Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

Sorsogon City Campus
EDUCATION, ACCOUNTANCY AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEPARTMENT
Sorsogon City

, C o n de n s a t io n,
Hum i d i t y
a n d C lo u d s
Group 3 : Novy Deuna
Robert Ditona Jr.
Bob Angelo Batol
TOPIC OUTLINE:
• Circulation of Water in the Atmosphere
• Evaporation, Condensation, and Saturation
• Humidity
• Dew and Frost
• Fog
• Clouds
 Motivational Activity
4 Pics, 1 Word
• Each level displays four pictures
linked by one word.
• The players's aim is to work out
what the word it is.
• It has 2 levels, easy and hard. 1
point for each in the easy level
and 2 points for each in the hard
level.
• You got 5 seconds to answer.
• The player with the most points
wins.
EASY
LEVEL
HARD
LEVEL
 Hydrologic Cycle
EVAPORATION
The sun’s energy transforms enormous quantities of liquid
water into water vapor.

CONDENSATION
Winds then transport the moist air to other regions, where the
water vapor changes back into liquid, forming clouds.
PRECIPITATION
Under certain conditions, the liquid (or solid) cloud particles
may grow in size and fall to the surface as precipitation—rain,
snow, or hail.
Hydrologic Cycle
 Hydrologic Cycle
Evaporation and transpiration from continental areas amount to
only about
15 percent of the nearly 1.5 billion bilion gallons of water vapor
that annually evaporate into the atmosphere the remaining 85
percent evaporates from the oceans.

If all of this water vapor were to suddenly condense and fall as

rain, it would be enough to cover the entire globe with 2.5
centimeters (or 1 inch) of water.

The total mass of water vapor stored in the atmosphere at any

moment adds up to only a little over a week’s supply of the
world’s precipitation. Since this amount varies only slightly from
day to day, the hydrologic cycle is exceedingly efficient in
circulating water in the atmosphere.
 Evaporation

CONDENSATION AND
Saturation
(a) Water molecules at the
surface of the water are
evaporating and condensing.
Since more molecules are
evaporating than condensing,
net evaporation is occurring.
(b) When the number of water
molecules escaping from the
liquid balances those
returning, the air above the
liquid is saturated with water
vapor.
• The temperature of the water is a
measure of the average motion of
its molecules.
At the surface, molecules with
enough speed (and traveling in the
right direction) would occasionally
break away from the liquid surface
and enter into the air above. These
molecules, changing from the liquid
state into the vapor state, are
evaporating.
While some water molecules are
leaving the liquid, others are
returning. Those returning are
condensing as they are changing
from a vapor state to a liquid state
• When a cover is placed over the dish after
a while the total number of molecules
escaping from the liquid (evaporating)
would be balanced by the number
returning (condensing). When this
condition exists, the air is said to be
saturated with water vapor.
For every molecule that evaporates, one
must condense, and no net loss of liquid
or vapor molecules results.
• The temperature of the water also
influences evaporation. At higher
temperatures, a greater fraction of the
molecules have sufficient speed to break
through the surface tension of the water
and zip off into the air above.
Consequently, the warmer the water, the
greater the rate of evaporation.
In the warm air above the water, fast-moving vapor molecules
strike the nuclei with such impact that they simply bounce away
(a).
However, if the air is chilled (b), the molecules move more
slowly and are more apt to stick and condense to the nuclei.
When many billions of these water vapor molecules condense
onto the nuclei, tiny liquid cloud droplets form.
Humidity

(BOB)
 Humidity

Subtopics for Humidity

• Relative Humidity
• Vapour Pressure
• Relative Humidity and Dew Point
• Relative Humidity and Human Discomfort
• Measuring Humidity
 Humidity
• Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. If there is a lot of
water vapor in the air, the humidity will be high. The higher the
humidity, the wetter it feels outside.
• On the weather reports, humidity is usually explained as relative
humidity
 What is Relative Humidity?

• Relative Humidity is the measure of the water vapor

content in air. More explicitly, it is the amount of
water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage
(%RH) of the amount needed to achieve saturation at
the same temperature.
 Importance of
Monitoring Relative Humidity

By far the biggest reason to monitor relative humidity is to control

moisture around a final product. In most cases this means making sure
that the RH never rises too high. For example, let’s take a product like
chocolate. If the RH in a storage facility rises above a certain level and
remains above that level for a sufficiently long period of time, a
phenomenon called blooming can occur. This is where moisture forms on
the surface of the chocolate, dissolving the sugar. When the moisture
evaporates, the sugar forms larger crystals, leading to discoloration.
 Vapour Pressure
Vapour pressure is a
measure of the tendency
of a material to change
into the gaseous or
vapour state, and it
increases with
temperature.
The temperature at
which the vapour
pressure at the surface
of a liquid becomes
equal to the pressure
exerted by the
surroundings is called
the boiling point of the
liquid.
 Relative Humidity and Dew Point
The dew point is the temperature
the air needs to be cooled to (at
constant pressure) in order to
achieve a relative humidity (RH) of
100%. At this point the air cannot
hold more water in the gas form. If
the air were to be cooled even
more, water vapor would have to
come out of the atmosphere in the
liquid form, usually as fog or
precipitation.
The higher the dew point rises, the greater
the amount of moisture in the air. This directly
affects how "comfortable" it will feel outside.
Many times, relative humidity can be
misleading. For example, a temperature of 30
and a dew point of 30 will give you a relative
humidity of 100%, but a temperature of 80
and a dew point of 60 produces a relative
humidity of 50%. It would feel much more
"humid" on the 80 degree day with 50%
relative humidity than on the 30 degree day
with a 100% relative humidity. This is
because of the higher dew point.
 Relative Humidity and Human Discomfort
Humans are sensitive to very high humidity, as
the skin relies on the air to get rid of moisture.
The process of sweating is your body's attempt
to keep cool and maintain its current
temperature.
If the air is at 100 percent relative humidity,
sweat will not evaporate into the air. As a result,
we feel much hotter than the actual temperature
when there is high relative humidity. Your shirt
may become saturated with perspiration that
doesn't go anywhere, leaving you feeling like a
swampy bog monster of revolting proportions.
When there's low relative humidity, we can
feel much cooler than the actual
temperature because our sweat evaporates
easily, cooling us off. For example, if the air
temperature is 75 degrees Fahrenheit (24
degrees Celsius) and the relative humidity is
zero percent, the air temperature feels like
69 degrees F (21 C) to our bodies. If the air
temperature is 75 degrees F (24 C) and the
relative humidity is 100 percent, we feel like
it's 80 degrees F (27 C) out
 Measuring Humidity

When you understand the basic principles

of water vapor and air, how to measure Analog
humidity is a simple process. Expressed
as Relative Humidity, it requires a
Hygrometer
measurement of both water vapor and
temperature. What tools measure
humidity? A hygrometer is a device used
to measure humidity. Hygrometers come
in both analog and digital versions, but
modern, digital hygrometers are more
accurate, so they are the most commonly
Digital
used today. Hygrometer
 DEW
AND
FROST
 Dew
• Dew forms on clear nights when
objects on the surface cool to a
temperature below the dew
point. If these beads of water
should freeze, they would
become frozen dew.
Dew is more likely to form on
blades of grass than on objects
several feet above the surface.
Dew is more likely to form on
nights that are clear and calm
than on nights that are cloudy
and windy. .
 Frost
• Visible white frost forms on cold,
clear, calm mornings when the
dew-point temperature is at or
below freezing.
When the air temperature cools to
the dew point (now called the frost
point) and further cooling occurs,
water vapor can change directly to
ice without becoming a liquid
first—a process called deposition.
The delicate, white crystals of ice
that form in this manner are called
hoarfrost, white frost, or simply frost.
Frost has a treelike branching
pattern that easily distinguishes it
FOG
Radi a t i o n F o g
It forms best on clear nights when a
shallow layer of moist air near the
ground is overlain by drier air.

Radiation fogs are most common over

land in late fall and winter.

Radiation fog is normally see forming

in low-lying areas hence called valley
fog.

Radiation fogs are normally deepest

around sunrise.
Adve c ti o n F o g
.It forms when warm, moist air moves
over a sufficiently colder surface, the
moist air may cool to its saturation
point.

Advection fogs also prevail where two

ocean

Currents with different temperatures

flow next to one another.
Ups lo p e F o g

Fog that forms as moist air flowd up

along an elevated plain, hill, or
mountain is called upslope fog.

Upslope fogs that form over an

extensive area may last for many
days..
 o r a t i o n F o g
Evap
Fog may also form by the mixing of two
unsaturated masses of air. Fog that
forms in this manner is usually called
evaporation fog because evaporation
initially enriches the air with water
vapor.

A common form of evaporation-mixing

fog is the steam fog, which forms when
cold air moves over warm water. .
Clo u d s
 DID YOU KNOW?
Clouds play a significant role in the Earth's energy
balance by reflecting sunlight back into space and
trapping infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's
surface. The amount of water vapor in the
atmosphere determines cloud formation, which in
turn affects global temperatures and precipitation
patterns.
Clouds
Nephology: Science of Clouds.
A cloud is a visible aggregate
of tiny water droplets or ice
crystals suspended in the air.
Clouds can be thick or thin, big
or little—they exist in a
seemingly endless variety of
forms.
Cloud particles are about 5 to
75 micrometers (0.0005 to
0.008 cm/0.0002 to 0.003 in)
in size, which explains why
light, vertical currents can
sustain them in the air.
 HOW DO CLOUDS FORMED?

Formation of water vapours is necessary for the cloud formation. The

amount of water vapours in the atmosphere is quite variable and depends
upon the atmospheric temperature. Clouds form through evaporation,
followed by the condensation of water vapours.
 CLOUD IDENTIFICATION
1. HIGH-LEVEL CLOUDS

Forms above 20,000 feet (6,000 meters) and are primarily composed of
ice crystals. Denoted by the prefix cirro- or cirrus and includes cirrus,
cirrocumulus, and cirrostratus.
 CLOUD TYPES
1803, LUKE HOWARD, an English naturalist,
developed a cloud classification system.

Latin Root Cumulus Stratus Cirrus Nimbus

Translation heap layer curl of hair rain

Clouds are generally classified according to genera in

which Latin words are used to describe the appearance
of clouds as seen by an observer on the ground. The
table below summarizes the four principal components
of this classification system.
 CLOUD IDENTIFICATION
2. MID-LEVEL CLOUDS

Their bases appear between 6,500 to 20,000 feet (2,000 to 6,000 meters).
Composed primarily of water droplets although they can also be composed of ice
crystals when temperatures are cold enough. Denoted by the prefix alto- and
includes altostratus, altocumulus and nimbostratus.
 CLOUD IDENTIFICATION
3. LOW-LEVEL CLOUDS

Their bases generally lie below 6,500 feet (2,000 meters). Mostly composed of
water droplets but may also contain ice particles and snow. Includes stratus,
stratocumulus, cumulus and cumulonimbus.
 IMPORTANCE OF CLOUDS

Clouds are very important and help make the Earth habitable. Clouds can cool the planet by
reflecting the sun's rays, or warming the planet especially on cold cloudy nights. Clouds are also
important at how water moves around the Earth, and where it rains most or very little.