Psychological Testing Principles and

Applications 6th Edition Murphy Test

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CHAPTER 11

THE PROCESS OF TEST DEVELOPMENT

1. Concern over ______ in item writing involves the possibility of promoting sexist
attitudes.

a) length of items
b) vocabulary
c) wording of items
* d) gender-specific language

2. One particular drawback of items generated from theory is that

* a) examinees often respond to such items as they would like to appear

b) examinees often respond to such items as they actually perceive themselves
c) there is often no common theme that binds the items together
d) such items are often less subject to examinee distortion

3. The type of response format used may be dictated by the ______ of the test.

a) content
b) length
* c) purpose
d) scoring system

4. The most popular response format involves the use of multiple-choice items due to

a) the ease in scoring

b) low error in measurement
c) ease in item writing
* d) both a and b

5. The free response format, as opposed to multiple choice, is characterized by

a) increased difficulty in scoring

b) high variability in examinees' responses
c) a depth of thought not otherwise detectable
* d) all of the above

48
6. ________ generally contain items that are transparent with respect to what they are
attempting to measure.

* a) Rational scales
b) Empirical scales
c) Factor-analytic scales
d) Orthogonal scales

7. ________ scales allow the test user to discriminate one group from another.

a) Rational
* b) Empirical
c) Factor-analytic
d) Orthogonal

8. The factor-analytic approach to scale development yields instruments

a) with scales that do not vary no matter what method of factor analysis is used
b) with scales that always translate to clinically useful concepts
* c) with psychometric properties generally superior to those constructed by the
rational method
d) none of the above

9. A general tendency to agree or disagree with statements without attending to the content
of the statements themselves is a

a) response set
b) random responding
* c) response style
d) dissimulation

10. People who are incapable of completing the test accurately, or who lack motivation,
may exhibit ______ on a test.

* a) random responding
b) dissimulation
c) social desirability
d) all of the above

11. Conscious efforts of the test taker to produce a distorted picture is

a) random responding
* b) dissimulation
c) response style
d) biased responding

49
12. In developing norms, it is important to

* a) select samples that represent the target population

b) obtain a representative sample from the general population
c) obtain educational backgrounds on all samples
d) all of the above

13. When developing norms, one must

a) define the target population

b) select the sample
c) standardize conditions
* d) all of the above

14. The method most likely to be used when developing large-scale norms is

a) relaxed random sampling

b) standardization of conditions
* c) a variation on cluster sampling
d) strict random sampling

15. The most practical solution to the need to standardize the testing procedure is to

a) standardize the physical environment

* b) standardize the administration process
c) use a correction formula
d) not bother trying; it cannot be done

16. Test developers circumvent the problem of items becoming out-dated or obsolete by

a) writing items that are timeless

* b) replacing them with new items with similar item characteristics
c) rewriting items and developing new norms
d) doing nothing as it is a trivial problem

17. For information regarding the purpose, development, reliability and validity of a test,
one should consult

a) past test users

b) past research in which the test was used
* c) the test manual
d) none of the above contains all of this information

50
18. In order to interpret scores accurately, detailed information regarding _______ must
be included.

* a) the norming process

b) criterion validation studies
c) the test development
d) both b and c

19. A critical step in the test development process is

a) using a variety of samples for norming

* b) keeping the test manual up-to-date
c) establishing cutoff scores
d) analyzing weak distractors

20. Revisions should be made

a) when item content becomes dated

b) every ten years
c) when test builds a substantial data base due to frequent use
* d) both a and c

21. Which of the following statements is true?

a) Tests which have not been revised in the last ten years should not be used.
b) Tests with dated content should never be used.
* c) Newer tests are not necessarily better than their older counterparts.
d) Always choose the newest available measure of a construct.

22. Tests should be normed

a) nationally
b) regionally
c) locally
* d) either nationally, regionally, or locally, depending on the purpose of the testing

51
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 Rectangular Opening to Use over Camera View
Finder

The Rectangular Opening Allows Only That Portion of the View to be Seen
Which will Show on the Picture

Ordinary view finders on cameras, having the cut-out in the shape

of a Maltese cross, are quite confusing to some camera users. To
overcome this difficulty, I cut a piece of celluloid to the shape shown,
and in taking a picture, the proper opening is held over the view
finder so that only the view that will appear in the picture can be
seen.—Contributed by E. Everett Buchanan, Elmira, N. Y.
 Clipping File Made of Envelopes

The Flaps Hold All the Envelopes Together, Producing a File of Several
Compartments

Handy pockets for holding notes, or small articles, may be made

by anyone from ordinary envelopes. The gummed flaps of the
envelopes are stuck together after spacing the envelopes to allow a
small margin at the end on which the contents of each separate
pocket may be written.—Contributed by H. Goodacre, Wolcott, Ind.
 Handle for a Drinking Glass
Measure the bottom part of the glass and make a band of copper
that will neatly fit it. The ends of the copper can be riveted, but if a
neat job is desired, flatten or file the copper ends on a slant, and
braze or solder them together.

Attach to the band an upright copper piece a little longer than the
glass is high. To this upright piece a bent piece of copper to form a
handle is riveted or soldered. The glass is set in the band and the
upper end of the vertical piece is bent over the glass edge.—
Contributed by William King, Monessen, Pa.

¶A simple and handy pincushion can be made of a large cork

fastened to any support or base with a nail or screw.
 Combination Camp-Kitchen Cabinet
and Table
By J. D. BOYLAN

Thebeing
combination camp-kitchen cabinet and table is the result of not
able to take the members of my family on an outing unless
they could have some home conveniences on the trip, and perhaps
the sketch and description may help solve the same problem for
others. The table will accommodate four persons comfortably, and
extra compartments may be added if desired. The cabinet, when
closed, is strong and compact, and if well made with a snug-fitting
cover, is bug-proof, and the contents will not be injured greatly, even
though drenched by rain or a mishap in a craft.
 This Outfit Provides Accommodations for Four Persons, and Folds
Compactly

For coffee, tea, sugar, salt, etc., I used small screw-top glass jars.
They are set in pocket shelves at both ends. When closed, one can
sit on the box or even walk on it if necessary when in the boat, and if
an armful or two of coarse marsh grass is spread over it, the
contents will keep quite cool, even when out in the hot sun. When
open for use, the metal table top F is supported on metal straps, E,
which also act as braces and supports for the table leaf, G, on each
side of the box. This affords plenty of table surface and one can
easily get at the contents of the cabinet while cooking or eating. The
legs, D, are stored inside of the box when closed for traveling. They
are held in place under metal straps when in use, and held at their
upper ends by the metal plate and blocks, B and C. The bent metal
pieces, A, on the ends of the top, spring over the blocks at B and C,
and form the handles.
 A Homemade Life Buoy
A serviceable circular life buoy may be made by sewing together
rings of canvas, filling the resulting form with ground cork, and
waterproofing the covering. Cut two disks of canvas about 30 in. in
diameter, and cut out a circular portion from the center of each,
about 12 in. in diameter. Sew the pieces together at their edges,
leaving a small opening at a point on the outer edge. Fill the cover
with cork used in packing grapes, and sew up the opening. Paint the
buoy thoroughly, with white lead, and attach hand grips of rope.
 Locking Device for Latch Hook on Gate or Door

The troublesome opening of a latch hook on a gate or door,

permitting intruders to enter or possibly injuring the door in the wind,
can be easily overcome by fitting a small catch over the hook, as
indicated in the sketch. The U-shaped locking device is cut from a
piece of tin, and fastened on the screw over which the hook is set.
When locked, it is pushed back over the head of the hook, and
cannot be easily jarred out of place.
 A Vanishing-Cuff Parlor Trick
A trick which is interesting and amusing for the entertainment of
the home audience, is performed with a derby hat and a gentleman’s
cuff. The effect is produced as follows: The performer takes the
derby from his head and shows that it is empty. He removes one of
his cuffs and drops it into the hat. He tips the hat over so that the
spectators can see the inside, and the hat appears empty. He then
shakes his arm, and the white cuff reappears, whereupon he places
the hat back on his head. The explanation is simple: The white cuff,
dropped into the hat, contains a false cuff link, and the inside of the
cuff is painted black. A thread holds the cuff in shape until the latter
is dropped into the hat, when the thread is broken without the
spectators being aware of it. The cuff just fits into the hat, and its
ends are deftly snapped beneath the hatband, the hat thus
appearing empty. The duplicate cuff is kept on the forearm of the
performer, and with a shake, slides into place.—Merritt Hale,
Hartford, Conn.

¶A little fresh developer added occasionally to old developing

solutions will bring them up in speed and intensity.
Inexpensive Table Lamp Made of Electrical-
Fixture Parts
 A small table lamp that is light and easily portable, can be made at
a cost of less than $1 from electrical-fixture parts, either old or
purchased at a supply store for the job. The base is a bracket, with
its brass canopy inverted, as shown. The upright is a ¹⁄₈-in. brass
pipe, and it is fitted to a standard socket. The shade holder can be
made complete from a strip of tin and two wires; or adapted from a
commercial shade holder used for candlesticks. Various types of
shades, homemade if desired, can be used.
 Wire Holders Keep Cabinet Doors Open

Doors of cabinets often have an annoying tendency to swing shut

when articles are being removed from the shelves. To overcome this
trouble with a kitchen cabinet, I fitted brackets of No. 9 gauge wire
into the sides of the cabinet, the wire being bent to the shape shown
in the sketch. When the doors are to be held open, the wires are slid
forward from their original position, as indicated by the dotted lines,
and set in front of the doors. Before the doors are closed, the wires
are quickly snapped back into place.—A. S. Thomas, Amherstburg,
Ont., Canada.
 “Switchboard” Protects Milker from Cow’s Tail

The Legend Put On the “Switchboard” by the Boys Shows How They Value It
 A simple and effective device for guarding a person milking a cow
from being hit in the face by the cow’s tail is made of a board, about
10 in. wide and 5 ft. long. This is hung by two wire hooks from a long
wire running lengthwise of the stable just over the front edge of the
gutter. It is moved along with the milker and effectually protects his
face while milking. The device was made by a Wisconsin farmer
after nearly losing the sight of an eye in being hit by a cow’s tail. He
tried tying the tails of the cows while milking them, but found by
actual test that some cows dropped down as much as 25 per cent in
milk production when their tails were tied. The “switchboard” gives
the cows the necessary freedom.—D. S. B., Wisconsin Live Stock
Breeders’ Association.
 Reflected-Light Illumination with Homemade
Arrangement
“Friend wife” does not complain any longer because of poor light
over the kitchen stove. The windows in the kitchen were so disposed
that the light was partly shut off from the stove by the person
standing before it. I solved the difficulty in this way: A small window
was cut directly back of the stove, in a partition between the kitchen
and an adjoining storeroom, locating it just a few inches above the
top of the stove. A mirror was placed, after some experimenting, so
that the light from an outside window in the storeroom was reflected
through the small window in the partition and onto the top of the
stove. Plenty of light was thus afforded. Various adaptations of this
arrangement may be worked out.—F. E. Brimmer, Dalton, N. Y.
 Bedroom Shade and Curtains Arranged for
Thorough Ventilation

This Arrangement of Curtains and Shade Permits Through Ventilation in the

Sleeping Room

Curtains, shades, and similar fixtures, often interfere with the

proper ventilation of sleeping rooms. By arranging these features as
shown in the sketch, the ventilation is not interfered with, and the
shades and curtains give the same service as with the usual
arrangement. The curtains are hung singly on hinged bars, which
may be homemade or those used as towel bars. Details of the
supports, at A and B, are shown in the sketch. Two pairs of fixtures
are provided for the shade, permitting it to be lowered at night, with
free circulation of the air at the top and bottom. The shade is quickly
raised, and the curtains swung into their closed position.—J. E.
McCoy, Philadelphia, Pa.