Pathik
• Rajasthan Sewa Sangh- 1919- Vardha (MH)- Vijay Singh Pathik
o 1920- Transferred to Ajmer
• Marwar Sewa Sangh- 1920- President – Durgashankar
o Minister- Prayagraj Bhandari
• Marwar Hitkarini Sabha- by Jainarayan Vyas
o President- Chandmal Surana
• Maap-Taul Movement by Marwar Sewa Sangh
o 1928
• Rajputana Madhya Bharat Sabha – 1918
o Kesari Singh Barhath, Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi, Arjun Lal Sethi
o HQ- Kanpur
o First Session- Dec 1918- Chandani Chauk (Delhi)
▪ In Marwari Library
▪ President- Girdhar Sharma
o 2 Session- Dec 1919- Amritsar
nd
▪ Note- 1919 Session of INC was also held in Amritsar

o 3 Session- March 1920
rd
▪ President- Jamnalal Bajaj

o 4th Session- Dec 1920- Nagpur
▪ Note- 1920 session of INC was also held in Nagpur
▪ President- NC Kelkar (but he was not able to come)
• Ganesh Shankar Somani (new president) (From Jaipur)
• Amarsewa Samiti- 1922
o Jhunjhunu- Master Pyarelal Gupta (Gandhi of Chidava)
• Charkha Sangh- 1927
o Jaipur- Jamnalal Bajaj (also known as 5th son of M.K. Gandhi)
• Akhil Bhartiya Deshi Rajya Lok Parishad- 1927- Bombay
o President- Ramchandra Rao
o Vice President – Pathik Ji
o Branch- Region of Rajputana and Middle India
▪ HQ- Ajmer
▪ Secretary- Ramnarayan Chaudhary
• Marwar Youth League- 1931
o Jainaraya Vyas
o President- Bhanmal Jain
• Nagri Pracharini Sabha- 1934
96
o Dhaulpur
▪ Jwala Prasad Jigyasu
▪ Johari Lal Indu
o “Aayo Angrej Mulak Re Upar”
▪ Written by Bankidas during 1857 revolution
▪ Published in 2 parts
• Marwar Lok Parishad- 1938
o Ranchhod das Gattani (ऱणछोड दास गट्टाणी)
o डाबडा काण्ड, चंदावल काण्ड- सम्म़ेलन
• Azad Morcha – 1942
o Jaipur- Baba Harishchandra (founder)
o Member- Hans D. Rai, Daulatram Bhandari, Ramkaran Joshi, Gulabchand Kasliwala
o To support “Quit India movement”
1942- Gentleman Agreement

o Between Heeralal Shastri and sir Mirza Ismail
o Agreed on not supporting “Quit India movement” in Jaipur
o Hence, Baba Harishchandra and others founded Azad Morcha
97
Prajamandal Movement
Aim-
→ Establishment of accountable governance

→ Participation in governance
→ Political rights
Haripura session of INC (1938)
→ President- Subhash Chandra Bose

→ First time supported Prajamandal Movement
Important organisations to participate in Prajamandal movement-
→ Rajputana-Madhya Bharat Sabha -1918

→ Rajasthan Sewa Sangh -1919
→ Akhil Bhartiya Deshi Rajya Lokparishad- 1927 (1920 in NCERT)
❖ 1931-
→ Jaipur- Karpurchand Patni
→ Bundi- Kantilal
❖ 1934
→ Hadoti- Pandti Naynuram Sharma (re-established in Kota)
→ Marwar- Jainarayan Vyas
❖ 1936- Bikaner- Magharam Vaidya (in Kolkata)
❖ 1938-
→ Mewar- Manikya Lal Verma
→ Shahpura- Ramesh Chand Ojha
→ Alwar- Harinarayan Sharma
→ Bharatpur- Kishanlal Joshi
→ Dhaulpur- Jwala Prasad Jigyasu
→ Karoli- Trilok Chand Mathur
❖ 1939-
→ Kishangarh- Kantilal Chothani
→ Kota- Pandit Naynuram Sharma and Abhinna Hari
→ Sirohi- Gokul Bhai Bhatt (Gandhi of Rajasthan)
❖ 1942- Kushalgarh- Bhawarlal Nigam
❖ 1944- Dungarpur- Bhogilal Pandya
❖ 1945-
→ Pratapgarh- Amritlal Payak
→ Banswada- Bhupendra Nath Trivedi and Dhulji Bavsar
→ Jaisalmer- Meethalal Vyas
❖ 1946- Jhalawar- Mangilal Vyas
→ Last Prajamandal
98
Sirohi Prajamandal- Bombay

Bharatpur Prajamandal- Rewari (Haryana)
Established away from original states
Bikaner Prajamandal- Kolkata
Jaisalmer Prajamandal- Jodhpur
Jaipur Prajamandal
→ Arjun Lal Sethi- Established Vardhman Vidyalaya

o Books-
▪ Stri Mukti
▪ Shudra Mukti
▪ Mahendra Vijay
→ Jamnalal Bajaj
o 1927- Charkha Sangh
o Known as 5th son of Gandhi Ji
→ 1931- Jaipur Prajamandal – by Karpur Chand Patni
o Unlawful declared by Jaipur state
→ 1936-37- Re-established by Jamnalal Bajaj
o President- Chiranjilal
→ 1940- President- Heeralal Shastri
• Founded Vanasthali Vidyapith
• Geet- “Pralaya Prateeksha Namo Namah”
→ 1942- Gentleman Agreement-
o Between Heeralal Shastri and sir Mirza Ismail
o Agreed on not supporting “Quit India movement” in Jaipur
o Hence, Baba Harishchandra and others founded Azad Morcha
→ 1942- Azad Morch
o Baba Harishachandra
o Hans D. Rai
o Daulatram Bhandari
o Ramkaran Joshi
o Gulabchand Kasliwal
→ 1945- Merger of Azad Morcha and Jaipur Prajamandal
o Due to Jawahar Lal Nehru
→ 1947- Accountable Government
o Chief Minister- Heeralal Shastri
o Minister- Devishankar Tiwadi, Daulatram Bhandari, Tikaram Paliwal
Bundi Prajamandal
→ 1931- Prajamandal established-

o By- Kantilal and Swami Nityanand
o Rishi Dutt Mehta- Beawar- “Rajasthan” Newspaper
→ 1944- Bundi Rajya Prajaparishad- by Harimohan Mathur
99
Hadoti Prajamandal
→ 1934- Prajamandal established- by Pandit Naynuram Sharma

→ Name changed to-
o 1939- Kota Prajamandal
▪ Mangrol (Bara)- By Abhinna Hari
▪ President- Pandit Naynuram Sharma
→ 1940- President- Abhinna Hari
→ Sharda Bhargav- Arranged Women conference
→ Women and students also participated
Marwar Prajamandal
→ First beginning of Mass movements from Marwar

→ Jainarayan Vyas-
o Gandhi of Marwar
o Books-
▪ Marwar Ki Awastha
▪ Popabai Ki Pol
o Newspapers-
▪ Akhand Bharat (Mumbai)
▪ Aagiban
▪ Naveen Rajasthan
→ 1920- Marwar Sewa Sangh 1934- Marwar Prajamandal
Changed to
Founded by Jaynarayan Vyas
→ 1923- Marwar Hitkarini Sabha
→ 1931- Marwar Youth League President- Bhanwar Lal Sarraf
→ 1934- Marwar Public Society Ordinance
o Organization ban, Newspaper ban
→ 1936- Krishna Diwas, Shiksha Diwas
o Krishna Devi- (Widow)- Rape and murder by people of Jodhpur royal Family
→ 1938- Subhash Chandra came to Jodhpur and gave support
→ 6 April, 1949- Marwar Tenancy Act
o Right over their own fields- to Farmers
o Through the efforts of Jayanarayan Vyas
o Achievement of the Prajamandal
→ Balmukund Bissa- 1942- Jatindas of Rajasthan
o Demanded responsible government and died during Hunger strike
o From Didwana
→ Major leaders were imprisoned during the Quit India Movement
o Jaynarayan Vyas- Siwana fort
o Manikya Lal Verma- Kumbhalgarh fort
→ Phoolchand Bafna- 6th Detector
कुछ ऩेिाओं को डडट़े क्टर घोप्रषि ककया गया
→ Shivdayal (Nagore)- 7th Detector
िथा उनमें स़े य़े लोग पकड़े गय़े।
→ Tulsidas Rathi- 8th Detector
100
→ Chhagan Lal Chaupasni- Jodhpur- hoisted Tiranga

→ Ganeshilal “Ustad”- “Gareebo Ki Aawaz” poetry collection
Bikaner Prajamandal
→ Established in Kolkata
→ 1907- Sarvhitkarini Sabha- Churu
o Kabir Pathshala
o Putri Pathshala
o Sarvhitkarini Vachnalaya
o By Kanhaiya Lal Dhundh and Swami Gopal Das
→ 1930- Swami Gopal Das and Chandanmal Bahad (चंदनमल बहड)- Hoisted Tiranga on Dharmastupa
in Churu
→ 1936- Bikaner Prajamandal founded in Kolkata by Magharam Vaidya
→ 1942- Bikaner Rajya Praja Parishad- by Raghuver Goel in Bikaner
o March in Raisingh Nagar (Ganganagar)
o Birbal Singh died during firing
o 6th July, 1946- Bikaner day
o 17th July, 1946- Birbal day
Shahpura Prajamandal
→ Present- Bhilwada
→ 1938- Ramesh Chand Ojha and Laaduram Vyas
→ Note- First formation of accountable government in Rajasthan
Dhaulpur Prajamandal
→ Swami Shraddhanand- Important role in spreading political consciousness in Rajasthan

→ Founded- 1938-
o Jwala Prasad Jigyasu
o Krishna Dutt Paliwal
o Johri Lal Indu / Indulal Johri
→ Tasimo Massacre –
o A village of Dhaulpur
o March, 1947
o Chhatar Singh
o Pancham Singh
Bharatpur Prajamandal
→ Started with the aim to make Hindi its state language

→ Jagannath Das Shastri and Ganga Prasad Shastri
o Maharaja Kishan Singh declared Hindi as state language
→ 1927- 17th Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
o President- Gaurishankar Heerachand Ojha
101
▪ Rohida village, Sirohi

▪ Book- “Prachin Bharat Lipimala”
o Madanmohan Malviya and Ravindra Nath Tagore also attended
→ Prajamandal established in 1938
o Gopilal Yadav (president)
o Kishan Lal Joshi
o Master Aadityendra
o Jugal Kishore Chaturvedi
▪ Nehru of RJ
Note-
→ Gandhi of RJ- Gokul Bhai Bhatt

→ Gandhi of Marwar- Jaynarayan Vyas
→ Gandhi of Mewar- Motilal Tejawat
→ Gandhi of Chidava- Pyarelal Gupta
Alwar Prajamandal
→ 1938- Harinarayan Sharma and Kunjbihari Modi

→ Harinarayan Sharma- अस्पश्ृ यिा संघ िथा वाल्मीकक संघ
→ 1944- First session- president – Bhawani Shankar Sharma
102
Lecture- 31
Mewar Prajamandal
→ Founded – April 1938 by Manikya Lal Verma (Mahamantri)

o President- Balwant Singh Mehta
o Vice-president- Bhure Lal Bayan
→ May 1938- banned
o Manikya Lal Verma went to Ajmer
→ Manikya Lal Verma
o Books- Mewar ka Vartman Shasak
▪ Mewarvasiyon se Apeel
o Organisation- Khandlai Aashram (खाण्डलाई आश्रम)
o Wife- Narayani Devi
o Daughter- Snehlata
o Son- Deshbandhu
o 1939- M.L. Verma arrested from Deoli (Tonk)
▪ Opposed by members of Mewar Prajamandal
▪ Satyagraha – Bhure Lal Bayan went to meet Gandhi Ji
• Arrested while returning and imprisoned in Sarada jail
o Sarada jail (िराडा)- Kala Pani of Mewar
▪ First Satyagrahi of Mewar Prajamandal- Ramesh Chandra Vyas
→ 1941- first session of Prajamandal- Shahpura Haveli (Udaipur)
o President- Manikya Lal Verma
o Inauguration- J.B. Kriplani
o Others- Vijay Lakshmi Pandit, Mohan Lal Sukhadia
→ 1945- 7th conference of Akhil Bhartiya Deshi Rajya Lok Parishad
o In Udaipur
o President- Jawahar Lal Nehru
o Total- 435 representative from all over India
→ 1948- Interim government formed on suggestions of K.M. Munshi (Kanhaiyalal Manikyalal
Munshi)
→ Roshan Lal and Veerbhadra Joshi- hoisted Tiranga over high court
Kishangarh Prajamandal
→ 1939- Kantilal Chauthani

→ President- Jamal Shah
→ Minister- Mahmood
Karoli Prajamandal
→ 1939- Karoli Rajya Sewak Sangh

o Haripura session of INC- support to Prajamandal movements
→ 1939- Made Prajamandal by Trilokchand Mathur
103
Sirohi Prajamandal
→ 1934- in Bombay by Vriddhishankar Trivedi

o President- Bhimshankar Sharma
▪ Magazine- Sirohi Sandesh
→ 1939- Sirohi Prajamandal established in Sirohi by Gokul Bhai Bhatt
Kushalgarh Prajamandal
→ 1942- by Bhanwar Lal Nigam
Banswada Prajamandal
→ 1945- Bhupendra Nath Trivedi and Dhulji Bhawsar (िूलजी भाुँवसर)

→ “Sangram” newspaper from Bombay
Note-
→ Bharatpur Prajamandal- ‘Vaibhav’ newspaper

→ Bundi Prajamandal- ‘Rajasthan’ newspaper
Dungarpur Prajamandal
→ Bhogilal Pandya- Harijan Sewa Samiti

o Gandhi of Bagad
→ Manikya Lal Verma- Bagad Sewa Mandir
→ 1944- Prajamandal- by Bhogilal Pandya and Shivlal Kotdi
→ Haridev Joshi- Father of Newspaper in Rajasthan
→ Sherkatara incident- 1946- Famine- still tax- Devaram died during protest
→ Punawada incident- 1947- Shivram (Teacher)- murder
→ Rastapal incident- 18th June, 1947
o Teachers- Nanji Bhai Khat and Senga Bhai
o Nanji Bhai Khat was Killed
o Senga Bhai was tied behind the car
▪ Kalibai (13 years old student, Bhil Girl)- cut the rope
▪ Kalibai murdered
o Samadhi of Kalibai and Nanji Bhai Khat- Gapsagar lake, Dungarpur
Pratapgarh Prajamandal
→ 1945- Amritlal Paik and Chunni Lal
Jaisalmer Prajamandal
104
→ 1932- Maheshwari Navyuvak Mandal by Raghunath Singh

→ 1945- Prajamandal- Meethalal Vyas
→ Sagarmal Gopa-
o Books
▪ Raghunath Singh Ka Mukadma
▪ Aazadi ke Diwane
▪ Jaisalmer Me Gundaraj
o April, 1946- burned alive in jail
▪ Committee to review the case
• Gopal Swaroop Pathak Samiti
Jhalawad Prajamandal
→ 1946- Mangilal Bhavya and Kanhaiya Lal Mittal

→ Ruler- Harishchandra – helped in forming Prajamandal
105
Lecture- 32
Unification of Rajasthan
→ 19 Princely states, 3 Thikane and Ajmer-Merwada Chiefship
Unification-
→ Efforts by Britishers-
o 1939- Lord Linlithgow
▪ First attempt
o 1942- Cripps Mission
o 1946- Cabinet Mission
o 3 June 1947- Mountbatten plan- 2 countries
o 18 July 1947- India Independence Act, 1947-
▪ Section 8- British authority over princely states ended
→ Efforts by Indian Kings-
o Vrihat Hadoti (वहृ ि ् हाडोिी)- Bhim Singh (Kota)
o Rajasthan Union- Bhupal Singh (Mewar)
o Vrihat Dhundhad (वहृ ि ् ढूंढाड)- Man Singh-II
o Vrihat Bagad (वहृ ि ् बागड)- Lakshaman Singh
Princely States Department-
→ 5 July, 1947-
o President- Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
o Member- VP Menon (Secretary)
▪ Book- Integration of the Indian States
→ First signed by – Shardul Singh- Bikaner- 7 August
→ Last signed by- Udaibhan Singh- Dhaulpur- 14 August
→ Chandraveer Singh- Banswada- “I am signing over my death warrant.”
Book- Freedom at Midnight- Dominique Lapierre and Larry Collins
Unification in 7 phases
• From 18th March 1948 to 1 November 1956

o 8 years, 7 months, and 11 days
• Merger of Sirohi- in 2 phases
o 6th- 26 Jan, 1950
o 7th- 1 November 1956
Oldest princely state- Udaipur

Newest princely state- Jhalawad
Largest princely state- Jodhpur
Smallest princely state- Shahpura
Desire to merger with Pakistan-
106
o Dhaulpur- Udaibhan
o Jodhpur- Hanuvant Singh
Jeev Rajya- 4 Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner and Udaipur
o Jeev Rajya- those states who have population of more than 10 lakh and get revenue of more
than 1 Cr.
7 Phases-
→ First phase- 17-18 March, 1948- Matsya Sangh

→ Second phase- 25 March, 1948- East Rajasthan
→ Third Phase- 18 April, 1948- Sanyukta Rajasthan
→ Forth Phase- 30th March 1949- Vrihat Rajasthan
→ Fifth phase- 15th May 1949- Sanyukta Vrihat Rajasthan
→ Sixth phase- 26 Jan. 1950- Rajasthan
→ Seventh phase- 1 November 1950- Unification completed
First Phase
→ 18 March 1948
→ Name- Matsya Sangh (given by K.M. Munshi)
→ 4 states- Alwar, Bharatpur, Dhaulpur, Karoli (+Neemrana)
→ 30th Jan. 1948- Nathuram Godse murdered M.K. Gandhi
o Godse’s friend was prime minister in Alwar
→ Bharatpur- Hindu Muslim riots
o Raja Brijendra Singh
→ Inauguration- N.V. Gadgil in Lohagarh fort of Bharatpur
→ Prime minister- Shobharam Kumawat
→ Rajpramukh- Udaibhan Singh (Dhaulpur)
→ Uprajpramukh- Ganeshpal Vasudev (Karoli)
→ Capital- Alwar
Second Phase
→ 25 March, 1948- East Rajasthan

→ 9 states- Dungarpur, Banswada, Pratapgarh (+ Kushalgarh), Tonk (+ Lawa), Shahpura,
Kishangarh, Kota, Bundi, Jhalawad
→ Capital- Kota
→ Inauguration- N.V. Gadgil in Kota fort
→ PM- Gokul Lal Asawa (Shahpura)
→ Rajpramukh- Bhim Singh (Kota)
→ Uprajpramukh-
o Senior- Bahadur Singh (Bundi)
o Junior- Lakshaman Singh (Dungarpur)
Third Phase
→ 18 April, 1948- Sanyukta Rajasthan

→ 9 states of second phase + Udaipur
→ Udaipur- conditions-
107
o 20 lakh प्रीवीपसा
o Capital
o Post of Rajpramukh
→ Capital- Udaipur
→ Inauguration- Jawahar Lal Nehru
→ PM- Manikya Lal Verma
→ Rajpramukh- Maharana Bhupal Singh (Udaipur)
→ Uprajpramukh-
o Senior- Bhim Singh (Kota)
o Junior- Bahadur Singh (Bundi) and Lakshaman Singh (Dungarpur)
Forth Phase
→ 30 March, 1949- Vrihat Rajasthan

→ 10 state of 3rd phase + 4 states
o Jaipur, Jodhpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer
→ Capital- Jaipur
o On recommendations of Satyanarayan Rao Committee
▪ High court- Jodhpur
▪ Education department- Bikaner
▪ Minerals department- Udaipur
▪ Forest and cooperative department- Kota
▪ Agriculture department- Bharatpur
→ Inauguration- Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel
→ PM- Heeralal Shastri
→ Rajpramukh- Man Singh-II (Jaipur)
→ Maharajpramukh- Bhupal Singh (Udaipur)
Fifth Phase
→ 15 May, 1949- Sanyukta Vrihat Rajasthan

→ Vrihat Rajasthan + Matsya Sangh- total 14 princely states
→ Public voting in Dhaulpur
Shankar Rao Dev Committee-
→ 3 members-
o Shankar Rao Dev
o R.K. Siddhawa
o Prabhu Dayal
Sixth Phase
→ 26 January 1950- Rajasthan

→ 18 + Sirohi (except Abu-Dilwada)
State reorganization commission-
→ 1953
→ 3 members-
o Fazal Ali (president)
108
o K.M. Pannikar
o H.N. Kunjru (Hriday Nath Kunjru)
→ Report submitted in 1956
Seventh Phase
→ 1 Nov 1956- Unification of Rajasthan completed

→ Abu-Dilwada- to – Sirohi
→ Sunel Tappa (region of MP)- to – Jhalawad
→ Sironj (region of Kota) – to – MP
Rajasthan formation day- 30 March (started from 1949)

Name of Rajasthan- on 26th January 1950
109

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Free RAS Classes by IAS Gaurav Budania and Kuldeep Sir

Invasion of Allauddin Khilji

Ranthambhore- Hammir Dev

Title of Allauddin- Sikandar Sani (सिकंदर िानी)

Required Horses which were available in Gujarat

• Khilji’s Gujarat Campaign in leadership of-

1st Attack- 1301- Ranthambhore-

→ Ruler Hammir Dev- Kesariya Kesariya + Jauhar= Saka

2nd Attack- 1303- Chittor-

→ Ruler Raval Ratan Singh, son of Rana Samar Singh- Kesariya

3rd Attack- 1308- Siwana Fort (Barmer)

→ Siwana fort was sub-fort of Jalore region

4th Attack- 1311-12- Jalore

→ Ruler Kanhad Dev Chouhan + son Veeram Dev Chouhan

Medieval History of Rajasthan

Chouhan Chahman [Definition in Prithviraj Vijay written by Jayanak Bhatt]

चाहमान- चाप + हरर + मान + नीति

Havan by Guru Vashishtha on Mount Abu

Suryavanshi- by Gaurishankar Heerachand Ojha

Chandravanshi- in two inscription- 1. Hansi inscription- Haryana

2. Achaleshwar inscription- Sirohi

Brahamans- (Vatsa Gotra)

→ Bijolia inscription- found in Parshwanath Temple near Bhilwada

→ Supported by Colonel James Todd [Father of History of Rajasthan]

Expansion of the Chouhan Empire (िपादलक्ष क्षेत्र)

(First branch of Chouhans)

Nadol (Pali) By Lakshaman Singh Ajmer By Ajayraj

Jalore Siwana Sirohi Ranthambhore by Govind Dev Chouhan

Songara Chouhans Devda Chouhans

→ Adipurush of Chouhans (Founder), Pradhanpurush

→ Feudal of Pratihara Ruler Nagbhatt-II

Chandanraj- Wife Rudrani/Aatmaprabha

→ Title of Matanga (Act like and elephant in warfare)

→ Title- वैरीघट्ट (meaning- Enemy killer/ शत्रु संहारक)

Vakpatiraj- Defeated Mewar Ruler Ambaprasad

→ Jeenmata mandir in Rewasa, Sikar by Minister हट्ड

Kuldevi of Chouhans- 2 time fair in a year

→ प्रारं भभक चौहानों का तनमााण काल- गोपीनाथ शमाा

→ Created Aanasagar lake by stopping water of Chandra river in 1137

→ Killed his father Arnoraj

→ Also known as Bisaldev

→ Defeared Ghazni emperor Khusrav Shah

→ Harikeli Drama (हररक़ेभल नाटक) by Vigrahraj

→ Bisaldev Town in Tonk District

Vigrahraj-IV, a religious and secular person-

→ Shaivism (शैव मिावलंबी)

→ Defeated cousin Nagarjuna (1177)

3. Mahoba- Chandel emperor

(Parmardi Dev and his Senapati

Prithviraj appointed Punjanray

• Chouhan Vs Chalukya King Mulraj-II (Bhimdev-II)-

Existed- C.V. Vaidya and Dashrath Sharma

• Prithviraj & Mohammed Gori-

Death of Prithviraj Chouhan-

• According to Prithviraj Raso by Chandbardai

Courtiers of Prithviraj Chouhan

→ Chandbardai- Prithviraj Raso

Chouhans of Ranthambhore- [Sawai Madhopur]

Rantahpur (रं िःपरु ) Ranthamban (रणथंबन) Ranthambhore

Govindraj/ Govind Dev Chouhan-

→ Founder of Chouhans of Ranthambhore in 1194

Balhandev (बल्हर्णदे व)-

→ 1126- Possession on Ranthambhore fort by Iltutmish