Sea Buckthorn

Sea Buckthorn is a highly profitable crop in

Ladakh, with 90% of its production coming from
the region.

CURRENT AFFAIRS 30
NOVEMBER 2023
.IW NSIGHTSONINDIA.COM

INSIDE
GENERAL STUDIES – 1
Topics: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
1. Impact of violence on a child’s Rights
2. Forest Conservation Amendment Act 2023: Impact
on Indigenous Communities
GENERAL STUDIES – 2
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolu-
tion, features, amendments, significant provisions, and basic
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme
with that of other countries.
1. State funding of Election in India 9 4. Enhancing the transport of cargo by Indian Railways
Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the
States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal struc-
ture, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels
and challenges therein.
2. Bihar’s demand for Special Category Status (SCS) 11
Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec-
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the
Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa-
tions and their role in the Polity.
3. Women in the Indian judiciary 12
Topics: Government policies and interventions for develop-
ment in various sectors and issues arising out of their design
and implementation.
4. HC Verdict: Local Reservation in the Private Sector
14
Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and
accountability, e-governance applications, models, success-
es, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency
& accountability and institutional and other measures.
5. Analysis of Bills to Overhaul the Criminal Justice Sys-
tem15
6. Ragging in India 17
7. Road Accident in India 18
Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.
8. Election of Maldives New president: India-Maldives
Relations 20
9. 30 Years of India-China Border Peace and Tranquility
Agreement (BPTA) 22
10. Bhutan King’s Visit to India: India-Bhutan Relation
 23
Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
11. India and Japan Converge in Southeast Asia 24
12. India-APEC Relations: Why India must engage with
2 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
APEC 25
GENERAL STUDIES – 3
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mo-
bilization of resources, growth, development and employ-
ment.
1. LEAP AHEAD initiative: Launched by STPI for startups
6  27
Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
7
2. Women Business Correspondents for Financial In-
clusion 29
Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in
industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
3. India’s Most Favoured Nation (MFN) approach 30
Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Rail-
ways etc.
 32
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In-
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology
and developing new technology.
5. Innovation Ecosystem in India: Challenges and Solu-
tions 33
6. India’s Deep Ocean Mission 35
Topics: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers, robotics,
nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intel-
lectual property rights.
7. ICMR Personal data breach 37
Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution
and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
8. UN report on groundwater extraction: Every drop
counts 38
9. Biosphere reserves: Pockets of hope 40
10. Noise Pollution during festivals 42
11. Climate Finance: ‘Loss and damage’ fund 43
12. OECD Report: Towards Eliminating Plastic Pollution
by 2040 44
13. Mini Solar Grids: Solution for Ending Energy Poverty
46
14. Oxfam Report: Climate Equality: A Planet for the
99% 47
15. Decarbonising Road Transport 48
Topics: Challenges to internal security through communica-
tion networks, role of media and social networking sites in
internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; mon-
ey-laundering and its prevention
16. India’s 1st National Security Strategy 50
17. North East Insurgency: UNLF signed peace deal with
Centre51
Topics: Security challenges and their management in border
 Current Affairs 30
areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism. 5. PM-KISAN scheme 69
18. State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks 53 6. Indian Miniature Painting 70
7. E Prime Layer 70
8. Tantalum 70
GENERAL STUDIES – 4 9. WHO’s Commission on Social Connection (2024–
1. MP Mahua Moitra case and Lok Sabha Ethics Com- 2026) 71
mittee proceedings 55 10. Hunger Hotspots 71
2. Examples of Ethics 57 11. Kambala 71
3. Code of Conduct for Judiciary 58 12. Leave benefits for women in the armed forces 72
4. Ethics: Being Good 59 13. Geoglyph 72
5. Indian Theory of Materialism 59 14. Kondaveedu Fort 72
15. Leather puppetry 72
CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT 16. Underwater Volcano Eruption 73
17. Kolkali 73
1. Matthew Perry (F.R.I.E.N.D.S star) 61
18. Madiga community 74
2. Prisoner’s dilemma 61
19. Saints in News 74
3. Children as Political citizens 61
20. Parthenon Sculptures 74
4. 2023 British Academy Book Prize: Nandini Das 61
21. Man, the Hunter - Theory 75
5. Apollo 13 spacecraft recovery 62
6. Split Voting 62
7. Silent Diwali 63 GS-2
8. Tamil Nadu Encouraging Women Workforce 63 1. International Competition Network 75
9. Australia apologises for thalidomide tragedy 63 2. 2 Voice of Global South Summit (VOGSS)
nd
75
10. Loneliness a significant Global Health Threat 63 3. Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 75
11. Bengaluru’s Climate Action Plan (CCAP) 64 4. United Service Institution of India (USI) 76
12. “Women for Water, Water for Women Campaign” 5. International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO)76
64 6. Houthi rebels 76
13. Tamil diaspora contributions to India’s freedom 7. Karmayogi Prarambh 76
struggle64
8. Human Rights and agencies involved 76
14. Pauradhwani program 65
9. Advocate-on-Record system 77
15. Srinivasa Ramanujan 65
10. ENCORE 77
16. “Abundance in Millets” Song 65
11. Piracy of film content 78
17. Amazon Women of the World (WoW) programme
12. World Food India 2023 78
65
13. Pradhan Mantri Garib Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY)
18. Ice Stupas 66
 78
19. Mitti Café 66
14. Electoral Trusts (ET) Scheme 79
20. Justice M. Fathima Beevi 66
15. UGC announces regulation of Foreign Universities in
21. Paul Lynch: 2023 Booker Prize for his novel “Prophet India 79
Song” 67
16. Chief Commissioner of Persons with Disabilities 80
22. Egyptology and Napoleon’s failed Egypt expedition
17. Criminal Cases against MPs and MLAs 80
 67
18. Digital Advertisement Policy, 2023 81
23. Project Q* 67
19. Broadcasting Services (Regulation) Bill, 2023 82
24. Henry Kissinger 68
20. AAINA Portal 82
21. Annapurna Certificate Programme 82
FACTS FOR PRELIMS; GS-1 22. NITI Aayog: SATH-E Project 82
1. Pichwai Painting 68 23. IPEF: Supply Chain Resilience Agreement 83
2. Kozhikode as ‘City of Literature’ and Gwalior as the 24. 2023 APEC Summit 83
‘City of Music’ 68 25. Innovation Handshake 84
3. Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland 69 26. CARA: India’s adoption regulation body 84
4. Constantine Joseph Beschi 69 27. CERT-In not under RTI 84

3 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30
28. International Sugar Organisation (ISO) 85 69. Technology Development Board (TDB) 98
29. Privileged communication 85 70. National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation
30. All India Judicial Service 85 (NOTTO) 98
31. Demand for ratification of the Labour Convention86 71. Unusual Nitrogen-9 isotope 99
32. Amplifi 2.0 portal 86 72. Polarized emissions from an Extragalactic Black hole
33. Ayushman Arogya Mandir 86  99
34. Rat hole mining 87 73. Sea Buckthorn 100
35. Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs)87 74. India’s Edible Oil Sector 100
75. Emissions Gap report 100
GS-3 76. Kadalundi mudflat 100
77. Gambusia fish 100
36. ‘Reference’ fuel 88
78. Cyprus Confidential 101
37. Age of Moon 88
79. Exercise MITRA SHAKTI-2023 101
38. Subsurface Water Ice Mapping (SWIM) project 88
80. Langlands Program 102
39. United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) 88
81. ISS marked its 25th anniversary 102
40. Light Combat Helicopter Prachand 89
82. Atmospheric Waves Experiment 102
41. Japan-India Semiconductor Supply Chain Partner-
83. Ghol as the Gujrat’s state Fish 103
ship 89
84. Near-space command 103
42. White Hydrogen 90
85. AGNI – ‘Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative’ 103
43. Indigenous charging standards 90
86. Amyloidosis 103
44. Venus had Earth-like plate tectonics billions of years
ago 90 87. Music frog 104
45. Carbon nanoflorets 91 88. Investor Risk Reduction Access (IRRA) platform 104
46. Premature mortality from major non-communicable 89. NASA’s Psyche spacecraft 104
diseases 91 90. Hydroclimate extremes 105
47. Asteroid Dinkinesh 91 91. Bletchley Declaration 105
48. Kavach 91 92. Mercury contamination 105
49. Small Modular Reactors 92 93. NECP and EEFP launched by EESL 106
50. Wildlife Sanctuaries in News 92 94. 2023 Adaptation Gap Report 106
51. Environmental DNA 92 95. Insurance Surety Bond 106
52. Composite Water Management Index report 93 96. Concept of White Hole and Big Bounce 107
53. Carbon dioxide (CO2) to Carbon monoxide (CO) Con- 97. Attenborough echidna 107
version 93 98. Cell Broadcast Alert System (CBAS) 108
54. Project Kusha 93 99. Cloud Seeding 108
55. Blocking orders against 22 illegal betting apps 93 100. Sovereign green bond 108
56. Bharat’ brand Atta (wheat flour) 94 101. GPS anklets 109
57. Deepfakes 94 102. EX-BONGOSAGAR 109
58. Climate Services report for 2023 95 103. Four Fundamental Forces of the Universe
59. Operation All Clear (2003) 95  109
60. WHO hails tuberculosis (TB) management in India 104. Saturn’s rings 109
 95 105. India exempted from CITES RST 110
61. How climate change is displacing animals 96 106. National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX)110
62. MiG-21 fighter jets 96 107. Electric Battery 111
63. ECBC: High Energy Efficiency Standards 96 108. Green alga Picocystis Salinarum 111
64. National Coal Index (NCI) 97 109. Kill switch 112
65. 2023 Production Gap Report 97 110. GHG bulletin 112
66. INDUS-X Investors Meet 97 111. Igla-S 112
67. Pusa-2090 97 112. Microfinance in India 112
68. Alliance for Transformative Action on Climate and 113. Fractals 113
Health (ATACH) 98 114. Greenwashing 113

4 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30
115. Casgevy 114
116. Generic Drugs for Rare Disease Cure 115
117. Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary 115
118. Coseismic ionospheric perturbations (CIP)
116
119. Green Leaf Volatile 116
120. Fibre optic cables 117
121. Axolotl 117
122. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 117
123. Indian Ocean Tuna Commission 118
124. Walking Pneumonia 118

SPORTS CORNER
1. Transgender in Cricket 119
2. Cricket: Timed Out 119
3. Asian Para Games 2022 (Hangzhou, China) 119

MAPPING
1. Kerala’s Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary 120
2. Agartala-Akhaura railway 120
3. Rafah border crossing 120
4. Seattle (USA) 121
5. Mount Celia Gold Operation (Western Australia)121
6. Kawah Ijen Crater Lake (East Java, Indonesia) 122
7. Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project 122
8. Hanle and Merak (Ladakh) 122
9. Tuvalu 123
10. Myanmar 123
11. ‘Operation Karuna’ (Myanmar) 124
12. Surjagarh hill range (Gadchiroli, Maharashtra) 124
13. Nordic-Baltic (NB8) countries 124
14. Chebrolu (Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh) 124
15. Pakistan-Afghanistan Border 125
16. Ben Gurion Canal Project 125
17. Seismic Activity in Iceland 126
18. Char Dham Highway Project (Uttarkashi district, Ut-
tarakhand) 126
19. Mount Etna 126
20. Somalia 127
21. Taiwan-India 128
22. Argentina 128
23. New Zealand 128
24. Shettihalli wildlife sanctuary 129

5 www.insightsonindia.com

GENERAL STUDIES – 1
Topics: Salient features of Indian Society, Diversity of India.
1. IMPACT OF VIOLENCE ON A CHILD’S
RIGHTS
Context:
The provided text discusses the impact of violence on a
child’s mind, particularly in the context of the Israeli-Pales-
tinian conflict.
Recent examples of conflict affecting children:
1. Current Gazan Crisis: Children form the majority of
people killed during the conflict
2. Syrian Civil War: The conflict in Syria has resulted
in a humanitarian crisis, with millions of children af-
fected by displacement, violence, and a lack of ac-
cess to education and healthcare.
3. Yemen Conflict: The conflict in Yemen has impacted
children through malnutrition, lack of medical care,
and exposure to violence.
4. Rohingya Crisis: The persecution and displacement
of the Rohingya population from Myanmar to Ban-
gladesh have left many children in overcrowded ref-
ugee camps, facing inadequate living conditions and
limited access to education.
5. COVID-19 Pandemic: Lockdowns, school closures,
and economic challenges have disproportionately
impacted vulnerable children.
6. Natural Disasters (e.g., Hurricanes, Earthquakes,
Tsunamis): Events like hurricanes in the Caribbean,
earthquakes in Nepal, and tsunamis in Southeast
Asia have resulted in displacement, trauma, and dis-
rupted access to basic necessities for children.
7. Armed Conflict in Afghanistan: Decades of conflict
in Afghanistan have led to the displacement of fami-
lies, disrupted education, and exposure of children
to violence.
8. Various Civil Wars in Africa: E.g., The civil war in
South Sudan has led to displacement, food insecuri-
ty, and disrupted access to education and healthcare
for children.
Impact of conflict on children:
Aspect Description
Cycle of Revenge Children experiencing conflict may
harbour resentments and seek ret-
ribution.
Resistance to So- Adolescents exposed to violence may
cial Norms exhibit rebellious behaviour against
societal expectations.
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Current Affairs 30
P s y c h o l o g i c a l Survivors of conflict zones may devel-
Trauma op anxiety, depression, and post-trau-
matic stress disorder (PTSD).
Impact on Educa- Children in war zones may face dis-
tion ruptions in schooling, impacting aca-
demic performance and future pros-
pects.
Long-term Conse- Adults who experience violence in
quences childhood may perpetuate violence
or struggle with mental health chal-
lenges.
Recruitment and Armed groups exploit children by co-
Use ercing them into combat or support
roles, compromising their well-being.
Sexual Violence Conflict increases the risk of sexual
and Exploitation violence, subjecting children to rape,
trafficking, and other forms of ex-
ploitation.
Boys continued to be more affected
by recruitment and use, killing and
maiming, and abduction, while girls
were disproportionately affected by
conflict-related sexual violence.
India’s Success in Protecting Children’s Rights:
For the first time since 2010, India has been removed from
the 2023 United Nations Report on Children and Armed
Conflict. This decision reflects the measures taken by the
Indian government to safeguard children, particularly ad-
dressing previous accusations of recruiting and using boys
in armed groups in Jammu and Kashmir (J&K).
Initiatives to Protect Children’s Rights
Initiatives Details
Infrastructure Establishment of Child Welfare Commit-
Establishment tees, Juvenile Justice Boards, and Child
Care Homes under the Juvenile Justice
Act, 2015 in J&K.
U N - R e c o m - Implementation of UN-recommended
mended Mea- measures, including training programs
sures for security forces on protecting chil-
dren. Suspension of pellet guns use in
J&K
Enforcement Active enforcement of the Juvenile Jus-
of Acts tice Act, 2015, and the Protection of Chil-
dren from Sexual Offenses (POCSO) Act,
2012.
Global Con- Compliance with global conventions such
ventions Com- as the UN Convention on the Rights of
pliance the Child (CRC), additional protocols to
the Geneva Conventions, and the Op-
tional Protocol on the involvement of
children in armed conflict.

Rome Statute Recognition of recruiting child soldiers as
of the Interna-
a war crime under the Rome Statute of
tional Criminal
the International Criminal Court (ICC).
Court (ICC) Recognition of the recruitment and use
of child soldiers as one of six “grave vio-
lations” by the United Nations.
Indian Legal India’s status as a party to the CRC and
Framework accession to the Optional Protocol. Inclu-
sion of most CRC rights in the Indian Con-
stitution. IPC criminalizes the recruitment
or use of persons under 18 in hostilities.
About UNCRC:
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
(UNCRC) is a globally recognized international agreement
adopted in 1989 and enforced in 1990, with 54 articles out-
lining children’s rights and governmental responsibilities.
Ratified by all UN members except the United States, it
ensures children’s fundamental rights, including the Right
to life, education, protection from abuse, the right to be
heard, and a relationship with parents.
The core principles include non-discrimination, the right
to life, survival, and development, the best interests of the
child, and respect for the child’s views
Way Forward:
Trauma-Informed Responses: Countries should emphasize
understanding the impact of past experiences on children
in justice and protection systems. They should also encour-
age a comprehensive approach to address trauma in chil-
dren in conflict with the law, using civil society organizations
and Child groups.
Kailash Satyarthi, a Nobel Peace Prize winner known for his
work in safeguarding children’s rights, condemns the harm
inflicted on children in the conflict (the present Israel-Pales-
tine conflict has profoundly affected both Israeli and Pales-
tinian children)
WHO’s INSPIRE strategy against violence on children in-
volves seven key strategies:
Strategy Description
Implementation Involves enacting and enforcing laws,
and enforcement such as banning violent discipline
of laws and restricting access to alcohol and
firearms.
Norms and values Aims to change societal norms and
change values, particularly those that con-
done behaviours like the sexual
abuse of girls or aggressive behaviour
among boys.
7 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Safe environments Identifies and addresses specific local
causes of violence, often employing
strategies like problem-oriented po-
licing.
Parental and care- Provides training to young, first-time
giver support parents to enhance their ability to
care for and nurture children effec-
tively.
Income and eco- Includes initiatives like microfinance
nomic strengthen- and gender equity training to im-
ing prove economic stability, addressing
underlying factors contributing to vi-
olence.
Response services Ensures that children exposed to vio-
provision lence have access to effective emer-
gency care and receive appropriate
psychosocial support.
Education and life Focuses on promoting school atten-
skills dance and providing life and social
skills training for children, contrib-
uting to their overall well-being and
resilience.
Conclusion:
Montessori, in “The Secret of Childhood” (1936), empha-
sized the importance of peaceful childhood circumstances,
asserting that major individual and social issues originate
from early years and therefore need concerted efforts to
shield children from the effects of conflicts.
Insta Links:
Children impacted by armed conflict
2. FOREST CONSERVATION AMENDMENT
ACT 2023: IMPACT ON INDIGENOUS COM-
MUNITIES
Context:
The Forest Conservation Amendment Act of 2023, aimed
at addressing climate change and deforestation, raises con-
cerns due to its potential impact on indigenous communi-
ties and forest inhabitants.
Previously, we had already covered the FRA amendment in
September 2023 (Amended Forest (Conservation) Act im-
perils the Northeast)
Key Provisions of FRA Amendment 2023:
Details

About Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill,
2023 allows for the diversion of forest
land for various projects, including roads,
railways, and strategic national security
projects, within 100 km of India’s interna-
tional borders.
It amends the Forest (Conservation) Act,
1980.
Objective To clarify and enhance the Forest (Conser-
vation) Act, 1980
Scope Applicability to land designated as forest
since 1980
Insertion of The Act introduces a Preamble acknowl-
Preamble edging India’s commitment to Net Zero
Emission by 2070, meeting NDC targets
by 2030, and expanding forest cover to
one-third of the land.
Land under The forest law applies to areas under the
the Purview Forest Act, 1927, and designated after Oc-
tober 25, 1980. Not applicable to forests
converted for non-forest use after De-
cember 12, 1996
Exemptions Land within 100 km of borders for nation-
al security
Forest land along a rail line or a public
road maintained by the government
Land up to 10 hectares, is proposed to be
used for constructing security-related in-
frastructure, afforestation etc.
Leasing of State government requires prior approval
Forest Land of the central government to assign forest
land to any entity not owned or controlled
by the government
Permitted Ac- Permitted activities have been expanded
tivities to include check posts, fencing, bridges,
zoos and safaris under the Wild Life (Pro-
tection) Act, 1972; eco-tourism facilities;
and silvicultural operations (enhancing
forest growth), etc.
Restrictions on de-reservation or non-for-
est use lifted with central government ap-
proval
Implementa- The central government is empowered to
tion issue “directions” to central government
authorities, state governments, territo-
ries, or recognized entities for proper Act
implementation.
Some of the Benefits of the Act are:
1. Clarity on Forest Definition: Addresses ambiguity in
“deemed forests” and ensures clarity on FCA appli-
cation to notified and recorded forests.
2. Climate Change Mitigation: Aligns with national and
8 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
international commitments, promoting afforesta-
tion, enhancing productivity, and addressing carbon
neutrality.
3. Development Facilitation: It facilitates economic
exploitation by removing certain forest areas from
legal jurisdiction.
4. National Security Focus: Exempts linear projects
near borders, supporting infrastructure develop-
ment crucial for national security.
5. Compensatory Afforestation Promotion: Encourag-
es private entities to undertake afforestation proj-
ects, contributing to environmental conservation.
6. Empowering Local Communities: Supports activities
like zoos and ecotourism, fostering wildlife aware-
ness and creating livelihood opportunities for local
communities.
What is Community Forest Resource (CFR)?
CFR is common forest land protected by a community for
sustainable use, recognized under the Forest Rights Act
(FRA) since 2008. It includes various forest categories, and
CFR rights allow the community to manage, conserve, and
formulate rules for sustainable forest use, ensuring their
livelihoods and fostering local conservation practices.
Impact of the 2023 amendment on Indigenous Communi-
ties:
Impact Description
Recognition of Indigenous communities may face re-
Rights duced recognition of traditional rights
over forest lands such as CFR
Impact on The amendment eliminates the need
Rights for tribal grama sabhas’ prior consent
for non-forest use, potentially favouring
private interests.
Permission for corporate-led ecotour-
ism may impact tribal livelihoods, and
mass tourism could negatively affect lo-
cal cultures and traditions.
Land Use Changes in forest land use may impact
Changes the livelihoods and cultural practices of
indigenous groups.
The amendment has had notable im-
pacts in Mendha-Lekha in Maharashtra,
Loyendi in Odisha, and Malakkappara in
Kerala among others
C o m m u n i t y Limited community consultation may
Consultation lead to decisions affecting indigenous
territories without proper representa-
tion.
Economic Op- Economic projects like infrastructure de-
portunities velopment may bring both benefits and
disruptions to indigenous communities.

Environmental Indigenous communities, often stew-
Stewardship ards of local ecosystems, may face chal-
lenges in maintaining environmental
balance.
Potential Dis- Linear projects may lead to the displace-
placement ment of indigenous communities from
their ancestral lands.
Legal Protec- Legal safeguards for indigenous rights
tions may face challenges, impacting their
ability to protect and manage forests
sustainably.
Other issues with the Act:
1. The amendment fails to address the growing issue
of human-animal conflicts in forest areas.
2. Forest Redefinition: The amendment contradicts
the Supreme Court’s 1996 order, potentially jeop-
ardizing legal safeguards for one-fifth to one-fourth
of India’s forests. Infrastructure Impact: Exemptions
for national security projects near borders may harm
forest cover in northeastern states
3. Federal impact: Concerns arise over forest exploita-
tion by private entities and increased central govern-
ment power at the expense of state governments.
Conclusion:
The way forward involves comprehensive stakeholder con-
sultation. Prioritize transparency in decisions related to
forest land use, exemptions, and infrastructure projects,
fostering trust. Implement a robust periodic review mecha-
nism to assess the Act’s impact on forests, biodiversity, and
communities, considering amendments based on feedback.
Empower local communities, especially tribal groups, in de-
cision-making, reinforcing legal safeguards for their rights
and traditional knowledge.
Mains Links:
Q. “Policy contradictions among various competing sectors
and stakeholders have resulted in inadequate ‘protection
and prevention of degradation’ to the environment.” Com-
ment with relevant illustrations. (UPSC 2018)
Prelims Links:
Q. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. As per a recent amendment to the Indian Forest Act,
of 1927, forest dwellers have the right to fell the bamboo
grown in forest areas.
2. As per the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest
Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006, bamboo is
a minor forest produce.
3. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwell-
ers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006 allows owner-
ship of minor forest produce to forest dwellers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
9 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
(c) 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: B
GENERAL STUDIES – 2
Topics: Indian Constitution- historical underpinnings, evolu-
tion, features, amendments, significant provisions, and basic
structure; Comparison of the Indian constitutional scheme
with that of other countries.
1. STATE FUNDING OF ELECTION IN INDIA
Context:
The Chief Justice of India, D.Y. Chandrachud, recently led a
Constitution Bench in reserving judgment on the electoral
bonds scheme’s validity. The debate revolves around trans-
parency in election funding and whether elections should be
state-funded.
What is State Funding of Elections?
State funding of elections refers to the financial support pro-
vided by the government to political parties and candidates
to facilitate the electoral process.
Key Objectives:
1. Enhancing transparency and accountability.
2. Reducing the influence of private and corporate do-
nors.
3. Creating a fair and level playing field for political en-
tities.
4. Encouraging democratic practices within political
parties.
5. Minimizing the role of black money in election cam-
paigns.
Examples:
• Norway: Norway has a robust state funding system,
with approximately 74% of total election expenses
covered by the government. Parties receive funds
based on their performance in previous elections.
• Germany: Germany provides public funding to polit-
ical parties based on their performance in elections.
Additionally, citizens can voluntarily contribute a
percentage of their income tax to a political party
of their choice.
• Other countries where such a practice is prevalent
are Canada, France, and Brazil
Various views on State financing:
1. Indrajit Gupta Committee (1998): Supported state
funding for a fair political landscape, especially ben-
efiting smaller parties.
a. Recommended state funds exclusively for

recognized national and State parties.
b. Proposed funding in the form of free facili-
ties for parties and candidates.
2. Law Commission Report (1999): Advocated state
funding as ‘desirable’ on the condition of parties re-
fraining from external funding.
3. National Commission to Review the Working of the
Constitution (2000): Did not endorse state funding
but highlighted the necessity of a robust regulatory
framework for political parties before considering
state funding.
4. 2nd ARC: Recommended partial state funding for
the purpose of reducing “illegitimate and unneces-
sary funding” of elections expenses.
5. ECI’s Perspective on Election Funding: The Election
Commission of India (ECI) asserts its inability to re-
strict candidates’ expenditures beyond state-provid-
ed limits.
Current Methods of Funding in India
1. Individual Persons Political parties can legally receive
donations from individuals as per
Section 29B of the Representation
of the People Act (RPA).
2. Indirect State This encompasses non-direct
Funding funding methods, such as free
media access, public venue access
for rallies, and subsidized or free
transportation. India regulates
these methods.
3. Corporate Funding Corporate donations are gov-
erned by the Companies Act of
2013 in India.
4. Electoral Trusts Non-profit entities in India were
created to systematically collect
voluntary contributions from in-
dividuals or domestic companies.
The Need for State Funding of Elections:
1. Transparency Issues: Current funding lacks transpar-
ency, with a significant portion coming from undis-
closed sources, including electoral bonds that with-
hold donor details, violating transparency principles.
a. Political parties resist transparency under
the Right to Information.
2. Corruption and Crony Capitalism: Existing funding,
involving ‘unknown donors’ like large corporations,
fosters corporate lobbying, crony capitalism, and
institutionalized political corruption.
3. Fairness Concerns: Wealthier candidates and par-
ties having access to substantial financial resources
create an uneven playing field
4. Violations of Laws and Guidelines: Non-disclosure
of funding sources contradicts guidelines from the
Election Commission of India (ECI), rulings of the
10 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Central Information Commission (CIC), and the Su-
preme Court’s decision in the PUCL vs Union of India
case.
Challenges in the Implementation of State Funding of Elec-
tions:
Challenges Description
Fiscal Challenge State-sponsored electoral funding may
exacerbate the rising fiscal deficit,
straining government finances
Funds Diversion State-funded elections could divert re-
sources from crucial social sectors like
Health, Education, and Skill Develop-
ment
O p e r a t i o n a l Establishing consensus on criteria for
Challenges fund distribution among political par-
ties and candidates poses a significant
operational challenge.
Misuse of State There’s a risk of misuse as frivolous po-
Funding litical parties might emerge solely to
receive state subsidies, diverting funds
from political office and development
work.
Regulatory Hur- The Election Commission of India (ECI)
dles opposes state funding, citing limitations
in prohibiting or checking candidates’
expenditures beyond state provisions.
Limited Benefits Intra-party democracy deficits may lim-
it the benefits of state funding of elec-
tions.
Suggestions for state funding:
1. National Electoral Fund: T.S. Krishnamurthy pro-
posed allowing contributions from all donors,
with funds distributed based on election results or
agreed-upon principles.
2. Audit of Party Accounts: Venkatachaliah Commit-
tee’s (2002) recommendations for strict regulatory
frameworks in auditing and disclosing party income
and expenditure to curb undisclosed funding.
3. Expenditure Caps: Enforce expenditure limits for
political parties, and implement the Law Commis-
sion of India’s recommendation to cap anonymous
donations.
Conclusion:
Implementing state funding of elections for transparency is
a worthy goal, contingent on devising a fair fund distribution
procedure with major political parties’ consensus. There is a
need for parties to function democratically and be account-
able for public funding. Also, there is a critical requirement
for complete transparency in election spending if public
funding is implemented.
 Current Affairs 30
Insta Links: Granting Au- Provided through Granted by the Na-
• State funding of elections thority an Act tional Development
Council, an admin-
istrative body of the
Topics: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the government.
States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal struc-
Example Jammu and Kash- North-East states en-
ture, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels
mir enjoyed spe- joy special category
and challenges therein.
cial status under status
Article 370 before
2019
2. BIHAR’S DEMAND FOR SPECIAL CATE- Applicability Special status is Special category sta-
GORY STATUS (SCS) subject to con- tus is typically not
stitutional provi- enshrined in the con-
Context: sions, and it can be stitution, making it
Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar’s Cabinet passed a reso- altered or revoked less rigid and more
lution seeking Special Category Status (SCS) for Bihar, fol- through consti- subject to adminis-
lowing findings from the “Bihar Caste-based Survey, 2022,” tutional amend- trative decisions.
indicating significant poverty. ments.
Provisions for Applicable to Primarily applica-
What is Special Category Status (SCS)?
States states listed under ble to states facing
It is a special recognition that functions as a provision for
specific Articles geographical or so-
the betterment and protection of the people of backward
regions. It is a classification given by the Centre to assist in such as Articles cio-economic disad-
the development of those states that face geographical and 371, 371-A to 371- vantages, based on
socio-economic disadvantages. H, and 371-J. criteria set by the Na-
tional Development
Special Category Status: Council.
• It was introduced in 1969 on the recommendations Focus of Em- Empowers legisla- Primarily deals with
of the Fifth Finance Commission. Status was first powerment tive and political economic, adminis-
accorded to Jammu and Kashmir, Assam and Naga- rights. trative, and financial
land in 1969 aspects, offering fis-
• Articles 371 to 371-J in Part XXI of the constitution cal benefits and as-
contain special provisions for twelve states namely sistance in develop-
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Nagaland, Assam, Mani- ment projects.
pur, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Sikkim, Mizoram,
Arunachal Pradesh, Goa and Karnataka. Benefits associated with the Special Category Status:
o Telangana, the newest State of India, was • Centre’s support:
accorded the status as it was carved out of o Under this status, the government pays 90%
another State - Andhra Pradesh of the funds in schemes that the Centre
sponsors.
Criteria for SCS (considered before granting):  Regular states get 60-75% of the
• Hilly and difficult terrain. funds from the Centre under the
• Low population density or a sizeable share of tribal same schemes and they have to
population. manage the rest.
• Strategic location along international borders. o In case of unspent money, the states with
• Economic and infrastructural backwardness. SCS have the provision to carry it forward.
• Non-viable nature of state finances. o These states also enjoy a significant conces-
sion on excise, customs duties, income tax,
Difference between Special Status VS Special Category Sta- and corporate tax.
tus: • Objectives met:
Aspect Special Status Special Category o The recognition essentially benefits certain
backward states having hilly terrains, stra-
Status
tegic international borders, and economic
and infrastructural backwardness.
o The key objectives are:
 To meet the aspirations of the peo-
ple of backward regions of the

11 www.insightsonindia.com

states
 To protect the cultural and eco-
nomic interests of the tribal people
of the states
 To deal with the disturbed law and
order condition in some parts of
the states
 To protect the interests of the local
people of the states
Why Bihar is Demanding SCS:
Factors Details
Economic Back- About one-third of Bihar’s population
wardness lives in poverty. The state has a low
per-capita GDP of around ₹54,000,
marking it as one of India’s poorest
states.
Impact of Bifur- Bihar’s bifurcation led to industrial de-
cation cline, with many industries moving to
Jharkhand, resulting in fewer employ-
ment opportunities.
Natural Chal- The state faces regular floods in the
lenges north and droughts in the south, im-
pacting agriculture and livelihoods.
Need for Welfare Bihar’s Chief Minister highlighted the
Funding need for SCS to secure approximate-
ly ₹2.5 lakh crore for various welfare
measures over five years.
Lack of Resourc- Bihar argues its lack of natural re-
es sources and continuous water supply
for irrigation contributes to its under-
development.
Other States’ De- States like Andhra Pradesh and Odisha
mands also want SCS. Andhra Pradesh cites
revenue loss after bifurcation, and
Odisha points to natural disasters and
a large tribal population (nearly 22%).
However, the Central government, re-
ferring to the 14th FC report, has con-
sistently rejected their requests, stat-
ing that no state should receive this
status.
Is Bihar’s Demand Justified?
• Criteria Met: Bihar meets most SCS criteria, but
lacks hilly terrain and geographically difficult areas,
crucial for infrastructural development.
• Raghuram Rajan Committee (2013): Placed Bihar
in the “least developed category” and suggested a
new methodology based on a ‘multi-dimensional in-
dex’ for fund allocation, which can be revisited for
addressing socio-economic backwardness.
Concerns
• The SCS puts an additional economic burden when
12 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
the increased devolution is already flowing to the
State as recommended by the FFC.
• It affects the central state’s financial relations
and hinders competitive federalism among the
states.
Conclusion:
Bihar, despite meeting most criteria, lacks hilly terrain,
raising the need for revisiting standards. Also, Raghuram
Rajan Committee suggested exploring alternative funding
models based on a multi-dimensional index. Addressing
Bihar’s needs requires urgent support for poverty allevia-
tion, targeted aid for disaster management and agriculture,
and policies to attract industries and generate employment.
Providing SCS status can be one of the solution, however, it
needs to be explored without straining central finances and
upholding competitive federalism.
Insta Links:
Special Provisions to some states
Topics: Structure, organization and functioning of the Exec-
utive and the Judiciary; Ministries and Departments of the
Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associa-
tions and their role in the Polity.
3. WOMEN IN THE INDIAN JUDICIARY
Context:
The representation of women in the Indian judiciary, partic-
ularly in higher positions, remains limited, raising questions
about gender equality in the legal system.
Status of women in the Judiciary:
1. Representation in the Supreme Court: Only 10
women have been appointed to the Supreme Court
since 1989. Currently, out of 33 Supreme Court judg-
es, only three are women.
2. Representation in High Courts: Among the total 25
High Courts in India, none currently has a female
Chief Justice, except for Gujarat High Court. The De-
partment of Justice reports that out of 782 working
high court judges, only 107, or 13%, are women.
3. Representation in Lower Judiciary: A 2018 study
revealed that while women’s representation is rela-
tively higher at 27% in the lower judiciary, it decreas-
es significantly in higher appointments.
4. The India Justice Report 2022 found that only 13%
of High Court judges and 35% of Subordinate Court
judges are women.

Reasons for Low Representation of Women in the Judiciary:
Reasons Explanation
Judicial Rules Article 233 mandates 7 years of continu-
ous practice for District Judge eligibility.
Minimum age and maximum age criteria
limit women’s opportunities. Marriage
and family responsibilities pose challeng-
es for women in this age group.
‘Leaking Pipe’ Women face obstacles transitioning from
Syndrome lower to higher judiciary levels. Family
responsibilities, personal choices, work-
life conflict, and inadequate support con-
tribute to mid-career dropouts.
Opaque Re- The Collegium System lacks transparen-
cruitment Pro- cy, making eligibility and selection crite-
cess (Collegi- ria unclear. Critics argue appointments
um System) depend on favourable evaluations and
personal networks.
Lack of Sup- Insufficient facilities, from toilets to ma-
portive Infra- ternity leave, contribute to high attrition
structure rates among women lawyers. - Many
courts lack separate toilets for women.
Patriarchy in Deep-seated patriarchy in society con-
Society tributes to the underrepresentation of
women in the judiciary. Hostile atmo-
spheres within courtrooms affect wom-
en’s experiences.
No Women The absence of reservation policies for
Reservation women in the High Courts and Supreme
Court limits opportunities for women
judges. Only some states have imple-
mented reservations.
CJI SA Bobde’s Perspective:
Former Chief Justice of India SA Bobde highlighted that the
issue is not institutional but about finding the right woman
for judicial appointments. He mentioned that some women
advocates declined judge offers citing domestic responsibil-
ities, indicating the need for a shift in perceptions and sup-
port structures.
Benefits of Increased Women Participation
• Increased inclusiveness and better representation
of a significant yet vulnerable section of society.
• The gender diversity bench reflects a bias-free ju-
diciary.
• The presence of women judges sends a message of
openness and accessibility to courts.
• It makes courts more approachable for women.
• An empathetic approach especially towards dealing
with crimes against women.
• A diverse bench brings diverse experiences and per-
spectives.
• The presence of women judges will encourage
younger women to pursue a career in legal and ju-
13 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
dicial systems.
Impacts of Low Representation of Women in the Judiciary:
• Prejudice in Judgments: Lack of gender perspective
leads to prejudiced judgments.
o In August 2020, the High Court of Madhya
Pradesh granted bail to a molester on the
condition that he will get a rakhi tied by the
victim
• Deficiencies in Legal Reasoning: Insufficient repre-
sentation hampers the legal system’s understanding
of diverse social circumstances.
o In June 2020, while granting bail to a rape
accused, the Karnataka High Court observed
that the “after-rape behaviour of the victim
is not how a rape victim ‘ideally behaves’“
• Trust Deficit: Low representation raises questions
about the legitimacy of courts as representatives of
society.
Way forward:
Suggestions Description
1. Gender Sen- Include gender sensitization in legal ed-
sitization: ucation, such as the All India Bar Exam-
ination.
The correct patriarchal mindset in rec-
ommending and approving names for
elevation
2. Reservation Consider horizontal reservation for
women in the superior judiciary without
compromising merit
Former Chief Justice of India N.V. Rama-
na backed 50% representation for wom-
en in the judiciary
3. Gender Bias Establish a committee to make the ju-
Task Forces diciary more open and address gender
dynamics.
4. Mentorship Implement a mentorship system for se-
System nior women judges and lawyers to guide
younger peers. Conduct regular, infor-
mal meetings for discussions on chal-
lenges faced by women in the judiciary.
5. Moulding Recognize societal and familial pres-
the Rule sures on women and adapt rules accord-
ingly. Consider lowering the minimum
age requirements for district judge ap-
pointments.
Conclusion
Women have been facing systematic prejudices in Indian
society and a major reason for this is the lack of representa-
tion of women. An enabling environment must be created
by the government and the judiciary to encourage women’s
participation in the judiciary.

Former Chief Justice of India N.V. Ramana: “It is your right.
It is not a matter of charity...Enough of this thousands of
years of suppression”. The CJI paraphrased Karl Marx to
say, “Women of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose
but your chains.”
Insta Links
• Women in Judiciary
Mains Links:
Q. Discuss the desirability of greater representation to
women in the higher judiciary to ensure diversity, equity,
and inclusiveness. (UPSC 2021)
Topics: Government policies and interventions for develop-
ment in various sectors and issues arising out of their design
and implementation.
4. HC VERDICT: LOCAL RESERVATION IN
THE PRIVATE SECTOR
Context:
The Punjab and Haryana High Court invalidated a 2020
Haryana government law that reserved 75% of private-sec-
tor jobs for state residents.
What is a Local Reservation?
Local reservation typically refers to a policy or law that re-
serves a certain percentage of jobs, opportunities, or ben-
efits for individuals who are local residents of a specific re-
gion or state.
What did Haryana State Employment of Local Candidates
Act, 2020 say?
The law mandates that companies with 10 or more em-
ployees reserve 75% of jobs paying less than Rs. 30,000 per
month for candidates from the state. Employers must reg-
ister eligible employees on the Labor Department’s portal.
Similar domicile job reservation laws exist in other states like
Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand
Why did the court invalidate the law?
• Violation of Article 16: The law violated constitu-
tional rights by reserving 75% of private-sector jobs
for Haryana residents, stating that a government
cannot discriminate based on residence.
o The Haryana government claimed authori-
ty under Article 16(4) (exceptions to Article
16) but was deemed unconstitutional by
the court.
• Violation of Article 19: The court also criticized the
law for imposing excessive control on private em-
ployers, creating an “Inspector Raj,” and impairing
14 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
individuals’ rights under Article 19(1)(g) of the Con-
stitution.
o Private jobs are skill-based and analytical,
and citizens have the fundamental right to
work anywhere in India
What does the Constitution Say?
The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of movement
and consequently employment within India through several
provisions.
• Article 14 provides for equality before the law irre-
spective of place of birth.
• Article 15 guards against discrimination based on
place of birth.
• Article 16 guarantees no birthplace-based discrimi-
nation in public employment.
• Article 19 ensures that citizens can move freely
throughout the territory of India
Benefits of local reservation in the Private Sector:
Pros Explanation
Exceptions The reservation based on domicile aligns
in consti- with Article 16 of the Indian Constitution.
tution It provides opportunities to locals, who bear
negative externalities from job creation.
E q u a l i t y Reservation in local jobs promotes equality
within so- within society, focusing on low-strata jobs, in
ciety line with the Equal Protection of Law spirit
outlined in Article 14 of the Indian Constitu-
tion.
Such policies promote substantial equality,
especially as public sector job opportunities
are limited.
S u i t a b l e In the face of unemployment and slow job
S o l u t i o n creation, local job reservation is seen as a
for Unem- suitable solution to address these challenges.
ployment
S p e c i a l E.g., Andhra Pradesh and Telangana under
C o n st i t u - Article 371 D and E. Local job reservation
tional Pro- aligns with these constitutional provisions.
visions
Boost Lo- Local job reservation policies aim to empow-
cal Econo- er local youth, discourage migration, and
my address agrarian crises and local unrest by
reducing unemployment.
Cost Sav- Hiring local employees reduces relocation
ings for costs for companies, potentially lowering op-
Companies erational expenses. These cost savings may
be passed on to customers through reduced
prices.
Improved Local employees are likely more familiar with
Productiv- the local language, culture, and business en-
ity vironment, enhancing their productivity and
efficiency in the workplace.

G l o b a l These policies are in line with global practic-
Practice es where countries like the US, (The US Civil
Rights Act of 1964) and Canada (The Employ-
ment Equity Act), provide reservations in pri-
vate jobs.
Issues with the local Reservation in Private sector:
Cons Explanation
Can Trigger Local job reservations may lead to an exo-
Exodus of dus of domestic and multinational inves-
Investors tors, especially in sectors like auto and IT
that rely on highly skilled manpower.
E.g., Haryana witnessed a 30% drop in in-
vestment in 2022 due to the local reserva-
tion law, impacting its ranking among states
in terms of new investment projects.
Affect Exist- The focus on the “son of the soil” and re-
ing Indus- strictions on the free movement of man-
tries power can adversely affect existing indus-
tries in the state.
Extreme Tal- Imposing reservations on gig and platform
ent Crunch companies may result in a severe talent
crunch, affecting the availability of skilled
individuals.
Legal Issues It is beyond the power of states to create
domicile as a condition for employment as
the constitution provides this provision for
public employment and only parliament is
empowered to make such laws under Arti-
cle 16(3)
75% reservation also goes beyond the res-
ervation ceiling of 50%
Public Employment (Requirement as to
Residence) Act, 1957 abolished Residence
as a criteria for a job. Few exceptions were
made for Andhra Pradesh, Manipur, Tripura,
and Himachal Pradesh
P r o m o t e s Local job reservation policies pose threats
Regionalism to unity in diversity, potentially creating lo-
cal vs. non-local divisions.
Undermines They undermine the merit system, affect
Merite sys- economic efficiency, and may lead to a
tem shortage of qualified workers, impacting
economic development.
Promotes Vote Bank Politics among states
Judicial Pronouncements:
Legal Cases Key Points
15 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Dr Pradeep Jain Legislation for “sons of the soil”
v Union of India, deemed unconstitutional
1984
Sunanda Reddy v Supreme Court affirmed the unconsti-
State of Andhra tutionality of a state policy giving 5%
Pradesh, 1995 extra weightage based on the medi-
um of instruction.
2002 Rajasthan Supreme Court invalidated the ap-
Case pointment of government teachers in
Rajasthan, which favoured applicants
from specific districts or rural areas.
2019 UP-Subordi- Allahabad High Court struck down a
nate Service Se- UP recruitment notification that pre-
lection Commis- ferred women who are “original resi-
sion Case dents” of Uttar Pradesh alone.
Conclusion:
What is more important for states is to focus on skill training
(capacity building of Youths), economic recovery and educa-
tion to provide ample job opportunities, fostering competi-
tion in the free market. While local reservations may offer
short-term gains, they could hinder long-term economic
development and national unity.
Insta Links:
Haryana private sector quota law
Prelims Links:
Q. Consider the following statement: (UPSC 2023)
Statement-I: The Supreme Court of India has held in some
judgements that the reservation policies made under Article
16(4) of the Constitution of India would be limited by Article
335 for maintenance of efficiency of administration.
Statement-II: Article 335 of the Constitution of India defines
the term ‘efficiency of administration’.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above
statements?
(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and
Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Topics: Important aspects of governance, transparency and
accountability, e-governance applications, models, success-
es, limitations, and potential; citizens charters, transparency
& accountability and institutional and other measures.
5. ANALYSIS OF BILLS TO OVERHAUL THE
CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Context: The government has introduced three Bills to re-
place the foundational laws of the criminal justice system
in India—the Indian Penal Code (IPC), the Code of Criminal
 Current Affairs 30
Procedure (CrPC), and the Indian Evidence Act (IEA).

Kindly refer to an article on the same topic: Analysis of Re-

cent Reforms in Indian Criminal Law

What is the Criminal justice system?

The criminal justice system is a set of institutions and proce-
dures established by governments to maintain social order,
deter and mitigate crime, and administer justice. It includes
law enforcement, the judiciary, and correctional facilities,
working together to investigate, prosecute, adjudicate, and
penalize individuals accused of committing crimes.

Need for modernization of India’s criminal justice system

(CJS):
Key Aspects Details
M o d e r n i z i n g There is a need to reform the current
Jurisprudence criminal justice system to bring it in line
with contemporary legal standards. No-
tably,
Example: The introduction of communi-
ty service as a punishment in the new For more positive aspects of the proposed criminal law re-
bill reflects a shift towards a more refor- forms: Click Here
mative approach.
Aligning with There is a need to reform CJS to align For issues (updated) related to the proposed law (refer In-
Supreme Court with the Supreme Court decisions, in- fographic below):
Rulings cluding the decriminalization of adul-
tery and same-sex relations
A d d r e s s i n g There is a need to eliminate inconsisten-
Overlaps cies and duplications with specific laws,
e.g., the removal of IPC provisions on
weights and measures to avoid overlap
with the Legal Metrology Act, 2009.
Updating Defi- There is a need to replace the old defi-
nitions nition in acts, to align it with new mod-
ern reality e.g., the new bill updates
terminology, replacing ‘unsound mind’
with ‘mental illness’ in line with modern
medical understanding (Mental Health-
care Act, 2017)
Ensuring Fair- The overarching goal is to establish a
ness and Effi- criminal justice system that is fair, just,
ciency and efficient, addressing the evolving
needs of modern society.

Major Provisions of the Bills:

Parliamentary Panel reports on the three Indian Criminal

Law bills

Recommendations of the Parliamentary Standing Commit-

tee (PSC) on Home Affairs

16 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30
1. Instead of deleting Section 377 of the IPC, the panel
recommends partially retaining Section 377 of the
IPC in a gender-neutral form
2. The panel asks to retain the offence of adultery
(Section 497 of IPC) by making it gender neutral
3. The panel recommends empowering judicial magis-
trates to impose community service as punishment
4. It recommends restricting the use of handcuffs for
economic offences
5. The panel recommends allowing online FIR (e-FIR)
only through State-specified rules

Conclusion:
Parliament must thoroughly scrutinize the bills to guaran-
tee a fair, just, and efficient criminal justice system. It should
address concerns about potential overlaps with special
laws, evaluate sentencing ranges, and fill gaps in codifying
Supreme Court directions. The debate on reformative ver-
sus punitive systems, age thresholds, and gender-related
offences should be deliberated upon for a comprehensive
legislative approach.

Insta Links: Data on caste discrimination in colleges:

India’s Criminal Justice System A parliamentary panel found rampant caste bias within Indi-
an colleges and universities.
Mains Links:
Q. Comprehensive reforms are needed in the criminal jus- Previous cases:
tice system to ensure effective enforcement of the law, Location Case Legislation and Outcome
uphold accountability, have a well-trained workforce and TAMIL NADUPon Na- Tamil Nadu enacted the
speedy disposal of the cases. Comment. (250 words) varasu country’s first anti-ragging
legislation in 1997 based on
this case.
6. RAGGING IN INDIA Navarasu, son of the then
vice-chancellor of the Uni-
Context: versity of Madras, was mur-
Recent incidents, including the death of a 17-year-old at dered during a ragging ses-
Jadavpur University and the brutalization of a PSG College sion.
of Technology student in Tamil Nadu, highlight the systemic John David, a senior student,
gaps allowing this vicious cycle of Ragging to continue. confessed to the crime, sur-
rendering to judicial custo-
What is Ragging? dy.
Ragging refers to the practice of subjecting new students to
Navarasu was assaulted,
humiliating or abusive behaviour as a way of initiating them
forced to strip, lick David’s
into a group or community. It can take many forms, includ-
footwear, and violently
ing physical and emotional abuse, harassment, bullying,
beaten to death when he
and even sexual assault.
refused.
MAHARASH- Payal Tadvi Payal Tadvi, a second-year
TRA MD student at Mumbai’s TN
Topivala National Medical
College (TNMC), faced caste
discrimination and harass-
ment within the campus.
She belonged to the Adivasi
Tadvi Bhil community and
was found dead in Mumbai.

17 www.insightsonindia.com

Laws against ragging in India:
Measures Description
Judicial Mea- In 2001, the Supreme Court of India
sures banned ragging nationwide and mandat-
ed the creation of proctoral committees
within educational institutions for active
monitoring and addressing ragging issues.
Severe incidents are recommended to be
reported to the police.
Legal Mea- Ragging cases can be addressed under var-
sures ious provisions of the Indian Penal Code,
including Sections 339 and 340 dealing
with wrongful restraint and confinement.
Some states, such as TN, Kerala and Maha-
rashtra, have enacted specific anti-ragging
laws, providing a robust legal framework
at the state level.
UGC Mea- The University Grants Commission (UGC)
sures issued comprehensive guidelines in 2009,
requiring universities to ensure students
sign anti-ragging undertakings.
The guidelines also mandate the establish-
ment of vigilant committees comprising
staff and senior students.
The UGC supports an anti-ragging help-
line, available in 12 languages, and main-
tains a dedicated website for reporting and
tracking ragging incidents.
Other Mea- The 2007 R.K. Raghavan Committee re-
sures port described ragging as psychopathic
behaviour and recommended both its pro-
hibition and the implementation of pre-
ventive measures, influencing the UGC’s
2006 guidelines.
The Unny Committee’s recommendations
included a range of punishments for rag-
ging, from monetary fines to imprison-
ment, reinforcing the seriousness of the
issue.
Gaps in Anti-Ragging System:
Gaps Description
Lack of Effective Pre- State laws predominantly focus on
vention prohibiting ragging rather than
addressing its root causes and be-
haviours, resulting in a failure to
prevent incidents of ragging.
Poor Enforcement Despite the existence of guidelines,
such as the UGC’s 2009 regulations,
there is a lack of strict implementa-
tion by governments and authori-
ties, contributing to unsafe campus
environments.
18 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Insufficient Institu- Educational institutions often limit
tional effort their anti-ragging efforts to formal-
ities, such as displaying ‘no-rag-
ging’ notices and obtaining under-
takings, which may not effectively
deter ragging.
To address the issue of ragging, it is imperative to strength-
en institutional accountability by ensuring educational in-
stitutions actively prevent such incidents through rigorous
monitoring and the strict enforcement of anti-ragging pol-
icies. Creating supportive environments is crucial, with an
emphasis on making teachers and hostel wardens easily
approachable for students facing ragging, ensuring imme-
diate assistance for victims. Additionally, engaging multiple
stakeholders, including students, teachers, and parents, in
the anti-ragging campaign is essential, fostering a compre-
hensive, community-wide effort against ragging.
Ethical issues associated with ragging:
1. Violation of human dignity
2. Infringement of individual rights
3. Promotion of unhealthy behaviour
4. Compromise of academic standards
5. The legal and moral responsibility of educational in-
stitutions
Solutions:
1. Strict rules and regulations
2. Awareness campaigns
3. Counselling and support
4. Orientation programs
5. Monitoring and surveillance
Mains links:
Q. Why ragging in schools and colleges is considered an issue
of serious concern? Comment. (10M)
7. ROAD ACCIDENT IN INDIA
Context:
India faces a significant road safety challenge with an es-
timated 300,000 road-related deaths annually, contributing
to economic costs between 5% and 7% of the national GDP.
Status
• In 2022, India reported 4,61,312 road accidents,
causing 1,68,491 deaths and injuring 4,43,366 indi-
viduals—about 12% increase in accidents compared
to 2021 (As per the report on Road Accidents in In-
dia-2022 published by the Ministry of Road Trans-
port and Highways)
• A maximum number of cases were reported in Tamil
Nadu.

• Reasons: Speeding accounted for over half of all
deaths, while dangerous and careless driving caused
over 42000 deaths.
• According to WHO estimates, approximately
3,00,000 people die on Indian roads each year
• India has the highest number of total persons
killed due to road accidents, followed by China and
the United States.
Primary Reasons Behind Road Accidents in India:
Reasons Description
Over speeding According to the Road Accidents in
India-2022 report, over-speeding ac-
counted for over 72% of all accidents
and two-thirds of deaths and injuries in
India.
Drunk Driving Drunk driving accounted for about 2%
of road accidents in India in 2022.
Distracted Driv- Using mobile phones, eating, or en-
ing gaging in activities while driving diverts
attention.
Road Design Potholes, poorly marked lanes, inade-
quate road signs, insufficient lighting,
and lack of pedestrian facilities contrib-
ute to accidents.
Weather Condi- Dense fog, excessive rainfall, and strong
tions winds make driving challenging.
Mechanical Fail- Vehicle breakdowns or malfunctions
ures compromise safety. Faulty brakes, tires,
and other components contribute to
accidents.
Non-Compli- Lack of adherence to traffic rules sig-
ance with Traffic nificantly contributes to road accidents.
Rules
Non-Use of Seat Nearly 83% of car occupants killed in
Belts and Hel- accidents in 2021 were not wearing
mets seatbelts.
Overloading of In 2020, overloaded trucks caused
Vehicles 10,000 deaths and 25,000 injuries on
National Highways in India.
Low Awareness According to a SaveLIFE study, over
37% believed wearing seat belts is not
mandatory for rear-seat passengers,
and only 27.7% were aware of the law.
Sundar Committee Recommendations on Road Safety:
1. Creation of the National Road Safety & Traffic Man-
agement Board, an apex body at the national level,
with members from various fields, to promote road
safety and traffic management.
2. Establishment of State Road Safety & Traffic Man-
agement Boards in each state and union territory
with similar functions.
3. Development of a National Road Safety Plan with
19 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
specific targets and action plans.
4. Improvement of post-accident care, trauma man-
agement, and establishment of a national road ac-
cident database.
5. Earmarking 1% of total proceeds of diesel and petrol
cess for the Road Safety Fund.
6. Addressing issues like decriminalization of road ac-
cidents, insurance, and dedicated highway police.
7. Approval of the National Road Safety Policy in 2010
based on these recommendations.
Global Initiatives:
• Brasilia Declaration on Road Safety (2015): Signed
at the second Global High-Level Conference on Road
Safety, it aims to achieve Sustainable Development
Goal 3.6, halving global deaths and injuries from
road traffic accidents by 2030.
• Decade of Action for Road Safety 2021-2030: A UN
initiative adopting a resolution to prevent at least
50% of road traffic deaths and injuries by 2030,
aligned with the holistic approach outlined in the
Stockholm Declaration.
• International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP):
A charity dedicated to saving lives through safer
roads.
International Best Practices:
Netherlands’ Sustainable Safety vision: It focuses on pre-
venting crashes and reducing crash severity by creating a
safe road system. It is based on five principles: functionality,
homogeneity, predictability, forgivingness, and state aware-
ness.
Japan: Japan has achieved a remarkable reduction in road
traffic deaths, from 16,765 in 1990 to 3,215 in 2019. It has
implemented various measures, such as strict enforcement
of traffic laws, improvement of road infrastructure, promo-
tion of seat belt and helmet use, road safety education and
introduction of advanced safety technologies in vehicles.
India-Specific Initiatives:
1. Motor Vehicles Amendment Act, 2019: Increases
penalties for traffic violations, addresses defective
vehicles, and juvenile driving, and establishes a Mo-
tor Vehicle Accident Fund. It also proposes the cre-
ation of a National Road Safety Board.
2. Carriage by Road Act, 2007: Regulates common car-
riers, limiting their liability and determining liability
for loss or damage to goods.
3. Control of National Highways (Land and Traffic) Act,
2000: Provides control over land within National
Highways, right of way, and traffic movement. Ad-
dresses removal of unauthorized occupation.
4. National Highways Authority of India Act, 1998: Es-
tablishes an authority for the development, mainte-
nance, and management of National Highways.

5. Private sector initiatives like Maruti Suzuki’s Drive
Safe India campaign and Mahindra & Mahindra’s
Drive Safe, Drive Smart campaign.
Other Measures to address Road accidents:
Measures Details
Enforcement of A WHO report states that wearing a
Seatbelt and Hel- seatbelt reduces the risk of death by
met Use 45-50%, and for rear seat occupants
by 25%.
Awareness Cam- E.g., the UN’s #MakeASafetyState-
paigns ment, to educate the public on road
safety.
Speed Limit Implement measures to reduce
speeding, enhance traffic manage-
ment systems, and enforce strict pen-
alties for drunk driving.
Infrastructure Im- Enhance road infrastructure to en-
provement sure safe conditions, addressing is-
sues contributing to accidents. Invest
in ongoing government programs for
rapid improvements.
Focus on Vulnera- Prioritize the safety of vulnerable
ble Road Users road users (pedestrians, cyclists,
two-wheeler riders) through tailored
infrastructure and awareness pro-
grams.
Emergency Care Improve access to high-quality emer-
Services gency care services and after-care for
road crash victims.
India’s road network status:
• Road density: 1,926 per 1,000 sq km in 2018-19, higher
than many developed countries.
• Surfaced/paved roads: over 64% of the total road length,
comparatively lower than in developed countries.
• National Highways: About 2% of total road length in
2019.
• Other networks: State Highways (about 3%), District
Roads (about 10%), Rural Roads (about 7%)
Insta Links
Editorial: Road Accidents
Mains Links
Q. Road traffic accidents are a leading cause of death in In-
dia, and a major contributor to socio-economic losses, dis-
ability burden, and hospitalization. Discuss (15M)
Topics: India and its neighbourhood- relations.
8. ELECTION OF MALDIVES NEW PRESI-
DENT: INDIA-MALDIVES RELATIONS
20 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Context:
President-elect Mohamed Muizzu of the Maldives has made
it clear that he wishes to remove Indian troops from the
country while safeguarding the Maldives’ independence and
sovereignty.
Political System in Maldives:
Historically, Maldives had an Executive Presidency system,
transitioning to a multi-party democracy in 2008. No incum-
bent president has been re-elected since then. Maldives uses
a two-round electoral system similar to France, requiring a
candidate to secure more than 50% of votes in the second
round if no one achieves it in the first.
Background of the Issue?
Aspect Details
Historical Ten- Prior to President Solih’s term, politi-
sions cal and diplomatic tensions existed be-
tween the Maldives and India, especial-
ly during Abdulla Yameen’s presidency
(2013-2018). Yameen’s pro-China ori-
entation strained relations with India.
India’s Military During Yameen’s presidency, the Mal-
Presence dives requested the return of Indi-
an-gifted helicopters, indicating a de-
sire to reduce Indian military presence
in the country.
Political Oppo- The ‘India Out’ campaign was launched
sition by the political opposition, particularly
those who opposed President Solih’s
alignment (India First Policy) with India.
It aimed to rally against what they saw
as a pro-India foreign policy and gain
support from segments critical of Indian
involvement.
Geopolitical Ri- The broader context of the campaign
valry was the geopolitical rivalry between
India and China in the Indian Ocean
region. International media framed the
Maldives’ elections as a referendum on
India and China, with a focus on how
the incoming president would position
the country in this rivalry.
India’s current presence in Maldives:
Currently, 75 Indian military personnel are in the Maldives
to maintain and operate Dornier aircraft and helicopters gift-
ed by India. These assets have been in the Maldives for over
a decade, serving various functions.
 Current Affairs 30
strained the relationship between the two countries.
• Domestic Politics: The India Out campaign in Mal-
dives, which seeks to create anti-India sentiments
among the people of Maldives

Conclusion:
India needs to play a crucial role in ensuring regional se-
curity in South Asia and surrounding maritime boundaries
by actively participating in the Indo-Pacific security space.
India should adhere to its tradition of promoting a multi-po-
lar and rule-based global order with its neighbours, adopt-
ing an accommodative stance

About Maldives:
It is strategically located at vital sea lanes, facilitating mari-
time trade between the Gulf of Aden, the Gulf of Hormuz,
and the Strait of Malacca. The physical geography includes
coral reefs, atolls, and a large Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
Rising sea levels pose a threat to this low-lying archipelago,
and it’s separated from India’s Minicoy by the Eight Degree
Channel.
India’s interests in Maldives:
In the past four years, India has emerged as the Maldives’
main security and economic partner, committing over $1
billion towards the socio-economic development needs of
Maldivians.

India’s interests in the Maldives are tied to its security con-

cerns regarding China’s growing presence in the Indian
Ocean region, and the Maldives is part of the ‘Colombo Se-
curity Conclave’ for regional maritime cooperation. India’s
national security is closely linked to its collective security
efforts in the region, as emphasized by National Security Ad-
viser Ajit K. Doval.

Challenges in India-Maldives relations:

• Political Instability: For instance, the arrest of Mal-
dives’ opposition leader Mohamed Nasheed in 2015
and the subsequent political crisis strained India’s
relationship with Maldives.
• Radicalisation: The increasing number of Maldivians
being drawn towards terrorist groups like the Islamic
State (IS) and Pakistan-based jihadist groups is a con-
cern for India.
• China’s Strategic Presence: China’s increasing stra- Insta Links
tegic presence in Maldives is a challenge for India. India-Maldives
The Maldives has emerged as an important ‘pearl’
in China’s “String of Pearls” construct in South Asia, Mains Links
which is a concern for India’s security. Discuss the political developments in the Maldives in the
• China’s dominance: In 2018, Maldives cancelled an last two years. Should they be of any cause for concern to
agreement with India to develop a key naval base India? (UPSC 2013)
on the island of Marao.The move was seen as a re-
sult of China’s growing influence in the Maldives. Prelims Links:
• Political actions: Maldives cancelled a $511 mil- Q. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated
lion contract awarded to Indian company GMR to from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (UPSC 2014)
develop Male International Airport in 2012, which (a) Andaman and Nicobar

21 www.insightsonindia.com

(b) Nicobar and Sumatra
(c) Maldives and Lakshadweep
(d) Sumatra and Java
Ans: A
9. 30 YEARS OF INDIA-CHINA BORDER
PEACE AND TRANQUILITY AGREEMENT
(BPTA)
Context:
The India-China Border Peace and Tranquility Agreement
(BPTA), signed in 1993, marked its 30th anniversary recent-
ly, but its contested legacy reflects the fraying mechanisms
built to maintain peace on the Line of Actual Control (LAC)
India-China Border:
The LAC separates Indian-controlled territory from Chi-
nese-controlled territory. It is divided into three sectors:
1. Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim)
2. Middle Sector (Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh)
3. Western Sector (Ladakh)
In the Eastern Sector
The alignment of the LAC is along the McMahon Line, named
after Sir Henry McMahon, foreign secretary of British India.
He drew the 890-km line as the border between British India
and Tibet (a part of the 1914 Shimla Convention Between
Great Britain, China, and Tibet).
China claims around 90,000 sq km of Arunachal Pradesh
— the entire state — as its territory. It calls the area “Zang-
nan” in the Chinese language and makes repeated referenc-
es to it as “South Tibet”.
What is the origin of the border dispute with China?
After the communists took over in China (1949), they
withdrew from all international agreements citing them
to be “unequal treaties” imposed on it during its “centu-
ry of humiliation” (when China was under colonial regu-
lations) and demanded a re-negotiation of all its borders.
China now doesn’t comply with LAC and other border settle-
ments done before 1949.
22 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
The India-China conflict is characterized by cycles of conflict
and cooperation over 75 years, with recent serious episodes
in Galwan Valley (2020) and Tawang (2022).
Historical partnerships and a growing power gap contribute
to strategic challenges, while infrastructure build-up, espe-
cially in Tibet, has intensified the security dilemma.
For: Bhutan and China boundary talks: Click Here
What is the India-China Border Peace and Tranquility
Agreement (BPTA)?
It was signed in 1993 to maintain peace on the Line of Actu-
al Control (LAC). It committed both sides to respecting the
status quo, reducing the risk of unplanned confrontations,
and minimizing military forces along the LAC.
Other Agreements:
• The Agreement on Confidence Building Measures
in the Military Field along the LAC:
o It was signed in 1996, and laid down pledges
on non-aggression, prior notification of large
troop movements, and exchange of maps to
resolve disagreements over the LAC.
• The Border Defence Co-operation Agreement: It
was signed in 2013 following the Depsang Valley in-
cident.
Reasons for Breakdown in Border Agreements:
Reasons
1. Lack of Clear Demarcation: Absence of a mutually
agreed Line of Actual Control (LAC) along certain stretches
of the border.
2. Increased Military Confrontations: Rise in serious mil-
itary conflicts since 2013, including notable incidents in
Galwan Valley (2020) and Tawang (2022).
3. Three-Sector Division: The India-China border is divid-
ed into Western (Ladakh), Middle (Himachal Pradesh and
Uttarakhand), and Eastern (Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim)
sectors, each with its own challenges.
4. Historical Partnerships: Both nations’ partnerships with
each other’s main enemies, limit strategic cooperation and
hinder the development of a strategic partnership.
5. Power Gap: Growing power disparity, with China’s GDP
five times that of India’s, makes accommodation challeng-
ing for India without seeming to surrender.
6. Infrastructure Build-Up: Intensified military infrastruc-
ture development, particularly in Tibet, leading to a secu-
rity dilemma and potential escalation toward war.
Way forward for India:
Action Description
Diplomatic Maintain open channels of communication
E n g a g e - to prevent misunderstandings and de-esca-
ment late tensions.
 Current Affairs 30

Reassess Evaluate defence acquisition plans for long-

Defence term sustainability and capability enhance-
Plans ment.
Prepare for Enhance military capabilities, especially in
Po te n t i a l the Air Force, Army, and Navy, in anticipation
Conflict of potential conflict.
Allocate Consider allocating 3% of GDP for defence,
Adequate as recommended by the Parliamentary
Funds Standing Committee on Defence.
Emphasize Adopt a negotiating strategy that highlights
Negotia- India’s strength and readiness to defend its
tions interests.
Border In- Develop border infrastructure, such as roads
frastruc- and bridges, to improve accessibility and re-
ture Devel- duce conflicts.
opment

Conclusion:
Diplomatic dialogue, mutual trust-building, and transpar-
ent border negotiations are essential for resolving India-Chi-
na conflicts. Establishing a clear and mutually agreed Line of
Actual Control (LAC) and promoting cooperative measures
can pave the way for lasting peace.
Insta Links:
India China Relations
Mains Link:
Q. ‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade
surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in
Asia’. In light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as
her neighbour. (UPSC – 2017)
10. BHUTAN KING’S VISIT TO INDIA: IN-
DIA-BHUTAN RELATION
Context:
Bhutan King’s visit to India commenced with his arrival in As-
sam. India and Bhutan’s focus on infrastructure and connec-
tivity in recent talks signals a move toward bilateral regional
initiatives.
Various dimensions of cooperation between India and Bhu-
tan with examples:
New Initiatives Planned: India and Bhutan are jointly plan-
ning several development initiatives:
1. Rail Links: Ongoing discussions for rail connections
between Kokrajhar (Assam) and Gelephu (Bhutan)
and between Banarhat (West Bengal) and Samtse
(Bhutan).
2. Infrastructure Upgrades: Checkpoints along the In-
dia-Bhutan border are being upgraded to facilitate
smoother trade and movement.
3. Special Economic Zone: Bhutan plans to establish a
Special Economic Zone at its southern border with
Assam to drive growth and investment.
4. Airport Development: Proposal for a new airport at
Gelephu to enhance accessibility and promote eco-
nomic development.
5. Energy Integration: Planning an ‘energy exchange’
to share hydropower resources among Bhutan, Ne-
pal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, fostering intra-re-
gional growth.
Issues between the two countries:
• Border Dispute: Disputes over the exact demarca-
tion of the border between the two countries.
• Hydropower Projects: Concerns in Bhutan over en-
vironmental and social impacts from the project.
Also, Bhutan has sought greater revenue from these
projects
• Trade Imbalance: Bhutan is heavily dependent on
India for its imports.
• Cross-Border Movement: Bhutan has restricted the
cross-border movement of Indian workers, citing
concerns over the impact on Bhutan’s culture and
society.
• Political Interference: Bhutan has accused India of
interfering in its internal affairs, particularly during

23 www.insightsonindia.com

the 2013 elections.
Conclusion:
India-Bhutan relations have remained strong and friendly,
characterized by a deep sense of
trust and understanding. Both countries must enhance con-
nectivity which is a central pillar of India’s ‘Neighbourhood
First’ and ‘Act East’ policies.
Insta Links
India-Bhutan
Topics: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agree-
ments involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
Japan and India’s engagement in Southeast Asia:
11. INDIA AND JAPAN CONVERGE IN
SOUTHEAST ASIA
Context:
The Philippines is turning to Japan and India for development
and security cooperation, shifting focus from Chinese-led
projects.
Issues between the Philippines and China:
The Philippines and China have ongoing disputes over the
South China Sea. Tensions have escalated due to territorial
claims and China’s expansive maritime activities, including
the presence of Chinese vessels in Philippine waters. The
Philippines has raised concerns about the infringement of
its sovereign rights and called for adherence to international
law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea (UNCLOS). Philippines successfully won 2016 Arbi-
tral Award on the South China Sea against China.
India-Philippines Relationship:
Aspect Details
About India and the Philippines are two democrat-
ic countries in the Indo-Pacific region that
share a common approach towards the In-
do-Pacific, emphasizing the importance of a
free, open, and stable region.
Political Re- Diplomatic relations were established on 26
lations November 1949, shortly after both coun-
tries gained independence (Philippines in
1946 and India in 1947)
Intensification of relations with the Philip-
pines resulted from India’s Look East Policy
(1992) and further diversified with the Act
East Policy (2014).
24 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
E c o n o m i c India is currently the Philippines’ fif-
Relations teenth-largest trading partner. Bilateral
trade worth approximately USD 3 billion in
2022. The Philippines is a net importer of
goods trade with India.
D e f e n c e BrahMos missile deal; opening of a resident
C o o p e r a - Defense Attache office in Manila, consider-
tion ation of India’s offer for a concessional Line
of Credit to meet the Philippines’ defense
requirements; cooperation on maritime do-
main awareness (MDA), joint patrols, and
information exchange
1. Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP): It is aimed
at curbing China’s growing assertiveness in the
Indo-Pacific region. Japan’s concept of FOIP is
complementary to India’s concept of the Indo-
Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)
2. Partnership with ASEAN: To enhance economic, po-
litical, and cultural ties with the member nations.
3. Infrastructure Development: Japan, through initia-
tives like the Partnership for Quality Infrastructure,
has been involved in infrastructure development
projects in Southeast Asia, including the construc-
tion of ports, roads, and energy facilities.
a. India has also expressed interest in infra-
structure projects in the region.
4. Connectivity Projects: Japan and India’s vision for a
free and open Indo-Pacific includes promoting con-
nectivity. India has been actively involved in enhanc-
ing connectivity through projects like the Trilateral
Highway that connects India, Myanmar, and Thai-
land.
5. Economic Assistance: Both countries provide eco-
nomic assistance and development aid to South-
east Asian nations to support their socio-econom-
ic growth. This includes financial support, capacity
building, and technology transfer.
6. Security Cooperation: Japan and India have engaged
in security dialogues and joint military exercises with
Southeast Asian countries to address common se-
curity challenges, including maritime security and
counter-terrorism.
7. Human Resource Development: India and Japan
have collaborated in human resource development
programs, including scholarships and training op-
portunities, to enhance skills and knowledge in var-
ious sectors.
8. Regional Forums: Both countries actively participate
in regional forums and organizations such as the
East Asia Summit (EAS) and ASEAN Regional Forum
(ARF) to address regional challenges and promote
dialogue.

India-Japan Relations:
India-Japan Examples
Shared Val- Democracy, Freedom, and Rule of Law
ues
Defence and India and Japan Vision 2025: Work to-
Security Co- gether for peace and prosperity in the In-
operation do-Pacific region and the world
Relationship elevated to Special Strategic
and Global Partnership (2014)
“2+2” Dialogue
Inclusive and Rule-based International or-
der in Indo-Pacific
FOIP (Free and Open Indo-Pacific).
Acquisition and Cross-Servicing Agree-
ment with India
Military exercises: Dharma Guardian
(army), Veer Guardian (Air Force), MILAN,
JIMEX (Navy), and Malabar
Strengthen- Japan supports strategic connectivity link-
ing India’s Act ing South Asia to Southeast Asia through
East Policy synergy between the “Act East” policy and
“Partnership for Quality Infrastructure.”
Economic Co- Japanese help during India’s Balance of
operation Payments (BOP) crisis in 1991
Bilateral trade over US $20 billion (2022)
Japan was the 4th largest investor in India
in FY2020.
Industries Competitiveness Partnership
Comprehensive and Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA) since 2011
Culture Buddhism
Healthcare Narrative of AHWIN (Japan’s) for AYUSH-
MAN Bharat.
Investment India has been the largest recipient of Jap-
and ODA anese Official Development Assistance
(ODA) Loan for decades (e.g., Delhi Metro,
Western Dedicated Freight Corridor, High-
Speed Railways).
Global Part- Both are members of G4, Asia-Africa
nership Growth Corridor, Supply chain resilience
initiatives, and QUAD.
Space LUPEX Mission (India’s lunar lander and
Japanese rover will explore the moon).
Nuclear Co- India-Japan Nuclear Deal 2016 will help
operation India build six nuclear reactors in southern
India.
Digital Infra- Cooperation in promoting joint projects
structure Co- for digital transformation (5G, Open RAN,
operation Telecom Network Security, submarine ca-
ble systems, Quantum Communications).
25 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Challenges Climate change and WTO talks (Japan
siding with developed countries). Japan’s
frosty relations with Russia (Kuril Island
dispute).
Conclusion Relations between two powers can greatly
support stability in the world.
Japan can help in India’s rise, e.g., India’s
quest to become a global semiconductor
Chip Manufacturing hub.
Insta Links
70 YEARS OF INDIA-JAPAN TIES
Mains Links
Q. The India-Japan relationship is facing challenges due to
the changing global geopolitical scenario. Analyse the chal-
lenges and suggest measures to address them. (250 Words)
Prelims Links
Consider the following countries: ( UPSC 2018)
1. Australia
2. Canada
3. China
4. India
5. Japan
6. USA
Which of the above are among the ‘free-trade partners’ of
ASEAN?
(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5
(b) 3, 4, 5 and 6
(c) 1, 3, 4 and 5
(d) 2, 3, 4 and 6
Ans: C
12. INDIA-APEC RELATIONS: WHY INDIA
MUST ENGAGE WITH APEC
Context:
The 2023 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) summit,
held in San Francisco, marked a significant diplomatic devel-
opment as the U.S. and China resumed communications af-
ter nearly a year.
Major outcomes of the APEC 2023 summit:
• Theme: “Creating a Resilient and Sustainable Fu-
ture for All”
• Emphasizing commitment to free, fair, and open
trade, as well as inclusive and sustainable growth
• Adoption of the Golden Gate Declaration: For
building resilience and sustainability across member
economies.
• The Golden Gate Statement from APEC outlined
goals such as a well-functioning WTO dispute settle-
ment system by 2024 and the pursuit of a Free Trade
Area of the Asia-Pacific
 Current Affairs 30
• Endorsement of APEC Action Agenda on Climate Technolo- Engagement with APEC facilitates technolo-
Change and Energy Security, outlining specific ac- gy Trans- gy transfers, crucial for India’s economic ad-
tions and targets to address the climate crisis and fer vancement and industrial development.
ensuring energy security through enhanced cooper-
Global In- APEC membership integrates India into the
ation and coordination.
tegration global supply chains, making it a more attrac-
• The U.S. emphasized its strategy of de-risking and
tive destination for foreign investment.
diversifying from China rather than complete de-
coupling. Strategic Participation in APEC strengthens India’s stra-
• Taiwan seeking admission to the Comprehensive Position- tegic position in the Asia-Pacific region, cru-
and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Part- ing cial for geopolitical influence and stability.
nership (CPTPP) Compet- APEC provides a platform to compete with
ing with China economically, allowing India to assert
About APEC: China itself in the regional and global economic
landscape.
Innova- APEC’s focus on innovation and best practices
tion and aligns with India’s economic goals, fostering
Best Prac- advancements in key sectors and policies.
tices
Re g i o n a l APEC engagement contributes to regional
Stability stability, reducing tensions and promoting
collaborative economic development in the
Asia-Pacific.

Challenges in India APEC relations:

1. APEC’s moratorium: India had previously expressed
interest in joining APEC but APEC ceased accepting
new members in 1997, thus preventing India’s entry
2. Trade Liberalization Concerns: Some APEC mem-
bers perceive India as not fully supportive of trade
liberalization and regional integration e.g., India not
joining RCEP
3. Bilateral Investment Treaties: Concerns exist over
India’s hesitancy in negotiating ambitious bilateral
investment treaties, hindering smoother economic
collaboration within APEC.
4. Pace of Domestic Reforms: India faces criticism re-
garding the pace of its domestic economic reforms,
esp. related to FTAs and taxation policies
5. Domestic Resistance: Protectionist elements within
India, spanning business, political, and bureaucratic
spheres, create resistance to further opening up to
international trade, complicating APEC negotiations.

Despite these challenges, APEC needs India:

Fig: APEC countries
Aspect Importance for APEC
Engaging with APEC could be crucial for India’s economic Economic Growth India, as the third-largest economy,
goals and beating China: and Market Expan- contributes significantly to APEC’s
sion goal of fostering economic growth
Aspect Importance for India
and expanding markets.
Economic APEC, representing 60% of global GDP, offers
Diverse Economic India’s inclusion adds diverse eco-
Growth a vast market for India’s goods and services,
Opportunities nomic opportunities, leveraging its
fostering economic growth.
unique strengths and resources for
Trade Op- Access to APEC economies enhances India’s the benefit of APEC economies.
p o r t u n i - trade prospects, providing opportunities for
ties increased exports and market diversification.

26 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30

Counterbalance to India serves as a natural counterbal- itY) launched the LEAP AHEAD initiative, a collaborative ef-
China ance to China, promoting a more di- fort between the Software Technology Parks of India (STPI)
versified and resilient economic land- and The Indus Entrepreneurs (TiE) Delhi-NCR, aimed at sup-
scape within APEC. porting and accelerating the success of tech startups in In-
dia.
Global Trade and India’s status as a global trade and
Investment Hub investment hub augments APEC’s
About the LEAP AHEAD initiative:
role in facilitating international trade
Launchpad for Tech Entrepreneurs towards Accelerated
and economic cooperation.
Growth and Pioneering AHEAD (LEAP AHEAD) aims to sup-
port tech startups by offering them access to funding (up to
Insta Links: ₹1 Crore), mentorship and global connections.
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
What are Start-Ups?
Prelims Links: Start-ups are companies in their early stages of operation,
Q1. India is a member of which among the following? (UPSC founded by entrepreneurs aiming to meet demand with
2015) innovative products or services. India has become the 3rd
1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation largest start-up ecosystem in the world after the US and Chi-
2. Association of South-East Asian Nations na. India is home to as many as 75,000 Startups.
3. East Asia Summit • Global Innovation Index: India has moved up from
Select the correct answer using the code given below: 81st (2015) to 46th in 2021 among 130 economies
(a) 1 and 2 only of the world.
(b) 3 only • Publications: Globally ranked 3rd (2021) from 6th in
(c) 1, 2 and 3 2013 based on the National Science Foundation da-
(d) India is a member of none of them tabase.
Ans: B • Patents: Globally ranked 9th (2021) in terms of res-
ident patent filing.
Q2. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2009)
Organization Location of Headquarters Growth drivers in startups in India and their impact:
Growth Drivers Impact on Startups and Unicorns
1. Asian Develop-
Tokyo G o v e r n m e n t Increased Gross Expenditure on R&D
ment Bank
Support (GERD), Digital India Initiative
2. Asia-Pacific Eco- Growth in the number of R&D person-
Singapore
nomic Cooperation nel
Doubled women’s participation in
3. Association of
R&D
Southeast Asian Bangkok
Nations Adoption of Digi- Accelerated tech-focused businesses
tal Services for startups
Which of the above pairs is/are correctly matched?
(a) 1 and 2 only Increased customer base through on-
(b) 2 only line services
(c) 2 and 3 only Online Services Expedites business expansion plans
(d) 3 only and Work-from-
Ans: B Home
Culture Attracts investors
GENERAL STUDIES – 3 Digital Payments Facilitates the growth of startups in
the fintech sector
Topics: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mo- Buyouts from Provides growth opportunities
bilization of resources, growth, development and employ- Major Public Cor- through acquisitions
ment. porations Allows startups to benefit from the re-
sources of
1. LEAP AHEAD INITIATIVE: LAUNCHED BY corporations
STPI FOR STARTUPS
Context:
The Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology (Me-

27 www.insightsonindia.com

Challenges faced by Startups in India:
Challenges Impact on Startups
Regional Imbal- Limited understanding of customers
ance in various regions
Difficulty scaling products nationwide
Regulatory Bot- Complex and time-consuming process
tlenecks to start and exit a business
Stringent regulations related to la-
bour, IP rights, and dispute resolution
Digital Divide Limited access to rural populations:
According to an Oxfam report, only 31
per cent of the rural population uses
the Internet compared to 67 per cent
of their urban counterparts
Exclusion of rural areas from startup
services
Market Competi- Struggle to compete with established
tion companies and foreign competitors
Challenging brand establishment and
customer acquisition
Talent Acquisition Difficulty attracting and retaining
and Retention skilled talent
Competition from larger companies
and limited resources for competitive
compensation
Funding Concern Many startups rely on self-funding
(bootstrapping) or funds from friends
and family
Supporting Infra- Lack of access to support mecha-
structure nisms like incubators, tech parks, and
business development centres
Increased risk of business failure due
to inadequate support
Legal Incorpora- Lengthy and costly processes for in-
tion and Registra- corporation and closure of a business
tion Administrative challenges in setting
up and shutting down operations
For Draft National Deep Tech Startup Policy (NDTSP): Click
Here
For Global Startup Ecosystem Report 2023 (GSER 2023):
Click Here
Government’s Initiatives for Startups: National Initiative for
Developing and Harnessing Innovations (NIDHI); Startup In-
dia Action Plan (SIAP); Ranking of States on Support to Start-
up Ecosystems (RSSSE); Startup India Seed Fund Scheme
(SISFS); National Startup Awards; SCO Startup Forum; Pr-
arambh
28 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Impact of Digital India (DI) on Startups in India:
DI has greatly benefited India’s startup ecosystem by pro-
viding access to public digital resources like India Stack and
the JAM Trinity. With over 98% population coverage of 4G
infrastructure, startups can reach a broader user base. The
enablers of startup growth due to DI include a collaborative
ecosystem, digital infrastructure, and simplified regulatory
processes.
Role of corporate governance in mitigating various risks
faced by start-ups:
• Protecting shareholders’ interests: Corporate gov-
ernance helps to protect the interests of sharehold-
ers by ensuring that the company is managed in a
fair and transparent manner.
• Enhancing the company’s reputation: Corporate
governance helps to enhance the company’s reputa-
tion by demonstrating that the company is managed
in a responsible and ethical manner.
o This can make it easier for the company to
attract and retain customers, employees,
and investors.
• Reducing the risk of fraud and corruption: Corpo-
rate governance helps to reduce the risk of fraud
and corruption by establishing clear rules and pro-
cedures for financial reporting and internal controls.
• Compliance and Legal Adherence: Corporate gov-
ernance ensures that the start-up complies with rel-
evant laws, regulations, and industry standards, re-
ducing legal risks and maintaining a positive image.
• Risk management: Corporate governance establish-
es risk management frameworks that identify, as-
sess, and mitigate these risks.
o By having a clear understanding of poten-
tial risks and implementing strategies to
address them, start-ups can better navigate
uncertainties.
• Investor Confidence: Investors seek start-ups with
strong corporate governance, inspiring confidence
as it signals responsible management and safety for
their investments.
Conclusion
Start-ups in India are witnessing a golden chapter in the
history of Indian entrepreneurship. By implementing good
corporate governance practices, start-ups can reduce their
exposure to risk and improve their chances of success.
About STPI:
Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) (est. 1991; HQ:
New Delhi) is an Autonomous Society under the Ministry
of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY). It is en-
gaged in promoting software export and nurturing the tech
startup ecosystem

Insta Links:
Startup India
Mains Links:
Q. Despite being hailed for its vibrant start-up ecosystem, In-
dia continues to face persistent issues that hinder the growth
and success of its start-ups. How does corporate governance
help start-ups in mitigating various risks they face? (10M)
Prelims Links:
Q. What does venture capital mean? ( UPSC 2014)
(a) A short-term capital provided to industries
(b) A long-term start-up capital provided to new entrepreneurs
(c) Funds provided to industries at times of incurring losses
(d) Funds provided for the replacement and renovation of
industries
Ans: B
Topics: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.
2. WOMEN BUSINESS CORRESPONDENTS
FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION
Context:
The State Bank of India’s economic research department
suggests that increasing the number of women business
correspondents (BC) by implementing a 33% reservation
could significantly impact India’s socio-economic fabric.
What is Financial Inclusion?
Financial inclusion refers to the effort to provide access to
essential financial services (e.g., banking, credit, insurance,)
and products to individuals and communities, especially
those traditionally underserved or excluded from the for-
mal banking system. The RBI’s financial inclusion (FI) index
shows financial inclusion is improving in India
Who are Business Correspondents?
Business Correspondents (BCs) are intermediaries appoint-
ed by banks and financial institutions to provide banking
and financial services in areas where establishing tradition-
al branches may be challenging or expensive. BCs act as a
link between banks and customers, offering services such
as opening accounts, disbursing loans, collecting payments,
and facilitating other financial transactions.
• RBI launched the Banking Correspondent’s (BCs)
model in 2006 to expand Financial Inclusion. E.g.,
‘Bank Sakhi’ (or female banker friend) model.
Current status of BCs (as per the report):
1. BCs operate over 95% of banking outlets in ru-
ral regions.
2. Presently Women agents comprise less than
10% of the BC workforce
29 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Ways in which Women BCs Deepen Financial Inclusion:
Ways Description
Rapport Women BCs can build a rapport with diverse
customer groups, promoting demand-driven
incremental revenue while advocating for
small savings schemes and social security of-
ferings.
Grievance Women BC agents, with their patience, are
Redressal more willing to address queries and explain
product features, contributing to a transpar-
ent and comprehensible financial system.
Encourage Female customers are more open to sharing
Other Fe- their family’s financial issues and needs with
males female BC agents, fostering a better under-
standing of product offerings.
Women customers find women agents easier
to approach, trustworthy, and great at main-
taining confidentiality
Perfor- Female BC agents demonstrate similar or
mance higher business performance and are more
likely to serve customers in remote areas, the
elderly, and other underserved sections of
the population.
Reports show that increasing women’s in-
volvement in Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yo-
jana improved the financial status of female
borrowers.
Challenges with Women BCs:
Challenges Description
Lack of Fi- Many WBCs face difficulties in accessing fi-
nancial In- nancial services and credit due to their low-
clusion er socio-economic status and lack of collat-
eral.
Digital Illit- A large number of WBCs lack familiarity with
eracy digital technology and the necessary skills
to use digital financial services effectively.
M i n i m u m Minimum qualification is a hurdle for on-
Educational boarding female BCs. The current certifica-
Q u a l i f i c a - tion requires a 10th pass, but some banks
tion for BCs set a higher requirement of a 12th pass.
Societal At- WBCs often encounter societal attitudes
titudes that view women as homemakers rather
than entrepreneurs, limiting their opportu-
nities for business growth.
Lack of Sup- WBCs often lack support from government
port and financial institutions, making it chal-
lenging for them to access the resources
needed for business growth.
Safety Con- Operating in rural areas with a high risk of
cerns violence and crime, WBCs face safety con-
cerns that limit their mobility and put them
in danger during transactions.

Government Initiatives:
1. One Gram Panchayat One BC Sakhi: It aims to de-
ploy one BC Sakhi in every Gram Panchayat by 2023-
24 (it is an initiative by the Ministry of Rural Devel-
opment)
2. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana.
3. Digital Identity (Aadhaar).
4. National Centre for Financial Education (NCFE).
5. Centre for Financial Literacy (CFL) Project.
Way Forward:
1. The present SBI report asks to set 33% reservation
in BCs for women.
2. Reduce entry barriers with equipment, rental sup-
port, and initial stipends.
3. Address mobility issues and offer flexible hours.
4. Creating a Supportive Environment
5. Establish women-agent communities
6. Implement financial literacy programs.
7. Offer small loans, micro insurance, and low-balance
savings accounts.
8. Address gender-based barriers to financial services.
Insta Links:
• PM Mudra Yojana completes 8 years
Mains Links:
Q. Is inclusive growth possible under a market economy?
State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving eco-
nomic growth in India. (UPSC 2022)
Q. Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is necessary
for bringing the unbanked to the institutional finance fold.
Do you agree with this for the financial inclusion of the
poorer section of the Indian society? Give arguments to
justify your opinion. (UPSC 2016)
Prelims Links
Q. Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana is aimed at (UPSC 2016)
(a) bringing small entrepreneurs into the formal financial
system
(b) providing loans to poor farmers for cultivating particular
crops
(c) providing pensions to old and destitute persons
(d) funding the voluntary organizations involved in the pro-
motion of skill development and employment generation
Ans: A
Topics: Effects of liberalization on the economy, changes in
industrial policy and their effects on industrial growth.
3. INDIA’S MOST FAVOURED NATION
(MFN) APPROACH
Context: The Supreme Court’s recent decision on tax trea-
ties sheds light on India’s Most Favoured Nation (MFN) ap-
30 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
proach.
What is the Most Favoured Nation (MFN)?
It is a principle in international trade and diplomacy that
promotes equal treatment among trading partners. When a
country grants MFN status to another, it agrees to extend
the same trade privileges and favourable terms to that part-
ner as it does to its most favoured trading partner.
Explanation:
For example, if Country A gives Country B MFN status, it
must offer the same trade benefits to Country B as it does to
its best trading partner, Country C. This ensures fairness and
non-discrimination in international trade.
Legal Status of MFN:
Article 1 of GATT 1994 mandates WTO member countries to
grant Most Favoured Nation (MFN) status to each other, en-
suring equal trade treatment. There can be exceptions, like
bilateral trade agreements and special access for develop-
ing nations.
For instance, India initially granted MFN status to all WTO
members, including Pakistan. However, India suspended Pa-
kistan’s MFN status in 2019 due to security concerns, and
Pakistan never reciprocated MFN status for India.
Background of the MFN Controversy?
In 2020, India changed its dividend tax policies, creating rel-
ative advantages for investors from certain countries. The
treaties India separately negotiated with new members of
the OECD gave investors from these countries a relative ad-
vantage due to lower tax rates.
Now, investors from France, the Netherlands, and Switzer-
land (Old OECD members) also started to look for lower tax
rates benefits from India. However, controversy arose over
the question of whether the lower tax rates should auto-
matically apply to the three countries without any formal
notification.
What did the court say?
Delhi High Court ruled that no formal notification was need-
ed, and benefits could be given immediately to investors
from the 3 countries as well.
SC judgement:
SC reversed this HC judgment saying that a formal notifica-
tion is required for changes under the MFN clause, meaning
benefits don’t apply automatically. As a result, companies in
the old OECD countries (such as the Netherlands) receiving
dividends from India can’t claim lower tax rates based on
treaties with new OECD members like Slovenia and must fol-
low the original treaty rate.
 Current Affairs 30
Implications of the judgement: Tax Treaty Investors may Prime examples are the
• The decision may lead to additional tax revenue for Shopping exploit MFN Vodafone Case and Ti-
the Indian government but could potentially strain provisions to ger Industries (Mauri-
relations with tax treaty partners. seek more fa- tius resident company
vourable tax although controlled
Benefits of Most Favored Nation (MFN) Status: treatment, po- by USA) where shares
Benefit Explanation tentially result- of Flipkart (Singapore
Equal Trade MFN status ensures all trading partners ing in unequal based however primary
Treatment receive the same trade privileges. treatment and assets were Indian bas-
Non-Discrimi- Prevents preferential treatment for spe- revenue distor- es) were sold to Luxem-
nation cific countries, promoting fair trade re- tions. bourg-based company
lations. SARL, in the whole Flip-
kart- Walmart deal.
Promotes Fair Encourages competition on a level play-
Competition ing field, fostering innovation and eco- Inconsisten- Varying MFN provisions and interpretations
nomic growth. cies Among in different treaties create complexity and
Treaties ambiguity in the tax landscape
Expanding MFN status allows access to a broader
Market Access market with potentially more favourable Inconsisten- The US and other members of the Group
trade terms. cies in its ap- of Seven (G7) will revoke Russia’s “Perma-
plication nent Normal Trade Relations (Pntr)” status
Reduced Tariffs Lower trade barriers and tariffs can re- (same as MFN) to punish Russia for war
and Barriers sult from MFN status, reducing costs for over Ukraine
businesses.
Enhances Eco- Encourages countries to work together Key Actions to Address MFN Issues:
nomic Cooper- for mutual economic benefits. • Clarity and Notification: Establish clear and stan-
ation dardized notification requirements for invoking MFN
Fosters Diplo- Trade ties built on MFN status can pro- to reduce ambiguity and disputes.
matic Relations mote diplomatic and political relation- • Regular Treaty Reviews: Periodically review tax trea-
ships. ties to assess their economic benefits and adapt to
changing economic conditions.
Major Issues with Most Favored Nation (MFN) Provision: • Global Cooperation: Promote international cooper-
Issue Explanation Example ation and coordination on tax treaty matters to en-
sure consistency and fairness across jurisdictions.
U n i l a t e r a l Countries may France, the Netherlands, • Independent Judicial Oversight: Ensure the inclu-
Interpreta- unilaterally in- and Switzerland unilat- sion of independent judicial members in tax treaty
tions terpret MFN erally applied lower tax
decision-making bodies, enhancing transparency
clauses, causing rates retroactively when and fairness.
potential con- new OECD members
flicts and uncer- joined, leading to dis- About Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement or DTAA:
tainties in tax putes and legal challeng- It is a tax treaty signed between India and another coun-
treaties. es.
try (or any two/multiple countries) so that taxpayers can
Impact on Changes in MFN Investors from the Neth- avoid paying double taxes on their income earned from the
Investors provisions di- erlands sought lower tax source country as well as the residence country
rectly affect rates on dividends from
investors, influ- India based on MFN What is Permanent Normal Trade Relations(PNTR)?
encing their tax clauses, impacting their The status of Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) is
liabilities and investment strategies. a legal designation in the United States for free trade with a
investment de- foreign nation. It is the same as MFN, only that in the US it
cisions. is called PNTR.

Insta Links:
MFN Status

Prelims Links:
Q. India enacted the Geographical Indications of Goods
(Registration and Protection) Act, 1999 in order to comply
with the obligations to (UPSC 2018)

31 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30
(a) ILO Relaxation of Rake Movement Rules: This allows for loading
(b) IMF from/to multiple locations, permits mini rakes, and introduc-
(c) UNCTAD es private freight terminals (PFTs).
(d) WTO
Ans: D Gati Shakti Terminal (GCT) Policy: This policy aims to con-
vert all PFTs and private sidings into GCTs. A private siding
Q. In the context of which of the following do you some- is a railway line owned by a company and connected to a
times find the terms ‘amber box, blue box and green box’ railway.
in the news? (UPSC 2016)
(a) WTO affairs Partnership with Private Freight Operators: Indian Railways
(b) SAARC affairs has encouraged private freight operators to invest in wag-
(c) UNFCCC affairs ons, facilitating the induction of privately owned wagons for
(d) India-EU negotiations on FTA specialized cargo such as automobiles and fly ash.

Ans: A Other initiatives for Indian Railways:

Topics: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Rail-

ways etc.

4. ENHANCING THE TRANSPORT OF CAR-

GO BY INDIAN RAILWAYS
Context:
The article addresses the pressing need for enhancing the
transport of cargo by railways in India.

What is the modal share of freight (cargo) in India?

Role of National Rail Plan (NRP) for 2030: Indian Railways

The railway is one of the cheaper modes of transportation
for moving bulk cargo. However, it only has about 32% share
Government initiative for increasing bulk cargo in Railways:
Dedicated Freight Corridor: The North-South Dedicated
Freight Corridor (North-South DFC) is a proposed freight
railway connecting New Delhi to Chennai, spanning approx-
imately 2,343 km with 43 planned stations. The Ministry of
Railways has tasked the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corpo-
ration of India (DFCCIL) with conducting Preliminary Engi-
neering & Traffic Surveys (PETS) for four additional corridors,
including the
• East-West Corridor (Kolkata-Mumbai, 2,330 km)
• East Coast Corridor (Kharagpur-Vijayawada, 1,100
km)
• Southern Corridor (Chennai-Goa, 899 km)
have recently prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) for India –
2030 to create a ‘future ready’ Railway system by 2030. The
objective of the Plan is to create capacity ahead of demand,
which in turn would also cater to future growth in demand
right up to 2050.
Features of the plan:
Feature Description
Focus on freight Increase the modal share of Railways
in freight to 45% by 2030.
Substantially reduce transit time:
Achieve this by increasing the average
speed of freight trains to 50 kmph.

32 www.insightsonindia.com

National Rail Accelerate the implementation of crit-
Plan, Vision 2024 ical projects by 2024.
100% electrification and multi-track-
ing: Focus on congested routes for
electrification and multi-tracking.
Aim to upgrade speed to 160 kmph
on Delhi-Howrah and Delhi-Mumbai
routes.
Target speed upgrades to 130 kmph on
all other Golden Quadrilateral-Golden
Diagonal (GQ/GD) routes.
The goal is to eliminate all Level Cross-
ings on GQ/GD routes.
Identify new To arrest the trend of falling market
D e d i c a t e d share of railways in the country and
Freight Corridors also shift the advantage in favour of
rail transport
Identify new High-Speed Rail Corridors
Assess rolling stock requirements for passenger traffic as
well as wagon requirements for freight.
Sustained involvement of the Private Sector in areas like
operations and ownership of rolling stock, development of
freight and passenger terminals, development/operations
of track infrastructure etc.
Suggestions for Indian Railways:
What should Details
IR do?
Reducing bar- IR should minimize non-price barriers for
riers private players to enter the rail transport
sector.
D e v e l o p i n g Create such facilities at cargo aggregation
common-us- and dispersal points, with a focus on min-
er facilities ing clusters, industrial areas, and major
cities.
Collaboration Collaborate with State governments as
with State they possess crucial knowledge about
governments these clusters and their transportation
needs.
T r a n s p o r t Explore the transportation of new com-
new com- modities, such as fly ash, to diversify cargo
modities options.
W a g o n - d e - Encourage and liberalize the design of new
sign reforms wagons that allow for more efficient and
higher-capacity loading.
Parity in en- Ensure equal and consistent environmen-
vironmental tal regulations for all modes of transpor-
regulation tation to prevent cargo shifting to road
transport due to regulatory disparities.
The fiscal health of Indian Railways:
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) reported that
in the fiscal year 2021-22, the financial health of Indian
33 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Railways entered a “concern zone.”
Key Findings Details
Operating Ratio The railway operator spent ₹107 to earn
(OR) ₹100 due to increased pension funding
Net Surplus Indian Railways couldn’t generate a net
surplus in 2021-22
Total Expendi- Ministry of Railways’ total expenditure
ture increased over 35% more than the pre-
vious year.
High revenue Over 75% of total working expenses are
Expenses spent on staff costs, pension payments,
and rolling stock lease charges
D e p e n d e n c e Inadequate internal resource gener-
on Budgetary ation led to greater dependence on
Support and Re- Gross Budgetary Support (GBS) and Ex-
sources tra Budgetary Resources (EBR)
Cross-Subsidiza- Passenger fares subsidized by profits
tion of Passen- from freight operations
ger Fares
For Challenges hindering the development of Railways in
India: Click Here
Key recommendations from Vivek Debroy’s committee for
Indian Railways: Click Here
Insta Links:
• Growth in Indian railways
Mains Links:
Q. Why is Public Private Partnership (PPP) required in infra-
structure projects? Examine the role of the PPP model in the
redevelopment of Railway Stations in India. (UPSC 2022)
Topics: Science and Technology- developments and their
applications and effects in everyday life Achievements of In-
dians in science & technology; indigenization of technology
and developing new technology.
5. INNOVATION ECOSYSTEM IN INDIA:
CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
Context:
India’s progress in the Global Innovation Index is attributed
to public and private commitment, emphasizing innovation
and entrepreneurship. One of the most important initiatives
helping innovation in India is the Atal Tinkering Labs (ATLs)
What is Atal Tinkering Labs?
An Atal Tinkering Lab (ATL) is part of the Atal Innovation Mis-
sion, NITI Aayog, and is established in schools across India.
The objective of ATLs is to nurture creativity, curiosity, and
skills like design mindset, computational thinking, adaptive

learning, and physical computing in young minds.
What is the Atal Innovation Mission?
Status of India on Research and Innovation:
• India was ranked 40th position out of 132 in the
Global Innovation Index (GII) 2022 rankings.
• India’s research and development (R&D) expendi-
ture-GDP ratio is 0.7% only (a world average of 1.8%)
Challenges in India’s R&D Ecosystem:
Challenges Description
I n f r a s t r u c t u r e Access to reliable electricity, high-
and Access to Re- speed internet, and other basic ame-
sources nities can hinder the development
and diffusion of innovative technolo-
gies across the country
Education and According to a Teamlease report, India
Skilled Workforce will need 30 million digitally skilled
professionals by 2026, and 50% of
the current workforce will need to re-
skill themselves in areas of emerging
technologies.
‘Leaky pipe syn- It refers to the phenomenon where,
drome’ at various stages of the research and
academic career pipeline, there is a
disproportionate loss of talent, par-
ticularly among women and under-
represented groups.
6% of Silicon Valley’s workforce is
from India
34 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Market Adoption The Indian market is diverse and frag-
and Scale-up mented, making it crucial to address
regional variations and cultural differ-
ences.
Patent protection According to the Economic Survey
regime and delay 2021-22 of India, the average pen-
in acquiring pat- dency for the final decision in acquir-
ents ing patents in India is 42 months as of
2020. This is much higher than 20.8,
20, 15.8 and 15 months respectively
for the USA, China, Korea and Japan.
Lack of mentor- E.g., India’s gross enrolment ratio
ship (GER) in higher education was 27.3
percent in 2020-21 indicating that a
substantial portion of students do not
pursue higher education.
Persisting gender E.g., Women make up only 34% of the
gap workforce in science, technology, en-
gineering and math (STEM), and men
vastly outnumber women majoring in
most STEM fields.
How important is community involvement in addressing
some of these challenges?
Learning from the success of Amul, a community-based co-
operative, highlights the potential for collective efforts to
drive innovation. The establishment of Atal Tinkering Labs
(ATLs) in schools, engaging over 75 lakh students across
10,000 labs, aims to build a community of young innovators.
Initiatives like ATL Sarthi, which clusters labs in regions like
Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir, have
shown improved performance through collaborative sup-
port. This emphasis on community involvement is particu-
larly vital in rural areas, where 60% of ATLs are located, en-
suring that innovative infrastructure remains functional and
accessible, especially in areas with shared resources like 3D
printers.
What more can be done to improve the innovation ecosys-
tem in India?
Recommendations Description
1. Promote Gender Implement policies to encourage
Diversity in STEM girls in STEM education.
Fields Offer scholarships for women
pursuing STEM e.g., the KIRAN
scheme
Establish mentorship programs
for women in research.
2. Enhance Research Upgrade research facilities and
Infrastructure equipment.
Foster research collaborations
with global institutions.
 Current Affairs 30

3. Foster Diversity Implement training programs on Mains Links:

and Inclusion diversity and inclusion. Q. Scientific research in Indian universities is declining, be-
cause a career in science is not as attractive as our business
Promote an inclusive culture with
operations, engineering or administration, and the uni-
zero tolerance for discrimination.
versities are becoming consumer-oriented. Critically com-
4. Facilitate Re- Promote collaborations between ment. (UPSC 2014)
search-Industry Part- research institutions and indus-
nerships tries.
6. INDIA’S DEEP OCEAN MISSION
Translate research findings into
practical applications. Context:
5. Empower ATL Clus- Expand the ATL Sarthi initiative to India’s Deep Ocean Mission (DOM) is a comprehensive effort
ters more schools. to explore and harness the potential of the ocean’s depths.
Ensure effective support and utili- The article discusses various aspects of DOM.
zation within clusters.
What is Deep Ocean Mission?
6. Foster Ownership Encourage schools and local com-
It is India’s ambitious program to explore and harness the
and Participation munities to take active ownership
depths of the ocean. The mission aims to address scientific
of ATLs.
and economic challenges associated with ocean exploration
7. Balance Urban-Ru- Provide equal operational sup- and resource utilization.
ral Support port for rural ATLs.
Facilitate shared resources and In line with Blue Economy:
mentorship. The Blue Economy aims to sustainably utilize ocean resourc-
8. Sustain Engage- Implement regular evaluation es for economic growth, livelihood improvement, job cre-
ment and Improve- and mentorship. ation, and the health of ocean ecosystems.
ment Replicate the success of the ATL
Sarthi model for high perfor- The DOM is in line with the Ministry of Earth Sciences’ Blue
mance and engagement. Economy Initiatives, including recently released the draft
Blue Economy Policy. DOM is one of nine missions under
the Prime Minister’s Science, Technology, and Innovation
Recently government introduced the National Research
Advisory Council (PMSTIAC)
Foundation Bill 2023 to set up NRF in order to give impetus
to the research ecosystem in India.
Major Components of DOM:
Components Description
Pillar 1: Technology
Development Design of an Integrated Mining System
of Technolo- for extracting polymetallic nodules from
gies for Deep the central Indian Ocean, which contain
Sea Mining valuable minerals like iron, manganese,
nickel, and cobalt.
Exploration studies to pave the way for
future commercial exploitation under the
International Seabed Authority.
Development Creation of a manned submersible capa-
of Manned ble of carrying three people to a depth of
Submersible 6,000 meters in the ocean, equipped with
Vehicle scientific sensors and tools
Submersible, named Matsya6000 (Joint
development by NIOT and ISRO)
Energy and Studies and engineering design for off-
F r e s h w a - shore Ocean Thermal Energy Conver-
ter from the sion (OTEC) powered desalination plants,
Ocean which utilize temperature differences in
Insta Links: the ocean to extract energy.
R&D ecosystem in India Pillar 2: Mineral Exploration

35 www.insightsonindia.com

Deep Ocean Exploration and identification of potential
Exploration sites of multi-metal Hydrothermal Sul-
phides mineralization along the Indian
Ocean mid-oceanic ridges.
Pillar 3: Climate Services
Development Development of observational tools and
of Ocean Cli- models to understand and project im-
mate Change portant climate variables on seasonal to
Advisory Ser- decadal time scales.
vices
Pillar4: Ocean Biodiversity
Conservation Bio-prospecting of deep-sea flora and
of Deep-sea fauna, including microbes, and sustain-
Biodiversity able utilization of deep-sea bio-resources.
A d v a n c e d Focused on human capacity and enter-
Marine Sta- prise development in ocean biology and
tion for Ocean engineering
Biology
Major Advancements in DOM Objectives:
• Samudrayaan and Matsya6000: Samudrayaan
(2021) is a crewed mission to explore the ocean’s
depths, reaching 6,000 meters in the Central Indian
Ocean. This mission will be carried out using Mat-
sya6000, a deep-ocean submersible designed to ac-
commodate a three-member crew.
o 6000m depth is strategically significant due
to the presence of valuable resources such
as polymetallic nodules and sulphides, con-
taining essential metals, found between
depths of 3,000 to 5,500 meters.
• Varaha - India’s Deep-Ocean Mining System: The Na-
tional Institute of Ocean Technology conducted suc-
cessful deep-sea locomotion trials using ‘Varaha,’
an underwater mining system, at a depth of 5,270
meters in the central Indian Ocean.
36 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Significance of DOM:
Significance Explanation
L e v e r a g i n g Oceans play a crucial role in supporting
Ocean Re- fisheries, aquaculture, tourism, liveli-
sources hoods, and blue trade. The UN has de-
clared the decade 2021-2030 as the De-
cade of Ocean Science for Sustainable
Development.
Discovery of new bio-resources could lead
to the development of life-saving medi-
cines.
L e v e r a g i n g The Government of India’s Vision of New
Long Coast- India by 2030 emphasized the Blue Econ-
line (7517 Km omy as a core dimension of growth.
and 1382 Is-
lands)
Gain Technol- The technology and expertise required for
ogy Expertise deep-sea missions are available in only
five countries: the US, Russia, France,
Japan, and China. India’s participation
makes it the sixth country with this capa-
bility.
C l i m a t e Scientific findings from deep-sea research
change solu- can inform climate change solutions.
tions Accurate climate projections help coastal
areas prepare for sea-level rise and ex-
treme weather events.
E c o n o m i c Mining polymetallic nodules contributes
Growth to economic growth, Job creation and in-
creased revenue.
Coastal communities benefit from access
to clean drinking water and reliable ener-
gy sources.
Major Challenges in Deep Ocean Exploration:
Major Description
Challenges
O c e a n i c The deep ocean exerts immense pressure,
Pressure equivalent to carrying about 10,000kg per
square meter, posing significant challenges.
E q u i p - The equipment requires robust materials.
ment De- Also, electronics perform differently under-
sign water compared to space or vacuum environ-
ments.
Challenges The soft and muddy ocean bed makes it diffi-
of Landing cult for heavy vehicles to land or manoeuvre
effectively.
M a t e r i a l Extracting materials from the ocean floor re-
Extraction quires substantial power and energy to pump
them to the surface.
 Current Affairs 30

Limited Remotely operated vehicles are less effective 2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy
Use of Re- in deep oceans due to the absence of elec- the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
motely tromagnetic wave propagation. 3. The Exclusive Economic Zone shall not extend beyond
Operated 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the
Vehicles breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
Limited Visibility in the deep ocean is limited, with
(a) 1 and 2 only
Visibility natural light penetrating only a few tens of
(b) 2 and 3 only
meters, unlike space observations.
(c) 1 and 3 only
O t h e r Temperature variations, corrosion, and salin- (d) 1, 2 and 3
C o m - ity add complexity to deep-sea exploration, Ans: D
p o u n d e d necessitating comprehensive solutions.
Challenges Q. What is blue carbon? (UPSC 2021)
(a) Carbon captured by oceans and coastal ecosystems
Conclusion: (b) Carbon sequestered in forest biomass and agricultural soils
The future of deep ocean exploration relies on biological- (c) Carbon contained in petroleum and natural gas
ly-inspired engineering solutions, drawing from nature, (d) Carbon present in the atmosphere
especially marine organisms. Biomimicry can lead to the Ans: A
development of materials and structures tailored for the
challenging deep-sea environment, offering enhanced Topics: Awareness in the fields of IT, Computers, robotics,
adaptability and resilience overcoming limited visibility in nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intel-
the deep ocean requires integrating diverse sensor tech- lectual property rights.
nologies like sonar and lidar to enhance navigation and ex-
ploration. Additionally, environmental impact mitigation is
vital, necessitating international regulations for responsible
7. ICMR PERSONAL DATA BREACH
deep-sea exploration, and balancing scientific progress with
ecological preservation.
Context:
American cybersecurity company Resecurity reported a
Other Blue Economy Initiatives:
breach of personal data of 815 million Indians, including
• India-Norway Task Force on Blue Economy: A col-
Aadhaar numbers and passport details, being sold on the
laborative effort between India and Norway estab-
dark web. The data was claimed to be sourced from the Indi-
lished in 2020 to pursue joint initiatives for sustain-
an Council of Medical Research.
able development.
• Sagarmala Project: A strategic initiative aimed at
What are Personally Identifiable Information (PII)/ Person-
modernizing ports and fostering port-led develop-
al Data?
ment through IT-enabled services.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is data that, alone
• O-SMART: India’s comprehensive program regulat-
or with other details, can identify an individual. It includes
ing ocean and marine resource use for sustainable
direct identifiers like passport info, Voter ID, PAN Card, etc.
development.
Data falls into two categories:
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management: Focused on
• Personal, related to individual traits
conserving coastal and marine resources and im-
• Non-personal, aggregated data that doesn’t identify
proving livelihood opportunities for coastal commu-
individuals.
nities.
• National Fisheries Policy: Promotes the ‘Blue
Central Government Reply:
Growth Initiative’ for the sustainable use of marine
The IT Minister mentioned that CERT-In is investigating the
and aquatic resources in India.
data leak. UIDAI asserts that Aadhaar data is secure in CIDR,
with no breaches in its history. Advanced security tech is
Insta links
used and regularly upgraded to address emerging threats.
• Deep Ocean Mission

Prelims Links
Other instances of Data Breach:
Q. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the
Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of
its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical
miles, measured from a baseline determined in accor-
dance with the convention.

37 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30

Conclusion:
Safeguarding personal information is crucial to prevent these
Impact of Personal Data Breach: impacts and maintain trust in the digital landscape. Users are
Impact Examples advised to check for leaks, be cautious with emails, change
passwords, and use two-factor authentication to safeguard
1. Online Banking Unauthorized access to bank ac-
personal information. The breach poses risks of digital iden-
Theft counts
tity theft and cyber-enabled financial crimes.
2. Tax Fraud Falsification of tax returns using
stolen information Insta Links:
3. Cyber-Enabled Fi- Illicit financial activities using com- New draft digital data protection bill: How it compares with
nancial Crimes promised data the older version and laws elsewhere
4. Identity Theft Creation of false identities for
fraudulent purposes Mains Links:
Q. The Digital Personal Data Protection Bill must ensure
5. Privacy Invasion Unauthorized access to personal
that individuals’ personal data is collected and processed
information
in a manner that respects their privacy rights under Article
6. Targeted Phishing Using stolen data for deceptive 21 of the Indian constitution. Comment.
Attacks email campaigns
7. Reputation Dam- Loss of trust due to misuse of per- Topics: Conservation related issues, environmental pollution
age sonal information and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
8. Psychological Im- Emotional distress and anxiety for
pact individuals 8. UN REPORT ON GROUNDWATER EX-
9. Discrimination Unfair treatment based on leaked TRACTION: EVERY DROP COUNTS
sensitive information
10. Financial Loss for Scams and financial losses for the Context:
Individuals affected individuals A recent United Nations University report warns that 27 out
of 31 aquifers in India are depleting faster than they can be
Government step: replenished due to excessive groundwater extraction.

What are Aquifers?

They are underground layers of rock or sediment that can
store and transmit groundwater. They are like natural reser-
voirs that hold water, and they play a crucial role in providing
freshwater for wells, springs, and other water sources.

38 www.insightsonindia.com

Key Status about Groundwater (GW):
• India is the largest user of Groundwater (GW) ( ac-
counting for 1/4th of total withdrawal)
• 87% of GW is used for Irrigation
• Currently, 67% of GW units are safe (extraction< 70%
of recharge), 14% Overexploited and 4% at the Crit-
ical
• Extraction is very high in Haryana, Punjab (78% of
wells are overexploited), Rajasthan etc.
• Climate Concerns: In southwest India, increasing
temperatures might hinder groundwater
replenishment.
Current Affairs 30
paign run by UN-Water throughout 2022.
National:
• Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme
• Jal Shakti Abhiyan (2019): Launched in 256 water-
stressed districts to improve groundwater conditions
in these areas.
• Atal Bhujal Yojana is a groundwater management
scheme launched in 2019.
About Atal Bhujal Yojana:

Legal and regulatory frameworks for groundwater:

Framework Description
Article 21 Recognizes the fundamental right to
clean water under the right to life.
Central Ground Established by the Environment (Pro-
Water Authority tection) Act, 1986, responsible for
framing groundwater policies and pro-
grams.
Supreme Court Upholds the ‘public trust doctrine,’
(2004) treating groundwater as a pub-
lic resource, not private ownership.
G o v e r n m e n t Initiatives like Atal Bhujal Yojana, Jal
Schemes Shakti Abhiyan, and Aquifer Mapping
and Management Programme for
groundwater management.
Indian Easement Historically determined groundwater
Act, 1882 rights are often linked to land owner-
ship.
Central Ground Established in 1970, it develops Way forward:
Water Board groundwater policies and programs. Strategy Description
Model Ground- Revised multiple times, empowers Water-Efficient Promotion of less water-intensive crops
water Bills state boards to create laws and man- Crops like millet to reduce water consumption
age water resources. in agriculture.
National Green Directs the Central Ground Water Au- Efficient Water- Emphasis on water-saving irrigation
Tribunal thority to regulate extraction and man- ing techniques to minimize water wastage
dates permission for extraction. and over-extraction.
Polluter Pays Addresses groundwater contamination T e c h n o l o g y Introduction of monitoring technolo-
Principle case-by-case, with polluters bearing Adoption gies for borewells to increase aware-
remediation costs. ness and encourage responsible usage.
For Reasons for the use of ground waters in irrigation: Click Awareness and Educational efforts to inform the public
Here Education about the real-time status of borewells
and the need for water conservation.
For Problems associated with such rampant use: Click Here
Institutional In- Innovative approaches within the wa-
novations ter sector to ensure sustainable water
Initiatives:
management.
International: D e m a n d - S i d e Addressing the connection between
• The United Nations-Water Summit on Groundwa- Management power subsidies and excessive ground-
ter 2022: Organised to raise awareness on ground- water extraction, especially in states
water conservation. like Punjab, to conserve resources.
• “Groundwater: Making the invisible visible” cam-

39 www.insightsonindia.com

Conclusion
The effective answer to the groundwater crisis is to inte-
grate conservation and development activities, from water
extraction to water management, at the local level; making
communities aware and involving them fully is therefore crit-
ical for success.
Insta Links
Growing water crisis and One water Approach (OWA)
Mains Links
Q. Bring out the problems associated with groundwater ir-
rigation in India. Critically analyse the role of Participatory
Irrigation Management (PIM) in improving agricultural pro-
duction on a sustainable basis. (15M)
Current Affairs 30
ues along with the preservation of nature.
Status of Biosphere Reserves in India:
There are 748 reserves in 134 countries, including 22 trans-
boundary sites. India has 18 internationally recognized Bio-
sphere reserves, with the Nilgiri reserve being the first. The
latest addition is Panna in Madhya Pradesh.
Twelve of the eighteen biosphere reserves are a part of
the World Network of Biosphere Reserves, based on the UN-
ESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme list.

9. BIOSPHERE RESERVES: POCKETS OF

HOPE
Context:
The article discusses how Biosphere reserves play a crucial
role in conserving biodiversity, reducing pollution, and en-
hancing climate resilience.
• November 3 is celebrated as World Biosphere Re-
serve Day (to raise awareness of the importance of
biosphere reserves)

What are Biosphere reserves?

Biosphere reserves are areas designated by UNESCO to pro-
mote the conservation of biodiversity, sustainable develop-
ment, and scientific research. They consist of three zones:
• a core zone for the strict protection of ecosystems
• a buffer zone where people live and work in harmo-
ny with nature
• a transition zone for sustainable activities.

Difference between National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary and

Biosphere Reserve

Aim: Biosphere Reserves try to balance economic and social

development and maintenance of associated cultural val-

40 www.insightsonindia.com

Functions of Biosphere Reserves:
Function Description
C o n s e r v a - Managing genetic resources, endemic spe-
tion cies, ecosystems, and landscapes.
Preventing conflicts like man-animal inci-
dents.
Protecting the wildlife, culture, and cus-
toms of tribal communities.
Support a wide variety of ecosystems, from
tropical rainforests to alpine deserts
D e v e l o p - Promoting sustainable economic and hu-
ment man growth on sociocultural and ecological
levels.
Strengthening the pillars of sustainable de-
velopment: social, economic, and environ-
mental protection.
Play a crucial role in combating climate
change by acting as carbon sinks
Logistic Sup- Promoting research, environmental educa-
port tion, training, and monitoring in the con-
text of conservation and sustainable devel-
opment.
The threats to Biosphere Reserves (BRs) include: Deforesta-
tion, Invasive species,
Land use changes like mining, Urbanization and population
growth causing exploitation.
Initiatives aimed at conserving Biosphere Reserves (at the
India level):
Initiative Description
South and Central UNESCO organized the SACAM
Asian Biosphere Re- in collaboration with the Indian
serve Network Meet- Ministry of Environment, Forests,
ing (SACAM) in Chen- and Climate Change, providing
nai a platform for sharing expertise
and fostering partnerships in sus-
tainable environmental practices
within South and Central Asia.
41 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
UNESCO’s Man and UNESCO’s MAB, initiated in 1971,
the Biosphere Pro- focuses on establishing a scientific
gramme (MAB) basis for improving the relation-
ship between people and their
environments by combining natu-
ral and social sciences, economics,
and education to promote inno-
vative approaches to economic
development that are socially and
culturally appropriate and envi-
ronmentally sustainable.
It grants protection not only to the
flora and fauna but also to the hu-
man communities and their ways
of life within biosphere reserves.
Local community en- In biosphere reserves like the
gagement in conser- Sundarbans and the Gulf of Man-
vation nar in India, local communities are
actively engaged in managing and
conserving their ecosystems. This
includes collaborative efforts to
protect mangrove forests, form-
ing self-help groups, and promot-
ing eco-tourism.
Plastic checkpoints in the Gulf of
Mannar Biosphere Reserve: The
Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
Trust has introduced the concept
of plastic checkpoints where com-
munity members inspect vehicles
and tourists for plastic waste. This
waste is collected, recycled, and
used in road construction, pro-
moting sustainable waste man-
agement.
Global initiatives:
• World Network of Biosphere Reserves: UNESCO’s
World Network of Biosphere Reserves connects and
supports designated sites globally, fostering collab-
oration in biodiversity conservation and sustain-
able development.
• International Cooperation: Biosphere Reserves of-
ten involve collaboration between neighbouring
countries, enhancing international cooperation for
conservation efforts. E.g., Khangchendzonga Bio-
sphere Reserve
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): The Unit-
ed Nations’ SDGs, particularly Goal 15 (Life on Land)
and Goal 14 (Life Below Water), emphasize the im-
portance of conserving biodiversity and sustainable
management of ecosystems, aligning with biosphere
reserve objectives.

Insta Links:
• Panna Tiger Reserve gets UNESCO’s ‘Biosphere Re-
serve’ Status
Prelims Links:
Q. The most important strategy for the conservation of bio-
diversity together with traditional human life is the estab-
lishment of (UPSC 2014)
(a) biosphere reserves
(b) botanical gardens
(c) national parks
(d) wildlife sanctuaries
Ans: A
10. NOISE POLLUTION DURING FESTI-
VALS
Context:
The article emphasizes the need to address the noise crisis
associated with firecrackers during festivals.
What is Noise pollution?
It is generally defined as regular exposure to elevated sound
levels that may lead to adverse effects in humans or other
living organisms. According to the World Health Organiza-
tion, noise above 65 decibels (dB) is defined as noise pollu-
tion. To be precise, noise becomes harmful when it exceeds
75 decibels (dB) and is painful above 120 dB.
Impact of Noise Pollution on Human Health:
Impact Description
Hypertension Prolonged exposure to elevated noise
levels can lead to hypertension (high
blood pressure), increasing the risk of
cardiovascular diseases. More than 75
dB in offices is associated with hyper-
tension.
Hearing Loss Noise pollution from various sources,
including loud music and workplace
noise, can directly cause hearing loss.
Extended exposure to high-decibel
noise can damage delicate ear struc-
tures.
Sleep Disturbanc- Constant traffic noise at night can dis-
es rupt sleep patterns, leading to sleep
disturbances. Above 50 dB at night
could increase cortisol levels (‘stress
hormone’).
Cardiovascular Elevated blood pressure due to noise
Dysfunction pollution, especially at night, can
contribute to various cardiovascular
diseases, including heart attacks and
strokes.
42 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Dementia While not a direct cause, noise pollu-
tion can exacerbate or contribute to
the onset of dementia. Chronic noise
exposure increases stress levels, asso-
ciated with dementia risk.
P s y c h o l o g i c a l Noise annoyance, an emotional re-
Dysfunctions and action to continuous noise exposure,
Noise Annoyance can lead to stress, irritability, anxiety,
and other psychological dysfunctions.
Impact on the ecosystem:
• Impact on Wildlife: Noise pollution disrupts natural
ecosystems by affecting wildlife.
o For instance, loud noises from construction
sites and urban areas can interfere with the
communication and breeding habits of
birds and other animals. This can lead to
population declines and ecological imbal-
ances.
• Impact on Animal health: Research shows noise
causes confined animals pain, fear and cognitive
problems. For example in fish, vibrations from ex-
treme noise can damage the swim bladder which in
turn impacts their hearing and buoyancy
• Marine Life: Underwater noise pollution from ship-
ping, sonar, and industrial activities can harm ma-
rine life.
o Whales and dolphins, which rely on echo-
location to communicate and find food, are
particularly vulnerable.
• Loss of Biodiversity: Noise pollution can drive some
species away from their habitats, leading to a loss of
biodiversity. This is especially concerning in India, a
country known for its rich and diverse wildlife.
What are the regulations regarding noise pollution?
• The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control)
Rules 2000 under the Environment Protection Act
1986 mandate that firecrackers cannot be used
in ‘silence zones’, and anywhere after 10 PM.
• Section 2 (a) of the Air (Prevention and Control of
Pollution) Act, 1981 considers noise as ‘air pollut-
ant’.
• From 6 AM to 10 PM, firecracker noise cannot ex-
ceed 75 dB. The thresholds in commercial and resi-
dential areas are 65 dB and 55 dB, respectively.
• The rules allow people to register a complaint if the
noise overshoots by 10 dB during daytime.
• Central Pollution Control Board has listed fines for
the violation of noise pollution norms, including the
use of loudspeakers or public addresses that can re-
sult in a fine of Rs 10,000.
o Exemption: The state government can pro-
vide exemption during any cultural or reli-
gious festive occasion of a limited duration
not exceeding 15 days in all during a calen-
dar year.

Issues with noise pollution regulation:
• Issues with Demarcation of zones: Different loud-
ness zones are also seldom publicly demarcated.
Some places are both residential and commercial.
• Ambiguity of rules: The rules are unclear about the
sanctions to be meted out to offenders.
Need for effective management:
• Limit firecracker production to curb noise and pol-
lution.
o CSIR introduced eco-friendly “green” crack-
ers in 2018, mandated by authorities.
• Cities should share noise data and set targets.
• Noise Regulations: India has noise pollution regula-
tions in place, such as the Noise Pollution (Regula-
tion and Control) Rules, 2000.
o However, enforcement remains a chal-
lenge. Strengthening these regulations and
ensuring strict enforcement is crucial.
• Urban Planning: Cities must incorporate noise miti-
gation measures into their urban planning.
o This includes sound barriers along high-
ways, green buffer zones around industrial
areas, and the promotion of quieter trans-
port options.
• Public Awareness: Raising awareness about the
harmful effects of noise pollution is essential.
o Educational campaigns can inform the pub-
lic about the risks and encourage responsi-
ble behaviour, such as reducing noise levels
in residential areas.
Conclusion
Although noise pollution may seem harmless, it, in fact,
has far-reaching consequences. The adverse effects on the
health of the environment are quite severe. Not only is the
local wildlife affected by pollution but humans also face a
number of problems due to it.
Insta Links
Noise Pollution
Mains Links:
Q. Noise pollution harms human health and disrupts ecosys-
tems, underscoring the need for effective management and
awareness. Discuss. (10M)
11. CLIMATE FINANCE: ‘LOSS AND DAM-
AGE’ FUND
Context:
In the face of the intensifying climate crisis, the focus has
shifted towards the prominence of “adaptation” and “loss
and damage” (L&D) in the climate crisis. Despite acceptance
at COP 27, efforts to operationalize the L&D fund have faced
significant challenges.
43 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
What is Climate finance?
It refers to financing, from public, private, and alternative
sources, that seeks to support mitigation and adaptation
actions to address climate change. Mitigation tackles the
causes of climate change, whereas adaptation tackles the ef-
fects of climate change. E.g., Constructing elevated homes in
flood-prone areas to mitigate the impact of rising sea levels.
Adaptation finance continues to lag (compared to mitiga-
tion), with 98% coming from the public sector
For the 2023 Adaptation Gap Report: Click Here
What is a “loss and damage” (L&D) fund?
The “Loss and Damage” (L&D) fund is meant for the irre-
versible consequences of climate change that cannot be
avoided or mitigated through adaptation efforts.
Origin of L&D fund:
Event Details
Historic Pol- For over 30 years, there has been a call for
lution Ac- affluent nations to acknowledge their his-
countability torical pollution accountability.
COP 19 At COP 19 in Warsaw, Poland, in 2013,
Agreement member countries formalized the cre-
(2013) ation of the L&D fund. It aimed to provide
financial and technical support to eco-
nomically developing nations grappling
with L&D due to climate change.
Subsequent COP 25 introduced the Santiago Net-
D e v e l o p - work for L&D, and COP 26 established the
ments Glasgow Dialogue on finance for L&D.
COP 27 in November 2022 saw the cre-
ation of the L&D fund and a Transitional
Committee (TC) tasked with operationaliz-
ing the fund.
Challenges in Creating the L&D Fund
• Contentious Issues: Transitional Committee (TC)
meetings faced challenges over hosting at the World
Bank, CBDR principle, climate reparations, and eligi-
bility for developing nations. No consensus on oper-
ationalizing the L&D fund, reflecting divisions
• Developed vs. Developing Nations: Disagreements
deepened the divide, hindering progress. Outcome
of TC4 and TC5 Meetings
• Lack of Clarity: There is a lack of clarity on specifics
on the fund size of the L&D fund due to pressure
from certain developed nations.
Impact of the non-operationalization of the L&D fund:
Impact Areas Consequences
Humanitarian Potential for crises, food shortages, dis-
Consequences placement, conflict, and increased suf-
fering.

Economic and Risks financial crises, environmental
Environmental degradation, and global economic insta-
Impact bility.
Security Impli- Climate-induced instability may lead to
cations security concerns, with conflicts spilling
across borders.
Erosion of Trust It will further aggravate the trust deficit
between affluent and emerging econo-
mies, widening global divisions.
Undermines global climate negotia-
tions, cooperation, and climate justice.
Way forward:
• Countries should maintain momentum after in-
cremental gains at COPs, ensuring credibility and
meaningful progress.
• Sustaining political commitment to new finance,
targeted emission reduction, and improved vulner-
ability reduction are crucial.
• Lessons from recent experiences, especially with
the Green Climate Fund, should guide ongoing ef-
forts.
• The imperative to strike a balance between adap-
tation and addressing Loss and Damage remains
crucial.
Recent Other efforts to boost climate finance:
• New Global Financing Pact
• The EU has put forward a proposal, called the Car-
bon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
Conclusion:
The prolonged deadlock over the Loss and Damage fund
highlights a concerning lack of consensus and trust among
nations, posing challenges to climate justice and collabora-
tive efforts.
Other Global Climate Finance Mechanism:
Mechanism Details
Global Environment Fa- Established in the 1992 Rio
cility (GEF) Earth Summit, the GEF is a
unique partnership of 18 agen-
cies working with 183 countries
to address the world’s most
challenging environmental is-
sues.
Adaptation Fund Established in 2001, the Adapta-
tion Fund finances concrete ad-
aptation projects and programs
in developing countries that are
Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.
44 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Special Climate Change Established in 2001, the SCCF
Fund (SCCF) finances projects related to ad-
aptation, technology transfer,
capacity building, energy, trans-
port, etc.
Least Developed Coun- Established to support a work
tries Fund (LDCF) program assisting Least Devel-
oped Country Parties in prepar-
ing and implementing national
adaptation programs of action
(NAPAs).
Green Climate Fund Established under the Cancún
(GCF) Agreements in 2010, the GCF
is mandated to support devel-
oping countries in raising and
realizing their Nationally De-
termined Contributions (NDC)
ambitions.
Insta Links:
• The Bonn Climate Change conference
Mains Links:
Q. Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the
global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down
the level of greenhouse gasses which cause global warming,
in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (UPSC 2022)
12. OECD REPORT: TOWARDS ELIMINAT-
ING PLASTIC POLLUTION BY 2040
Context: T
he Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Develop-
ment (OECD) released an interim report (titled “Towards
Eliminating Plastic Pollution by 2040: A Policy Scenario Anal-
ysis”) revealing that 21 million tonnes of plastics leak into
the environment globally in 2022.
o The report was presented in the 3rd session
of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Com-
mittee on Plastic Pollution, which aims to
establish an international binding agree-
ment on plastic pollution.
o The full report with more detailed analysis
and policy guidance is expected in the first
half of 2024
The key findings of the report:
Under the climate policies in place as of 2021 (taken as a
baseline), there would be a 50% increase in leakage of (mac-
ro)plastics to the environment by 2040.
Early, stringent, and coordinated policy action globally (cost-
ing just 0.5% of global GDP) could cut plastic waste genera-
tion in 2040 by a quarter below the baseline.
 Current Affairs 30
Detrimental Consequences of Continued Plastic Use and 4. Close Leak- Decrease environmental losses by imple-
Waste Volumes: age Pathways menting effective waste collection and
Consequences Examples disposal methods.
1. Environmental Accumulation of plastic in oceans,
Impact harming marine life. For Single Use plastic: Click Here
Disruption of ecosystems due to plas-
tic pollution.
2. Climate Impact Greenhouse gas emissions from plas-
tic production.
Energy-intensive processes for plastic
recycling.
3. Health Impact Microplastics enter the food chain
(bioaccumulation) and affect human
health.
Respiratory issues due to the burning
of plastic waste.
4. Economic Im- Costs associated with cleaning up plas-
pact tic pollution.
Loss of tourism revenue in areas af-
fected by plastic debris.
5. Wildlife Impact Ingestion of plastic by animals, leads
to fatalities.
Entanglement of wildlife in plastic de-
bris.
6. Resource De- Depletion of fossil fuels for plastic pro-
pletion duction. Initiatives Taken to tackle microplastics:
train on natural resources for raw ma- • Global Initiatives:
terials. 1. Global Partnership on Marine Litter (GPML)
2. GloLitter Partnerships Project
3. London Convention, 1972
Recommendations proposed in the Report:
• India-Specific Initiatives:
Recommenda- Description 1. Elimination of single-use plastic
tions 2. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
1. Curb Produc- Implement targeted taxes and regula- 3. Un-Plastic Collective
tion and De- tions on avoidable plastics e.g., India’s 4. Kerala: Beat Plastic Pollution Initiative
mand ban on Single-Use plastics in 2022
Restrict production and demand to sus- How are other countries dealing with single-use plastic?
tainable levels e.g., using alternatives of 1. Consensus on SUP in UN: This year, 124 countries,
plastics; adopting the LiFE approach of parties to the United Nations Environment Assem-
India bly, including India, signed a resolution to draw up
2. Design for Improve the plastic production process an agreement which will in the future make it legally
Circularity through eco-design criteria. binding for the signatories to address the full life of
plastics from production to disposal, to end plastic
Establish product standards that pro- pollution.
mote reuse 2. 68 countries have plastic bag bans with varying de-
3. Enhance Re- Strengthen material loops by improving grees of enforcement
cycling separate collection, sorting, and recy- 3. Bangladesh: Bangladesh became the first country
cling of plastic waste to ban thin plastic bags in 2002.
Implement measures like extended pro- 4. China: China issued a ban on plastic bags in 2020
ducer responsibility with a phased implementation.
5. EU: EU bans certain single-use plastics for which al-
ternatives are available.

45 www.insightsonindia.com

Insta Links:
• Substitute for single-use plastics
• NATURE AND YOU- SINGLE-USE PLASTIC
Mains Link:
Q. What is single-use plastic and what are the concerns as-
sociated with it? How can it be successfully phased out in
the country? (15M)
Prelims Link:
Q. Bisphenol A (BPA), a cause of concern, is a structural/key
component in the manufacture of which of the following
kinds of plastics? (UPSC 2021)
(a) Low-density polyethylene
(b) Polycarbonate
(c) Polyethylene terephthalate
(d) Polyvinyl chloride
Answer: B
BPA stands for bisphenol A, an industrial chemical that has
been used to make certain plastics and resins since the
1950s. BPA is found in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy res-
ins. Polycarbonate plastics are often used in containers that
store food and beverages, such as water bottles.
Q. Triclosan considered harmful when exposed to high lev-
els for a long time, is most likely present in which of the
following? (UPSC 2021)
(a) Food preservatives
(b) Fruit-ripening substances
(c) Reused plastic containers
(d) Toiletries
Answer: D
Triclosan is an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in
some consumer products, including toothpaste, soaps, de-
tergents, toiletries toys, and surgical cleaning treatments
13. MINI SOLAR GRIDS: SOLUTION FOR
ENDING ENERGY POVERTY
Context:
The article discusses the private sector-led revolution in
clean energy mini-grids, aiming to lift 500 million people out
of energy poverty.
What is Energy Poverty and Mini Solar Grids?
Energy poverty refers to the lack of access to modern en-
ergy services, including electricity and clean cooking facili-
ties. Around 9% of the global population still lacks access to
electricity, with Sub-Saharan Africa and rural areas being the
most affected.
46 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Mini solar grids are decentralized energy systems that use
solar power to generate electricity on a smaller scale (a few
kilowatts up to 10 megawatts). These grids are often em-
ployed in rural and off-grid areas, providing a sustainable
and cost-effective solution to address energy poverty.
• They are characterized by their ability to operate
independently or in conjunction with centralized
grids, offering reliable and clean power to under-
served communities.
• World Bank is aiming to fund a thousand mini-grids,
to bring electricity to 75% of the 675 million global-
ly without it
Examples of functional Mini-Grids:
Country Description
Nigeria 20,000 mini-grids installed to date
Cambodia Diesel-powered mini-grids integrated into
the national grid. Serving over 1 million con-
sumers.
India Around 700 solar mini-grids are operated by
private companies, mainly in UP, Bihar, and
Jharkhand. State regulations support pri-
vate-sector mini-grid setups.
Significances of Mini Grids:
Significances Details
Economic and Solar mini-grids provide a cost-effec-
Environmental tive, sustainable alternative to diesel
Benefits generators.
Reduce reliance on fossil fuels, pro-
moting renewable energy
D e c e n t r a l i z e d Crucial in climate-vulnerable regions
Energy Systems without centralised grid infrastructure.
Scalability: Solar mini-grids can flexi-
bly scale based on community energy
needs, providing adaptable energy ac-
cess solutions.
Development Ac- Facilitate various rural development
celerators services beyond electricity provision
Enhance the quality of life and eco-
nomic opportunities in rural areas
Services include mobile telephony, ir-
rigation, agro-processing, e-mobility
Affordability Highly competitive at $24/MWh, low-
er than both coal and natural gas.
Solar power deployment is econom-
ically viable, supported by measures
like Feed-in Tariffs and battery cost
reduction.
100% Electrifi- The government’s Saubhagya initia-
cation in India tive declared 100% electrification of all
(Saubhagya) ‘willing’ households in March 2019.
 Current Affairs 30

Sustainability Solar energy is clean, and renewable,

and aids in lowering greenhouse gas
emissions and combating climate
change.
Challenges in Utilizing the Full Potential of Solar Energy:
• Insufficient Global Solar Investments: Solar is
cost-effective and beneficial, but global investments
are only 10% of what’s needed for net-zero emis-
sions.
• Disparity in Investment Distribution: Developing
countries, with over 50% of the population, received
only 15% of renewable energy investments in 2022.
Government Schemes:
1. International Solar Alliance
2. National Solar Mission
3. Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan
(PM-KUSUM)
4. One Sun, One World, One Grid (OSOWOG)
5. Solar Park Scheme
6. Rooftop Solar Scheme
Way forward:
Key Points Implementation Approaches
1. Policy and Develop supportive policies for ac-
Regulation cess-deficit nations.
Encourage private-sector involvement in
energy projects.
2. Integration Integrate solar cooking with electrifica-
and Incentives tion efforts.
Provide incentives, and subsidies, and
explore financing models like green
bonds.
3. Hybrid Solu- Enhance reliability and reduce costs by
tions combining solar with wind or biomass.
4. Diverse En- Emphasize a balanced energy mix with
ergy Mix centralized and distributed renewable
sources.
5. Financial Implement guarantees and innovative
Support financing to attract private investment.
6. Internation- Support initiatives like ISA’s Global Solar
al Collabora- Facility for investments in underserved
tion regions.
Insta Links:
• SOLAR ENERGY
14. OXFAM REPORT: CLIMATE EQUALITY:
A PLANET FOR THE 99%
Context:
As per the recently released Oxfam report (Climate Equali-
ty: A Planet for the 99%), the richest 1% of the global pop-
ulation emitted carbon equivalent to the poorest 66%, lead-
ing to 1.3 million heat-related deaths.
What is Climate inequality?
Climate inequality refers to the unequal distribution of the
impacts of climate change, with vulnerable and marginal-
ized communities experiencing disproportionate effects.
It encompasses disparities in exposure to climate-related
risks, access to resources for adaptation, and the contribu-
tion to greenhouse gas emissions.
Major findings of the Report:
• In 2019, the wealthiest 1% were responsible for 16%
of global carbon emissions, equivalent to emissions
from the poorest 66% of humanity
• Since the 1990s, the top 1% emitted twice the car-
bon budget of the poorest half
• By 2030, emissions are projected to be over 22
times the safe limit for staying below 1.5°C global
warming.
• Annual global emissions by the super-rich 1% can-
cel out carbon savings for almost a million onshore
wind turbines.
• A tax of 60% on the incomes of the super-rich 1%
of earners globally would cut the carbon equivalent
of more than the total emissions of the UK and raise
over US$6 trillion to fund renewable energy and a
transition away from fossil fuels.
Various impacts of Carbon Inequality:
Impact Description
Emission Dis- Since the 1990s, the top 1% has burned
parities through twice as much of the carbon
budget as the poorest half of humanity
combined.
Heat-Related The emissions of the super-rich 1% in
Deaths 2019 are estimated to cause 1.3 million
deaths due to heat. Heat-related deaths
are expected to increase dramatically, and
inequality shapes the experience of ex-
treme temperatures within and between
countries.
Impact on Ag- The global food system’s inequality exac-
ricultural Pro- erbates the disparities in food access, as
duction evidenced by soaring food prices that dis-
proportionately affect impoverished pop-
ulations, especially in the Global South.

47 www.insightsonindia.com

Economic In- Countries least responsible for global
equalities warming, mainly in the Global South,
suffer the worst consequences of climate
change and are the least able to respond
or recover. This exacerbates existing glob-
al economic disparities.
Climate Apart- The impacts of climate change contrib-
heid ute to a form of “climate apartheid,”
where the wealthy countries and individ-
uals who are most responsible for carbon
emissions are insulated from the worst
consequences.
Gender Dis- Climate change disproportionately af-
parities fects women, particularly those with low-
er socio-economic status, who tend to
have less access to relief and assistance
and experience reduced life expectancy
following climate-related disasters.
Living Condi- Wealthier individuals with greater wealth
tions are better insulated from the damaging
impacts of climate change E.g., the slums
of Dharavi with no adequate protection
against heat have over 6 degree C higher
temperature than its neighbouring richer
suburbs
Implications Soaring food prices, exacerbated by ex-
for Hunger treme weather events, create a future of
and Malnutri- hunger and malnutrition for people living
tion in or at risk of poverty.
The poorest spend a significantly higher
proportion of their income on food com-
pared to the richest. This further under-
scores the link between carbon inequal-
ity and disparities in access to essential
resources like food.
For Climate Inequality Report 2023: Click Here
Solutions to address the impact of climate inequality:
Solutions Description
Vision, Political The success of this Just and equal trans-
Will, and Com- formation depends on visionary leader-
mitment ship, political will, and a commitment to
prioritizing the well-being of the major-
ity.
Mitigate Ex- Invest in resilient infrastructure in vul-
treme Weather nerable areas.
Events Implement early warning systems for
communities at risk.
Ensure equitable distribution of re-
sources for disaster response.
48 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Marginalized Prioritize vulnerable populations in cli-
Groups mate policies.
Ensure inclusivity in decision-making
processes.
Provide targeted support for marginal-
ized communities e.g., PDS, MGNREGA
Food security Develop climate-resilient agriculture
and food systems.
Implement policies to address econom-
ic food inequalities.
Support local food production and dis-
tribution.
Economic Advocate for fair global trade policies.
equalities Provide financial support to countries
most affected e.g., PM KISAN
Encourage technology transfer for sus-
tainable development.
Compensation Strengthen commitments to climate fi-
for Climate nance, honouring promises.
Debts
Explore mechanisms for reparations
linked to historical harm.
Fast, Just Tran- Use taxation on the wealthiest to gen-
sition Away erate trillions of dollars required for the
from Fossil transition and compensate for loss and
Fuels damage.
Ending Non-Es- The report advocates for ending non-es-
sential Over- sential overconsumption, particularly
consumption by the wealthiest individuals in global
society. E.g., India’s LiFE initiative
Conclusion:
Humanity has the potential to break free from the climate
and inequality trap through an equal transformation. This
transformation is achievable through economic and social
policies that simultaneously address both inequality and
the climate crisis.
Insta Links:
Working towards climate justice in a non-ideal world
  
Mains Links:
Q. ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How will India be af-
fected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states
of India are affected by climate change? (UPSC 2017)
15. DECARBONISING ROAD TRANSPORT
Context:
The air quality crisis in many Indian cities, exacerbated by
transport and construction, demands urgent mitigation
strategies, including decarbonising road transport.

What is Decarbonising Transport?
Decarbonising Transport refers to the process of reducing or
eliminating carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gas
emissions from the transportation sector.
Examples: Promoting electric vehicles, using alternative
fuels, improving energy efficiency, and investing in public
transport and active mobility.
Status of transport and emissions in India:
1. Globally, the transport sector contributes around
25% of CO₂ emissions and 15% of Greenhouse Gas
(GHG) emissions from fuel combustion
2. The road freight sector is a major contributor to
emissions, consuming over one-fourth of Indian oil
imports and contributing to over 90% of road trans-
port CO2 emissions.
3. Key studies on Delhi’s pollution, namely Urban
Emission (2015) and TERI (2018), highlight a signifi-
cant factor in urban smog are PM2.5 and PM10 par-
ticles. These tiny particles, majorly stemming from
vehicles and construction activities
Need for decarbonization of the transport sector in India:
Key Points Details
For Air Quality India has 35 out of the 50 most pol-
Improvement luted cities globally. Electrification of
road transport can reduce NOx and
PM2.5, crucial for improving air quality
in densely populated cities.
Reduced De- Electrification reduces dependence
pendence on on fossil fuels, promoting cleaner and
Fossil Fuels more sustainable energy sources. Diver-
sifying energy sources enhances energy
security.
Global Climate In 2021, research suggested that electric
Change Mitiga- vehicles in India emitted 19-34% fewer
tion GHG emissions than gasoline cars.
49 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
E c o n o m i c India is the fourth-largest car manufac-
Growth turer globally. The government aims
for 30% electrification of total mobil-
ity by 2030. Electric mobility fosters
job creation and innovation in battery
manufacturing, renewable energy, and
charging infrastructure.
Urban Planning Electric vehicles contribute to decon-
and Livability gesting cities by promoting shared mo-
bility and compact urban design.
Key Challenges in the Electrification of Road Transport in
India:
Challenges Description
Coal Power Heavy reliance on coal power plants with-
Generation out pollution control measures can result in
significantly higher emissions of SO2.
C a r b o n The manufacturing process of lithium-ion
E m i s s i o n s batteries, the weight of EVs, and the energy
due to EVs required contribute to higher lifecycle car-
bon emissions.
Critical ele- The production of lithium-ion batteries, a
ments crucial component for EVs, depends on spe-
cific minerals and rare earth elements.
Import de- India is almost entirely dependent on im-
pendence ports from a small pool of countries (Chile,
Argentina, Bolivia, Australia and China) to
cater to its demand for Li for the production
of Li-ion batteries.
Financing Is- Higher initial costs hinder widespread
sues adoption and demand for EVs in the mar-
ket.
State subsidies cornered by few: Much
of the subsidy or tax breaks end up in
the hands of the middle or upper middle
classes, who are typically the buyers of
battery electric four-wheelers
Poor Infra- Poor charging network: Only about 2,000
structure public charging stations are currently
operational across the country.
Different charging demands: For example,
e-2W and 3W models in India are suited to
slow charging, unlike cars and buses.
Low Market India’s market penetration stands at around
Penetration 1%, dominated by electric two-wheelers.
Indian Government initiatives for promoting EVs:
Initiatives Description
National Electric Mobili- Focus on R&D, pilot projects,
ty Mission Plan (NEMPP) and market creation to achieve
significant EV adoption.
 Current Affairs 30

Faster Adoption and
Manufacturing of Elec-
tric and Hybrid Vehicles
in India (FAME India)
Scheme I and II
Production-linked incen-
tive (PLI) Scheme – Na-
tional Programme on
Advanced Chemistry Cell
(ACC) Battery Storage
Go Electric Campaign
National Mission on
Transformative Mobility
and Battery Storage
Vehicle Scrappage Policy
Ministry of Power Guide-
lines on Charging Infra-
structure
Ministry of Housing and
Urban Affairs Amend-
ments to Model Building
Bye-laws
Department of Science
and Technology Grand
Challenge on EV Charging
Infrastructure Standards
Incentives for manufacturers,
buyers, and charging infra-
structure development.
Aimed at promoting domestic
manufacturing of advanced
chemistry cell batteries.
Awareness and outreach cam-
paign to promote electric mo-
bility.
Strategic mission focusing on
transformative mobility and
battery storage solutions.
Government policy encourages
the scrapping of old vehicles to
promote the adoption of new-
er, cleaner vehicles, including
electric ones.
Guidelines requiring at least
one charging station within a
3 km grid and every 25 km on
both sides of highways
Amendments mandating
the allocation of 20% park-
ing space in residential and
commercial buildings for EV
charging facilities.
Focuses on setting industry
standards for charging infra-
structure in the country.
Decarbonising Promotes carbon-neutral mobility to
Transport initia- help stop climate change.
tive of the ITF (In-
ternational Trans-
port Forum)
Forum for Decar- Launched by NITI Aayog and WRI In-
bonizing Transport dia, the project aims to bring down
the peak level of GHG emissions
(transport sector) in Asia.
To Read the recommendations of the NITI Aayog report on
“Towards Decarbonising Transport 2023” Click Here
Way Forward:
1. Advocate for all government vehicles to be 100%
electric.
2. Introduce instruments like Viability Gap Funding for
charging stations.
3. Bring EVs under RBI’s priority-sector lending guide-
lines to boost retail financing.
4. Introduce innovative EVs such as double-decker
buses for efficient mass transportation.
Conclusion:
India needs to have a comprehensive policy to decarbonize
the transport sector to meet its nationally determined con-
tributions (NDCs) i.e., reduce emissions intensity of its GDP
by 45% by 2030
Insta Links:
Decarbonizing Transport Project
Mains Links:
Evaluate the potential benefits and challenges of decarbon-
izing the transport sector in India. (10M)

International Case Studies: Topics: Challenges to internal security through communica-

Case Studies Details
Electric Mobility United Kingdom: It released a Trans-
Roadmap port Decarbonization Plan with com-
mitments to achieve zero-emission
cars and vans by 2030.
Norway: Targets 100% electric vehi-
cle sales in light-duty vehicles (LDVs)
and public bus segments by 2025.
South Korea: Provides a one-time
purchase subsidy for electric cars.
Countries Switch- Norway: Achieved 80% of passenger
ing to EVs vehicle sales as all-electric vehicles in
2022.
China: 22% of passenger vehicle sales
are electric.
tion networks, role of media and social networking sites in
internal security challenges, basics of cyber security; mon-
ey-laundering and its prevention
16. INDIA’S 1ST NATIONAL SECURITY
STRATEGY
Context:
India is in the process of creating its first National Security
Strategy, a document that outlines the country’s security
objectives and methods to achieve them.
What is the National Security Strategy?
It is a government document that outlines a country’s securi-
ty objectives and the methods to achieve them. It addresses
a wide range of threats, both traditional and non-tradition-
al, providing a holistic view of national security and guiding

50 www.insightsonindia.com

defence and security policies. This strategy helps shape a na-
tion’s approach to military, economic, and diplomatic mat-
ters to protect its interests and ensure its security.
Examples: Many developed countries, including the US, the
UK, and Russia, have their own National Security Strategies
in place. Pakistan, too, has brought out a National Security
Policy 2022-2026.
India’s Need for National Security Strategy:
India needs a National Security Strategy to address com-
plex traditional and non-traditional threats and uncertain-
ties. Experts emphasize the importance of such a strategy
for guiding military reforms and providing a clear direction
in the face of evolving challenges and geopolitical tensions.
Without it, military reforms lack a solid foundation.
Contours of National Security Policy:
Aspects Description
Clarifying the Define assets to be defended and iden-
Objectives tify opponents seeking to disrupt and
disorient the target nation.
Setting Priori- Establish new departments for inno-
ties vation and technologies, focusing on
areas like hydrogen fuel cells, desalina-
tion, and cybersecurity.
Changing the Develop a multi-dimensional strategy
Strategy to anticipate threats, including limited
pre-emptive strikes, and deter potential
adversaries.
New Agenda Focus on critical and emerging technol-
ogies, connectivity, infrastructure, cyber
security, and maritime security.
Role of Policy Allocate a separate budget for cyber-
Makers security, create a central body of cyber
warriors to counter hackers and harness
India’s software development talent.
Bootstrap cybersecurity capability at
state levels.
Defence, Deter- Defend critical infrastructure, promote
rence, and Ex- honest reporting of breaches, address
ploitation the complexity of cyber deterrence, and
prepare for cyber warfare as a means to
achieve national security objectives.
Why did India never have a national security strategy?
India has never had a national security strategy due to politi-
cal hesitation and concerns about accountability in defence
management. Various experts suggest reasons ranging from
a lack of coordinated government effort to the government’s
reluctance to disclose its national security objectives.
Insta Links:
• National Security Strategy
• US’s National Security Strategy (NSS)
51 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
17. NORTH EAST INSURGENCY: UNLF
SIGNED PEACE DEAL WITH CENTRE
Context:
The UNLF (United National Liberation Front) is the oldest
valley-based, Meitei insurgent group in Manipur signed a
peace agreement with the central government
About UNLF:
It was formed on November 24, 1964, with the goal of se-
cession from India. Led by Arembam Samarendra Singh
initially, it has two factions presently, with the armed wing
known as the Manipur People’s Army. The UNLF has op-
erated in the valley areas of Manipur and some Kuki-Zomi
hill districts, receiving training from the NSCN (IM), a Naga
insurgent group. Proscribed under the Unlawful Activities
Prevention Act, it has faced setbacks, operating from Myan-
mar’s regions.
In 1986, Mizo National Front (MNF) transformed into a
mainstream political party. The Mizoram Accord of 1986
marked the end of insurgency in the state.
For Insurgency in Manipur: Click Here
Other agreements signed recently:
Agreement Details
Assam-Meghalaya The agreement aims to resolve dis-
Inter-State Bound- putes in six sectors. Assam receives
ary Agreement about 181 sq. km, and Meghalaya
(2022) gets about 18 sq. km of the disputed
areas.
Karbi Anglong A tripartite agreement involving five
Agreement (2021) Assam insurgent groups, the Cen-
tre, and the state government. Five
militant organizations (KLNLF, PDCK,
UPLA, KPLT, and KLF) laid down
arms, with over 1,000 armed cadres
transitioning to mainstream society.
Bodo Accord (2020) Signed by the central government,
Assam government, and Bodo
groups (including NDFB factions), it
redraws and renames the Bodoland
Territorial Area District (BTAD) as
the Bodoland Territorial Region
(BTR) in Assam.
Bru-Reang Agree- A quadripartite agreement involv-
ment (2020) ing the Centre, Mizoram, Tripura
governments, and Bru leaders.
Aims to settle Bru community mem-
bers, indigenous to Northeast India,
in Tripura, with the Home Ministry
covering settlement expenses.

NLFT-Tripura Agree- NLFT, banned since 1997, reached
ment (2019) an agreement resulting in the sur-
render of 88 cadres with 44 weap-
ons. The National Liberation Front of
Tripura operated from camps across
the international border.
Roll Back of Armed The government withdrew AFS-
Forces Special Pow- PA from a significant part of the
ers Act (AFSPA) Northeast, including the entire Tri-
pura and Meghalaya. In Arunachal
Pradesh, AFSPA remains enforced in
only three districts.
Status of insurgencies in North-East:
Last year, the Union Government reported that there has
been an 80% decline in civilian deaths and 6,000 militants
have surrendered in North East India since 2014.
Factors Leading to Insurgency in Northeast India:
Factors Details
Multi-ethnicity Northeast India (NEI) is highly ethni-
cally diverse, home to around 40 mil-
lion people, including 213 of the 635
tribal groups listed by the Anthropo-
logical Survey of India.
Government attempts at integration
without understanding tribal nuances
fuel insurgencies. Inter-tribal rivalries
exacerbate ethnic insurgencies.
Historical The region’s complex history of colo-
nialism, post-independence border
disputes, and socio-economic chal-
lenges have fueled the rise of various
insurgent groups seeking autonomy,
identity preservation, and socio-eco-
nomic development.
E.g., Naga National Council (NNC) de-
clared independence from India on
August 14, 1947, under the leadership
of Phizo.
Lack of Economic Lagging development in NEI results
Development in limited employment opportunities.
Insurgent groups exploit economic
hardships, attracting disenchanted
youth.
Sense of Isola- Geographic distance from New Delhi
tion, Deprivation, and limited Lok Sabha representation
and Exploitation breed disillusionment. Reduced voice
in corridors of power fuels discontent,
making armed rebellion attractive.
Demographic Refugee influx from former East Paki-
Changes stan (now Bangladesh) alters the re-
gion’s demographics.
52 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Internal Displace- - Ongoing internal displacement, par-
ment ticularly due to inter-ethnic violence,
heightens instability.
External Support China and Pakistan’s covert offensive
in the region raises concerns. Paki-
stan’s Special Services Group (SSG)
historically supported Naga guerrillas.
NNC leaders sought Chinese support
in 1967, marking Chinese involvement
in NEI. The success of China’s people’s
revolution inspired insurgent leaders,
fueling the rebellion.
Perceived Excess- Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFS-
es by the Indian PA) alienates locals, seen as draconian.
Army (AFSPA) Essential for counterinsurgency, AFSPA
faces criticism from Human Rights or-
ganizations, vilifying it in the eyes of
insurgent groups.
Sources of Fund- Funding through extortion, arms,
ing and drug smuggling. Proximity to the
Golden Triangle facilitates illegal drug
trade, supporting separatist organiza-
tions.
Institutional Measures to Address Insurgency in Northeast
India:
Measures Details
Ceasefire Agree- Ongoing ceasefire agreements with
ments various other militant groups across
states. The oldest agreement with
N.S.C.N.-I.M. dates back to July 25,
1997.
Peace Talks E.g., the Nagaland peace accord in
2015 with NSCN to end the insurgen-
cy.
Military Opera- Security force operations, including
tions the army, state police, and paramili-
tary forces, to contain militancy. Mil-
itary operations, e.g., air strikes in
Mizoram and operations like Rhino
and Bajrang against U.L.F.A. militants
AFSPA AFSPA in Assam, Nagaland, Manipur,
and parts of Arunachal Pradesh
Strengthening Mi- Empowerment of local governance
cro-democratic In- modules like autonomous develop-
stitutions ment councils, gram panchayats, and
village councils. Enhanced function-
ality and legitimacy, bringing diverse
communities into the development
stream.
 Current Affairs 30

D e v e l o p m e n t a l Implementation of programs like attacks.

Measures Border Area Development and Hill
Area Development. What is State-Sponsored Cyber Attack?
A state-sponsored cyber-attack is a hacking or digital in-
Special category status to Northeast
trusion orchestrated or supported by a government or na-
states; Developmental assistance
tion-state. These attacks are typically well-funded, and
for Infrastructure projects through
sophisticated, and often target specific individuals, organi-
Bharatmala Pariyojana
zations, or government entities for political, economic, or
Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS)- espionage purposes.
UDAN; Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit
Project, India-Myanmar-Thailand Tri- Examples of State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks:
lateral Highway Digital North East Vi-
Examples Target Motivation
sion 2022 National Bamboo Mission
Stuxnet (by Israel Iran’s Nuclear Disrupting Iran’s nu-
Conclusion and the US) Program clear efforts
The insurgencies of NEI have continued for the past seven NotPetya (ExPetr) Ukraine, Global Disrupting Ukraine
decades despite various efforts by the Government of India (by Russia) and causing collat-
for a permanent solution. However, with the older genera- eral damage
tion passing away and the new generation having little inter- Operation Aurora Multiple tech Intellectual proper-
est in insurgencies, the time is ripe to hammer out a long- (by China) companies ty theft
term strategy for the elimination of residual insurgencies. APT41 (Winnti Various global Espionage, cy-
Group) (by China) targets ber-espionage tools
Insta Links:
Pegasus spyware In 2021, the Pegasus spyware, sold
Insurgency in North East India (NEI)
(by Isreal) exclusively to government agencies
by Israeli firm NSO Group, was re-
Mains Links
portedly used on Indian journalists,
Q1. The North-East region of India has been infested with in-
civil society groups, and politicians,
surgency for a very long time. Analyse the major reasons for
as revealed by the Forbidden Stories
the survival of armed insurgency in this region. (UPSC 2017)
collective.
Q2. Human rights activists constantly highlight the fact that A few “State-sponsored” Chinese hacker groups targeted
the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA) is a various Indian power centres
draconian act leading to cases of human rights abuses by
security forces. What sections of AFSPA are opposed by the Impact of State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks:
activists? Critically evaluate the requirement with reference Impact Examples
to the view held by the Apex Court. (UPSC 2015) 1. Data Breaches The 2014 Sony Pictures hack by North
Korea.
Prelims Links
Chinese state-sponsored attacks on
Q. Which Schedule of the Constitution of India contains spe-
Equifax in 2017.
cial provisions for the administration and control of Sched-
uled Areas in several States? (UPSC 2008) 2. Political Inter- Alleged Russian interference in the
(a) Third ference 2016 U.S. presidential election
(b) Fifth Pegasus spyware from NSO Group tar-
(c) Seventh geting Indian journalists, activists, and
(d) Ninth politicians.
Ans: B 3. Disruption Russian cyber-attacks on Ukraine’s
of Critical Infra- power grid
structure
Topics: Security challenges and their management in border
4. Espionage Operation Aurora targeting Google in
areas; linkages of organized crime with terrorism.
and Surveillance 2009
NSA’s PRISM program was revealed by
18. STATE-SPONSORED CYBER ATTACKS Edward Snowden.
Context: Apple has been sending automated notifications to
individuals worldwide, including many politicians and op-
position leaders, alerting them to potential state-sponsored

53 www.insightsonindia.com

5. Intellectual Chinese APT10 group stealing tech IP
Property Theft globally.
Russian state-sponsored attacks on
aerospace companies.
6. Financial North Korean Lazarus Group’s global
Losses banking attacks.
Iranian hacking group APT33 targeting
financial firms.
Challenges in Containing State-Sponsored Cyber Attacks:
Challenge Description
Multiplying Capacity, India’s digital growth has made it
Adding Vulnerability susceptible to data theft, with the
government emphasizing “data
flows” over data protection.
Parking Data Abroad Collaborations with foreign service
providers and data storage out-
side India pose risks to national
cyberspace.
Proxy Cyber Attacks AI-powered autonomous lethal
weapons and illegal activities like
fake digital currency and intellec-
tual property theft threaten na-
tional security.
China’s Quantum China’s quantum advancements
Lead increase the risk of quantum cy-
berattacks, while India’s depen-
dence on foreign, especially Chi-
nese, hardware adds vulnerability.
Indian Government Efforts in Containing State-Sponsored
Cyber Attacks:
Aspect Description
Banning of unsafe India has banned apps, primarily of
apps Chinese origin, that posed security
threats by transferring data outside
India without adequate safeguards.
National cyberse- A comprehensive plan for preparing
curity strategy and addressing cyberattacks is await-
ed, covering pre, post, and during-at-
tack measures.
Indian Cyber Launched in 2018, it serves as the
Crime Coordina- apex coordination centre for dealing
tion Centre with cybercrimes.
CERT-In (Cyber As the National Nodal Agency for Cy-
Emergency Re- ber Security, CERT-In has been opera-
sponse Team) tional since 2004.
National Cyber Se- This policy outlines the strategic di-
curity Policy, 2013 rection to protect the national cyber-
space.
54 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Cyber Swachhta Launched in early 2017, this initia-
Kendra tive helps users analyze and maintain
their systems free from viruses, bots,
malware, Trojans, etc.
Cyber Surakshit Launched by the Ministry of Elec-
Bharat tronics and Information Technology
(MEITy) in 2018 to raise awareness
about cybercrime and build capacity
for safety measures.
Cyber Warrior Po- Organized in 2018 on the lines of the
lice Force Central Armed Police Force to com-
bat cyber threats.
Personal Data Pro- Mandates private companies to
tection Bill strengthen data infrastructure for in-
dividual data protection.
Information Tech- The primary law for dealing with cy-
nology Act, 2000 bercrime and digital commerce in In-
dia.
National Critical Created under Section 70A of IT Act
Information Infra- 2000 to safeguard Cyberinfrastruc-
structure Protec- ture.
tion Centre (NCI-
IPC)
International Efforts:
• Budapest Convention on cybercrime: 1st
international treaty to address cybercrime; India is
not a signatory.
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Num-
bers (ICANN): US-based not-for-profit organisation
for coordinating & maintenance of several
databases.
• Internet Governance Forum: UN forum for
multi-stakeholder policy dialogue on Internet gover-
nance issues.
Apple recommendation (in the present case): They recom-
mend activating Lockdown Mode, a feature introduced in
recent software updates (iOS) to protect against rare and
sophisticated cyber-attacks. Lockdown Mode restricts cer-
tain functions to enhance security.
What more needs to be done?
• Cyber-Awareness: Promote education to raise
awareness about cybercrime prevention, especially
among the youth, and foster a cyber-secure ecosys-
tem.
• Tech-Diplomacy for Cybersecurity: Strengthen dip-
lomatic ties with advanced economies and tech-
no-democracies to combat cross-border cyber
threats and ensure global cyberspace security.
• Cooperative Federalism: Empower states to equip
law enforcement for cybercrime control, and cen-
tralize statutory procedures for uniform law enforce-
ment.
• Mandatory Data Protection: Enforce data protec-
 Current Affairs 30
tion norms for government and private entities han- Q.2 In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the follow-
dling personal data, and conducting regular audits ing to report on cyber security incidents? (UPSC 2017)
for compliance. 1. Service providers
• National Cybersecurity Policies: Develop compre- 2. Data centres
hensive national policies addressing both cyber de- 3. Body corporate
fence and offence, and allocate resources for cyber- Select the correct answer using the code given below:
security infrastructure and training. (a) 1 only
• International Collaboration: Collaborate with oth- (b) 1 and 2 only
er nations and organizations to share threat intelli- (c) 3 only
gence and coordinate responses to state-sponsored (d) 1, 2 and 3
cyber threats. Ans: D
• Separate wing under Army or Navy as Cyber Com-
mand on lines of US GENERAL STUDIES – 4
About Cybersecurity:
It is the practice of safeguarding computers, networks, pro- 1. MP MAHUA MOITRA CASE AND LOK
grams, and data from unauthorized access or cyber-attacks, SABHA ETHICS COMMITTEE PROCEEDINGS
which aim to exploit critical information infrastructure (CII),
defined as computer resources crucial to national security, Context:
economy, public health, or safety under Section 70(1) of the The article discusses the proceedings of the Lok Sabha Eth-
Information Technology Act. ics Committee against Member of Parliament Mahua Moitra
and emphasizes the distinction between parliamentary and
Data Security Council of India (DSCI): judicial probes.
It is a not-for-profit, industry body on data protection setup
by NASSCOM in 2008. It is committed to making cyberspace What is the case about?
safe, secure and trusted by establishing best practices, stan- MP Mahua Moitra is facing proceedings from the Lok Sabha
dards and initiatives in cyber security and privacy. Ethics Committee over allegations of receiving money for
posing questions in Parliament. She is said to have, also,
Insta Links: shared a password for online submission of questions. If im-
Cybersecurity Challenges in India plicated, the act could be considered a breach of privilege
and contempt of the House.
Mains Links: Previous instances of MPs being expelled for accepting
Q. What are the different elements of cyber security? Keep- money for parliamentary work:
ing in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the ex- Year MP(s) Expelled Reason for Expulsion
tent to which India has successfully developed a comprehen-
1951 H.G. Mudgal Guilty of promoting a
sive National Cyber Security Strategy. (UPSC 2022)
business association’s
interests
Prelims Links:
Q.1 In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which 2005 (Cash- 11 MPs Found guilty of accept-
of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition for-Query ing money for posing
to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC Scandal) questions
2020) 2008 (Cash Few of the in- During a trust vote in
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of for Votes volved 2008, MPs were al-
malware disrupting access to one’s computer Scandal) legedly offered bribes
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully dam- to vote in favour of the
ages it, if proved so government
3. Cost of hiring a specialised consultant to minimise the
loss in case of cyber extortion About Lok Sabha’s Ethics Committee:
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third-party files Aspect Details
a suit
About The Ethics Committee is a parliamentary
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
body responsible for examining cases of
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
ethical misconduct among Members of Par-
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
liament (MPs).
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 The members of the Ethics Committee are
Ans: B appointed by the Speaker for a one-year
term.

55 www.insightsonindia.com

History The Ethics Committee of the Rajya Sabha
was established on March 4, 1997, by then
Vice President K R Narayanan.
An ad hoc Ethics Committee was constitut-
ed in 2000 (late Speaker G M C Balayogi)
and became a permanent part of the House
in 2015.
P ro c e d u re Complaints can be made by any person
for Com- through another Lok Sabha MP, with evi-
plaints dence and an affidavit.
Members can complain without providing
an affidavit.
The Speaker can refer complaints against
MPs to the Committee.
The Committee conducts a Prima Facie in-
quiry before deciding to examine a com-
plaint.
It presents its report to the Speaker for
House consideration, with provision for dis-
cussion on the report.
Overlap The Ethics Committee and the Privileges
with Privi- Committee often deal with similar issues.
leges Com- The Ethics Committee can take up only cas-
mittee es of misconduct involving MPs
More serious accusations, especially those
related to corruption, typically go to the
Privileges Committee.
MPs and non-MPs both can be examined
for Breach of Privilege if their actions attack
the authority and dignity of the House.
Privileges extend to individual Members
and the House as a whole.
Limitations of the Ethics Committee
• Lack of clear definitions for “unethical conduct,”
leaving decisions to committee discretion.
• The committee may not address more serious cases
of misconduct or violations of law, as these often go
to the Privileges Committee.
• It focuses on maintaining parliamentary discipline
but lacks authority in criminal investigations.
• Decisions rely on a common-sense approach and
may not strictly adhere to legal standards or rules
of evidence.
The key difference between judicial and parliamentary
probes:
• Nature:
o Judicial Probe: Judicial probes are conduct-
ed by legally trained professionals within
the judiciary. They follow legal procedures
and adhere to the rules of evidence.
o Parliamentary Probe: Parliamentary probes
are conducted by members of the parlia-
56 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
ment or its committees, who are not neces-
sarily legally trained. They follow parliamen-
tary rules and procedures.
• Purpose:
o Judicial Probe: Judicial probes aim to estab-
lish legal guilt or innocence, often in crim-
inal or civil matters. They can lead to legal
consequences, including criminal charges or
civil liability.
o Parliamentary Probe: Parliamentary probes
primarily focus on issues related to parlia-
mentary discipline, ethics, or breaches of
privilege. Their purpose is to maintain the
integrity of parliamentary proceedings and
may result in actions like suspension or ex-
pulsion of MPs.
Ethical issues related to Ms Mahua Moitra’s case:
The ethical issues with the conduct of Ms Mahua Moitra
include allegations of accepting bribes for parliamentary
questions, the unauthorized use of her parliamentary ID in
Dubai while she was in India, and the potential involvement
of her parliamentary login in targeting the Adani Group and
the Prime Minister. These allegations raise questions about
the integrity and transparency of parliamentary proceedings
and the ethical behaviour of a Member of Parliament.
Outcome:
If the Ethics Committee deems a complaint to have merit, it
can make recommendations. Typically, this involves recom-
mending the suspension of the MP for a specified period.
However, the final decision rests with the House, which in-
cludes all MPs. They will determine whether to accept the
committee’s recommendations and decide the nature and
extent of any punishment if deemed necessary. In the event
of expulsion or a potentially adverse decision, the accused
MP has the option to challenge it in a court of law. The
grounds for challenging such a decision in court are limit-
ed and generally encompass claims of unconstitutionality,
gross illegality, or a denial of natural justice.
Way forward:
Reforms in the parliament to enhance ethics and transpar-
ency:
• Declaration of Members’ Business Interests: This
practice is in place for Rajya Sabha members and
involves disclosing personal, pecuniary, or direct in-
terests that could create conflicts of interest. It pro-
motes transparency and accountability.
• The Second Administrative Reforms Commission
(ARC) recommended:
o Code of Ethics for Ministers: In addition to
the existing Code of Conduct, there should
be a Code of Ethics to guide Ministers in up-
holding constitutional and ethical standards
in their duties.

o Dedicated Units: Offices of the Prime Min-
ister and Chief Ministers should establish
units to monitor adherence to the Code of
Ethics and Conduct, including handling pub-
lic complaints.
o Responsibility of PM/CM: The Prime Min-
ister or Chief Minister should ensure that
Ministers follow the Code of Ethics and Con-
duct.
o Annual Report: An annual report on adher-
ence to these codes, including any violations
and actions taken, should be submitted to
the legislature.
o Minister-Civil Servant Relationship: The
Code of Ethics should cover the principles of
the Minister-civil servant relationship.
o Public Disclosure: The Code of Ethics, Code
of Conduct, and the annual report should be
made public.
Conclusion:
The need for these reforms is to address conflicts of interest
and enhance ethical standards among MPs, contributing to
good governance and transparency in the legislative process.
The reforms are essential for fostering ethical conduct and
transparency within the Lok Sabha.
Mains Links:
Q. To what extent, in your view, the Parliament is able to
ensure accountability of the executive in India? (UPSC 2021)
2. EXAMPLES OF ETHICS
Example 1: Impact of Conflict on Children
Context: Kailash Satyarthi, a Nobel Peace Prize winner known
for his work in safeguarding children’s rights, condemns the
harm inflicted on children in the conflict ( the present Isre-
al-Palestine conflict has profoundly affected both Israeli and
Palestinian children)
Ethical issues related to the impact of war on children:
Issue Description
Targeting of The deliberate targeting of children in
Children armed conflicts is a clear violation of in-
ternational humanitarian law.
Child Soldiers The recruitment and use of child soldiers
by armed groups, exploit their vulnerabil-
ity and violate their rights.
Mental and The long-lasting psychological and emo-
E m o t i o n a l tional trauma experienced by children
Trauma due to exposure to violence, death, and
destruction.
57 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Displacement Forced displacement of children and the
and Separa- separation from their families, lead to a
tion breakdown in family structures and safe-
ty.
Lack of Access War disrupts education systems, deny-
to Education ing children their right to education and
hindering their future prospects.
Child Casual- The high number of child casualties,
ties injuries, and deaths in armed conflicts,
reflects a failure to protect the most vul-
nerable.
Re c r u i t m e nt The use of children in propaganda by
for Propagan- armed groups to promote their cause,
da exploiting their innocence for political
purposes.
Denial of Hu- Obstacles to delivering humanitarian
manitarian Aid aid to children in conflict zones, cause
unnecessary suffering and deprive them
of basic necessities.
Example 2: Reconciliation over retribution
Conflict: The article emphasizes the need for reconciliation
over retribution in conflicts.
What is Reconciliation?
Reconciliation refers to the act of restoring or building har-
monious relationships, often after a conflict or dispute. It in-
volves resolving differences, promoting understanding, and
fostering peace and cooperation among parties.
What is Retribution?
Retribution is the act of seeking revenge or retribution for
a perceived wrong or harm. It typically involves punishing
those responsible for an offence, often with the aim of seek-
ing vengeance or inflicting pain as a form of payback. How-
ever, often Revenge Begets More Violence.
Difference between Reconciliation and Retribution:
Reconciliation focuses on resolving conflicts and fostering
peace, while retribution is about seeking revenge and pun-
ishment.
Why Reconciliation over retribution is better way to resolve
conflict?
Reconciliation focuses on healing, understanding, and
building relationships, rather than perpetuating a cycle of
revenge and harm. It promotes long-term peace, cooper-
ation, and the potential for both parties to move forward
positively. E.g., Gandhi’s practice of non-violence defused
animosity, contrasting with retaliatory tactics.

Why sometimes Retribution over Reconciliation is better?
Sometimes retribution over reconciliation may be consid-
ered a better way to resolve conflict when there’s a need to
hold individuals or groups accountable for heinous crimes,
and reconciliation could lead to impunity.
Historical Example: The Nuremberg Trials after World War
II, where Nazi war criminals were held accountable and faced
retribution for their actions, were considered necessary to
ensure justice and prevent future atrocities.
Other methods of Conflict resolution:
Method Description
Communication Open and honest communication to
and Dialogue understand each other’s perspectives
and find common ground.
Mediation A neutral third party helps disputing
parties reach an agreement through
facilitated discussions.
Negotiation Parties directly engage in discussions
and make concessions to reach a mu-
tually acceptable solution.
Legal Resolution Involves using the legal system, such
as arbitration or litigation, to settle dis-
putes.
Conflict Preven- Proactively addressing issues to pre-
tion vent conflicts from arising in the first
place.
Restorative Jus- Focuses on repairing harm and restor-
tice ing relationships, often used in crimi-
nal justice.
Empathy and Un- Practising empathy and actively listen-
derstanding ing to build understanding and empa-
thy.
Mains Links:
Q. Discuss the significance of reconciliation as a key virtue
pivotal in the development of individuals in a country, and
give suitable examples to substantiate. (15M)
3. CODE OF CONDUCT FOR JUDICIARY
Context:
The US Supreme Court has released its first-ever code of
conduct, comprising nine pages of ethics rules for its justices.
Recent Controversy in the US Justice System:
The need for a code of conduct move comes as the court fac-
es increased scrutiny over recent reports of gifts and holiday
arrangements received by some of its jurists. While federal
judges in lower courts have had an ethical code since 1973,
this marks the first time the Supreme Court has established
its own set of rules. Recent opinion surveys indicate that
public trust in the Supreme Court is near an all-time low.
58 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
What is a Code of Conduct?
A code of conduct is a set of rules outlining the norms, rules,
and responsibilities or proper practices of an individual party
or an organization. It can be voluntary or non-voluntary.
Major Points of the US Supreme Court Code of Conduct
Section Key Points
Basis of Ethical Justices have traditionally followed un-
Rules written ethical rules, but the absence of
explicit rules led to misunderstandings.
The code outlines rules and principles
for justices to follow.
Four Main Sec- The code is divided into four main sec-
tions tions, addressing how justices should
behave, perform their duties, and con-
duct themselves in non-judicial and fi-
nancial activities.
Speaking at Justices are advised to consider wheth-
Outside Events er speaking at an outside event would
create an appearance of impropriety in
the minds of reasonable members of the
public.
Disqualification The code sets out circumstances under
from Cases which justices should disqualify them-
selves from participating in a case. This
includes instances where a justice has
bias or prejudices or a financial interest
affected by the case’s outcome.
Criticisms of Code:
• The code contains no enforcement mechanism, and
justices will have to voluntarily adhere to its “rules
and principles.”
• Rules are a “half-measure” without a means of en-
suring compliance.
Recently, there have been calls for the US Congress to pass
legislation establishing binding ethical guidelines for the
Supreme Court.
Issue of Ethics in Indian Judiciary:
1. YouTuber Savukku Shankar was sentenced to six
months in prison in 2022 by the Madurai bench of
the Madras High Court when he accused Justice
GR Swaminathan of being influenced in a case and
made general allegations of corruption in the higher
judiciary.
2. In 2018, four senior-most judges of the Supreme
Court held a press conference and raised a banner
of revolt against the then Chief Justice of India (CJI)
3. Former Chief Justice of India (CJI) Ranjan Gogoi was
nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 2020. The bench
headed by him delivered crucial judgments in cases
like Ayodhya, Sabarimala, and Rafale

Solution:
• Implement Bangalore principles of judicial conduct
(2002): Key points include maintaining indepen-
dence from improper influences, avoiding conflicts
of interest, and upholding the rule of law.
• “Uncle Judges Syndrome”: The Law Commission
of India, in its 230th Report, addresses the issue of
“Uncle Judges,” stating that individuals with family
members practising in a High Court should not be
appointed as judges in that same High Court.
4. ETHICS: BEING GOOD
Meaning of Being Good?
Being good encompasses acting in a morally upright and
positive manner, considering the well-being of oneself and
others. It involves ethical conduct, kindness, and a sense of
responsibility toward the community.
Example: When you consistently help your elderly neigh-
bours with grocery shopping, take time to listen to others,
and contribute to community initiatives.
Challenges of maintaining goodness in a world marked by
war, violence, and varying definitions of goodness:
The prevalence of conflict and diverse interpretations of
what is ‘morally right’ can create a moral quagmire. Individ-
uals may face pressures to conform to societal norms, po-
tentially compromising their ethical values.
Example: In the current conflict-ridden Gaza Strip area, an
individual/organization is dedicated to providing humani-
tarian aid to all affected communities. However, they face
challenges as various groups have contrasting definitions of
goodness, often rooted in deep-seated historical, religious,
or political differences.
Views of famous Philosophers:
Philosopher Quotes About Being Good
Confucius “Do not do to others what you do not want
done to yourself.”
Buddha “Do good, and leave behind you a monu-
ment of virtue that the storms of time can
never destroy. Write your name in kind-
ness, love, and mercy.”
M a h a t m a “You must be the change you want to see
Gandhi in the world”
Vivekananda “Do good, be good.”
Martin Lu- “Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only
ther King Jr. light can do that”
Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can
do that”
59 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Socrates “It is better to suffer an injustice than to
commit an
injustice.”
Ethicist view: We all wish to value our profile and money
during the course of life. The value of goodness somewhere
takes the back seat. However, the moment we see ourselves
or our dearest ones facing the world, we expect the whole
lot to Being Good. A good police officer at the police station,
a good doctor at the hospital, a good principal at school, a
good fellow passenger, a good shopkeeper, and so on. We
expect everyone to first believe and behave as a good hu-
man being
Does the definition of goodness change with time?
Yes, the definition of goodness can change with time. For in-
stance, societal views on issues like equality, diversity, and
environmental responsibility may evolve, influencing what
is considered morally good in different eras.
However, few ‘goodness’ remains constant across time, as
fundamental moral principles endure. For example, virtues
like honesty, kindness, and compassion are universally re-
garded as good traits, maintaining their ethical significance
throughout history.
Conclusion:
Civil servants, through ethical conduct and a commitment
to public service, can bring about meaningful change. A
dedicated civil servant implements community develop-
ment programs to uplift marginalized populations. By ensur-
ing fair access to education, healthcare, and employment
opportunities, the civil servant positively transforms the
lives of individuals, contributing to the overall well-being of
the community.
Try to answer this question:
Q. In your opinion becoming good is more important or be-
coming powerful?
5. INDIAN THEORY OF MATERIALISM
Context:
The article explores Indian Materialism, highlighting its his-
torical roots and key philosophical tenets.
What is Philosophy (‘Darshan’ in Sanskrit)?
Philosophy seeks to explain the universe and guide human
actions with a comprehensive worldview
What is Materialism (Bhautikvad)?
Materialism is a philosophical concept asserting that the
fundamental substance of reality is “matter.” It posits that
everything that exists, including thoughts and conscious-
ness, can be explained in terms of physical entities. In es-
 Current Affairs 30
sence, it contends that the origin of all that exists is rooted Use of Infer- Contrary to some misconceptions, mate-
in tangible, physical substances rather than abstract or spir- ence rialists employed logical inference based
itual elements. on perceptual evidence.
Disregarding Materialists rejected the notion of divine
Origin of Materialism?
Divine Agen- providence and supernatural realms.
• In ancient India, the Lokāyata school, also known
cy
as Carvaka, was one of the earliest materialist tra-
ditions, asserting that reality is composed solely of Emphasis on The pursuit of happiness and pleasurable
physical elements and rejecting metaphysical or su- Pleasure experiences is considered a valid and im-
pernatural entities. portant aspect of human existence.
• In ancient Greece, philosophers like Democritus Living in the The principle “yāvat jīvēt sukham jīvēt”
and Epicurus embraced materialistic ideas, propos- Present advocates for living a fulfilling present life.
ing that the basic constituents of the universe are Materialists valued the importance of en-
material particles. joying life in the here and now without
being overly concerned about an afterlife.
Various Schools of Indian Materialism: Human-Cre- Materialists view values as human con-
Schools Key Tenets Figures ated Values structs, independent of divine morality.
Lokāyata Rejects the existence Brhaspati, Aji- Ethics and values are seen as products of
of a soul or afterlife. ta Kesakambali, human experience and societal develop-
- Emphasizes percep- Jābāli ment, rather than imposed by a divine au-
tion as the only valid thority.
source of knowledge. Action and Materialists stress the impact of one’s ac-
Advocates hedonism Responsibil- tions on themselves and the world. Ethi-
and the pursuit of ity cal conduct and responsibility for one’s ac-
pleasure. tions are emphasized as essential aspects
Charvaka Asserts that only the Brihaspati (at- of a meaningful and fulfilling life.
perceptible world is tributed to the Earthly Heav- Materialists redefined heaven and hell in
real. - Denies the va- founder of Char- en and Hell earthly terms. Heaven is perceived as en-
lidity of inference and vaka philosophy) joying life’s luxuries, akin to the gods’ en-
metaphysical con- joyment in mythological heavens. Hell is
cepts. - Advocates a seen as earthly suffering, such as diseases
naturalistic and plea- and hunger.
sure-oriented life phi-
losophy. Critics of Materialist theory
Bhautikavad Stresses the material nature of reality It oversimplifies the complexity of human experience by
(Bhautika). Considers physical elements reducing everything to material phenomena. They contend
as the fundamental constituents of the that it neglects the spiritual or transcendent aspects of life,
world. undermines moral and ethical considerations, and may lead
to a hedonistic worldview. Additionally, opponents argue
Jadavada Focuses on investigating the material or
that materialism struggles to account for consciousness,
inert (jada) aspect of existence. Empha-
subjective experiences, and aspects of reality beyond the
sizes understanding the root or origin of
physical realm.
things.
Dehatmavada Identifies the self (atman) with the body Despite criticism, Materialism is important in present times:
(deha). Rejects the duality of self and The materialist theory remains relevant in present times for
body, considering them as one entity. its emphasis on empirical evidence, rationality, and a focus
on improving the human condition without reliance on su-
Various applications of Materialism: pernatural explanations. It provides a framework for under-
Materialist Key Points standing the world, promoting ethical conduct, and valuing
Views the present life, aligning with modern principles of science,
Perception as Materialists consider perception as the secularism, and humanism.
K n o w l e d g e foundational source of knowledge. Direct
Basis sensory experiences form the basis for un- Insta Links: Lokayata / Charvaka
derstanding the world.

60 www.insightsonindia.com

CONTENT FOR MAINS ENRICHMENT
1. MATTHEW PERRY (F.R.I.E.N.D.S STAR)
Context: Matthew Perry, known for his role as Chandler Bing
in “Friends,” died recently.
Life lessons drawn from Matthew Perry’s experiences:
Life Lesson Description
Overcoming Ad- His journey from adversity, including a
versity life-threatening health crisis, demon-
strates the importance of resilience
and facing personal challenges.
Battling Sub- Perry’s battle with substance addic-
stance Addiction tion and his openness about it high-
lights the courage needed to combat
addiction and seek help.
He was an advocate for addiction
recovery, running the Perry House
sober living facility and lobbying for
drug courts.
Legacy Beyond His comedic legacy and relatable char-
Laughter acters show the power of humour and
authenticity in forming lasting connec-
tions.
2. PRISONER’S DILEMMA
Context:
Recently, the Defence Minister mentioned the concept of
“Prisoner’s Dilemma” to highlight the importance of coun-
tries collaborating instead of working against each other in
international relations.
What is the Prisoner’s Dilemma?
It is a classic concept in game theory that illustrates a situ-
ation where individuals can make rational choices that lead
to a suboptimal outcome for both. It involves two suspects
(prisoners) who can either cooperate by remaining silent or
betray each other by confessing to a crime. The possible out-
comes are:
• If both remain silent (cooperate), they both get a
minimal sentence for a lesser offence.
• If both confess (betray), they both receive a moder-
ate sentence.
• If one remains silent while the other confesses, the
one who confesses goes free, and the silent one re-
ceives a heavy sentence.
Its application in International Relations:
The Prisoner’s Dilemma concept is often applied to inter-
national relations to understand situations where countries
face choices with conflicting interests. It helps explain why
61 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
nations may not always cooperate for the best collective
outcome. For example, in arms races, two countries may
each choose to arm themselves (confess) to gain a compet-
itive advantage, even though disarmament (remaining si-
lent) would be collectively better by reducing the risk of war
and saving resources
3. CHILDREN AS POLITICAL CITIZENS
Context:
The article discusses the importance of child participation in
governance and the need to recognize children as political
citizens.
“Children as political citizens” refers to the concept of rec-
ognizing and involving children in the political and deci-
sion-making processes of a society or nation.
It emphasizes the United Nations Convention on the Rights
of the Child (UNCRC) and its focus on the right to participa-
tion among children. Child participation should go beyond
school-based initiatives and be recognized as a robust and
sustained institutional process.
Examples:
Activist Background & Initiatives
Greta Thun- Swedish teenager known for climate ac-
berg tivism. Started the “Fridays for Future”
movement to demand climate action. A
prominent voice for environmental issues
and youth engagement in climate politics.
M a l a l a Pakistani activist advocating for girls’ ed-
Yousafzai ucation. Spoke out against the Taliban’s
ban on girls’ education and survived an
attack. Symbol of girls’ right to education
worldwide.
Thandiwe Ab- Co-founder of the Black Lives Matter
dullah Youth Vanguard. Advocates for racial jus-
tice and equality. Raises awareness about
systemic racism and police brutality.
Emma Gonza- Survivor of the Parkland school shooting
lez in the U.S. Co-founded the “Never Again
MSD” movement advocating for stricter
gun control laws to prevent further school
shootings.
Usage: The examples can be used in Governance/ Ethics/ Es-
say Questions
4. 2023 BRITISH ACADEMY BOOK PRIZE:
NANDINI DAS
Context: India-born author Nandini Das has won the 2023
British Academy Book Prize for Global Cultural Understand-
ing, receiving a prize of GBP 25,000 for her book ‘Courting
 Current Affairs 30
India: England, Mughal India and the Origins of Empire.’ How was the spacecraft brought back to Earth?
The recovery of Apollo 13 is a story of teamwork, innova-
About the book: tion, and determination. When an oxygen tank exploded,
The book provides a fresh perspective on the origins of the Astronauts Jim Lovell, Jack Swigert, and Fred Haise, along
British Empire through the story of the first English ambas- with ground control and fellow astronaut Ken Mattingly,
sador to India in the 17th century, Sir Thomas Roe. The prize worked tirelessly to solve the crisis. They converted the lu-
recognizes works of non-fiction that contribute to under- nar module into a lifeboat, conserved power and resources,
standing different world cultures and their interactions. and navigated by the stars. With their collective efforts, they
managed to swing around the moon and safely return to
About the Prize: Earth, proving the resilience of human ingenuity and the
The British Academy Book Prize, established in 2013 (for- spirit of exploration.
merly the Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize), recognizes outstanding
non-fiction works in fields like humanities and social scienc- 6. SPLIT VOTING
es. It honours books that display rigour, and originality, and
enhance understanding of global cultures and interactions. Context:
The article discusses the concept of split voting, as seen in
Prestigious literary awards and their distinguished Indi- both Odisha and New Zealand.
an-origin recipients:
Literary Award Description Notable Indian-Origin What is Split Voting?
Recipients Split voting is a concept in electoral systems where voters
Pulitzer Prize Awarded for ex- Vijay Seshadri, Sid- have the option to cast separate votes for different candi-
cellence in vari- dhartha Mukherjee, dates or parties in an election.
ous fields Geeta Anand, Jhumpa
Lahiri, Danish Siddiqui, Explanation using Example:
Sanghamitra Kalita, During the 2019 Lok Sabha election, the state of Odisha had
Gobin Behari Lal, and a state election as well. So, voters had to cast two votes. Re-
others search shows that many chose to cast their vote for different
parties for the state and Lok Sabha elections. This is an ex-
Booker Prize Recognizes the Salman Rushdie,
ample of split voting.
best novel in Arundhati Roy, Kiran
English Desai, Aravind Adiga,
Similarly, New Zealand uses a mixed member proportion-
and others
al (MMP) system. In this system, voters have two votes: a
International Honours trans- Geetanjali Shree for “party vote” and an “electorate vote.” The “party vote” de-
Booker Prize lated literature “Tomb of Sand” (2022) termines the overall composition of the parliament, where
works voters choose a political party. The “electorate vote” is for
Nobel Prize in P r e s t i g i o u s Rabindranath Tagore selecting a local Member of Parliament (MP) for their specif-
Literature award for re- (1913) ic geographical constituency.
markable liter-
ary contribu- Benefits of Split Voting:
tions Benefit Description
Usage: The examples can be quoted as India’s achievement
Localized Ac- Elected representatives are held account-
in literature in Essay/Science Questions.
countability able for their local performance.
Policy Focus Parties can emphasize policies and ideol-
5. APOLLO 13 SPACECRAFT RECOVERY ogies, promoting informed voting based
on principles.
Context:
Ken Mattingly, an astronaut known for his crucial role in I m p r o v e d Enhances diversity in parliament, benefit-
helping the damaged Apollo 13 spacecraft return safely to Representa- ing women, indigenous communities, and
Earth, has passed away at the age of 87. tion marginalized groups.
Enhanced De- Allows voters to express a diverse range
What happened to the Apollo 13 spacecraft? mocracy of political preferences without wasting
The Apollo 13 spacecraft (on a mission to the moon landing their votes.
in 1970) suffered an oxygen tank explosion, which disrupted Flexibility Voters can choose the best candidate-par-
the mission and threatened the lives of the crew. They had ty combination based on their beliefs.
to abort their lunar landing.
Usage: The example can be used as a way forward for elec-

62 www.insightsonindia.com

toral reforms in Polity/Governance Questions.
7. SILENT DIWALI
Context:
Seven villages in the Erode district of Tamil Nadu, celebrated
Diwali without firecrackers to protect the avian population
at a nearby bird sanctuary.
Over 900 families committed to a quieter celebration during
the breeding season, recognizing the sensitivity of the peri-
od. For 22 years, these communities have opted for a con-
servation-minded approach to Diwali, limiting festivities to
sparklers and new clothes for children.
Values shown by villagers are Environmental Ethics, Com-
munity Harmony, Sustainability, Peaceful Coexistence, etc.
8. TAMIL NADU ENCOURAGING WOMEN
WORKFORCE
Context:
Tamil Nadu is a significant contributor to India’s manufactur-
ing sector, with 43% of the country’s women workforce in
manufacturing employed in the state.
Private Initiatives:
Initiative Description
Titan’s Compre- Titan Company Limited provided
hensive Training comprehensive training to wom-
en workers, including essential life
skills, menstrual hygiene, and safe-
ty.
Ola’s Future Facto- Ola’s Future Factory deliberately
ry Diversity hired women, emphasizing their pro-
ductivity and quality of work, break-
ing gender norms in manufacturing.
Ola implements internal complaint
committees to address concerns,
contributing to a safe and inclusive
working environment.
Ashok Leyland’s Ashok Leyland established its first
All-Women Line all-women production line, empow-
ering 80 skilled women to assemble
engines and address the growing de-
mand.
Tamil Nadu’s success in fostering women’s employment is
attributed to factors like:
1. Competitive wages
2. Well-formulated policies such as free and safe trans-
port, internal complaints committees, and maternity
leave
3. Well-networked urban infrastructure
63 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
4. Good education facilities
5. Provision of crèches
6. Access to healthcare
Despite progress, challenges remain, including the need for
greater acceptance of women in leadership roles and con-
tinuous efforts to ensure equal treatment and protection
against discrimination.
Usage: The examples can be used in Economy/ Women re-
lated Qn/ Ethics (Gender inclusivity) / Essay
9. AUSTRALIA APOLOGISES FOR THALIDO-
MIDE TRAGEDY
Context:
The Australian government has announced a formal apol-
ogy to individuals impacted by the thalidomide tragedy, a
drug prescribed for morning sickness during the 1950s and
1960s that led to severe birth defects.
What happened?
Thalidomide is a sedative drug prescribed to pregnant wom-
en in order to relieve pregnancy nausea in the 1950s. It was
later found to cause malformation of limbs, facial features
and internal organs in unborn children.
Notably, it was not tested on pregnant women before ap-
proval, resulting in global medical reforms.
Over 10,000 children worldwide suffered birth defects, and
approximately 40% did not survive beyond a year.
Usage: The Australian government’s apology for the thalid-
omide tragedy reflects ethical values such as accountability,
empathy, and recognition of past failures. Also, the tragedy
demonstrates the need for strictly enforced regulation of
drug testing, marketing, dispensing, and use.
10. LONELINESS A SIGNIFICANT GLOBAL
HEALTH THREAT
Context:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared loneli-
ness a significant global health threat, highlighting its mor-
tality impact equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes a day.
What is Loneliness?
It is a state of feeling emotionally isolated or lacking mean-
ingful connections with others, leading to a sense of soli-
tude and social disconnection.
Issues Caused by Loneliness:
Issues Examples
 Current Affairs 30

Mental Health Chal- Depression, anxiety, increased What is CCAP?

lenges stress levels It is a part of global efforts to identify and implement cli-
mate actions, addressing vulnerabilities like urban flooding
Physical Health Impact The WHO highlights increased
and pollution.
risks of dementia and cardio-
vascular diseases in lonely old-
What is C40?
er adults, with 5-15% of adoles-
It is a global network of nearly 100 mayors of the world’s
cents experiencing loneliness.
leading cities that are united in action to confront the climate
Cognitive Decline Increased risk of dementia in old- crisis. 6 Indian Cities namely Delhi NCT, Mumbai, Chennai,
er adults Kolkata, Bengaluru, and Ahmedabad are parties to it
Social Isolation Limited social interactions, feel-
ing excluded
Impact on Adolescents Higher likelihood of dropping out Usage: The example can be used in Disaster Management
of school Qn
Economic Conse- Poorer job satisfaction, perfor-
quences mance at work 12. “WOMEN FOR WATER, WATER FOR
Negative Impact on Overall reduced quality of life WOMEN CAMPAIGN”
Well-being
Context:
Solution:
The “Women for Water, Water for Women Campaign”
1. Recognize loneliness as a pressing health concern,
launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs aims
and prioritize social connections
to empower women in water governance.
2. WHO has launched an international commission,
led by U.S. Surgeon General Vivek Murthy and Afri-
Under it, women will visit water treatment plants to learn
can Union youth envoy
about water treatment processes and quality testing proto-
3. Dr. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, the WHO Direc-
cols. The campaign focuses on instilling a sense of owner-
tor-General, emphasizes the need to establish social
ship among women towards water infrastructure, with over
connection as a global health priority.
15,000 Self Help Groups (SHG) women participating.
4. Tech-Based Solutions for Social Connection: Virtu-
al platforms, such as online communities and social
It promotes inclusivity, and gender equality, and aims to
apps, foster connections among individuals world-
enhance women’s role in ensuring access to safe drinking
wide.
water for their households.
Usage: The example can be quoted in Indian Society/ Mental
Health/ Essay Question
The campaign is part of the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation
and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) and has the potential
11. BENGALURU’S CLIMATE ACTION to create positive community impact and serve as a model
PLAN (CCAP) for future initiatives.

Context: 13. TAMIL DIASPORA CONTRIBUTIONS

Bengaluru launched its Climate Action Plan (CCAP) in line
with C40 Cities’ commitment to tackle climate change.
TO INDIA’S FREEDOM STRUGGLE
• Implementation Agency: Bruhat Bengaluru Mah- Notable figures and their contributions to the Indian free-
anagara Palike (BBMP) dom struggle:
About the objectives: Name Contribution
1. 269 actions were outlined to mitigate climate G o v i n d a swa my A key member of the Satyagraha cam-
change impacts in areas such as including urban Thambi Naidoo paign led by Mahatma Gandhi during
heat, flooding, droughts, thunderstorms, lightning, 1906-14 (in South Africa)
and air pollution Monty Naicker Focused on freedom and justice, ad-
2. Bengaluru commits to carbon emission reduction vocating for Indian rights in South Af-
by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2050 rica.
3. The BBMP has engaged the World Resources Insti- Janaki Athi Na- Member of the Indian National Army
tute (WRI) as a global consultant to formulate the happan (INA), fought against the British in
CCAP for 2050 World War II

64 www.insightsonindia.com

Usage: Names can be quoted in Modern History/ Ethics (val-
ues of patriotism, sacrifice, service)
14. PAURADHWANI PROGRAM
Context:
The Kerala State Literacy Mission (KSLM) is launching the
‘Pauradhwani’ program in Ernakulam and eight other dis-
tricts to shape informed and independent citizens.
Current Affairs 30
Prime Minister Narendra Modi and singer Falu, has been
nominated for the 2022 Grammy Awards in the Best Global
Music Performance category.
The song promotes the benefits of millet in the world’s food
supply and advocates for their consumption as a healthy
alternative. The nomination aligns with the designation of
2023 as the “International Year of Millets” by the United
Nations.

Aim: About the Grammy Awards (presented by the Recording

This program aims to instil scientific aptitude, independent Academy of the United States): It recognizes outstand-
thinking, secularism, democratic spirit, constitutional val- ing achievements in the music industry, honouring artists
ues, and awareness about rights among the population. across various genres. The Oscars, on the other hand, cele-
brate excellence in the film industry.
‘Pauradhwani’ has a six-point motto, emphasizing the
• Rights of marginalized sections
• Democracy
• Brotherhood
• Building an egalitarian society

The program covers topics such as the independence strug-

gle, forest rights, rules for coastal areas, women-centric
rules, and rights and laws governing children, health, and
nutrition.

Usage: The example can be used in Indian Society/ Ethics

Case Studies/ Governance Qn

15. SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN

Context:
Srinivasa Ramanujan’s college, the historical Government
Arts College in Kumbakonam (Tamil Nadu), is undergoing a
restoration project.

Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887–1920) was an Indian mathema-

tician renowned for his extraordinary contributions to num-
ber theory, mathematical analysis, and continued fractions.
He self-taught mathematics and gained recognition for his
talent. Ramanujan’s work included groundbreaking results
in mathematical analysis, infinite series, and elliptic func-
tions.
Despite facing initial challenges, he collaborated with British
mathematician G. H. Hardy at Cambridge University. Nation-
al Mathematics Day is celebrated on Srinivasa Ramanujan’s
birth anniversary (22nd December)
Values shown by him: Passion for Learning, Perseverance,
Innate Genius, Collaboration, and Legacy of Discovery
17. AMAZON WOMEN OF THE WORLD
(WOW) PROGRAMME
Amazon WoW is a networking platform for women engi-
neering students in India, connecting them with Amazon
leaders and recruiters. It offers skill-building sessions, ca-
reer insights from alumni, and information about Amazon’s
culture.
Aim:
It aims to foster optimising resource utilisation, upskilling
and promoting tech careers among women in STEM (Sci-
ence, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics)

Usage: The example can be cited in women-related Qn/Es-

say as private CSR initiatives to encourage women in science.
16. “ABUNDANCE IN MILLETS” SONG
Context: The song “Abundance in Millets,” featuring Indian

65 www.insightsonindia.com

Initiatives in School Education and Environment
Initiatives in School Education
Odisha Adar- Provides English-medium education in
sha Vidyalayas rural and semi-urban areas, promoting
(OAV) social equity and achieving remarkable
results in national-level exams.
‘Mo School’ Engages alumni to contribute to school
Abhiyan development.
5T-High School Focuses on technology-driven improve-
Transformation ments in high schools, leading to a sig-
Programme nificant shift in enrolment patterns fa-
vouring government schools.
Initiatives for Cutting Down on Plastic Pollution:
Initiatives
Plastic credits Tradable credits are bought and sold by
companies to offset their plastic waste,
similar to carbon credits.
Plastic offsetting A concept where companies and con-
sumers can compensate for their plas-
tic consumption by purchasing plastic
credits.
Plastic neutral- Achieved when a company purchases
ity enough plastic credits to offset its en-
tire plastic footprint for a set period.
Usage: The examples can used for Education, plastic-related
questions in the main paper
18. ICE STUPAS
Context:
Ladakh is facing a water crisis, flash flooding, decrease in
meadows (pasture for pashmina goats).
Despite these challenges, there is hope in the form of “ice
stupas,” a solution devised by engineer Sonam Wangchuk.
These structures, resembling Buddhist stupas, are created
by freezing water in winter and provide a water supply in
spring. They have gained popularity and become a source of
entertainment in Ladakh.
66 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Use: This is an example of adaptation to the effect of cli-
mate change
19. MITTI CAFÉ
Context:
Mitti Cafe, a social initiative by the Mitti Social Initiative
Foundation, has opened a 750-square-foot cafe within the
premises of the Supreme Court of India. Inaugurated by
Chief Justice DY Chandrachud, the cafe features decor and
furniture made by persons with disabilities and their care-
givers.
Mitti Cafe, dedicated to providing employment to persons
with disabilities, operates 41 cafes across India and has sold
over 11 million meals, employing 4,000 individuals with dis-
abilities. The collaboration with the Supreme Court aims to
break stigmas around disability and promote diversity and
inclusion. The cafe’s menu is also available in Braille.
Usage: The example of Mitti Cafe reflects ethical values such
as inclusivity, diversity, and social responsibility.
20. JUSTICE M. FATHIMA BEEVI
Context:
Justice M. Fathima Beevi, the first woman judge of the Su-
preme Court of India, passed away recently.
Born in 1927 in Kerala, she overcame challenges in the
male-dominated legal field, rising from advocate to Su-
preme Court Judge.
Justice M. Fathima Beevi’s life imparts valuable lessons and
embodies enduring values:
1. Perseverance and Determination: Overcoming gen-
der bias and societal challenges, she persevered in a
male-dominated legal profession, showcasing resil-
ience and determination.
2. Breaking Barriers: Justice Beevi shattered the glass
ceiling, becoming the first woman and Muslim wom-
an in higher judiciary in Asia.
3. Commitment to Justice: Throughout her career, she
demonstrated an unwavering commitment to jus-
tice, evident in her notable judgments that upheld
principles of fairness and equality.
4. Advocacy for Women’s Rights: Beyond her legal
role, Justice Beevi was a vocal advocate for women’s
rights, emphasizing gender equality and paving the
way for future generations of women in law.
Usage: Her example can be used in Qn related to Women/
Ethics and Essay

21. PAUL LYNCH: 2023 BOOKER PRIZE
FOR HIS NOVEL “PROPHET SONG”
Context:
Ireland’s Paul Lynch, 46, has won the 2023 Booker Prize with
his novel “Prophet Song,” a dystopian narrative set in Dublin
amid totalitarian rule.
Content of Novel:
The novel explores a family’s struggle in a world where
democratic norms are eroding. Lynch mentioned that the
inspiration for “Prophet Song” came from the Syrian war
and refugee crisis.
The other nominees for the Booker Prize included works by
Paul Murray, Chetna Maroo, Paul Harding, Jonathan Escoff-
ery, and Sarah Bernstein. The Booker Prize is a prestigious
literary award, with previous winners including Margaret At-
wood, Hilary Mantel, Bernardine Evaristo, and Salman Rush-
die.
Previously, Bulgarian writer Georgi Gospodinov and trans-
lator Angela Rodel have won the International Booker Prize
for their novel “Time Shelter.”
Prize Description Scope
B o o k e r Awarded annually for Limited to En-
Prize the best original nov- g l i s h - l a n g u a g e
el written in English, works
open to authors from
the UK, Ireland, and
the Commonwealth.
E.g., Salman Rushdie, Arundhati Roy, Kiran
Desai, Aravind Adiga, and others
Internation- Honours a book trans- Open to books
al Booker lated into English and from around the
Prize recognizes the com- world, translated
bined efforts of the au- into English.
thor and translator.
E.g., “Tomb of Sand’ became the first book
written in an Indian language to be award-
ed the International Booker Prize.
Usage: The example can be used in an Essay/Ethics paper.
22. EGYPTOLOGY AND NAPOLEON’S
FAILED EGYPT EXPEDITION
Context:
Napoleon’s failed Egypt expedition in 1798-1801, driven by
colonial ambitions and competition with the British, is cred-
ited with giving birth to Egyptology.
67 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Despite military setbacks, the expedition led by Napoleon
involved around 160 scholars in various fields, laying the
foundation for the study and documentation of Egypt’s his-
tory and culture. The resulting works, such as Dominique-Vi-
vant Denon’s “Travels in Lower and Upper Egypt” and “The
Description of Egypt,” marked the start of academic archae-
ology in the Nile Valley.
Who was Napoleon?
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) was a French military and
political leader who rose to prominence during the French
Revolution. He became Emperor of the French in 1804 and
embarked on a series of military campaigns across Europe,
known as the Napoleonic Wars. Despite his military bril-
liance, he faced defeats, leading to his exile. His impact in-
cludes legal and educational reforms, the Napoleonic Code,
and shaping modern European geopolitics.
Usage: The example can be used to show the positive impact
of colonialism on culture esp. documentation and preserva-
tion of cultural heritages
23. PROJECT Q*
Context:
OpenAI’s Project Q*, an AI breakthrough, has sparked con-
troversy and concerns about its potential threat to humanity.
What is Project Q*?
Project Q* is an AI breakthrough, reportedly capable of solv-
ing complex problems and demonstrating advanced rea-
soning similar to humans. The project has raised concerns
about its potential threat to humanity, with fears stemming
from its deep learning capabilities, potential to accelerate
scientific progress and the possibility of unintended conse-
quences and misuse.
What is Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) and how it is
different from Generative AI?
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) refers to artificial intel-
ligence with human-like cognitive abilities, enabling it to
understand, learn, and apply knowledge across various do-
mains, similar to human intelligence. Q* is seen as a leap
towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI).
Difference from Generative AI: While AGI aims for broad
intelligence, Generative AI specifically concentrates on pro-
ducing content, such as images, text, or other forms of data,
using algorithms and models trained on existing examples.
Ethical Dilemmas: The ethical concerns surrounding Project
Q* include questions about the adequacy of safety mea-
sures, the potential acceleration of scientific progress, and
the responsible commercialization of such advanced AI mod-
els.

24. HENRY KISSINGER
FACTS FOR PRELIMS
GS-1
1. PICHWAI PAINTING
Context:
Chennai’s Collage is hosting an art exhibition showcasing
Pichwai paintings, some of which date back 350 years.
• Pichwai art originated in Nathdwara, near Udaipur,
and is traditionally created on cloth, typically khadi.
Features:
• The paintings use stone pigments for gold and sil-
ver tones and vegetable dyes for vibrant colours
like orange, red, chrome yellow, and kesari.
• The detailed work is meticulous and time-con-
suming, taking several months to complete a single
piece.
• The art form has evolved over time, with modern
themes and influences incorporated by artists.
In recent years, there has been a resurgence in Pichwai art,
attracting younger buyers and encouraging artists to return
to their hometowns in Rajasthan to learn and continue the
traditional techniques.
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Current Affairs 30
2. KOZHIKODE AS ‘CITY OF LITERATURE’
AND GWALIOR AS THE ‘CITY OF MUSIC’
Context:
Kozhikode, a city in Kerala, and Gwalior, a city in Madhya
Pradesh, have been included in UNESCO’s Creative Cities
Network (UCCN).
• These cities were chosen to represent specific cre-
ative fields, with Kozhikode falling under the cate-
gory of literature and Gwalior under music.
• Indian cities that are part of this network include
Varanasi (music), Srinagar (crafts and folk arts), Hy-
derabad (Gastronomy), Jaipur (Crafts and Folk Arts)
and Chennai (music).
About Kozhikode
It has a rich literary tradition and is known for producing
prominent writers and cultural figures. The city has a histo-
ry of significant literary contributions, with the first Malay-
alam novel, Kundalatha, being authored there in 1887
UNESCO Creative Cities Network:
1. The UNESCO Creative Cities Network (established in
2004 by UNSECO), consists of 350 cities in over a hun-
dred countries. Its purpose is to encourage cooperation
among cities that recognize creativity as a key element
for sustainable urban development
2. Categories include: 1. Crafts and folk arts 2. Media arts
3. Film 4. Design 5. Gastronomy 6. Literature and 7. Mu-
sic.
3. The network aims to leverage the creative, social, and
economic potential of cultural industries, aligning with
UNESCO’s objectives of promoting cultural diversi-
ty and enhancing resilience to challenges like climate
change, inequality, and rapid urbanization.
 Current Affairs 30
4. It promotes a culture of creativity in urban planning and
solutions to urban issues.

3. AO AND SÜMI NAGA COMMUNITIES IN

NAGALAND
Context:
Ao and Sümi Naga communities in Nagaland follow practices
passed down through generations, preserving seeds from
successful harvests for successive cycles.
• Traditionally agrarian, the Ao and Sümi Naga com-
munities practise jhum or shifting cultivation Chanda Sahib, backed by the French, besieged Tiruchirap-
palli but faced defeat at the hands of English forces. His son
About Ao Naga Community: was defeated and killed at Arcot, leading to Chanda Sahib’s
The Aos, a major Naga ethnic group in Nagaland’s Mokok- capture by the Marathas and subsequent beheading. Mu-
chung District, refer to themselves as Aoer, meaning “those hammed Ali was installed as the Nawab of Arcot by the En-
who came” from across the Dikhu River. They were the first glish in 1754. The Treaty of Pondicherry led to the cessation
Nagas to embrace Christianity, incorporating Western edu- of the conflict.
cation. The Moatsü Festival is observed in early May after
sowing, and the Tsüngremong Festival, the community’s
largest, is celebrated right after the harvest. 5. PM-KISAN SCHEME

About Sumis: Context:

The Sümis are a major Naga ethnic group inhabiting the ter- Prime Minister will release the 15th instalment of the PM-KI-
ritories of Zünheboto District, parts of Niuland District and SAN scheme on November 15, celebrated as ‘Janjatiya
Kiphire District in the Northeast Indian state of Nagaland. Gaurav Diwas’ (Tribal Pride Day), at Birsa College, Khunti,
They are recognised as a Scheduled Tribe (STs). The ances- Jharkhand.
tral religion of the Sümis was the worship of nature. Sümis
are 99% Christians. Very few of them still practice animism.
Tülüni (July 8) is a festival of great significance for the Sümis.

4. CONSTANTINE JOSEPH BESCHI

Context:
Constantine Joseph Beschi, an Italian Jesuit missionary
known as Veeramamunivar, maintained a close friendship
with Chanda Sahib, the Nawab of the Carnatic, and served
as his Dewan.
• The Nawab gifted Veeramamunivar four villages and
conferred upon him the surname Ismattee Sannyasi.

Who was Chanda Sahib?

Chanda Sahib (died 1752) was a subject of the Mughal
Empire and the Nawab of the Carnatic between 1749 and
1752. Initially, he was supported by the French during the
2nd Carnatic Wars. After his defeat at Arcot in 1751, he was
captured by the Marathas of Thanjavur and executed.
What is the Second Carnatic War (1749-1754)?
It conflict arose from a succession dispute in the south after
the death of the Nizam of Hyderabad.
About Tribal Pride Day
Tribal Pride Day is observed on November 15, coinciding
with Jharkhand’s foundation day. The day commemorates
Birsa Munda, born on November 15, 1875, a valiant leader
in the movement against British repression. The central gov-
ernment approved the establishment of 10 tribal freedom
fighter museums across India on Independence Day 2016.

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 Current Affairs 30

6. INDIAN MINIATURE PAINTING
Context:
The art historian B N Goswamy gained prominence with his
ground-breaking 1968 article, revealing family lineages of
artists crucial to the development of miniature painting.
What was Goswamy’s contribution?
His contribution lies in revealing that painting styles were
family-dependent rather than region-dependent. He recon-
structed family networks of renowned artists, such as Pandit
Seu and his sons Nainsukh and Manaku.
Previous Belief: Previously it was believed that a minimal
material exchange between the core and mantle,
New findings suggest that tectonic plates have transported
surface water around 1,800 miles below the surface to the
core-mantle boundary. The water undergoes a chemical re-
action with the core’s silicon, forming silica and creating a
hydrogen-rich, silicon-depleted layer at the outer core.
Significance: This discovery has significant implications for
understanding Earth’s internal processes, magnetic field,
heat generation, and plate tectonics.

About Miniature Paintings: Earth’s Discontinuities

Layers
Crust Mohorovičić
Discontinuity
(Moho)
Mantle (Up- Repetti Disconti-
per) nuity
M a n t l e Lehmann Discon-
(Transition) tinuity
M a n t l e Gutenberg Dis-
(Lower) continuity
Outer Core Lehmann Dis-
continuity (at
the core-mantle
boundary)
Inner Core Bullen Disconti-
nuity (at the inner
core boundary)

7. E PRIME LAYER
Context:
A study led by an international team, including researchers
from Arizona State University, has unveiled a link between
Earth’s surface and its core, indicating that surface water
has penetrated deep into the Earth, forming a distinct layer
known as the E prime layer.
What is an E-Prime Layer?
The E-Prime Layer is a distinct layer at the outermost part
of Earth’s core, formed by surface water penetrating deep
into the planet over billions of years. This layer is character-
ized by a hydrogen-rich, silicon-depleted composition, in-
fluenced by a chemical reaction with the core’s silicon at the
core-mantle boundary.
8. TANTALUM
Context:
Tantalum, a rare metal, has recently been discovered in the
Sutlej River by an IIT Ropar team
More about News:
What is Tan- It is a grey, heavy, and highly corrosion-re-
talum? sistant element with the atomic number
73
Discovery: Tantalum is a rare metal which was first
discovered in 1802 by Swedish chemist
Anders Gustaf Ekenberg.
Properties: Grey, heavy, highly corrosion-resistant
Forms an oxide layer when exposed to air
Ductile, allowing stretching into thin wires
Extremely resistant to chemical attack at
temperatures below 150°C
High melting point, exceeded only by tung-
sten and rhenium.

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 Current Affairs 30

Uses of Tan- Capacitors in the electronic sector for com-
talum: pact energy storage.
Component in chemical plants, nuclear
power plants, aircraft, and missiles.
Substitute for platinum due to its high
melting point.
Used in medical applications for surgical
equipment and implants.
Composite with tantalum carbide (TaC)
used in high-speed machine tool cutting
edges.
Significance The discovery in the Sutlej River sand sug-
of Discovery: gests a potential domestic source, reduc-
ing import dependence and benefiting
India’s electronics and semiconductor in-
dustry.
India imports almost all of its Tantalum,
mainly from the United States, the United
Kingdom, and Germany. Democratic Re-
public of the Congo is the largest producer
in the world.
Reserve in Tantalum ore is available in India in the
India form of tantalite-columbite ore in mines in
Bihar, Rajasthan, and Karnataka.
About Satluj It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus
River: River and the longest of the five rivers in
Punjab, northern India, and Pakistan (Jhe-
lum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Satluj).
It is also known as Satadree, an anteced-
ent river maintaining its original course de-
spite topographic changes.
It rises on the north slope of the Himala-
yas in Lake La’nga in southwestern Tibet.
Sutlej River meets the Beas River in Harike
in the Ferozpur district before entering Pa-
kistan. The combined rivers then form the
Panjnad, the link between the Five Rivers
and the Indus.
It is home to Bhakra Dam and the Luhri
Stage-I Hydro Electric Project Flows from
Tibet to India, meeting the Beas River in
Punjab.
What is the Commission on Social Connection (2024–2026)?
It is a 3-year initiative to address loneliness as a global
health threat. The Commission consists of 11 policy-makers
and advocates. It aims to analyse the role of social connec-
tion in health, well-being, economic progress, social devel-
opment, and innovation.
The Commission seeks to define a global agenda on so-
cial connection, raise awareness, and collaborate on evi-
dence-based solutions, with a focus on the impact of loneli-
ness across various age groups and income levels.
The article is to be read in combination with the previous
article: Loneliness a Significant Global Health Threat
10. HUNGER HOTSPOTS
Context:
The FAO and WFP have issued a warning that acute food in-
security is expected to worsen in 18 hunger hotspots, cov-
ering 22 countries (e.g., Countries like Afghanistan, Nigeria,
Somalia, South Sudan, and Yemen are at the highest concern
level)
What are hunger hotspots?
Hunger hotspots are regions or countries identified by orga-
nizations like FAO and WFP where acute food insecurity is a
pressing concern. These areas have a high number of people
facing critical food shortages and worsening factors that are
expected to intensify life-threatening conditions in the near
future.
Other Hotspots:
1. Haiti, the Sahel (Burkina Faso and Mali), Malawi,
Guatemala, Honduras and Sudan
2. Pakistan, the Central African Republic, Ethiopia,
Kenya, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the
Syrian Arab Republic, and Myanmar. Lebanon, El Sal-
vador, and Nicaragua are newly added to the list
The warning is based on the high number of people facing
critical acute food insecurity and worsening factors that are
expected to exacerbate the situation in the coming months.
11. KAMBALA

9. WHO’S COMMISSION ON SOCIAL CON-

NECTION (2024–2026)
Context:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has launched a Com-
mission on Social Connection, co-chaired by U.S. Surgeon
General Dr. Vivek Murthy and African Union Youth Envoy
Chido Mpemba.

71 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30
gland.

About the discovered Geoglyph:

This geoglyph, measuring 7.5 meters in diameter with a per-
fect circular shape and two triangles inside, is the first of its
kind found in Telangana. It has been dated to the Iron Age,
around 1000 BCE. Experts suggested that it might have been
a model for megalithic communities when planning their
circular burial sites.

Significance: Geoglyphs can serve various purposes, includ-

ing artistic, ceremonial, or navigational. Geoglyph shows the
artistic skills and etching techniques of the region’s Iron Age
inhabitants

12. LEAVE BENEFITS FOR WOMEN IN THE

ARMED FORCES
Context:
The Defence Minister has approved a proposal to provide
maternity, childcare, and child adoption leave to women 14. KONDAVEEDU FORT
soldiers, sailors, and air warriors, bringing their leave bene-
fits in line with officers in the armed forces. Context:
• This decision aims to promote the “inclusive partici- The Kondaveedu Fort in Andhra Pradesh now hosts a cultur-
pation” of women in the military, regardless of their al gallery showcasing its rich historical significance from the
ranks and is intended to improve the work-life bal- 13th to the 20th century
ance for women in the armed forces.
• Maternity leave is governed by the Maternity Bene- About the fort:
fit Act of 1961, amended in 2017. It allows working Kondaveedu Fort located south of River Krishna near Gun-
women to take paid maternity leave for twenty-six tur, was constructed by Prolaya Vema Reddy. It was used as
weeks for the first two children.
the capital by the Reddy dynasty between 1328 and 1482,
Currently, women officers receive 180 days of maternity
shifting from their former capital at Addanki
leave with full pay for each child (up to a maximum of two
children), 360 days of childcare leave in their total service
It was taken by the Vijayanagara emperor Krishnade-
career (for children under 18), and 180 days of child adop-
varaya in 1516.
tion leave for children under one year.
The Reddy dynasty was based in Coastal Andhra, spanning
13. GEOGLYPH from Vishakapatnam in the north to Kanchipuram in the
south. They were notable patrons of Telugu literature.
Context:
A remarkable archaeological discovery has been made in Tel-
angana, with the unearthing of a 3,000-year-old geoglyph in
15. LEATHER PUPPETRY
the form of a circular design near Mudichu Thalapalli in the
Context: Leather puppetry, an ancient art form in Andhra
Medchal-Malkajgiri district.
Pradesh, is facing extinction.
What is Geoglyph?
What is Leather puppetry?
A geoglyph is a large, intricate design or motif created on
It is an ancient art form that involves the use of puppets
the ground’s surface, often by arranging natural materials or
made from goat skin. Puppeteers craft puppets depicting
altering the landscape itself. Notable examples include the
characters from Hindu mythology, and performances often
Nazca Lines in Peru and the Uffington White Horse in En-

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 Current Affairs 30
revolve around themes from epics like Ramayana and Ma-
habharata.

Threats faced by puppeteers:

• The majority of the Puppeteers, who originally came
from Maharashtra and settled near Kakinada, have
embraced other faiths and subsequently quit pup-
petry which is purely based on Hindu mythological
stories.
• Low Income: The puppeteers are struggling for live-
lihoods, with the impact of digital media and a de-
cline in public interest.

What is Shadow puppetry and how is it different from

Leather Puppetry? About Japan’s Ogasawara island chain:
Shadow puppetry is a traditional form of puppetry where The chain, also known as the Bonin Islands, consists of over
puppets made of translucent material, often leather, are 30 islands and islets created by volcanic processes, including
used to create shadows on a screen. Here the focus is on phreatomagmatic eruptions.
the shadows cast on the screen, and the puppets are typi-
cally made of thin, semi-transparent material like leather or
parchment. Leather puppetry, on the other hand, involves
the use of more substantial, often opaque, puppets made
from materials like goat skin.

16. UNDERWATER VOLCANO ERUPTION

Context:
A new island has emerged near Japan’s Ogasawara island
chain following an underwater volcano eruption in late Oc- 17. KOLKALI
tober 2023.
• The island formed through phreatomagmatic erup- Context:
tions triggered by the interaction of magma with Kolkali, performed by the mothers’ grouping of the Thrissur
seawater. Archdiocese in remembrance of St. Thomas’ arrival in India.

What are phreatomagmatic eruptions? About Description

Phreatomagmatic eruptions are volcanic events triggered
by the interaction of magma with water, typically seawa-
ter. These interactions lead to explosive releases of ash and
steam. The term “phreatomagmatic” combines “phreat-
ic,” relating to water, and “magmatic,” referring to magma.
These eruptions often occur underwater and are character-
ized by the explosive nature of the ash and steam release.
Origin Kolkali is a traditional folk art form per-
formed in the Malabar region of Kerala.
Also, Known as Thattinmelkali when per-
formed on wooden stages.
Performance The dance involves moving in a circle, strik-
Style ing small sticks, and maintaining rhythm
with special steps. The circle expands and
contracts as the dance progresses.
Cultural Sig- Popular in the Kerala School Kalolsavam,
nificance considered the biggest cultural event in
Asia.

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 Current Affairs 30

Styles Two styles: Actual Kolkali and Thekkan Ko- 19. SAINTS IN NEWS
ladi. Actual Kolkali includes Thacholikali,
Rajasooyam, etc.
Actual Kolkali is nearly on the verge of ex-
tinction.
O c c a s i o n s Celebrations of joy, spreading happiness,
for Perfor- and during the paddy harvest season.
mance
Community Villagers, regardless of caste and creed, ac-
Participation tively participate.
Inclusivity Performed by troupes from Muslim, Chris-
tian, and Harijan communities.
About St. St. Thomas, one of the twelve apostles of
Thomas Jesus Christ, is believed to have arrived in
India in the 1st century AD. According to
tradition, he landed in the southwestern
state of Kerala. St. Thomas is credited with
spreading Christianity in India, particularly
in the Malabar Coast region

18. MADIGA COMMUNITY

Context:
The Prime Minister has initiated the formation of a commit-
tee to address the long-standing demand for sub-categoriza-
tion of the Madiga community within the Scheduled Castes,
just days before the Telangana Assembly election.
Why the need?
The Madiga community, constituting about 50% of Telanga-
na’s SC population, has long advocated for equitable distri-
bution of reservation benefits, asserting that the benefits
have predominantly favoured the Mala community. This
move aims to ensure fair distribution of reservation benefits
among all SC sub-castes, addressing historical disparities.
About Madiga Community:
Madiga is a Telugu caste, mainly living in the states of Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana and Karnataka, with a small minority in
Tamil Nadu. Madigas are historically associated with the
work of tannery, leatherwork and small handicrafts. Today,
most are agricultural labourers.
20. PARTHENON SCULPTURES
Context:
A diplomatic dispute between Greece and the UK has arisen
over the Parthenon Sculptures housed at the British Muse-
um.
• Greece has consistently sought the permanent re-
turn of the sculptures, also known as the Elgin Mar-
bles, which are over 2,000 years old and originally
adorned the Parthenon temple in Athens.
• The sculptures were removed by Thomas Bruce,
the 7th Earl of Elgin, in the early 19th century and
purchased by the British Museum in 1816.
• While Greece alleges theft, Lord Elgin claimed per-
mission from the Ottoman Empire
The Parthenon Sculptures are a collection of more than 30
ancient Greek stone sculptures. They are over 2,000 years
old and were originally part of the Parthenon temple in
Athens. The sculptures are currently housed in the British
Museum

What is the sub-categorization of SC groups?

Sub-categorization involves classifying existing SC caste
groups into further categories based on their historical
dominance in availing government benefits meant for SCs.

Aim: It aims to ensure a more equitable distribution of

benefits among SC communities by giving higher shares
to historically marginalized groups and lesser shares to those
that have traditionally dominated such benefits.

74 www.insightsonindia.com

21. MAN, THE HUNTER - THEORY
Context:
A recent study challenges the traditional notion of ‘Man,
the Hunter,’ suggesting that women not only participated
in hunting during the Palaeolithic era but also had certain
biological advantages.
• The ‘Man, the Hunter’ theory emerged in the
1960s, proposing that hunting played a significant
role in human evolution. However, recent studies
have contested this idea, highlighting the oversight
of women’s participation in hunting activities.
• The study argues that estrogen, a hormone pro-
duced more in females, contributes to their met-
abolic suitability for endurance activities like run-
ning, challenging the notion that only males excel
in such activities.
• From an archaeological perspective, the study ex-
amines burial remains and injury patterns among
our closest extinct human relatives, the Neander-
thals.
• The researchers found no significant differences in
trauma or injury patterns based on sex, suggesting
that both males and females were engaged in simi-
lar activities, including ambush-hunting large game
animals and processing hides for leather.
The study also addresses the societal changes around
10,000 years ago with the advent of agriculture, leading to
rigid gender roles and economic inequality. The researchers
argue that the shift towards gendered roles occurred with
the intensification of agriculture, population growth, and
the concentration of resources
GS-2
1. INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION NET-
WORK
Context:
The Competition Commission of India (CCI) has achieved
membership in the 18-member steering committee of the
International Competition Network (ICN), a global body
dedicated to competition law enforcement.
• The ICN includes 140 competition agencies and
serves as an informal platform for antitrust author-
ities to foster regular communication and address
practical competition concerns.
• The ICN’s members comprise both national and
multinational competition authorities, and they
collaborate in project-oriented working groups to
produce results in the realm of competition en-
forcement.
The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a statutory
body that enforces the Competition Act, 2002. The CCI was
established in 2009 by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs
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Current Affairs 30
2. 2ND VOICE OF GLOBAL SOUTH SUMMIT
(VOGSS)
Context:
The 2nd Voice of Global South Summit, hosted by India, fo-
cused on condemning the Hamas attacks of October 7 and
called for restraint, dialogue, and diplomacy to resolve the
Israel-Hamas conflict.
What is VOGSS?
Voice of Global South Summit is a platform where countries
from the Global South, often described as developing or less
developed, come together to share perspectives and prior-
ities. The summit focuses on sustaining momentum toward
a more inclusive, representative, and progressive world or-
der.
The outcome of the summit:
Indian PM unveils DAKSHIN (Global South Centre of Excel-
lence) and calls for 5 ‘Cs’ for the Global South: Consultation,
Cooperation, Communication, Creativity, and Capacity build-
ing.
What is the global south?
The term “Global South” refers to various countries often
described as “developing,” “less developed” or “underde-
veloped.” The concept of the Global South can be traced to
the Brandt report of 1980.
India’s initiatives for Global south:
India has taken several initiatives for South-South cooper-
ation, including the induction of the African Union into the
G20 Grouping, International Solar Alliance, Global Biofuel
Alliance, and Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure.
Initiatives such as MAHARISHI focus on global food securi-
ty, while the G20 Digital Public Infrastructure Framework
aim to enhance collaboration and address shared challenges
among Global South
3. TREATY ON CONVENTIONAL ARMED
FORCES IN EUROPE
Context:
NATO allies have condemned Russia’s decision to withdraw
from the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
(CFE), a crucial post-Cold War agreement that limited certain
categories of conventional armed forces.
• Russia formally withdrew from the treaty, blaming
the United States for undermining post-Cold War se-
curity through the expansion of the NATO military
alliance.
• In response, NATO announced the suspension of
the CFE Treaty’s operation, stating that the Russian
move was part of a series of actions undermining

Euro-Atlantic security
The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE)
was signed in Paris and it was negotiated during the final
years of the Cold War. The treaty’s main objective was to
reduce the possibility of a surprise armed attack in Europe.
The treaty established limits on conventional military
equipment in Europe, from the Atlantic to the Urals. It also
mandated the destruction of excess weaponry.
• The CFE Treaty is often referred to as the “cornerstone
of European security”.
4. UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION OF INDIA
(USI)
Context: The United Service Institution of India (USI) is orga-
nizing its Annual UN Forum 2023 in New Delhi, focusing on
‘International Humanitarian Law and Peacekeeping.’
In collaboration with the International Committee of the Red
Cross and the Centre for UN Peacekeeping Operations, the
forum addresses challenges in applying International Hu-
manitarian Law (IHL) principles in contemporary UN peace-
keeping missions.
About United Service Institution of India (USI):
USI is the India’s oldest think-tank, established in 1870. It
serves as a platform for research and debate on national se-
curity and military affairs.
5. INTERNATIONAL TROPICAL TIMBER OR-
GANIZATION (ITTO)
Context:
The 59th International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC) re-
cently concluded its annual session, focusing on sustainable
tropical forest management and the trade of sustainably
produced tropical timber.
What is Timber?
Timber refers to wood that has been processed and pre-
pared for use in various applications, such as construction,
furniture, and other industries. It is obtained from trees and
is a primary raw material in the wood industry.
About ITTO:
The International Tropical Timber Organization (formed
1986; HQ: Yokohama, Japan) is an intergovernmental or-
ganization that promotes the conservation of tropical forest
resources and their sustainable management, use and trade.
The International Tropical Timber Council (ITTC) is the gov-
erning body of the International Tropical Timber Organiza-
tion (ITTO). India has been the founding member of ITTO.
76 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
6. HOUTHI REBELS
Context:
The Houthi rebels hijacked the India-bound cargo ship Gal-
axy Leader in the Red Sea, claiming it was Israeli.
• However, the Israeli government denied the claim,
stating the ship is owned by a British company and
operated by a Japanese firm.
• The incident marks an escalation in the Houthi
threat against global maritime shipping, following
their earlier failed missile attacks targeting Israel.
Houthi rebels are a Shiite Muslim insurgent group based
in Yemen. The Houthis take their name from their found-
ing leader, Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi. They adhere to a
branch of Shia Islam known as Zaidism
7. KARMAYOGI PRARAMBH
Context:
Karmayogi Bharat, launched last year, celebrated the first
anniversary of Karmayogi Prarambh, an online orientation
program on the iGOT Karmayogi Platform for government
appointees recruited through Rozgar Melas.
• The program, consisting of eight curated courses,
aims to help new government employees acclima-
tize to policies and transition smoothly into their
roles.
• The iGOT Karmayogi platform is a comprehensive
online learning portal for capacity-building among
government officials, with over 26 lakh learners cur-
rently registered and access to 815+ courses.
• The Karmayogi Prarambh courses cover topics such
as Code of Conduct for Government Employees,
Prevention of Sexual Harassment of Women in the
Workplace, Understanding Motivation, Self-Lead-
ership, Stress Management, Effective Communi-
cation, MS Word for Beginners, and MS Excel for
Beginners.
8. HUMAN RIGHTS AND AGENCIES IN-
VOLVED
Context: The UN has said that there has been a rise in intim-
idation and violence in the West Bank, particularly in the
Nablus area. This violence has led to the displacement of
over 820 Palestinians.

Various UN agencies involved in the protection of Human
Rights:
Organization Description
OCHA (United Part of the United Nations Secretariat.
Nations Office for Responsible for coordinating human-
the Coordination itarian actors in emergency response.
of Humanitarian Established in 1998 (HQ: Geneva), for-
Affairs) merly the United Nations Department
of Humanitarian Affairs. The mandate
includes mobilizing aid, sharing infor-
mation, supporting humanitarian ef-
forts, and advocating for crisis-affect-
ed communities.
UNRWA (United Established by the UN General Assem-
Nations Relief bly in 1949 (HQ: Amman and in Gaza).
and Works Agen- Supports Palestinian refugees in five
cy) fields of operation. The mission focus-
es on helping Palestinian refugees in
Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, the West Bank
(including East Jerusalem), and the
Gaza Strip. Funded primarily by volun-
tary contributions and financial sup-
port (including about USD 5 million
every year from India). Defines Pales-
tine refugees based on their place of
residence during the 1948 conflict
UNHCR (Unit- A global organization under the UN
ed Nations High dedicated to saving lives, protecting
Commissioner the rights, and improving the future
for Refugees) of refugees and forcibly displaced
communities. Founded in 1950 (HQ:
Geneva), primarily to assist European
refugees.
UN Human Rights An inter-governmental body within
Council the UN system focused on strength-
ening the promotion and protection of
human rights worldwide. Established
in 2006 (HQ: Geneva), replacing the
former United Nations Commission
on Human Rights - OHCHR serves as
the Secretariat. Composed of 47 UN
Member States, elected by the UNGA
based on equitable geographical dis-
tribution. Members serve for three
years, with no immediate re-election
after two consecutive terms
9. ADVOCATE-ON-RECORD SYSTEM
Context:
The Supreme Court recently criticized an Advocate-on-Re-
cord (AoR) for submitting a frivolous case and subsequently
dismissed a public interest litigation.
• The Court rebuked the lawyer, emphasizing that an
AoR’s role goes beyond being a mere “signing au-
77 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
thority,” implying that AoRs have a more substan-
tial responsibility than just formalities
About the Advocate-on-Record system:
The Advocate-on-Record (AoR) system in the Supreme
Court of India is a unique category of advocates responsible
for filing cases in the Supreme Court. An AoR serves as the
link between litigants and the highest court in the country
Eligibility Criteria:
• An advocate must undergo training with a court-ap-
proved AoR for at least one year before taking the
examination.
• The advocate should have at least four years of legal
practice before beginning the training.
• An AoR must have an office located in Delhi within a
16-kilometer radius of the Supreme Court.
Constitutional status:
• The rules governing the AoR system are established
by the Supreme Court itself, in accordance with its
authority under Article 145 of the Constitution,
which empowers the Court to create rules and reg-
ulate its own procedures for hearing cases.
• The AoR system is based on the British model of
barristers and solicitors, where barristers argue cas-
es and solicitors handle client matters.
10. ENCORE
Context:
The Election Commission of India (ECI) has developed an in-
house software system through ‘ENCORE’ (Enabling Com-
munications on Real-time Environment) to manage candi-
dates and elections more efficiently.
About ENCORE:
Feature Description
Candidate Nom- Enables Returning Officers to handle
ination and Affi- candidate nominations and affidavits
davit Processing seamlessly.
Voter Turnout Helps in tracking voter turnout and ef-
and Data Man- fectively managing election data.
agement
Counting and Re- Includes a counting application for dig-
sults itizing votes, tabulating round-wise
data, and generating statutory reports
for counting.
Scrutiny of Nom- The ‘ENCORE Scrutiny Application’
inations allows Returning Officers to scrutinize
candidate nominations online, mark-
ing them as Accepted, Rejected, or
Withdrawn. This aids in preparing the
final list of contesting candidates and
assigning symbols.

Online Nomina- ECI offers an online portal for candi-
tion and Affidavit dates to fill out nomination forms, de-
Portal posit security, and schedule meetings
with Returning Officers, simplifying the
filing process.
Candidate Affi- Displays information about a candi-
davit Portal date’s financial assets and liabilities.
ENCORE Nodal Various government departments
App provide ‘no objection’ certificates
through this application, ensuring that
political parties and candidates receive
the necessary permissions for rallies,
road shows, and meetings.
About the Election Commission of India:
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional
body that was established by the Constitution of India to
conduct and regulate elections in the country.
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a five-member
body that directs and controls the entire process of conduct-
ing elections:
• To Parliament
• To the Legislature of every State
• To the offices of President and Vice-President of India
The ECI also:
• Advises in the matter of post-election disqualification of
sitting members of Parliament and State Legislatures
• Resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of rec-
ognized political parties
• Implements the Code of Conduct and punishes any can-
didate or party that violates it
11. PIRACY OF FILM CONTENT
Context:
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) has
established an institutional mechanism to combat film con-
tent piracy.
• This move aims to curb the increasing piracy issue
facilitated by the internet, which has caused signif-
icant losses of up to twenty thousand crore rupees
in the film industry.
Key Highlights:
• Digital platforms hosting pirated content must re-
move internet links within 48 hours upon receiving
directives from the Nodal Officers.
Cinematograph (Amendment) Act 2023 was passed (amend-
ed the Cinematograph Act 1952) and includes stricter pun-
ishments for piracy, ranging from minimum three-month
imprisonment and a fine of three lakh rupees to up to three
years imprisonment and a fine of up to five per cent of the
audited gross production cost.
78 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
12. WORLD FOOD INDIA 2023
Context:
The Prime Minister inaugurated the second edition of the
‘World Food India 2023’ event recently.
• The event aimed to showcase India as the ‘food
basket of the world’ and celebrate 2023 as the In-
ternational Year of Millets.
Key growth pillars of FPI:
• Empowering small farmers through Farmer Produce
Organizations (FPOs)
• Organizing 2 lakh micro-enterprises to boost Small
Scale Industries
• Involving over 9 crore women through Self-Help
Groups (SHGs)
Status of India’s FPI:
India’s Food Processing Industry (FPI) has seen significant
growth, attracting Rs 50,000 crore in FDI investments over
the past nine years. Processed food now contributes 23 per-
cent to agri exports, with a 150 percent overall increase. The
processing capacity has expanded to over 200 lakh metric
tonnes.
Several initiatives have been undertaken to promote the
food processing industry in India, including the PM Kisan
SAMPADA Yojana, the One District One Product scheme,
the Production Linked Incentive Scheme for Food Process-
ing Industry (PLISFPI), and the Eat right India movement.
13. PRADHAN MANTRI GARIB KALYAN
ANNA YOJANA (PMGKAY)
Context:
PM announced the extension of the free-food grain program
for 80 crore people for an additional five years from January
2024 to December 2028.
Previously, PMGKAY was launched in 2020 as a pandemic re-
lief measure initially set to conclude on December 31, 2023.
Later, this year, a scheme with the same name was launched
to provide free-of-cost food grains for a year under the Na-
tional Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013. Now it has been ex-
tended till 2028.

14. ELECTORAL TRUSTS (ET) SCHEME
Context:
Prior to the Electoral Bond Scheme, the Electoral Trusts (ET)
Scheme, established by the UPA government in 2013, regu-
lated corporate and individual donations to political parties,
emphasizing transparency.
Electoral Trusts (ET) Scheme:
• Introduced in 2013.
• Open to companies registered under Section 25 of
the Companies Act, 1956, and individuals or entities
residing in India.
• Trusts must renew their registration every three fi-
nancial years.
• Mandates that 95% of contributions received in a
financial year must be donated to political parties
registered under the Representation of the People
Act, 1951.
• Electoral Trusts prioritize transparency by mandat-
ing the reporting of contributors and beneficiaries
to the Election Commission of India. This differs
from the Electoral Bonds (EB) Scheme, which per-
mits anonymous political donations.
About the Electoral Bond Scheme:
79 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
What does the Trend Show?
Both EB and ET schemes are running simultaneously. In
the period from 2017-18 to 2021-22, the money donat-
ed through EBs was over five times the amount that came
through Electoral Trusts. Between the same period, parties
received a total of Rs 1,631 crore through ETs, while Rs 9,208
crore was donated through EBs.
15. UGC ANNOUNCES REGULATION OF
FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
Context:
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has announced
regulations facilitating the entry of Foreign Higher Educa-
tional Institutions (FHEIs) into India, aligning with the Na-
tional Education Policy (NEP).
Major features of UGC (Setting up and Operation of Cam-
puses of Foreign Higher Educational Institutions (FHEIs) in
India) Regulations, 2023
Specifications Details
Approval FHEIs require UGC’s approval before
the establishment of Indian campuses,
offering any program, or discontinuing
any course or program.
Not allowed to offer programs contrary
to Indian higher education standards.
Eligibility FHEIs must be ranked within the top
500 in global rankings (overall or sub-
ject-wise) or possess outstanding ex-
pertise in a particular area.
 Current Affairs 30

Qualifications Qualifications awarded and the quality Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act 2016, to pro-
of education in Indian campuses must tect the rights and dignity of individuals with dis-
be equivalent to those awarded in their abilities
home jurisdiction.
FHEIs cannot offer programs online or
in open and distance learning modes.
Online lectures are limited to 10% of
program requirements.
Application Pro- Application has to be submitted on the
cess UGC portal, which then will be vetted
by a Standing Committee and it will
then be recommended to UGC within
60 days

Campuses Collaboration of two or more universi-

ties is allowed. Each foreign university
can set up multiple campuses, requir-
ing a separate application for each pro-
posed campus. Prior UGC approval is
necessary for new courses.
Autonomy Allowed to decide the admission pro-
cess, and criteria, recruit faculty and
staff, and set a transparent and reason-
able fee structure.
Restrictions FHEIs’ operations should not be con- Prelims Links:
trary to India’s sovereignty, integrity, Q. India is home to lakhs of persons with disabilities. What
security, friendly relations with foreign are the benefits available to them under the law? (UPSC
states, public order, decency, or moral- 2011)
ity. 1. Free schooling till the age of 18 years in government-run
schools.
For receiving donations from foreign
2. Preferential allotment of land for setting up business.
sources, FHEIs require prior permission
3. Ramps in public buildings.
from the Central Government (under
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
the Foreign Contribution (Regulation)
(a) 1 only
Act, 2010)
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
16. CHIEF COMMISSIONER OF PERSONS (d) 1, 2 and 3
WITH DISABILITIES
Ans: D
Context:
The Chief Commissioner of Persons with Disabilities deliv-
ered two impactful judgments aimed at promoting accessi- 17. CRIMINAL CASES AGAINST MPS AND
bility and protecting the rights of individuals with disabili-
ties in India.
MLAS
Context:
What is the Judgement about?
The Supreme Court issued directions for the speedy disposal
• Government Office Accessibility Mandate: Gov-
of criminal cases against Members of Parliament (MPs) and
ernment offices in non-accessible buildings must
Members of Legislative Assembly (MLAs).
relocate services. Services should be moved to the
ground floor or an accessible location within the
The SC issued guidelines during a case challenging Section
same facility.
8(3) of the Representation of People Act, 1951. This section
• Airline Policy: Airline policy necessitating medical
imposes a six-year ban on individuals convicted of offences
clearance for certain PwD categories is inconsistent
with a minimum two-year sentence from contesting elec-
with global Civil Aviation Requirements. All airlines,
tions.
whether Indian or foreign, must implement the

80 www.insightsonindia.com

SC guidelines:
Points Details
Registration of The chief justices from high courts (HC)
Suo motu cases can now initiate suo motu cases for
speedy resolution of pending criminal
cases involving lawmakers.
Special Bench Such cases against MPs/MLAs can be
heard by a Chief Justice-led special
bench.
Priority in Des- Designated courts prioritize those crim-
ignated Courts inal cases against MPs/MLAs which
are: 1. Punishable with death or life
imprisonment 2. Cases punishable with
imprisonment for 5 years or more
Trial Court Ad- Trial courts are instructed not to ad-
journments journ such criminal cases against MPs/
MLAs, except for rare and compelling
reasons.
District judges are tasked with ensuring
adequate infrastructure and techno-
logical facilities for designated special
courts trying lawmakers.
M o n i t o r i n g HCs should develop effective monitor-
Measures ing measures using powers under Arti-
cle 227 to monitor such cases
Under Article 227 (1), HC exercises su-
perintendence over all courts and tribu-
nals in its jurisdiction.
Status of Criminal cases against MPs/MLAs:
In India, post the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, 43% of new-
ly-elected MPs had pending criminal cases, as reported by
the Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR). By December
2021, the number of pending criminal cases against current
and former MLAs and MPs had reached close to 5,000.
Various Judgments Against Criminalization of Politics:
Case Judgment
Public Interest
The SC mandated political parties
Foundation v.
to publish candidates’ criminal re-
Union of India cords on websites, social media,
(2019) and newspapers. The Election Com-
mission of India (ECI) was directed to
create a framework for effective dis-
semination.
Manoj Narula v. The Delhi High Court held that a
Union of India person charged with a criminal of-
(2014) fence couldn’t be disqualified from
elections. However, political parties
were cautioned against fielding can-
didates with a criminal background.
81 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Lily Thomas v. The SC ruled that MPs or MLAs con-
Union of India victed of a crime and sentenced
(2013) to two years or more would be
disqualified. Convicted lawmakers
couldn’t contest elections or hold
office pending appeal.
Association for The SC instructed the ECI to issue
Democratic Re- guidelines preventing political par-
forms v. Union of ties from giving tickets to candidates
India (2002) with criminal records. Candidates
were required to disclose their crim-
inal history in nomination papers.
18. DIGITAL ADVERTISEMENT POLICY,
2023
Context:
The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting has sanc-
tioned the “Digital Advertisement Policy, 2023,” which aims
to expand the government’s outreach through digital me-
dia channels.
Key Highlights:
• Digital Penetration and Media Shift: With increas-
ing internet users and telecom subscribers, the
policy responds to the shift in media consumption
towards digital platforms.
• Government Outreach: The policy enables the Cen-
tral Bureau of Communication (CBC) to employ dig-
ital advertising for government initiatives, using
digital media’s wide reach to efficiently convey cit-
izen-centric messages.
• Expansion Across Various Platforms: CBC will lever-
age digital audio platforms, Over-the-Top (OTT)
services, video on demand, mobile apps, and social
media for government advertising.
• Transparency and Efficiency: The policy introduces
competitive bidding for rate discovery, ensuring
fair pricing and efficiency.
• Enhanced Digital Outreach: Aligning with the cur-
rent social media presence of various government
departments, this policy amplifies the outreach of
government schemes and initiatives through CBC’s
extensive advertisement dissemination.
• Adaptability and Stakeholder Engagement: The pol-
icy acknowledges the dynamic nature of the digital
landscape and incorporates provisions to embrace
new technologies and platforms
About Central Bureau of Communication:
The Central Bureau of Communication (CBC) is a unit of the
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The CBC pro-
vides communication solutions to Ministries, Departments,
Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), and autonomous bod-
ies. The CBC was set up on December 8, 2017 by integrating
the following departments:
• Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP)

• Directorate of Field Publicity (DFP)
• Song & Drama Division (S&DD)
19. BROADCASTING SERVICES (REGULA-
TION) BILL, 2023
Context:
The Union Ministry of Information and Broadcasting in In-
dia has proposed the Broadcasting Services (Regulation)
Bill, 2023, to replace the Cable Television Networks (Regu-
lation) Act of 1995.
• The existing legislation is deemed outdated as it
predates the significant technological changes in
the broadcasting sector, including the rise of digital
platforms such as DTH, IPTV, OTT, and integrated
models.
• The draft bill aims to provide a consolidated and
modernized framework for regulating broadcasting
services, covering traditional and digital content.
Key highlights include the introduction of Content Evalua-
tion Committees, a Broadcast Advisory Council for self-reg-
ulation, differentiated program and advertisement codes,
accessibility measures for persons with disabilities, and
statutory penalties linked to the financial capacity of en-
tities.
20. AAINA PORTAL
Context:
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) has
launched the ‘AAINA Dashboard for Cities’ portal (www.aa-
ina.gov.in).
What is the ‘AAINA Dashboard for Cities’?
It is a portal that enables Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) to vol-
untarily submit key data, including audited accounts and
performance metrics, on five thematic areas.
1. Political & Administrative Structure
2. Finance
3. Planning
4. Citizen-Centric Governance
5. Delivery of Basic Services.
82 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
The Ministry, through the Digital India Corporation (DIC),
will offer support to ULBs and states during the data submis-
sion process.
Aim of the portal:
The portal promotes healthy competition, inspires improve-
ment, and facilitates peer learning among ULBs. The dash-
board for cities does not rank Urban Local Bodies (ULBs).
Instead, it functions as a tool for comparing cities in similar
positions and fostering learning among them.
About ULBs:
Urban Local Bodies, are constitutional bodies recognized
by the 74th Constitution Amendment Act of 1992 in India.
Categorized based on population size, ULBs include Nagar
Panchayats for ‘rurban’ areas, Municipal Councils for small-
er urban areas, and Municipal Corporations for metropoli-
tan areas. Term: 5 years (re-election is scheduled within six
months of completion of term)
21. ANNAPURNA CERTIFICATE PRO-
GRAMME
Context:
The Annapurna Certificate Programme, an initiative by the
Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), has recognized
six Indian restaurants worldwide for promoting Indian culi-
nary traditions. This annual program acknowledges restau-
rants contributing to India’s cultural cause through cuisine
on a global scale.
About ICCR
The Indian Council for Cultural Relations (founded 1950; HQ:
New Delhi; founder: Maulana Azad), is an autonomous or-
ganisation of the Government of India, involved in India’s
global cultural relations, through cultural exchange with oth-
er countries and their people.
22. NITI AAYOG: SATH-E PROJECT
Context:
NITI Aayog has released a report on the Sustainable Action
for Transforming Human Capital in Education (SATH-E)
 Current Affairs 30

24. 2023 APEC SUMMIT

23. IPEF: SUPPLY CHAIN RESILIENCE
AGREEMENT
Context:
India, the US, and 12 other members of the Indo-Pacific Eco-
nomic Framework (IPEF) have signed a supply chain resil-
ience agreement, aiming to reduce dependence on China
and enhance the manufacturing of essential goods within
member nations.
What is a supply chain?
A supply chain is a network of organizations, people, ac-
tivities, information, and resources involved in the creation
and delivery of a product or service from the supplier to the
customer.
Context:
U.S. President Joe Biden and Chinese President Xi Jinping, in
their first summit in a year, agreed to restore military com-
munications between the two countries.
• India is not a member of APEC but is attending the sum-
mit.
Issues Discussed:
The leaders discussed issues such as the production of fen-
tanyl, Taiwan, AI talks, and climate change cooperation.
While the talks were deemed constructive, differences in
Taiwan persisted, with Xi urging the U.S. to stop arming the
island.
About APEC

Supply chain resilience refers to the capacity of a supply

chain to adapt, recover, and withstand disruptions, ensur-
ing continuity and stability in the face of challenges such as
natural disasters, economic fluctuations, or other unfore-
seen events.

Aim of the Agreement:

The agreement (pillar II of IPEF) among IPEF members aims
to fortify global supply chains and enhance adaptability,
stability, and sustainability. It becomes effective after im-
plementation by any of the five member countries, with
monitoring and implementation overseen by the IPEF Sup-
ply Chain Council.

About IPEF:

83 www.insightsonindia.com

25. INNOVATION HANDSHAKE
Context:
India and the United States have officially launched the “In-
novation Handshake” agenda, a collaborative effort aimed
at deepening bilateral ties in technology.
• The “Innovation Handshake” signals a commitment
to strengthen the start-up ecosystem and promote
cooperation in Critical and Emerging Technologies.
• The concept, developed under the US-India Com-
mercial Dialogue, aims to connect dynamic start-
up ecosystems, address regulatory hurdles, and
promote innovation and job growth, especially in
emerging technologies.
The initiative focuses on priority sectors identified under
the US-India Initiative for Critical and Emerging Technology
(iCET). The goal is to foster a tech partnership and open up
opportunities for collaboration while addressing challenges
in these sectors.
26. CARA: INDIA’S ADOPTION REGULA-
TION BODY
Context:
The Supreme Court has recently questioned the significant
delay in India’s adoption processes. Approximately 30,000
prospective parents wait for an average of three years, with
only 10% of orphaned children adopted annually.
Description
About CARA Central Adoption Resource Authority
(CARA) is a statutory body of the Ministry
of Women & Child Development. It was es-
tablished under Juvenile Justice Act, 2015,
but was founded in 1990. It is a nodal
body for the adoption of Indian children.
CARA Over- CARA is India’s adoption regulation body,
view overseeing the adoption of orphaned, sur-
rendered, and abandoned children.
CARA monitors and regulates various
adoption-related bodies, facilitating a
seamless adoption process involving reg-
istration, home study reports, referrals,
court petitions, and post-adoption fol-
low-ups.
Inter-Country CARA is a signatory to the 1993 Hague
Adoptions Convention, facilitating inter-country
adoptions to find suitable families for chil-
dren beyond their state of origin. India rat-
ified the convention in 2003.
Laws Govern- Adoption in India is governed by the Hindu
ing Adoption Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 (for
specific religions) and the Juvenile Justice
(Care and Protection of Children) Act,
2015. CARA plays a role in the latter.
84 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Evolution of CARA’s powers expanded with changes in
CARA’s Func- juvenile justice laws. The 2015 Juvenile
tions Justice Act empowered CARA to stream-
line adoption processes, introducing an
e-governance system (CARINGS) and en-
hancing transparency.
R e c e n t The 2022 amendment to the Juvenile Jus-
Amendments tice Act decentralized responsibilities,
(2022) authorizing local District Magistrates to
issue adoption orders for speedy disposal.
C h a l l e n g - Challenges include declining adoption
es Faced by figures, infrastructural deficiencies, poor
CARA functioning of agencies, lack of awareness,
and procedural issues, hindering children
from entering safety nets.
It faced criticism during the recent same-
sex marriage verdict for restricting queer
and unmarried couples from adopting.
Procedural challenges include identifica-
tion failures, confusion due to complex
laws, and a bureaucratic system.
Critics express concerns about the dehu-
manization of the adoption process.
Current laws, such as the Hindu Adoption
and Maintenance Act and the Juvenile Jus-
tice Act, are criticized for not adequately
protecting children’s interests.
P r o p o s e d Suggestions include a child-centric, op-
Solutions tional, enabling, and gender-just special
adoption law.
27. CERT-IN NOT UNDER RTI
Context:
The government has excluded the Indian Computer Emer-
gency Response Team (CERT-In), the national agency re-
sponsible for addressing cybersecurity threats, from the
Right to Information Act, 2005.
What is CERT-In (founded 2004; HQ: New Delhi)?
It is an office within the Ministry of Electronics and Informa-
tion Technology. It is the nodal agency to deal with cyber
security. It strengthens the security-related defence of the
Indian Internet domain.
• The Information Technology Act of 2000 designates
CERT-In to perform functions in the realm of cyber-
security, including the collection, analysis, and dis-
semination of information on cyber incidents and
implementing emergency measures for handling cy-
bersecurity incidents.
• CERT-In now joins 26 other intelligence and security
organizations already exempted from the Act such
as RAW, CBI, and IB.

How Government exempt CERT-In from RTI?
Department of Personnel and Training has used the powers
under Section 24 of the RTI Act to exempt CERT-In from
transparency laws. It allows the government to withhold in-
formation related to CERT-In from public scrutiny.
What is Section 24?
Section 24 of the RTI Act says that this law is not applicable
to the intelligence and security organizations specified in
the Second Schedule. However, the information pertaining
to the allegations of corruption and human rights violations
shall not be excluded.
Other exemptions under RTI: Information affecting the sov-
ereignty and integrity of India, records of Council of Minis-
ters’ deliberations, information forbidden by court of law,
etc. However, Section 8(2) of the RTI Act allows disclosure if
public interest outweighs the harm to the protected inter-
ests under the Official Secrets Act, 1923.
28. INTERNATIONAL SUGAR ORGANISA-
TION (ISO)
Context:
India has been designated as the Chair of the International
Sugar Organisation (ISO) for 2024, following the announce-
ment made during the 63rd council meeting held in London.
What is ISO?
The International Sugar Organization (founded 1968; HQ:
London) is an intergovernmental organization, which was
established by the International Sugar Agreement of 1968,
as the body responsible for administering the Agreement
(aimed at establishing an “orderly relationship between the
supply and demand for sugar in the world market.). It has 88
countries as its member (Saudi Arabia joined in 2022)
85 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
*Note: in October 2022, India became the largest producer
of Sugar in the world. Depending on the source of news, In-
dia’s position may defer.
29. PRIVILEGED COMMUNICATION
Context:
The proposed Bharatiya Sakshya (BS) Bill, intended to re-
place the Indian Evidence Act of 1872, includes a provision
barring courts from inquiring into privileged communica-
tion between Ministers and the President of India.
• While Article 74(2) of the Constitution already men-
tions this, the bill seeks to give it legal backing.
• However, the term “privileged communication” has
not been clearly defined, leading to potential inter-
pretation challenges.
Privileged communication refers to confidential and pro-
tected exchanges between specific individuals or within
certain relationships, where the law recognizes the need to
keep the communication confidential.
This privilege is designed to encourage open and honest
communication within these relationships. The concept
aims to ensure that individuals can freely share informa-
tion without fear of that information being disclosed in le-
gal proceedings.
30. ALL INDIA JUDICIAL SERVICE
Context: The President advocated the establishment of an
All-India Judicial Service to ensure diverse representation in
the judiciary during an event celebrating Constitution Day at
the Supreme Court.
• The proposed All-India Judicial Service would iden-
tify and nurture talent from across the country,
promoting inclusivity.
 Current Affairs 30
About All India Judicial Service: policymaking.
The All-India Judicial Service (AIJS) is a proposed judicial • The portal covers diverse information such as die-
service in India. sel consumption, water quality testing, healthcare
The AIJS was added to the constitution in 1976 by the 42nd expenditure, slum population, and road accident
Constitution Amendment. fatalities.
• The initiative, part of the Urban Outcomes Frame-
Article 312 of the Constitution provides for the establish- work 2022, aims to streamline data across 14 sec-
ment of the AIJS for posts of district judge and above tors and shift the focus from indices to comprehen-
The AIJS will not include any post inferior to that of a Dis- sive indicators for effective analysis.
trict Judge • The initiative aims to harness data for informed ur-
ban policy decisions and planning.
31. DEMAND FOR RATIFICATION OF THE
LABOUR CONVENTION 33. AYUSHMAN AROGYA MANDIR

Context: Context:
In the wake of the incident (Silkyara Tunnel collapse), the The Ayushman Bharat-Health and Wellness Centres (AB-
Central Trade Unions have urged the Union government to HWC) in India will now be known as ‘Ayushman Arogya
ratify the labour conventions Mandir,’ following a decision by the government.

Status: The International Labour Organization (ILO) report The rebranded centres will also feature a new tagline, ‘Ar-
reveals that nearly 30 lakh workers globally die annually ogyam Parmam Dhanam.’ The move is aimed at enhancing
due to work-related accidents and diseases. It highlights that the identity and promotion of these health facilities across
79 out of 187 countries have ratified the ILO Occupational the country.
Safety and Health Convention (however India has not done
so). In India, workers’ safety is covered under the Occupa- About AB-HWC:
tional Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code (OSH- Introduced in 2018 under the Ayushman Bharat Program,
WCC) 2020. there are currently more than 1.6 lakh centres across India.
These centres extend their services beyond maternal and
Threats: Long working hours, exposure to particulate mat- child healthcare, encompassing non-communicable diseas-
ter, gases, and fumes, and occupational injuries are major es, palliative and rehabilitative care, oral, eye, and ENT care,
causes. Mining, construction, and utilities are the most haz- mental health services, and first-level care for emergencies
ardous sectors. and trauma. Additionally, they offer free essential drugs and
diagnostic services.
ILO Conventions:
Ratified by India Not ratified by India
Abolition of Forced La- Freedom of Association and Pro-
bour Convention tection of Right to Organise Con-
vention
Equal Remuneration Right to Organise and Collective
Convention Bargaining Convention
Minimum Age Conven- Occupational Safety and Health
tion Convention, 1981
Worst Forms of Child Promotional Framework for Oc-
Labour Convention cupational Safety and Health
Convention, 2006
Discrimination (Em-
ployment Occupation)
Convention

32. AMPLIFI 2.0 PORTAL

Context: The Union Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
has launched the Amplifi 2.0 portal to provide raw data
from Indian cities on a single platform for academics, re-
searchers, and stakeholders, aiming to support data-driven

86 www.insightsonindia.com

34. RAT HOLE MINING
Context:
In the rescue operations for the collapsed Silkyara tunnel in
Uttarkashi, rat miners played a crucial role in completing
the drilling process.
• Rat-hole mining, a method of manual drilling com-
mon in Meghalaya, involves skilled workers digging
narrow pits just wide enough for one person.
• The term “rat hole” refers to these pits used to ex-
tract coal. This method is hazardous, illegal in many
countries due to safety concerns, and has faced crit-
icism for its environmental impact.
• Rat-hole mining has faced criticism for its hazardous
conditions, environmental damage, and accidents
leading to injuries and fatalities.
• The National Green Tribunal (NGT) banned the
practice in 2014 and retained the ban in 2015 due to
safety concerns and environmental impact.
Other methods, such as vertical drilling and auger mining,
were also employed in the rescue operations, highlighting
the diverse techniques used to address complex situations.
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Current Affairs 30
35. DECENTRALISED AUTONOMOUS OR-
GANISATIONS (DAOS)
Decentralised Autonomous Organisations (DAOs) are trans-
forming the digital world by operating without central con-
trol, governed by smart contracts and consensus.
Aspect Details
About Decentralised Autonomous Organisations,
are digital entities operating on blockchain
technology. They function without central
control, governed by smart contracts and
the consensus of members
Aim The idea is to create self-sustaining, com-
munity-driven entities governed by smart
contracts on blockchain networks.
Example One example is a DAO in decentralized fi-
nance (DeFi), like MakerDAO. In MakerD-
AO, users holding tokens can propose and
vote on changes to the protocol, influenc-
ing decisions on lending and borrowing ser-
vices without relying on traditional banks.
Use Cases Global Financial Ecosystem (Platforms like
Compound and Maker DAO enable lending
and borrowing); Art (Artists tokenize cre-
ations); Supply Chain Management (DAOs
offer transparency and traceability in global
supply chains); Governance (e.g., DAO stack
facilitates decentralized governance for in-
ternet communities)
Significance 1. Decentralization and Democratic Gover-
nance: Shifts power from central authori-
ties, promoting democratic decision-mak-
ing.
2. Transparency and Trust: Smart contracts
ensure transparency, reducing opacity asso-
ciated with centralized organizations. How-
ever, vulnerabilities in smart contracts can
pose security risks
3. Inclusivity and Global Collaboration: En-
ables global participation, fostering diversi-
ty and innovation.
DAOs aim to create transparent, democrat-
ic, and self-executing systems, challenging
traditional business structures.
Challenges Security Vulnerabilities (e.g., 2016 DAO
hack); Challenges in legal classification, tax-
ation, and liability assignment; Decentral-
ized decision-making makes dispute resolu-
tion challenging

GS-3
36. ‘REFERENCE’ FUEL
Context:
India has begun producing “reference” petrol and diesel,
which are specialized fuels used for testing automobiles,
making it part of a select group of nations that produce
these high-quality fuels.
• The Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) has developed
these fuels with higher specifications to replace im-
ports, ensuring a reliable supply at a lower cost for
vehicle manufacturers and testing agencies.
Reference fuels are high-quality fuels used by gasoline and
diesel vehicle manufacturers. They are used for:
1. Engine development
2. Performance assessment
3. Ensuring operability across global climatic conditions
4. Calibration and testing of vehicles
Reference fuels are premium products. They have higher oc-
tane numbers than normal fuels
37. AGE OF MOON
Context:
A recent study using crystals brought back by Apollo astro-
nauts in 1972 has revealed that the Moon is approximately
40 million years older than previously believed.
• The research used these lunar crystals to pinpoint
the Moon’s formation age, revising it to a minimum
of 4.46 billion years old.
• These crystals, which are the oldest known solids
to form after a massive impact, serve as a reference
point for lunar chronology.
• The study utilized an analytical method called atom
probe tomography to determine the age of the
crystals and revealed that the Moon is indeed at
least 4.46 billion years old.
Significance: This information is crucial for understanding
the Moon’s role in stabilizing Earth’s rotational axis and af-
fecting tides, which, in turn, has influenced life on Earth.
38. SUBSURFACE WATER ICE MAP-
PING (SWIM) PROJECT
Context:
The Subsurface Water Ice Mapping Project (SWIM) has cre-
ated a map of Mars, indicating regions where NASA mis-
sions have detected subsurface water ice.
• This map is a valuable resource for scientists to
identify potential landing sites for the first astro-
nauts on Mars.
• Water ice on Mars is crucial for drinking, rocket
fuel, and other purposes, as the planet’s thin atmo-
sphere cannot sustain liquid water.
The Subsurface Water Ice Mapping (SWIM) project is a NA-
SA-funded project that aims to detect where there’s most
likely water ice beneath Martian ground. The project also
88 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
aims to locate the best places to access water ice buried
under the Martian.
The SWIM project supports NASA’s Mars Exploration Pro-
gram in identifying the location and nature of potential wa-
ter resources on Mars. Scientists can use the map to decide
where the first astronauts to set foot.
The SWIM project uses the High-Resolution Imaging Sci-
ence Experiment (HiRISE) to study fresh impact craters. The
fourth comprehensive map of potential subsurface water
ice locations on Mars was released.
39. UNITED NATIONS FORUM ON FOR-
ESTS (UNFF)
Context:
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
is hosting a Country-Led Initiative (CLI) event as part of the
United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) at the Forest Re-
search Institute in Dehradun, Uttarakhand.
Aim of the initiative:
The event aims to contribute to discussions on Sustainable
Forest Management and the UN Strategic Plan for Forests
(UNSPF), focusing on thematic areas related to forest fires
and forest certification.
The meeting is expected to result in frameworks and recom-
mendations for forest fire and forest certification manage-
ment, to be discussed at the 19th session of UNFF in May
2024.
About the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF):
About: The UNFF is an intergovernmental policy
forum that promotes the management, con-
servation, and sustainable development of
all types of forests and aims to strengthen
long-term political commitment to this end.
Establish- UNFF was established in 2000 by the UN Eco-
ment: nomic and Social Council. It has universal
membership and is composed of all Mem-
ber States of the United Nations.

M a j o r 1992: UN Conference on Environment and
Related Development adopts the “Forest Principles”
Events re- and Agenda 21.
lated to theIntergovernmental Panel on Forests (1995)
forest: and Intergovernmental Forum on Forests
(1997) were established to implement the
Forest Principles from 1995 to 2000
2000: UNFF is established as a functional
commission of the UN Economic and Social
Council
2006: UNFF agrees on four Global Objectives
for Forests
2007: UNFF adopts the UN Non-Legally Bind-
ing Instrument on All Types of Forests (Forest
Instrument)
2009: UNFF adopts a decision on financing
for sustainable forest management, calling
for the creation of a Facilitative Process to
assist countries in reversing a 20-year de-
cline in forest financing, with an initial focus
on Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and
Low Forest Cover Countries (LFCCs).
2011: The International Year of Forests, “For-
ests for People”
The Four Reverse the loss of forest cover worldwide
Global Ob- through sustainable forest management
jectives on (SFM)
Forests: Enhance forest-based economic, social, and
environmental benefits
Increase significantly the area of sustainably
managed forests
Reverse the decline in official development
assistance for SFM and mobilize increased fi-
nancial resources for the implementation of
SFM.
40. LIGHT COMBAT HELICOPTER PRA-
CHAND
Context:
The Indian Army’s Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) Prachand
recently conducted its inaugural firing during both day and
night operations.
• Besides the 20mm nose gun and 70mm rockets,
the LCH is equipped with a helicopter-launched an-
ti-tank guided missile and a new air-to-air missile,
which is distinct from the ‘Mistral-2’ used on the IAF
LCH.
The Prachand is India’s first indigenous multi-role combat
helicopter. It was developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Lim-
ited (HAL).
Features
• Designed for: The Indian armed forces operating in des-
erts and mountainous areas
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Current Affairs 30
• Range: 700 km
• Flight ceiling: The highest among all attack helicopters
in the world
• Landing and take-off altitude: 5,000 meters (16,400 ft)
• Weapons: Can carry lethal weapons and destroy targets
Various types of aircraft used by the Indian Air Force:
Aircraft Type Examples
Fighter Aircraft Sukhoi Su-30MKI - Dassault Rafale -
MiG-29 - Tejas (Light Combat Aircraft)
Attack Aircraft SEPECAT Jaguar - HAL Tejas - MiG-27
Transport Aircraft Lockheed C-130J Super Hercules - An-
tonov An-32 - Boeing C-17 Globemas-
ter III
Helicopters HAL Dhruv - Mil Mi-17 - Boeing AH-
64E Apache - HAL Rudra (Weaponized
Dhruv); HAL’s Prachand
Reconnaissance IAI Heron - Embraer EMB 145 AEW&C
Aircraft - HAL Cheetah
Trainer Aircraft HAL HJT-16 Kiran - BAE Hawk - Pilatus
PC-7 Mk II
Airborne Early Embraer EMB 145 AEW&C - DRDO
Warning and Con- Netra
trol (AEW&C)
Aerial Refueling Ilyushin Il-78 (MARS)
Aircraft
Unmanned Aerial DRDO Rustom - IAI Searcher II - Gen-
Vehicles (UAVs) eral Atomics MQ-9 Reaper
41. JAPAN-INDIA SEMICONDUCTOR SUP-
PLY CHAIN PARTNERSHIP
Context:
A Memorandum of Cooperation (MoC) has been signed
between the Ministry of Electronics and Information Tech-
nology of India and the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and
Industry of Japan.
• It is focused on the Japan-India Semiconductor Sup-
ply Chain Partnership and aims to strengthen co-
operation between the two countries in enhancing
the semiconductor supply chain.
• It encourages both government-to-government
(G2G) and business-to-business (B2B) cooperation
to advance a resilient semiconductor supply chain
and leverage each country’s strengths.
The MoC is part of India’s broader initiatives for interna-
tional cooperation in information technology and aims to
strengthen collaboration with Japan in the semiconductor
industry. It aligns with the “India-Japan Digital Partnership”
and is seen as a step toward enhancing semiconductor sup-
ply chain resilience for mutual benefit.
A semiconductor is a material that has electrical conduc-
tivity between that of a conductor and an insulator. Semi-
conductors can be compounds, such as gallium arsenide, or

pure elements, such as germanium or silicon.
Properties
• Electrical conductivity: Semiconductors have electrical
conductivity between that of a conductor, such as cop-
per, and an insulator, such as glass.
• Resistivity: Semiconductors’ resistivity falls as their tem-
perature rises.
• Conducting ability: Semiconductors› conducting ability
can be increased by chemical treatment.
Uses
Semiconductors are used as a foundation for computers and
other electronic devices.
Developments in semiconductor technology have made
electronic devices smaller, faster, and more reliable
42. WHITE HYDROGEN
Context:
Two scientists in northeastern France discovered a substan-
tial deposit of “white hydrogen,” considered one of the larg-
est concentrations of this clean energy source ever found.
What is White Hydrogen?
White hydrogen is a clean-burning energy source found
naturally in the Earth’s crust. It is Natural hydrogen and is
found as naturally occurring molecular hydrogen on or on
Earth. The name white hydrogen distinguishes it from green
hydrogen (produced from renewable energy sources from
the electrolysis of water), and from grey, brown or black hy-
drogen, (which is obtained from fossil sources)
Significance:
• White hydrogen is seen as a potentially abundant
and untapped source of clean-burning energy.
• White hydrogen’s estimated cost is around $1 per
kilogram, significantly lower than green hydrogen,
which costs about $6 per kilogram, making it a more
affordable clean energy source.
• White hydrogen deposits have been identified
worldwide including in the US, eastern Europe, Rus-
sia, Australia, Oman, France, and Mali.
43. INDIGENOUS CHARGING STANDARDS
Context:
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has approved an in-
digenous AC and DC combined charging connector standard,
known as IS17017 (Part 2/Sec 7): 2023, for light electric ve-
hicles (LEVs).
• This standard is the world’s first of its kind and has
been developed in India.
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Current Affairs 30
Significance:
• This initiative allows original equipment manufac-
turers (OEMs) in India to move away from relying
solely on international standards and protocols.
• The new standard addresses the need for a standard-
ized connector for combined AC and DC charging
systems for two-wheelers, three-wheelers, and
microcars, offering a hybrid and cost-efficient infra-
structure for all forms of charging.
• It enables interoperable networks for both fast and
slow charging, making it convenient for customers
to charge their EVs without carrying bulky chargers.
This development is seen as a significant step towards driv-
ing faster EV adoption in India and potentially worldwide,
contributing to the growth of electric mobility
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is India’s national
standards body. It’s part of the Department of Consumer
Affairs, which is under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs,
Food & Public Distribution. The BIS was established by the
Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016, which came into ef-
fect on October 12, 2017.
The BIS is responsible for:
Standardization, Marking, Quality certification of goods,
Hallmarking, Laboratory services, and Training services.
44. VENUS HAD EARTH-LIKE PLATE TEC-
TONICS BILLIONS OF YEARS AGO
Context:
A new study suggests that Venus, despite being a scorch-
ing wasteland, may have once had plate tectonics similar to
those on early Earth.
• The research uses atmospheric data from Venus and
computer modelling to propose that Venus’ current
atmosphere and surface pressure could only have
resulted from early plate tectonics.
• Plate tectonics is essential for life as it stabilizes sur-
face temperatures and leads to the development of
habitable environments.
• The study suggests that Venus had plate tectonics
between 4.5 billion and 3.5 billion years ago, simi-
lar to Earth, but with limited plate movement and
fewer plates involved.
Significance:
• This finding raises the possibility of early microbial
life on Venus and highlights that both planets were
once more alike than previously thought.
• The study also suggests that planets may transition
in and out of different tectonic states, impacting
their habitability.
• The research provides a proof of concept that at-
mospheres can offer insights into a planet’s ancient
history and development.
• The study’s findings may have implications for un-
derstanding other planets and moons, including Ju-
piter’s Europa, which shows evidence of Earth-like

plate tectonics.
The study opens the door for further investigation into the
fate of Venus and its potential implications for Earth’s hab-
itability.
45. CARBON NANOFLORETS
Context:
Researchers at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bom-
bay have created carbon nanoflorets that can efficiently
convert sunlight into heat.
What are Carbon nanoflorets?
Carbon nanoflorets are a unique nanostructure composed
of carbon atoms arranged in a distinctive floret-like mor-
phology. They have a high surface area and various potential
applications in fields such as materials science, electronics,
and nanotechnology due to their exceptional properties and
structure.
• These nanoflorets can absorb light at multiple fre-
quencies, including infrared, visible light, and ultra-
violet, making them highly efficient at converting
sunlight into thermal energy.
• Additionally, their unique shape ensures minimal
light reflection and efficient heat retention.
• A 1-square-meter coating of these nanoflorets can
vaporize 5 litres of water in an hour, surpassing
commercial solar stills.
It can provide ecologically sustainable heating and has po-
tential uses in various sectors, including construction and
healthcare.
46. PREMATURE MORTALITY FROM MA-
JOR NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
Context:
India is expected to fall short of meeting the targets set by
the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Na-
tions Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in reducing
premature deaths from major Non-Communicable Diseas-
es (NCDs).
91 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
• An analysis by the Indian Council of Medical Re-
search (ICMR) indicates that India’s progress to-
ward reducing premature mortality from four ma-
jor NCDs, including cancer, cardiovascular disease,
chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, will like-
ly miss the WHO’s target of 25% reduction by 2025
compared to 2010.
Key Findings:
• The study reveals that NCDs account for a substan-
tial portion of all deaths in India, with 22% being
premature deaths in 2019.
• The reduction in premature mortality depends on
various risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol
consumption, physical inactivity, obesity, dietary
choices, and high blood pressure.
• Compared to lower and middle-income countries
and other nations like Moldova, Peru, China, and
Sweden, India’s progress in reducing NCDs is com-
paratively slower.
47. ASTEROID DINKINESH
Context:
NASA’s Lucy spacecraft, on a mission to observe Jupiter’s
Trojan asteroids, recently made an unexpected discovery.
• It found that the main belt asteroid Dinkinesh,
which it was set to fly by, is actually a binary system
of two asteroids bound together.
• Preliminary analysis suggests that the larger aster-
oid is about 790 meters wide, while the smaller one
is approximately 220 meters in size.
About Asteroids:
1. An asteroid is a rocky, metallic, or icy minor planet that
orbits within the inner Solar System.
2. Asteroids are smaller than planets but larger than me-
teoroids. They can range in size from 1-meter rocks to a
dwarf planet almost 1000 km in diameter.
3. Asteroids are remnants left over from the early for-
mation of our solar system about 4.6 billion years
ago. Most of them can be found orbiting our Sun be-
tween Mars and Jupiter within the main asteroid belt.
4. Asteroids are also known as minor planets or plane-
toids. The larger forms of asteroids are also known as
planetoids.
48. KAVACH
Context:
The collision between two passenger trains in Vizianaga-
ram district of Andhra Pradesh could have been prevented
with the use of Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems (TCAS),
specifically the indigenous TCAS system called ‘Kavach.’
• Kavach is a cab signalling train control system de-
signed to prevent collisions and overspeeding.
About Kavach:
• Kavach is a train control system with anti-collision
features that was developed over ten years by the
Indian Railways Research Designs and Standards

Organisation (RDSO).
• It functions as a watchdog over the existing signal-
ling system and is designed to warn the train’s loco
pilot (driver) when they fail to notice a “red signal.”
• If the loco pilot does not slow down the train to
obey the signal, the Kavach system automatically
applies the emergency brakes to bring the train to
a halt.
How Kavach is Deployed?
Kavach is deployed along designated railway routes and
consists of three key components.
• Railway stations along the route are equipped with
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in
the tracks.
• The locomotive (driver’s cabin) is equipped with
RFID readers, a computer, and brake interface
equipment.
• Radio infrastructure, including towers and mo-
dems, is installed at railway stations to facilitate
communication.
Current Affairs 30
nuclear power reactors.
SMRs are smaller than conventional nuclear reactors and
can be built in one location, such as a factory, then shipped,
commissioned, and operated at a separate site. This offers
significant savings in cost and construction time.
SMRs have the following characteristics:
1. Can produce a large amount of low-carbon electricity
2. Designed with modular technology using module facto-
ry fabrication
3. Pursue economies of series production
4. Have short construction times
5. Are flexible in design and require a smaller footprint
6. Have a power capacity of up to 300 MW per unit
SMRs also have some disadvantages, including:
1. They take longer to build
2. Have higher capital costs so are harder to finance
3. Are arguably becoming too complex
50. WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES IN NEWS

Role in Accident Prevention

• The system can function effectively even in condi-
tions with visual interference, such as hilly terrain
or haze.
• Locomotives have antennas that communicate with
towers at railway stations and display warnings to
the driver on their monitor.

49. SMALL MODULAR REACTORS

Context:
The Indian Government is considering offering incentives,
similar to a production-linked incentive (PLI) scheme, to
encourage the manufacturing of small modular reactors
(SMRs) with the goal of increasing nuclear power’s share in
India’s energy production.
• The government aims to attract private investments
and scale up SMR production to reduce costs. PLI
schemes, introduced in 2020, provide financial in-
centives based on a share of the sales value and
have been implemented in various sectors.

51. ENVIRONMENTAL DNA

Context:
Researchers at the Laboratory for the Conservation of En-
dangered Species (LaCONES), a part of the CSIR-Centre for
Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) have developed a
novel method for detecting all life forms in an ecosystem
using environmental DNA (eDNA).
• This innovative approach involves collecting water,
soil, or air samples and then sequencing the DNA
fragments found in these samples to assess the total
About Small Modular Reactors: biodiversity of the ecosystem.
Small modular reactors (SMRs) are advanced nuclear reac- • It can identify a wide range of organisms, including
tors with a power capacity of up to 300 MW(e) per unit. This viruses, bacteria, archaea, fungi, plants, insects,
is about one-third of the generating capacity of traditional birds, fish, and other animals.
• This non-invasive technique is cost-effective, fast,

92 www.insightsonindia.com

and scalable for monitoring and conserving biodi-
versity in both freshwater and marine ecosystems.
Traditional biodiversity assessment methods are limited in
their ability to account for all organisms and are expensive,
labor-intensive, and time-consuming.
This approach offers a promising way to comprehensively
monitor and conserve ecosystems without the need for ex-
tensive taxonomic expertise and direct capture or species
counting.
52. COMPOSITE WATER MANAGEMENT
INDEX REPORT
Context:
NITI Aayog, the Indian government’s think tank, is consid-
ering discontinuing the ‘Composite Water Management In-
dex’ (CWMI) report, which was launched five years ago to
assess water management in Indian states.
• The latest edition of the report highlights that water
scarcity is a national problem, with decreasing an-
nual per capita water availability.
• While the third and fourth editions of the report
have been delayed due to the unavailability of up-
dated data during the COVID-19 pandemic, NITI
Aayog has considered combining these editions with
future rounds to extend the data coverage to dis-
trict levels.
The report aimed to support evidence-based policy deci-
sions for water resource management and promote com-
petitive and cooperative federalism among Indian states.
53. CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) TO CARBON
MONOXIDE (CO) CONVERSION
Context:
IIT Bombay’s National Centre of Excellence in Carbon Cap-
ture and Utilisation (NCoE-CCU) has developed an ener-
gy-efficient technology that converts carbon dioxide (CO2)
to carbon monoxide (CO) at ambient temperatures.
Working:
The CO2-to-CO conversion technology operates through an
electrocatalytic process. Unlike traditional methods that re-
quire high temperatures (400-750 °C), and the presence of
the equivalent amount of hydrogen, this process can oper-
ate at ambient temperatures (25-40 °C) in the presence of
water, eliminating the need for high-temperature conditions.
Significance: This technology is significant for the steel in-
dustry as CO is essential for converting iron ores to me-
tallic iron in blast furnaces. The traditional method for CO
production results in significant CO2 emissions. The newly
developed process is energy-efficient and can be powered
by renewable energy sources like solar panels or windmills,
making it environmentally friendly and sustainable.
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Current Affairs 30
About CO:
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colourless, odourless gas, slightly
less dense than air. It’s produced from incomplete combus-
tion of hydrocarbons, like fossil fuels, wood, and vehicle ex-
haust. CO is toxic as it displaces oxygen in the blood. In the
atmosphere, it’s short-lived and contributes to ground-level
ozone formation.
54. PROJECT KUSHA
Context:
India is embarking on Project Kusha, a mission designed to
enhance its air defence capabilities with a system rivalling
the effectiveness of the renowned S-400.
• It includes the acquisition of three long-range Inter-
ceptor missiles with ranges of 150km, 250km, and
350km, ensuring comprehensive protection against
aerial threats.
• These missiles have a high single-shot kill probabil-
ity of at least 85% and can increase this to 98.5%
when two different missiles are launched sequen-
tially with a short gap.
About S-400 Triumf:
The S-400 Triumf is a mobile surface-to-air missile (SAM)
system developed by Russia.
The S-400 is capable of intercepting and destroying various
aerial targets, such as aircraft, drones, cruise missiles, and
ballistic missiles.
It has an operational range of up to 400 kilometres and a
surveillance range of up to 600 kilometres. It can engage
targets up to an altitude of 30 kilometers flying at a speed of
17,000 kilometers per hour or around 13 Mach – 13 times
the speed of sound.
The S-400 is considered one of the world’s most advanced
air defence systems that can simultaneously track and neu-
tralize a range of incoming aerial threats.
55. BLOCKING ORDERS AGAINST 22 ILLE-
GAL BETTING APPS
Context:
The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology
(MeitY) has issued blocking orders against 22 illegal betting
apps and websites, including the Mahadev online betting
platform, following the investigations by the Enforcement
Directorate (ED) into the illegal betting app syndicate.
What is Mahadev app case?
The case involves illegal betting activities through the Ma-
hadev Online Book. The Enforcement Directorate (ED) is
conducting a money laundering probe. Several individuals,
including actors, Politicians and businessmen, have been ac-
cused of promoting and facilitating illegal betting.

What is Online betting?
It refers to the act of placing bets on various events, sports,
or games through internet platforms.
The legal aspect of Online Betting:
Aspect Description
Legal Basis for A ban on online betting is issued under
Ban Section 69A of the IT Act 2000.
Section 69A empowers the central
government to block websites or apps
threatening national interests.
Jurisdiction Betting and gambling are part of the
State List under the 7th Schedule. On-
line betting often operates in several
states with different rules. This creates
regulation and governance challenges.
Amendments Amendments to Information Technolo-
gy Rules 2021 prohibit online real mon-
ey gaming or betting websites.
Self-regulatory body oversight is man-
dated to ensure responsible gaming
practices (games do not involve wager-
ing outcomes)
User Verification: Online game interme-
diaries must obtain user KYC details and
prevent third-party financing.
Advertisement Restrictions: Direct or
surrogate advertisements of betting or
gambling are prohibited.
State Regula- Sikkim permits online gambling, while
tions Telangana maintains a zero-tolerance
policy towards all forms of gambling.
The Chhattisgarh Gambling (Prohibi-
tion) Act, 2022, and the Tamil Nadu
Prohibition of Online Gambling and
Regulation of Online Games Act, 2022,
aim to restrict gambling activities and
their promotion in various media.
56. BHARAT’ BRAND ATTA (WHEAT
FLOUR)
Context:
The government has reduced the price of state-produced
Bharat Atta by ₹2 per kg to control prices during the festival
season.
What is the ‘Bharat’ brand Atta?
It is a type of wheat flour launched by the Indian govern-
ment with a maximum retail price of Rs 27.50 per kilogram
(market price is Rs 35.93 per KG). This initiative is part of
ongoing efforts to stabilize essential commodity prices and
provide relief to consumers.
94 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
The Atta is made accessible through various outlets, includ-
ing Kendriya Bhandar, National Agricultural Cooperative
Marketing Federation of India Limited (NAFED), and NCCF
(National Cooperative Consumer Federation), aiming to ben-
efit a broader consumer base.
The government has also been selling chana dal under the
‘Bharat’ brand.
NAFED (founded in 1958) and NCCF (est. 1965) are promi-
nent cooperative organizations, registered under the Multi-
State Co-operative Societies Act of 2002, for agricultural
product procurement and marketing.
57. DEEPFAKES
Context:
A deepfake video of Rashmika Mandanna (actress) enter-
ing an elevator sparked outrage online, later debunked by a
journalist revealing it featured British influencer Zara Patel.
What are Deepfakes?
Deepfakes are digital media – video, audio, and imag-
es edited and manipulated using Artificial Intelligence
(AI) to inflict harm on individuals and institutions. It can
be exploited to damage the reputation, fabricate evidence,
defraud the public, and undermine trust in democratic insti-
tutions with fewer resources.
Deepfake is a blend of ‘deep learning’ (a subset of machine
learning using artificial neural networks) and ‘fake.’
What countries are doing to combat deep fakes:
Country Actions Taken
China The new policy requires explicit label-
ling and traceability of doctored con-
tent using deepfake technology.
Prohibits the production of deep fakes
without user consent
European Union The updated Code of Practice man-
dates tech companies like Google,
Meta, and Twitter to counter deepfakes
on their platforms.
United States Deepfake Task Force Act assists the
Department of Homeland Security in
countering deepfake technology.
Bletchley Decla- Twenty-eight major countries call for
ration collective action to address the poten-
tial risks of AI, including deepfakes.
Google Google introduces tools like water-
marking to identify synthetic content.

Paris Call for Global initiative to enhance trust and
Trust and Securi-security, including addressing challeng-
ty in Cyberspace es posed by deepfakes.
Global Partner- Collaborative effort among countries to
ship on AI ensure responsible AI development, in-
cluding dealing with deepfakes.
Legal provisions No specific laws against deepfake tech-
in India nology, but Section 66E of the IT Act of
2000 and the Indian Copyright Act of
1957 address related issues.
58. CLIMATE SERVICES REPORT FOR 2023
Context:
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) report (Cli-
mate Services report for 2023) reveals that the health sec-
tor is ill-equipped to address heat and extreme weather
impacts.
Major findings of the report:
• Climate change threatens to undo decades of health
progress, with less than 25% of global health min-
istries using climate information to monitor cli-
mate-related health risks.
• Despite air pollution being the fourth-largest health
risk factor, only 2% of international climate finance
is allocated to address it.
• However, climate finance has doubled, averaging
$1.3 trillion annually in 2021 and 2022.
Recommendations:
The report stresses the need for collaboration between
health and climate agencies to address the climate-health
95 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
nexus, especially in vulnerable regions like Africa. Develop-
ing in-country capacities to improve local knowledge. Policy
mandates for health and meteorological actors to collabo-
rate.
About WMO (HQ: Geneva; founded: 1950)
It is an intergovernmental organization and a specialised
agency of the UN, dedicated to international cooperation
and coordination on the state and behaviour of Earth’s at-
mosphere, weather and climate, and distribution of water
resources. It has 193 members (including India)
For WMO: 2022 State of the Climate in Asia Report: Click
Here
59. OPERATION ALL CLEAR (2003)
Context:
Bhutan’s King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk’s recent visit
to Assam holds historical significance, being the first by a
Bhutanese monarch to the state.
What was Operation All Clear?
During the 1990s, Assam’s insurgent groups operated in
southeast Bhutan. In response, Bhutan launched “Opera-
tion All Clear” in 2003, targeting groups like ULFA, NDFB,
and KLO that had established camps in Bhutan. The crack-
down was prompted by threats to Bhutan’s sovereignty,
strained diplomatic relations with India, and adverse impacts
on development and economic activities. The Indian Army
provided logistical and medical assistance to support the
Bhutanese military in this endeavour.
60. WHO HAILS TUBERCULOSIS (TB)
MANAGEMENT IN INDIA
Context:
India’s efforts in tuberculosis (TB) management have re-
ceived international recognition from the World Health Or-
ganization (WHO) in their ‘Global TB Report 2023.’
India’s Achievements:
• 16% reduction in TB incidence from 2015 to 2022,
nearly double the global decline rate of about 8%
• TB mortality in India has decreased by 18% during
the same period.
• TB treatment coverage has improved to 80% of es-
timated cases, representing a 19% increase from the
previous year
About TB
It primarily affects the lungs, is caused by the bacteria My-
cobacterium tuberculosis and spreads through the air. Com-
mon medications for TB include isoniazid, rifampin, eth-
ambutol, and pyrazinamide. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin
(BCG) vaccine is the only licensed TB prevention measure.

Risk factors for TB include diabetes, HIV infection, undernu-
trition, and tobacco use.
Drug-resistant TB includes multidrug-resistant (MDR), ex-
tensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant
(TDR) forms.
India’s Status:
In 2022, India reported over 24 lakh TB cases, with 27% of
the world’s TB cases. India’s efforts are supported by initia-
tives like the National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Elim-
ination 2017-2025, TB Mukt Panchayat Abhiyan, TB Harega
Desh Jeetega Campaign, PM TB Mukt Bharat Abhiyan, and
Nikshay Poshan Yojana for nutritional support to TB patients,
contributing to successful TB management
For WHO’s Global Framework for New TB Vaccines: Click
Here
61. HOW CLIMATE CHANGE IS DISPLAC-
ING ANIMALS
Context:
Climate change is having alarming effects on ecosystems
and native species, according to a recent analysis published
in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution by the Chinese
Academy of Sciences.
Key findings of the Study:
Non-native species tend to fare better than Native species
under extreme weather events such as heat waves, cold
spells, droughts, and floods.
Reason: This is because they often have high reproduction
rates, adaptable behavior, and physiology, and a higher tol-
erance for disturbances. They can rapidly establish popula-
tions in new environments and thrive when native species
are adversely affected.
Significance: Findings emphasize the need to protect and
support the recovery of vulnerable native species in the face
of climate-driven extreme events, esp. due to the significant
economic and ecological impact of invasive species on eco-
systems worldwide.
62. MIG-21 FIGHTER JETS
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Current Affairs 30
63. ECBC: HIGH ENERGY EFFICIENCY
STANDARDS
Context:
India’s Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2017, has
earned recognition from the International Energy Agency
(IEA) as a “notable exception” among developing countries
for its high energy efficiency standards.
About ECBC:
The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) introduced the Ener-
gy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) in 2007 and updated
it in 2017. Aimed at commercial buildings with a connect-
ed load of 100 kW or more, the code sets minimum energy
standards, targeting energy savings of 25-50%. Applicable
to new and existing buildings, it assesses parameters like
building design, lighting systems, and renewable energy
integration. Compliant buildings receive tags in ascending
order of efficiency:
1. ECBC
2. ECBC Plus
3. Super ECBC
Out of 28 states, 23 have notified Energy Conservation
Building Code (ECBC) rules, but only 15 have adopted the
latest ECBC from 2017.
The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 includes
transitioning ECBC into the Energy Conservation and Sus-
tainability Building Code, incorporating measures for sus-
tainability, and mandating ECO Niwas Samhita for residen-
tial buildings, addressing the importance of energy efficiency
in the sector.
 Current Affairs 30

64. NATIONAL COAL INDEX (NCI) Recommendations:

It includes adopting reduction targets in fossil fuel produc-
Context: tion and ensuring an equitable transition considering coun-
The National Coal Index (NCI) rose by 3.83 points to 143.91 tries. Target a near-total phase-out of coal production and
in September 2023, marking the first increase since April use by 2040, coupled with a 75% reduction in oil and gas
2023. production and use by 2050 compared to 2020 levels.
• The increase suggests growing coal demand ahead
of the festive season and winter, prompting coal
producers to scale up domestic production to meet
rising energy needs.

What is NCI?
The NCI (introduced in June 2020) is a price index reflecting
coal price changes relative to the fixed base year (Financial
Year 2017-18). It compiles prices from all coal sales chan-
nels, including imports, and determines the revenue share
per tonne using a defined formula.

The NCI consists of five sub-indices—three for Non-Coking

Coal and two for Coking Coal—allowing separate indices for
each.

The Ministry of Coal does the commercial auction of coal

mines based on revenue share, utilizing the National Coal
Index (NCI).
65. 2023 PRODUCTION GAP REPORT
Context:
The 2023 Production Gap Report, authored by SEI (Stock-
holm Environment Institute), Climate Analytics, E3G, IISD,
and UNEP, reveals a concerning trend where governments
intend to produce approximately 110% more fossil fuels by
2030 than is consistent with limiting global warming to 1.5°C.
• The report was launched in 2019
66. INDUS-X INVESTORS MEET
Context:
The inaugural INDUS-X Investors Meet, organized by Innova-
tions for Defence Excellence (iDEX) and the US Department
of Defence, preceded the 2+2 Indo-US Ministerial Dialogue.
During the event, the INDUS-X Educational Series (Gurukul)
was launched. The Gurukul initiative aims to guide innova-
tors and startups within the defence ecosystems of both
the US and India.

What is the Production gap? What is the INDUS-X initiative?

Production Gap quantifies the difference between the pro-
jected extraction of coal, oil, and gas (fossil fuels) by gov-
ernments and the global production levels required to meet
climate goals, particularly those outlined in the Paris Agree-
ment (warming to 1.5°C or 2°C)
Production gap vs. emissions gap:
The emission Gap refers to the difference between global
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions under the Nationally Deter-
mined Contributions (NDCs) and the accepted level in 2030.
Report Findings:
Major countries, including Australia, Brazil, Canada, China,
India, and the UAE, are projected to increase global coal
production by 2030 and oil and gas production until at least
2050.
The INDUS-X initiative, launched in June 2023, serves as a
defence innovation bridge, fostering strategic partnerships,
joint challenges, innovation funds, academia engagement,
and industry-startup connections between India and the US.
It is a major upcoming initiative under the Initiative on Criti-
cal and Emerging Technologies (iCET).
67. PUSA-2090
Context:
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) has devel-
oped an improved rice variety, Pusa-2090, as an alternative
to Pusa-44, associated with stubble burning.
What is Pusa-44?
It is a variety of rice, known for its high yield but longer ma-
turity period, which contributes to post-harvest stubble
burning, as farmers in Punjab and Haryana have little time
left for field preparation before subsequent wheat sowing.

97 www.insightsonindia.com

During the ongoing kharif season, Pusa-44 dominates paddy
cultivation in Punjab, particularly in non-basmati varieties.
Basmati varieties, known for producing softer straw and
causing less stubble burning, have a smaller cultivation area
in comparison.
Recently, the Punjab Chief Minister has announced a ban on
the cultivation of the PUSA-44 paddy variety starting next
year (2024).
Current Affairs 30
opment and commercialization of indigenous and imported
technology. It consists of 11 board members and provides
equity capital or loans to industrial concerns and financial
assistance to research and development institutions.
The TDB has supported the establishment of the Global In-
novation & Technology Alliance (GITA) ( a not–for–profit
Public Private Partnership (PPP) company to encourage in-
dustrial investments in innovative technology solutions)

What is Pusa-2090? About SIDBI

It is a cross between Pusa-44 and CB-501, and matures in
120-125 days (compared to 155-160 days for Pusa 44), of-
fering a shorter duration with similar high yields. It aims to
address the issue of stubble burning in regions like Punjab
and Haryana.
About IARI:
The Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) (formed
1905; HQ: Delhi), initially located in Pusa, Bihar, originated as
the Imperial Institute of Agricultural Research. After being
renamed and relocated to Delhi in 1936, it is now adminis-
tered by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

68. ALLIANCE FOR TRANSFORMATIVE

ACTION ON CLIMATE AND HEALTH (ATACH)
Context:
The World Health Organization (WHO) has introduced an
Operational Framework for constructing climate-resilient
and low-carbon health systems. Framework is important
to implement the Alliance for Transformative Action on Cli-
mate and Health (ATACH) goals. 70. NATIONAL ORGAN AND TISSUE
What are climate-resilient and low-carbon health systems?
TRANSPLANT ORGANISATION (NOTTO)
Climate-resilient and low-carbon health systems are de-
signed to withstand the impacts of climate change while
Context:
minimizing their carbon footprint.
The National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation
(NOTTO) data reveals that between 1995 and 2021, four out
What is ATACH?
of five organ recipients in India were men, highlighting a
It is a WHO initiative, established in 2022, and is an informal
significant gender disparity in healthcare-seeking behavior.
voluntary network which works to realize the ambition set
at COP26 to build climate-resilient and sustainable health
What does the Data Show?
systems.
• The data suggests a disproportionately low number
of women undergoing transplants, raising concerns
69. TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BOARD about awareness and access to treatment for wom-
(TDB) en in need.
• While studies show higher numbers of women do-
Context: nors, gender bias persists in both recipients and do-
The Technology Development Board (TDB) and the Small In- nors.
dustries Development Bank of India (SIDBI) have formed an
alliance to support the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise About National Organ and Tissue Transplant Organisation:
(MSME) sector. NOTTO operates under the Directorate General of Health
Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, in New
About Technology Development Board (TDB) Delhi. It oversees organ procurement, allotment, distribu-
It is a statutory body established (in 1996; under the De- tion, and registry of organs and tissue donation and trans-
partment of Science and Technology) to promote the devel- plantation in India.

98 www.insightsonindia.com

About Organ Donation in India:
Despite being the world’s second-largest in transplants in
2019, India lags behind Western nations in donation rates
due to factors like low public awareness, religious beliefs,
and strict laws.
The Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues Act, 1994
regulates organ donation in India, allowing both deceased
and living donors. Brain death is recognized as a form of
death. The government launched the National Organ Trans-
plant Programme in 2019 to promote deceased organ do-
nation. Other law regulating transplantation in India is the
Transplantation of Human Organs Act (THOA), 1994
71. UNUSUAL NITROGEN-9 ISOTOPE
Context:
Scientists have discovered “strong evidence” for the exis-
tence of the unusual nitrogen-9 isotope, challenging previ-
ous interpretations and offering a new perspective on sub-
atomic structures.
What is an Isotope?
An isotope is a variant of a chemical element with the same
number of protons but a different number of neutrons in
its atomic nucleus. This gives the isotope a different atomic
mass.
For example, carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes of car-
bon. Both have six protons, but carbon-12 has six neutrons,
while carbon-14 has eight neutrons, resulting in different
atomic masses. Isotopes can have distinct properties and
may be stable or radioactive, undergoing decay over time.
What is Nitrogen-9?
It is characterized by seven protons and two neutrons. A
normal Nitrogen atom has an atomic number of 7 and an
atomic mass of 14 (7proton and 7 Neutron)
Other isotopes of Nitrogen are:
What is Unusual about Nitrogen-9?
Nitrogen-9 is considered unusual because it has an uncom-
mon combination of seven protons and two neutrons in its
atomic nucleus. This creates an unusually high ratio of pro-
tons to neutrons. Typically, elements have a balanced ratio
for stability, but Nitrogen-9’s high proton content makes it
99 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
less stable, challenging the conventional stability thresholds.
This oddity raises questions about its existence in this state
and how it maintains stability, introducing complexity to our
understanding of atomic nuclei.
72. POLARIZED EMISSIONS FROM AN
EXTRAGALACTIC BLACK HOLE
Context:
Researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT)
Guwahati and the UR Rao Satellite Centre of ISRO have
achieved a groundbreaking discovery by detecting polarized
emissions from an extragalactic black hole (i.e., outside our
Milky Way Galaxy) marking the first such observation be-
yond our Milky Way Galaxy.
The team utilized X-ray polarimetry to study the binary star
system ‘Large Magellanic Cloud X-3 (LMC X3),’ consisting of
a black hole and a massive star. The findings observed using
NASA’s Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE) and other
missions, provide insights into understanding the nature of
astrophysical black hole sources.
• IXPE was the first mission of NASA to study the po-
larization of X-rays from celestial objects
• ISRO’s upcoming X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPo-
Sat) mission will be the second satellite with this
capability.
What is Polarized emissions?
Polarized emissions refer to electromagnetic waves, such
as light or X-rays, whose electric field vectors oscillate pre-
dominantly in a specific direction. In astrophysics, detecting
polarized emissions from celestial objects, like black holes,
provides valuable information about the object’s physical
properties and surrounding environment.
About XpoSat

73. SEA BUCKTHORN
Context:
Ladakh has secured its fourth Geographical Indication (GI)
tag, this time for “Ladakh Sea Buckthorn.”
• Sea Buckthorn is a highly profitable crop in Ladakh,
with 90% of its production coming from the region.
About Sea buckthorn:
• A shrub which produces an orange-yellow coloured
edible berry.
• In India, it is found in the Himalayan region, gener-
ally in dry areas such as the cold deserts of Ladakh
and Spiti.
• The Sea Buckthorn Plantation has many Ecological,
Medicinal and Economical benefits.
74. INDIA’S EDIBLE OIL SECTOR
Context:
India’s edible oil imports have increased by nearly 1.5 times
and more than doubled in rupee value over the past decade,
reaching a record over 16 million tonnes in the year ending
October 2023.
About Edible Oil Sector in India:
100 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
75. EMISSIONS GAP REPORT
Context:
The United Nations’ annual Emissions Gap report reveals
that current emissions pledges by countries to address cli-
mate change are insufficient, and the world is on track to
warm by nearly 3 degrees Celsius this century.
Key Findings:
• The report emphasizes that present trends are lead-
ing to a potentially catastrophic 3-degree tempera-
ture rise, with scientists warning of consequences
like the melting of ice sheets and the drying out of
the Amazon rainforest at this level of warming.
• The report, states that the world could face between
2.5 and 2.9 degrees Celsius of warming above pre-
industrial levels if more aggressive climate action is
not taken.
• It suggests that greenhouse gas emissions must de-
cline by 42% by 2030 to limit warming to 1.5 de-
grees Celsius.
• The report indicates a 1.2% increase in global green-
house gas emissions from 2021 to 2022, reaching a
record 57.4 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide equiva-
lent.
• It assesses countries’ Nationally Determined Con-
tributions (NDCs), revealing that unconditional
pledges would lead to a 2.9-degree temperature
rise, while conditional pledges could limit warming
to 2.5 degrees.
76. KADALUNDI MUDFLAT
Context:
The mudflat ecosystem in Kadalundi, located on the south-
west coast of India, is shrinking rapidly due to natural and
anthropogenic factors, with sand sedimentation covering
the once-abundant inter-tidal mudflats.
• In the early 2000s, Kadalundi had approximately 8
hectares of nutrient-rich mudflats, but now it has
dwindled to just about 1 hectare.
• The mudflats provide essential prey, such as poly-
chaetes and crustaceans, attracting a diverse range
of migratory birds from places like Siberia, Ladakh,
Mongolia, and Scotland
Mudflats, also known as tidal flats, are coastal wetlands
that form when tides or rivers deposit mud. They are found
in sheltered areas such as bays, bayous, lagoons, and estu-
aries.
77. GAMBUSIA FISH
Context: The article discusses the unintended consequenc-
es of introducing mosquitofish, specifically Gambusia affin-
is and Gambusia holbrooki.
• Initially introduced in the 1960s as a biological con-
trol method to combat mosquito-borne diseases,
these fish have proliferated beyond their intended
habitats, causing severe ecological and environ-
mental problems.
 Current Affairs 30
• Mosquitofish, originally from the U.S., was intro- 4. Paradise Papers in 2017
duced in India to prey on mosquito larvae. However, 5. Pandora Papers in 2021
their adaptability and high tolerance for changing
environmental conditions led to their widespread
distribution, displacing and preying on native fauna.
• Despite the World Health Organization’s withdraw-
al of the recommendation for Gambusia as a mos-
quito control agent in 1982 and its designation as an
invasive alien species by the National Biodiversity
Authority of the Government of India in 2018, both
government and non-governmental organizations
continue to release these fish for mosquito control.

Cyprus is an island country located in the eastern Mediterra-

nean Sea, south of the Anatolian Peninsula and east of the
78. CYPRUS CONFIDENTIAL Levant. It is geographically in Western Asia, but its cultural
ties and geopolitics are overwhelmingly South-eastern Eu-
Context: ropean.
An investigative report (called Cyprus Confidential) by The
Indian Express and ICIJ, exposes Cyprus as a favoured loca-
tion for global wealthy individuals engaging in tax evasion
and money laundering.

The investigation reveals how Cyprus attracts investors, in-

cluding prominent Indians, through favourable conditions
(such as Zero estate duty, No trust registration requirements
etc.) and the Golden Passport scheme. Despite being an EU
member, Cyprus is known to be a financial hub for Russian
oligarchs, facilitating tax evasion and money laundering.

A tax haven is a jurisdiction with very low tax rates. Tax eva-
sion is a criminal act involving individuals, corporations, and
other entities using illegal means to evade taxes by misrep-
resenting or concealing their true financial state.
According to the State of Tax Justice Report 2023, countries
across the world will lose $ 4.8 trillion to tax havens over 79. EXERCISE MITRA SHAKTI-2023
the next 10 years (equal to the GDP of Japan — the world’s
third-largest economy) Context:
The ninth edition of the joint military exercise “Exercise
For Global Tax Evasion Report 2024: Click Here MITRA SHAKTI-2023” between India and Sri Lanka began in
Aundh (Pune).
Previous Reports on Tax Havens:
1. Offshore Leaks in 2013 Other Major Exercises:
2. HSBC Swiss Leaks in 2015 Exercise Name Countries Involved
3. Panama Papers in 2016 Military Exercises

101 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30

Indra India-Russia 81. ISS MARKED ITS 25TH ANNIVERSARY

Yudh Abhyas India-USA
Context:
Hand-in-Hand India-China The Expedition 70 crew on the International Space Station
Shakti India-France (ISS) focused on space biology and Dragon spacecraft activi-
Mitra Shakti India-Sri Lanka ties as the ISS marked its 25th anniversary.
Sampriti India-Bangladesh
Surya Kiran India-Nepal
Air Force Exercises
Indradhanush India-UK
Garuda India-France
Cope India India-USA
SINDEX India-Singapore
Blue Flag Multinational (includes India)
Red Flag Multinational (includes India)
Naval Exercises
Malabar India-USA-Japan-Australia
Varuna India-France
SIMBEX India-Singapore
IBSAMAR India-Brazil-South Africa
Naseem-Al-Bahr India-Oman
SLINEX India-Sri Lanka

80. LANGLANDS PROGRAM

Context:
The Langlands Program, initiated in 1967 by mathematician
Robert Langlands and awarded the Abel Prize in 2018, is the
world’s largest mathematics project.
What is the Langlands Program?
The Langlands Program is a comprehensive and influential
research initiative in mathematics that aims to establish
deep connections between two seemingly unrelated areas
of mathematics: number theory and harmonic analysis.
82. ATMOSPHERIC WAVES EXPERIMENT
Context:
NASA’s Atmospheric Waves Experiment (AWE) is a
ground-breaking mission designed to study the interactions
between terrestrial and space weather.
• It aims to investigate one of the key drivers of space
weather – Earth’s weather.
• The study is crucial due to the increasing reliance
on satellite-based services for navigation and com-
munication, making forecasts and data on space
weather vital.

Significance: The Langlands Program has had a profound im-
pact on various branches of mathematics, leading to signifi-
cant breakthroughs and applications in solving long-stand-
ing mathematical problems.
What is the Abel Prize?
The Abel Prize is a prestigious award in mathematics,
named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.
Established by the Norwegian Parliament in 2002, the prize
recognizes outstanding scientific achievements in mathe-
matics. The 2023 Abel Prize was awarded to Luis Caffarelli
for his contributions to regularity theory for nonlinear partial
differential equations.
About Atmospheric Waves Experiment:
• The AWE mission will focus on studying Atmospher-
ic Gravity Waves (AGW), a type of vertical wave gen-
erated by extreme weather events or sudden dis-
turbances causing a vertical displacement of stable
air.
• These waves, including AGWs, play a role in space
weather, affecting the overall weather, climate, and
space conditions.
• It will measure airglow at the mesopause (85 to 87
km above Earth), capturing faint airglow in the in-
frared bandwidth.
• The mission will use an Advanced Mesospheric
Temperature Mapper (ATMT) to scan the meso-
pause, mapping the brightness of light at specific
wavelengths

About Space Weather:

102 www.insightsonindia.com

Space weather refers to the environmental conditions
around Earth and other planets influenced by the Sun’s ac-
tivities, such as solar flares and emissions, as well as the
prevailing matter in space.
Severe space weather events can impact critical Earth in-
stallations like satellite-based communication, radio com-
munication, navigation systems, and power grids
83. GHOL AS THE GUJRAT’S STATE FISH
Context:
The Gujarat government recently declared the ghol as the
state fish, citing its economic value and uniqueness.
Ghol Fish Details
About Ghol The Ghol fish is a rare and expensive ma-
Fish rine species found in the Indo-Pacific region
(from the Persian Gulf to the Pacific Ocean),
primarily in the marine areas of Gujarat and
Maharashtra in India
Nutrients It is loaded with
rich nutrients such
as iodine, omega-3,
DHA, EPA, iron, tau-
rine, magnesium,
fluoride, and sele-
nium.
Length Around one-and-a-half meters. Price increas-
es with length, reaching up to Rs 5 lakh per
unit length.
In India One of the largest fish found in India, pri-
marily in marine areas of Gujarat and Maha-
rashtra. Often referred to as ‘Sea Gold.’ (or
known as the “fisherman’s lottery”)Recog-
nized for a pouch in its stomach with potent
medicinal properties.
Benefits Good for eye health, and contains vitamins
and minerals. Prevents ageing and wrinkles
due to collagen content. Improves infant IQ
with Omega-3, stimulating brain cell growth.
Ec o n o m i c Demand for both meat and air bladder.
Value Used in beer and winemaking. Air bladder
has pharmaceutical applications. Highly val-
ued in overseas markets, especially China.
84. NEAR-SPACE COMMAND
Context:
China has reportedly established the world’s first ‘near-
space command,’ forming the People’s Liberation Army’s
fifth force alongside the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Rocket
Force.
• Chinese researchers see near-space as the next
battleground and assert that it is a crucial zone that
could determine the outcome of future battles.
103 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
• The near-space command will utilize modern hyper-
sonic missiles for precise and swift attacks on ene-
my military assets.
• Equipped with automated drones and spy balloons,
it aims for high-altitude surveillance globally.
• The space command is expected to have spy bal-
loons, solar-powered drones, and supporting
equipment, raising concerns about potential politi-
cal and military repercussions.
Operating in the ‘near-space’ area, the command
relies on hypersonic weapons that can operate at
more than five times the speed of sound and out-
manoeuvre air defence systems
What is Near Space ?
Near space is the region between 75,000 feet (23 km) and
62.5 miles (100 km). It›s also defined as the area between
airspace Flight Level 600 (18 km) and 160 km above sea lev-
el.
Near space is too thin for planes to fly in, so military planes
avoid it.
85. AGNI – ‘AYURVEDA GYAN NAIPUNYA
INITIATIVE’
Context:
The Central Council for Research in Ayurveda Sciences
(CCRAS), under the Ministry of Ayush, has launched the
“Ayurveda Gyan Naipunya Initiative” (AGNI) to promote
research and mainstream pragmatic practices in Ayurveda.
• AGNI aims to provide a platform for Ayurveda prac-
titioners to report innovative practices and experi-
ences in various disease conditions, fostering a cul-
ture of evidence-based practice.
• The initiative also seeks to identify interested practi-
tioners for collaboration in creating a database and
offers training in research methods.
The initiative aligns with CCRAS’s commitment to research
on scientific lines in Ayurveda, and it complements other
programs initiated by the organization, such as SPARK, PG-
STAR, and SMART, aimed at promoting scientific research
in Ayurveda.
86. AMYLOIDOSIS
Context:
Scientists from the Institute of Advanced Studies in Science
and Technology have successfully fabricated a 2D protein
monolayer using lysozyme molecules, a model protein for
studying diseases like Amyloidosis.
• Amyloidosis is a rare condition where the accumu-
lation of amyloid protein in organs leads to dysfunc-
tion in vital organs such as the heart, kidneys, liver,
spleen, nervous system, and digestive tract.
• The study investigated the physical properties of ly-
sozyme molecules at the air-water interface under
varying surface pressure and subphase pH condi-
tions.

• The compressible behaviour of lysozyme monolay-
ers was correlated with the formation of stripe-like
domains with increasing surface pressure.
Lysozyme is a naturally occurring enzyme that protects
against bacteria, viruses, and fungi. It’s found in many bodily
secretions, including:
Tears, Saliva, Milk, Sweat, Mucus, Egg white, Nasal mucus,
Gastric secretions
87. MUSIC FROG
Context:
Scientists have identified a new species of ‘music frog,’
named Nidirana noadihing, in Arunachal Pradesh.
• This unique discovery is marked by the distinct fea-
ture that both male and female frogs are vocal.
• The frogs emit a distinctive call pattern consisting of
two to three notes, resembling the sounds of wild
duck species.
• The male frogs, characterized by their robust bodies,
were observed calling loudly in various locations,
including marshy areas, the edges of a newly con-
structed pond, and along a nearby road.
• The frog is named after the Noa-Dihing River where
it was found.
The findings confirm the presence of the Nidirana genus in
India for the first time, with previous known occurrences in
Japan, Taiwan, China, Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand.
88. INVESTOR RISK REDUCTION ACCESS
(IRRA) PLATFORM
Context:
The Investor Risk Reduction Access (IRRA) platform has
been jointly developed by major stock exchanges in India,
including BSE, NSE, NCDEX, MCX, and MSE.
Aspect Details
About Investor Risk Reduction Access (IRRA)
is a platform that acts as a safety net
for investors in the event of technical
glitches at a trading member’s end,
allowing them to close open positions
and cancel pending orders during dis-
ruptions.
104 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Purpose The platform is designed to miti-
gate risks associated with trading
interruptions and is available for in-
ternet-based and wireless technolo-
gy-supported trading
Availability It is available to trading members sup-
porting internet-based trading and
security trading through wireless tech-
nology for their investors.
Development Jointly developed by all major stock
exchanges in India – BSE, NSE, NC-
DEX, MCX, and Metropolitan Stock Ex-
change of India.
Launch Authority Launched by the Securities and Ex-
change Board of India (SEBI).
Invocation Pro- Trading members can invoke IRRA
cess during technical glitches at their end
across exchanges from both the pri-
mary and disaster recovery sites.
Stock exchanges can also initiate it suo
moto.
89. NASA’S PSYCHE SPACECRAFT
Context:
NASA’s Psyche spacecraft, en route to a metal-rich asteroid,
is pioneering Deep Space Optical Communications (DSOC)
using near-infrared laser signals for high-bandwidth com-
munication.
What is Deep Space Optical Communication (DSOC) and
how it is different from traditional radio wave communi-
cation?
Deep Space Optical Communication (DSOC) is a pioneer-
ing technology used in space communication that utiliz-
es near-infrared laser signals instead of traditional radio
waves. Unlike radio waves, DSOC enables higher band-
widths, allowing for data rates at least 10 times higher than
current radio systems.
Working?
DSOC encodes data in photons at near-infrared wave-
lengths (rather than radio waves) to communicate between
a probe in deep space and Earth. Using light instead of radio
allows the spacecraft to communicate more data in a given
amount of time.
DSOC achieves precise pointing through the use of near-in-
frared lasers, isolation from spacecraft vibrations, and adap-
tive systems to compensate for changing positions, making it
a revolutionary approach for deep space missions.
Significance:
This DSOC advancement is crucial for communicating with
spacecraft over long distances (like human exploration of

Mars), offering benefits such as higher resolution images,
increased data transfer rates, and the potential for stream-
ing video.
90. HYDROCLIMATE EXTREMES
Context:
A recent study at Banaras Hindu University examined the
impact of global warming on hydroclimate extremes over
the Indian River Basins (IRBs).
• Hydroclimatic extremes are extreme events that can
have substantial impacts on human societies and
ecosystems. These events include Floods, Droughts,
Heatwaves, and Rainstorms.
• The study used high-resolution simulated precipita-
tion data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison
Project-6 (CMIP6) experiments.
Findings:
• The findings indicate that the frequency of extreme
rainfall is expected to increase over the Western
Ghats and Northeast River basins, while heavy rain-
fall intensity is projected to increase over the Upper
Ganga and Indus basins.
• The research highlights an agricultural drought in
the lower Ganga basin due to a decline in mean
rainfall.
Significance:
• It emphasizes the need for policymakers to develop
strategies to manage water surplus or scarcity. The
study predicts a 4% to 10% increase in heavy rain-
fall over the western part of Indian River basins and
significant precipitation changes in specific areas.
• These changes in hydroclimate extremes could have
a substantial impact on agriculture, health, and so-
cio-economic conditions.
• The study also identifies major hotspots for future
urban flooding in highly populated cities, suggest-
ing that policymakers should design basin-specific
climate adaptation and mitigation strategies, in-
cluding water and emergency services policies, to
minimize the risk associated with extreme events in
these basins.
91. BLETCHLEY DECLARATION
Context:
Bletchley Park, the historic site known for its crucial role in
World War II, is hosting the world’s first global summit on
artificial intelligence (AI) safety in 2023.
• Britain, along with 28 other countries and the Euro-
pean Union, published the “Bletchley Declaration”
at Bletchley Park, England.
The focus of the Bletchley Declaration:
This declaration aims to enhance global collaboration on
artificial intelligence (AI) safety. It has a two-fold focus:
identifying shared AI-related risks and enhancing scientific
105 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
understanding of these risks, as well as creating cross-coun-
try policies to address them.
About Bletchley Declaration
Aspect Details
Recognition of Acknowledges AI’s potential to enhance
AI Potential human well-being.
Risks Associat- Recognizes the risks posed by AI, includ-
ed with AI ing Frontier AI (highly capable founda-
tion generative AI models)
Nature of Risks Highlights that substantial risks may
arise from potential intentional misuse
or unintended control issues related to
alignment with human intent. The com-
plexity of these capabilities makes pre-
diction difficult.
International Emphasizes the need for international
Cooperation cooperation to address AI-related risks,
as they are inherently global.
Collaborative States that all actors, including compa-
Approach nies, civil society, and academia, must
collaborate to address these risks.
Mitigation Outlines the agenda for risk mitigation,
Agenda which will focus on building a shared
scientific understanding and developing
risk-based policies that span across coun-
tries.
Historical Importance of Bletchley Park:
• During the war, Bletchley Park played a pivotal role
in breaking the ‘unbreakable’ Enigma code, which
was used by the Nazis.
• The site is also known for creating the Turing Bombe,
a device that expedited code-breaking efforts.
• Bletchley Park contributed to the development of
the Colossus, often considered the world’s first pro-
grammable electronic computer.
92. MERCURY CONTAMINATION
Context:
Tropical birds in Central and South America are exhibiting
signs of mercury contamination due to artisanal and small-
scale gold mining operations, according to a new study.
• Birds living within 7 km of gold mining activity were
found to have mercury concentrations over four
times higher than those in other areas.
Why mercury is used in Gold mining?
Mercury is used in gold mining because it forms an amal-
gam with gold, allowing for the extraction of gold from ore.
This amalgamation process is a simple and effective way to
capture fine gold particles, but it also leads to significant en-
vironmental and health concerns due to mercury pollution.
 Current Affairs 30
Key Findings: 94. 2023 ADAPTATION GAP REPORT
• The research suggests that mercury may be playing
a role in the declining biodiversity of tropical birds, Context:
which has been observed in recent decades. Adaptation Gap Report 2023 released by the United Nations
Mercury contamination has been linked to neurological ill- Environment Programme
ness, immune diseases, and reproductive failure in both
humans and birds. Birds are considered sensitive indicators What is an Adaptation Gap?
of ecosystem health and are often referred to as the “canary The Adaptation Gap is the difference between the funds
in the gold mine” for their ability to signal environmental needed to adapt to climate change in countries (generally
issues. developing and least developed countries) and the actual fi-
nancial support received. For instance, developing countries
93. NECP AND EEFP LAUNCHED BY EESL require $215-387 billion annually for climate adaptation, but
they are only receiving about $21 billion.
Context:
The National Efficient Cooking Programme (NECP) and En- Major findings from the 2023 Adaptation Gap Report:
ergy Efficient Fans Programme (EEFP) were launched by
Highlights Recommendations
Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL) to promote ener-
gy-efficient and eco-friendly solutions in India. Adaptation finance Developed countries should dou-
needs are 10-18 ble their climate finance for adap-
About the National Efficient Cooking Programme (NECP) times higher than tation from 2019 levels by 2025.
and the Energy Efficient Fans Programme (EEFP): current public flows.
Programme” Description Adaptation costs are The report emphasizes the need
expected to signifi- for urgent climate action in three
NECP Launched by Energy Efficiency Services
cantly increase by domains: mitigation, adaptation,
Limited (EESL), it aims to transform cook-
2050. For example, and addressing loss and damage.
ing practices in India by introducing in-
coastal protection
duction-based cook stoves
costs will rise due to
Target: To deploy 20 Lakh Induction cook- sea-level rise.
stoves across India
The adaptation fi- Increase and improve budget tag-
Benefits: The cookstoves offer a cost ad- nance gap is expand- ging and tracking for integrating
vantage of 25-30 per cent over tradition- ing. adaptation into budget planning.
al cooking methods. It supports India’s
Action plan on loss Mobilize private investments, by
Go-electric campaign and contributes to
and damage has methods like resilience bonds, and
carbon mitigation goals.
overlooked non-eco- insurance.
EEFP Launched by Energy Efficiency Services nomic losses like cul-
Limited (EESL), it aims to enhance the tural heritage and in-
market for efficient fans by deploying one digenous knowledge.
crore 5-star energy-efficient ceiling fans
Only 2% of gen- Leverage remittances which often
across India
der-tagged interna- contribute significantly to Gross
Benefits: Low Energy Consumption: Con- tional adaptation Domestic Product. Financing Small
ventional fans typically consume 75-80W finance is gender-re- and Medium Enterprises (SMEs),
whereas contemporary 5-star fans con- sponsive. stimulating them to offer adap-
sume only 28-32W. tation-relevant products and ser-
About Energy Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), vices
Efficiency Ser- operating under the Ministry of Power
vices Limited (founded in 2009), is a leading Energy 95. INSURANCE SURETY BOND
Service Company. Their portfolio encom-
passes energy-efficient products like LED Context:
bulbs, tube lights, fans, air conditioners, The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has em-
streetlights, and electric vehicles. EESL is a braced an innovative approach, accepting an Insurance
joint venture of state-run power compa- Surety Bond in place of a Bank Guarantee for the Toll Op-
nies, responsible for the implementation erate Transfer (TOT), marking the first such use in the road
of the Unnat Jyoti by Affordable LEDs for infrastructure sector.
All scheme. It has reduced the prices of • This move aims to boost liquidity, encourage pri-
LED bulbs by 75%. vate participation in highway development, and
promote the ‘Ease of Doing Business’.

106 www.insightsonindia.com

• The Insurance Surety Bonds, facilitated by NHAI in
partnership with insurance companies, serve as a
financial guarantee, underlining their significance
in evolving the road infrastructure landscape.
• This approach has received substantial traction,
with over 40 such bonds issued for various NHAI
contracts, signalling the potential for wider adop-
tion.
• The Ministry of Finance, Government of India has
recognized e-BGs and Insurance Surety Bonds at
par with Bank Guarantees, consolidating their role
in government procurements
About Surety Bonds:
A surety bond is a legally binding contract that is a unique
type of insurance. It is a three-party agreement that guaran-
tees compliance, payment, or performance of an act.
A surety bond is a promise to be liable for the debt, default,
or failure of another. The principal is the debtor, and the
surety is the third person who becomes responsible for the
payment of the obligation if the principal is unable to pay
or perform. The principal remains primarily liable, whereas
the surety is secondarily liable.
Surety bonds are used as an assurance that the issuer will
pay any debts if the other party fails to do so. For example,
surety bonds can be used as a substitute for bank guaran-
tees in government procurement
96. CONCEPT OF WHITE HOLE AND BIG
BOUNCE
Context: Carlo Rovelli, an Italian physicist and author of pop-
ular-science books, explores the concept of white holes in
his latest work, “White Holes: Inside the Horizon.”
• These are considered the opposite of black holes
and might generate new universes, a theoretical
idea supported by the math
White Holes vs. Black Holes: White holes are akin to a movie
running in reverse. Matter falling into a black hole, according
to Rovelli, bounces back in the form of a white hole, predict-
ed by quantum mechanics, and alters our understanding of
space and time
• Quantum Bounce Theory: Black holes potentially
transition to white holes via a bounce. This theo-
ry suggests the possibility of a universe emerging
from a white hole, creating something similar to the
Big Bang, implying we might be products of a “big
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Current Affairs 30
bounce.”
• Concept of Time: Rovelli suggests that time isn’t
uniform, as discovered through relativistic effects,
where it passes differently for different observers.
It’s a product of space-time, influenced by gravity
and subject to quantum granular aspects.
• Space-Time and Quantum Effects: The combination
of quantum mechanics and gravity indicates that
space-time might have granular aspects, influenced
by what’s known as “time-steps” or atoms in space
that are static entities shaping space itself.
97. ATTENBOROUGH ECHIDNA
Context:
The Zaglossus attenboroughi, a long-beaked echidna named
after David Attenborough and last seen in 1961, has been re-
discovered in a remote region of Indonesia.
• This elusive creature, known for its nocturnal and
reclusive nature, was found in the Cyclops Moun-
tains of Papua, Indonesia.
• The discovery also revealed a tree-dwelling shrimp,
a kind of honeyeater bird unseen since 2008, and
several previously unknown underground species.
Attenborough Namesake Species: Sir David Attenborough
has various species named after him, including an extinct
plesiosaur, a Tasmanian snail, a gecko from Australia, and a
carnivorous pitcher plant from the Philippines.
About David Attenborough:
David Attenborough, the esteemed British naturalist and
broadcaster, is known for his extensive contributions to
natural history and environmental conservation. He’s been
the face of several ground-breaking wildlife documentaries
and series that explore the wonders of the natural world.
Attenborough’s work emphasizes the urgency of conserva-
tion and educates the global audience on the beauty and
importance of the world’s ecosystems. He’s received numer-
ous awards and honours for his work and has had various
species named after him in recognition of his dedication to
the field of biology and palaeontology
 Current Affairs 30

98. CELL BROADCAST ALERT SYSTEM

(CBAS)
Context:
The National Disaster Management Authority’s (NDMA)
Cell Broadcast Alert System (CBAS) and Google’s early
earthquake warning system did not effectively reach people
during recent seismic events in Delhi and surrounding areas.

What Happened?
• CBAS, tested by the NDMA, failed to send alerts in
North India, raising concerns about the effectiveness
of these early alert systems during seismic events.
• NDMA’s seismo.gov.in website crashed during the
tremors, hindering access to crucial information.
• Google’s Android Earthquake Early Warning system
sent alerts in regions near the India-Nepal border
where shaking was stronger, the tremors in Delhi did
not trigger alerts due to their lower intensity

What is NDMA’s Cell Broadcast Alert System? Prelims Links:

NDMA’s Cell Broadcast Alert System is a cutting-edge tech-
nology enabling the government to send urgent disaster
management messages to all mobile devices within a specif-
ic geographic area.
• Developed by C-DOT under the Department of
Telecommunication, it is designed to deliver criti-
cal alerts for severe weather warnings, public safety
messages, evacuation notices, and other emergency
information.
• The system was recently tested in collaboration
with the Department of Telecommunications, with
sample alerts labelled as “SAMPLE TESTING MES-
SAGE.”
About NDMA:
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) (found-
ed 2005; HQ: New Delhi) is an apex body mandated to lay
down policies for disaster management. It was established
through the Disaster Management Act 2005. It is headed by
the Prime Minister.
99. CLOUD SEEDING
Q. In the context of which of the following do some scien-
tists suggest the use of the cirrus cloud thinning technique
and the injection of sulphate aerosol into the stratosphere?
(UPSC 2019)
(a) Creating the artificial rains in some regions
(b) Reducing the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones
(c) Reducing the adverse effects of solar wind on the Earth
(d) Reducing the global warming
Ans: D
100. SOVEREIGN GREEN BOND
Context:
In the first issuance of sovereign green bonds (SGrB) for the
Financial Year 2024, the auction of five-year maturity bonds
was successful, attracting decent investor interest.
About Sovereign Green Bond:
A sovereign green bond is a financial instrument that is is-
sued by a sovereign entity, inter-governmental group, alli-
ance, or corporation. The proceeds from the sale of these
bonds are earmarked exclusively for projects classified as
environmentally sustainable.

In India, sovereign green bonds showcase the country’s com-

mitment to building a low-carbon economy. They lower the
capital cost for green projects by attracting new investors,
and mobilizing private capital for sustainable development.

India’s first deal in the sovereign green bond market fi-

nanced expenditures in grid-scale solar and wind, decen-
tralised solar such as solar water pumps for agriculture.

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 Current Affairs 30

101. GPS ANKLETS Gravi- Infinite Weakest Graviton (Hypo-

tational (long-range) thetical)
Context: (attrac-
In a first for India, a prisoner in Jammu and Kashmir, Ghulam tive)
Mohammad Bhat, accused under the Unlawful Activities
Electro- Infinite Moderate Photon (It governs
(Prevention) Act, has been released on bail with a condition
magnetic (long-range) phenomena like
to wear a Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking device.
• The GPS tracker, a small wearable device, is affixed (attrac- electricity, magne-
around the ankle, providing real-time location in- tive or tism, friction, and
formation. repul- tension)
• The device is tamper-proof, and any attempt at sive)
tampering with it sets off an alarm. It can also not Strong Short-range Strongest Gluon (it binds
be removed by the wearer or any unauthorised Nuclear (10^-15 m) the nucleus of an
person without damaging it.
atom together,
• The tracker can be put on the ankle or arm of a per-
son. Thus, there are GPS anklets and GPS bracelets. preventing it from
• While GPS trackers are a common precondition for breaking apart. It
bail in countries like the United States, the United sustains nuclear
Kingdom, and Malaysia, this is the first instance in fusion)
India. Weak Short-range Weak W+, W-, Z bosons
About GPS: Nuclear (10^-18 m) (it acts on parti-
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based nav- cles moving near
igation system that uses satellites, receivers, and algorithms the speed of light)
to synchronize location, velocity, and time data. GPS can be
used for air, sea, and land travel. However, the classification of fundamental forces faces
GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the challenges:
world, 24 hours a day, with no subscription fees or setup • Force carriers, like the Higgs boson and pion, may
charges. Some GPS receivers are so accurate they can es- not be considered truly ‘fundamental.’
tablish their location within 1 centimetre. • Interactions such as the electroweak force raise
GPS was designed by the U.S. military questions about the number of fundamental forces
• The unique nature of gravity further complicates
102. EX-BONGOSAGAR the classification, as it is fundamentally different
from other forces.
Context:
The 4th edition of the Bilateral Exercise BONGOSAGAR-23 104. SATURN’S RINGS
and the 5th edition of the Coordinated Patrol (CORPAT) be-
tween the Indian Navy and Bangladesh Navy took place in Context:
the Northern Bay of Bengal. Saturn’s rings will not disappear permanently by 2025. Al-
• Indian Navy Ships Kuthar, Kiltan, and Maritime Pa- though they will become almost invisible from Earth during
trol Aircraft Dornier, along with Bangladesh Navy that time, it is a regular occurrence due to the thinness of
Ships Abu Bakr, Abu Ubaidah, and MPA, participat-
ed in the exercise. the rings.
• The CORPAT-23 also featured the maiden Humani-
tarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) drills, What is Saturn’s ring and how it was formed?
focusing on a Search and Rescue scenario at sea. Saturn’s rings are a vast system of icy particles, rocks, and
dust that orbit the planet. They were formed from the de-
103. FOUR FUNDAMENTAL FORCES OF bris of comets, asteroids, and moonlets that either collided
with each other or were captured by Saturn’s gravity.
THE UNIVERSE
Context: How will the ring become invisible for some time?
The concept of ‘force’ in physics revolves around four funda- Saturn’s rings will become almost invisible from Earth in
mental interactions between subatomic particles: 2025 due to the edge-on perspective from our viewpoint.
This phenomenon occurs because the rings are so thin that,
Four fundamental forces: when seen from a distance, they appear to vanish when
viewed edge-on. The rings’ edge-on appearance happens
Force Range Strength Mediator twice per Saturnian year, making them seem to vanish, but
(Relative) (Particle) they will gradually reappear.

109 www.insightsonindia.com

Which planets have rings and why do earth doesn’t have
rings?
Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and Neptune have rings. Earth does
not have rings because any rings it might have formed in
the past would have likely been disrupted by various grav-
itational forces and atmospheric effects. Additionally, the
relatively strong gravitational influences of the Moon and
other celestial bodies make it challenging for Earth to main-
tain stable rings.
Recently Saturn became a planet with most moons.
105. INDIA EXEMPTED FROM CITES RST
Context:
India has been removed from the Convention on Interna-
tional Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
(CITES) Review of Significant Trade (RST) for Red Sanders.
What is CITES RST?
CITES RST (Review of Significant Trade) is a process where
the CITES Standing Committee closely examines a country’s
species exports to ensure compliance with CITES regula-
tions.
• Noncompliance may result in disciplinary actions, in-
cluding trade suspensions.
Why was India exempted from CITES RST?
India has been under RST for Red Sanders since 2004. It has
now been exempted, allowing farmers in India to partici-
pate in the legitimate trade of Red Sanders. The exemption
is attributed to the 2022 amendment to the Wildlife (Pro-
tection) Act, aligning with CITES provisions under the CITES
National Legislation Programme (NLP).
• This has elevated India’s status from Category 2 to
Category 1 by the CITES Standing Committee.
110 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
About Red Sanders
Red sanders, classified as endangered by the IUCN, CITES
(Appendix II), and Wildlife Protection Act (Schedule IV), are
native to a specific region within the Eastern Ghats and are
known for their unique flora. It is referred to as ‘the pride of
Eastern Ghats’. These trees have a slow growth rate, taking
25 to 40 years to mature, and they display remarkable resis-
tance to droughts.
Red Sanders application:
The Red Sanders heartwood is valued for its wavy grain.
Besides its use in furniture, the red dye (called ‘santalin’)
extracted from the wood serves as a colouring agent for tex-
tiles, medicine, and food.
About CITES:
106. NATIONAL HEALTH CLAIM EXCHANGE
(NHCX)
Context:
The National Health Authority (NHA) and the Insurance
Regulatory and Development Authority of India (IRDAI)
collaborated to operationalize the National Health Claim Ex-
change (NHCX), a digital health claims platform.
What is NHCX?
The National Health Claim Exchange (NHCX) is a digital
health claims platform that serves as a gateway for exchang-
ing claims-related information among various stakeholders
in the healthcare and health insurance ecosystem, enhanc-
ing efficiency and transparency in health claims processing.
About NHA:
The National Health Authority (NHA) (formed in 2019) is an
autonomous entity established under the Society Registra-

tion Act, 1860, responsible for implementing AB PM-JAY. It
oversees the design, technological infrastructure, and imple-
mentation of the “National Digital Health Mission” to create
a National Digital Health Eco-system. It replaced the Nation-
al Health Agency and operates as an attached office of the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
About IRDAI:
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of
India (est. 1999; HQ: Hyderabad) is a statutory body under
the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Finance and is tasked with
regulating and licensing the insurance and re-insurance in-
dustries in India
107. ELECTRIC BATTERY
Context:
The electric battery serves as a portable source of electric
power, playing a fundamental role in convenience and sus-
tainability.
Invention:
In 1749, Benjamin Franklin coined the term “battery” while
experimenting with electricity. The first real battery was in-
vented by Alessandro Volta in 1800. In the early 19th centu-
ry, Michael Faraday worked out why these cells worked the
way they did and named their various components (anode,
cathode, electrolyte, etc.)
How do Electric batteries work?
It works by converting stored chemical energy into electri-
cal energy.
1. Anode (Negatively Charged Electrode): Oxidation
occurs, releasing electrons and creating ions.
2. Cathode (Positively Charged Electrode): Reduction
takes place, consuming electrons and accepting ions.
3. Electron Flow: Electrons generated at the anode
flow through an external circuit to the cathode, cre-
ating an electric current.
4. Salt Bridge (electrolyte): A salt bridge connects the
two half-cells, allowing ion exchange to maintain
electrical neutrality.
Challenges: Corrosion is a common issue affecting battery
performance, and various factors, such as environmental
conditions, can contribute to degradation.
111 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Types of Batteries:
1. Lithium-ion (Li-ion): A rechargeable battery that
converts chemical energy to electrical energy during
discharge and vice versa during charging.
a. M. Stanley Whittingham, John Goode-
nough and Akira Yoshino were awarded the
2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their con-
tributions to the development of lithium-ion
batteries.
2. Fuel Cells: A source of electric power, like hydrogen
fuel cells, where hydrogen is separated into protons
and electrons at the anode, creating electricity and
water at the cathode.
3. Lead Acid Batteries: Used in automotive starting
batteries, backup power systems, UPS
4. Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd) Batteries: Used in Portable
power tools, medical equipment, and emergency
lighting.
108. GREEN ALGA PICOCYSTIS SALI-
NARUM
Context:
A young researcher in Rajasthan has unravelled the molecu-
lar mechanisms behind the resilience of the green alga Pi-
cocystis Salinarum in extreme conditions of saline-alkaline
soda lakes.
What is Alga?
Alga is a simple, photosynthetic organism, often aquatic,
ranging from microscopic to large seaweeds.
What is Picocystis Salinarum?
Picocystis salinarum is a globally widespread extremophile
(able to withstand extreme conditions), picoplanktonic
green algae that inhabits saline lakes. It’s one of the small-

est green algae and has been recorded on four continents. It
was spotted for the first time in India only in the Sambhar
Lake.
Significance:
This discovery positions P. salinarum as a potential candidate
for biotechnological applications, including carbon capture
and biomass production. The research also helps us in our
understanding of molecular adaptations in extremophiles
for sustainable biotechnological processes.
109. KILL SWITCH
Context:
Scientists from the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Cen-
ter in, California, have made a significant breakthrough by
discovering a ‘kill switch’ that triggers the death of cancer
cells.
• The researchers identified a protein on a recep-
tor, known as CD95 receptors or Fas, which can be
designed to induce self-destruction in cancer cells
when activated.
• The discovery is part of CAR T-cell therapy, involving
the collection of T cells from the patient’s blood,
genetic modification in a lab to produce chimeric
antigen receptors (CARs), and then injecting the
modified cells back into the patient’s body.
• The therapy has shown promising efficacy against
liquid cancers like leukaemia but has demonstrat-
ed limited success against solid tumours such as
breast, lung, and bowel cancer.
Despite this limitation, the research team is hopeful that
the therapy can evolve to target solid cancers in the future.
The identified epitope on CD95 receptors offers a potential
therapeutic path to target Fas in tumours.
110. GHG BULLETIN
Context:
The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) reported
that greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in the Earth’s at-
mosphere reached record levels in 2022, primarily driven by
the use of fossil fuels.
Key Findings:
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, the most significant
GHG, reached 417.9 parts per million, 50% higher
than pre-industrial levels.
• The last time CO2 levels were at this point was 3-5
million years ago.
• Methane and nitrous oxide concentrations also
rose in 2022, with nitrous oxide experiencing the
highest year-on-year increase.
The WMO emphasized the urgent need to reduce fossil fuel
consumption and highlighted the importance of improving
GHG monitoring to better understand and address environ-
mental challenges.
112 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases in the Earth’s atmo-
sphere that trap heat. They contribute to the greenhouse
effect, which is essential for maintaining the planet’s tem-
perature within a range suitable for life.
However, human activities, particularly the burning of
fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased
the concentrations of these gases, leading to an enhanced
greenhouse effect and global warming. The major green-
house gases include:
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), Nitrous Oxide
(N2O), Water Vapor, Ozone (O3), Chlorofluorocarbons
(CFCs)
111. IGLA-S
Context:
Russia has announced its plan to supply the Igla-S man-por-
table air defence missile system to the Indian armed forces.
About Igla-S:
The Igla-S is a man-portable air defence missile system
(MANPADS) developed by Russia. MANPADS are shoul-
der-launched surface-to-air missiles designed to be operat-
ed by an individual soldier. The Igla-S is an upgraded variant
of the earlier Igla system
Feature Description
Interception Range The Igla-S has an improved intercep-
tion range of up to 6 kilometres.
Portability As a man-portable system, it is de-
signed to be carried and operated
by a single soldier or a small crew,
providing flexibility on the battlefield.
Guidance System The missile is equipped with an infra-
red homing guidance system, allow-
ing it to track and target enemy air-
craft based on their heat signature.
Countermeasures The Igla-S is designed to be resis-
tant to various countermeasures
employed by aircraft, enhancing its
effectiveness in the presence of elec-
tronic jamming or other defensive
measures.
112. MICROFINANCE IN INDIA
Context:
The Microfinance Industry Network (MFIN) launched the
third edition of “Micro Matters: Macro View – India Microfi-
nance Review FY 2022-23” in Mumbai.
Key findings of the review:
• The microfinance sector added 87 lakh new women
clients, reaching approx. 6 crore low-income women
clients with outstanding credit of over 3 lakh crores
 Current Affairs 30
across 729 districts. Way Forward Strengthening Regulatory Framework,
• MFIs followed by banks are the largest provider of Promoting Financial Literacy, Promoting
micro-credit amongst other regulated entities. Partnerships, Ensuring Social Impact
• MFIs’ gross Non-Performing Assets (NPA) decreased
from approx. 5.6% (FY22) to 2.7% (FY23). About MFIN (est. 2009)
It is an Association of Non-Bank Finance Company Micro
About MFIs in India: Finance Institutions (NBFC-MFIs). It is an umbrella body of
About Microfinance in India Micro Finance Institutions (MFIs) in India.
Status Microfinance contributes about 130
lakh jobs and 2% of the Gross Value 113. FRACTALS
Added (GVA), according to a National
Council of Applied Economic Research Context:
(NCAER) study. Physicists are using fractal geometry to study quantum sys-
Definition RBI defines microfinance as collater- tems, providing a unique perspective on the uncertainties of
al-free loans to households with annual quantum physics.
income up to Rs.3 lakh.
What are Fractals?
Contributions Boosting Entrepreneurship: MFIs pro-
Fractals are geometric shapes that exhibit self-similarity at
of MFI vide small loans, fostering entrepreneur-
different scales.
ship and small business development
for economic growth and job creation.
Example 1: The Koch snowflake, starting as an equilateral
Financial Inclusion: MFIs enhance finan- triangle, evolves with self-similar patterns at each iteration.
cial inclusion, providing credit and fi-
nancial services to those excluded from
traditional banking, enabling savings,
education, healthcare investment, and
entrepreneurship.
Poverty Reduction: Microfinance aids
poverty reduction by offering small
loans to the poor for income-generating
activities, improving their standard of
living.
Empowering Women: Microfinance
plays a crucial role in empowering wom-
en by providing financial resources, fos-
tering economic independence, and im-
proving social standing.
Supporting Rural Development: MFIs
support rural development by providing
small loans to farmers and entrepre-
neurs, enhancing agricultural productiv- Applications:
ity and contributing to economic devel- • Overcome measurement limitations: Examples in-
opment in rural areas. clude the magnetic properties of neodymium nickel
oxide and the fractal distribution of electron density
Challenges with Over-indebtedness, high-interest rates,
in graphene.
Microfinance in Lack of Financial Literacy, Operating
• Fractals are applied in data compression, antenna
India in remote areas with inadequate infra-
design, and studying patterns in galaxies
structure, Political Interference, and
• They provide a unique tool to understand complex
Lack of Regulation
systems and patterns in nature.
G o v e r n m e n t SHG-Bank Linkage Program; E-shak-
Initiatives ti Programme (to digitize the accounts
of various SHGs); PM SVANidhi (mi-
114. GREENWASHING
cro-credit loan to street vendors) Context:
The Advertising Standards Council of India (ASCI), the ad-
vertising industry’s self-regulatory body, has introduced a
9-point draft of guidelines to combat “greenwashing” by

113 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30
companies. Mumbai) is a voluntary self-regulatory organization of the
advertising industry in India. ASCI is registered as a non-
What is Greenwashing? profit company under section 25 of the Company Act.

115. CASGEVY
Context:
The UK drug regulator recently approved Casgevy, a gene
therapy for sickle cell disease and thalassaemia, marking
a breakthrough as the world’s first licensed therapy using
Crispr-Cas9 gene editing technology.

What is Casgevy?
It is a groundbreaking gene-editing therapy for sickle cell
anaemia, utilizing the CRISPR-Cas9 tool. Casgevy edits the
faulty gene causing these blood disorders, potentially pro-
viding a lifelong cure. The therapy, targets the BCL11A gene
to increase foetal haemoglobin production, reducing severe
pain crises and the need for transfusions.

However, challenges include the high potential cost (esti-

mated up to $2 million per patient) and the necessity for
improved local manufacturing facilities to make the therapy
more accessible globally
About the Guidelines:
1. Environmental claims like “environment-friendly,” About Sickle Cell Disease:
“eco-friendly,” “sustainable,” and “planet-friendly” Description
must have strong evidence to support them. What is Sick- It is an inherit-
2. Such claims should consider the full life cycle of the le Cell Anae- ed blood disease
product or service. mia? common among
3. Certifications and Seals of Approval should specify people of African,
the evaluated attributes. Arabian, and Indi-
4. Assertions about a product being compostable, bio- an origin. It affects
degradable, recyclable, non-toxic, or free of certain haemoglobin, de-
elements should be grounded in reliable scientific livering oxygen to
evidence. cells.
A typical haemo-
Aim of the Guidelines: globin molecule
The proposed guidelines aim to promote transparency and (haemoglobin S)
authenticity in advertising to help consumers make in- distorts red blood
formed decisions. The public consultation on these guide- cells, causing a
lines is open until December 31. sickle shape, and
blocking blood
Initiatives to check Greenwashing: flow and oxygen.
1. International Sustainability Standards Board
Symptoms include severe pain (sickle cell
(ISSB), will set uniform sustainability and climate
crises) and organ damage over time.
standards for companies to follow worldwide from
2024. Treatment Medication, blood transfusions, and occa-
2. SEBI’s Business Responsibility and Sustainability Re- sionally bone marrow transplants.
porting (BRSR) norms Implications High Prevalence: 30,000 to 40,000 children
3. SEBI issued dos and don’ts relating to green bonds. are born with sickle cell disease annually in
4. RBI announced to join Global Financial Innovation India, mostly in tribal areas
Network (GFIN)’s Greenwashing TechSprint.

About ASCI:
The Advertising Standards Council of India (est. 1985; HQ:

114 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30

Government India aims to eliminate the SCA by 2047 What are Rare Diseases?
Initiatives through a national program. WHO defines rare diseases as debilitating lifelong condi-
tions with a prevalence of 1 or less per 1000 population.
National Sickle Cell Anaemia Elimination
They collectively affect 6-8% of India’s population ( about
Programme
8 to 10 crore cases in India), with nearly 80% being genetic.
ICMR and NRHM implement outreach pro-
grams for disease management and control The National Policy for Rare Diseases (NPRD), 2021, pro-
Universal screening, awareness, and coun- vides financial support up to Rs. 50 lakhs for treatment, ex-
selling funded under the National Health empts Rare Diseases drugs from Basic Customs Duty and
Mission includes orphan drugs in the Production Linked Incentive
Scheme for Pharmaceuticals.
About the CRISPR-Cas9 system:
About the four diseases:
Rare Description Impact on the
Disease Body
T y r o s i n - An inherited metabol- Can lead to the
emia-Type ic disorder where the accumulation of
1 body lacks the enzyme harmful substanc-
(Fumarylacetoacetate es, affecting the
hydrolase) needed to liver, kidneys, and
break down the amino nervous system.
acid tyrosine.
Gaucher ’s An inherited metabolic Results in the build-
Disease disorder characterized up of fatty sub-
by a deficiency of the stances in organs,
enzyme (glucocere- primarily impacting
brosidase) necessary the spleen, liver,
for breaking down cer- and bone marrow.
tain lipids.
W i l s o n ’ s A rare autosomal Excess copper can
Disease recessive disorder lead to liver and
where abnormal cop- neurological prob-
per accumulation oc- lems, including cog-
curs, primarily affect- nitive decline and
116. GENERIC DRUGS FOR RARE DISEASE ing the brain, liver, and psychiatric symp-
CURE cornea. toms.
Dravet or A genetic epilepsy syn- Frequent and pro-
Context:
L e n n o x drome marked by se- longed seizures
The Union Health Ministry in India has introduced generic
G a s t a u t vere seizures, typically can hinder cogni-
drugs to treat four rare diseases, namely Tyrosinemia-Type
Syndrome starting in infancy. It tive development,
1, Gaucher’s Disease, Wilson’s Disease, and Dravet-Lennox
(seizures) can lead to develop- impacting motor
Gastaut Syndrome.
mental delays and cog- skills, language,
nitive impairment. and overall cogni-
What are Generic drugs?
tive function.
Generic drugs are medications that are equivalent to brand-
name drugs in terms of active ingredients, dosage, safety,
strength, quality, and intended use but are typically sold at 117. NUGU WILDLIFE SANCTUARY
a lower cost. Once the patent protection for a brand-name
drug expires, other pharmaceutical companies can produce Context:
and sell generic versions. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) recom-
• The price of these unbranded generic versions mends declaring the Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary, adjoining
of medicine for the four rare diseases will be 100 Bandipur Tiger Reserve, as a core critical tiger habitat.
times lower than the current market value of the
branded drugs. The recommendation is based on the ecological significance
of Nugu, supporting diverse flora and fauna, including a
high-density elephant population, tigers, leopards, and oth-

115 www.insightsonindia.com

er wildlife species.
About Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary:
Description
Location North of Bandipur National Park, Mysore
District, Karnataka
Nugu Res- Occupies the northern part of the sanctuary,
ervoir built across the Nugu River (a tributary of
the Cauvery)
Declaration Declared a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974; Add-
ed to Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 2003-
2004
About Bandipur Tiger Reserve:
Description
Establish- Established in 1973 under Project Tiger; En-
ment larged in 1985 and named Bandipur Nation-
al Park
Location Contiguous districts of Mysore and
Chamarajanagar, Karnataka; Tri-junction of
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala
Bandipur Tiger Reserve is surrounded by
Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (Tamil Nadu) in
the South, Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary
(Kerala) in the Southwest, and Kabini Res-
ervoir in the North West, separating it from
Nagarahole Tiger Reserve
Biosphere Part of Mysore Elephant Reserve; Compo-
Reserve nent of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
Biodiversity Recognized as one of the Mega Biodiversity
Areas; Rich floral and faunal diversity
Rivers and Between Kabini River (north) and Moyar
Highest River (south); Nugu river runs through;
Point Highest point: Himavad Gopalaswamy Bet-
ta
116 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
Q1. Consider the following protected areas: ( UPSC 2012)
1. Bandipur
2. Bhitarkanika
3. Manas
4. Sunderbans
Which of the above are declared Tiger Reserves?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans: B
Q2. From the ecological point of view, which one of the fol-
lowing assumes importance in being a good link between
the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats? (UPSC 2017)
(a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve
(b) Nallamala Forest
(c) Nagarhole National Park
(d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
Ans: A
118. COSEISMIC IONOSPHERIC PERTURBA-
TIONS (CIP)
Context:
A study conducted by scientists from the Indian Institute of
Geomagnetism reveals that earthquake processes, even rel-
atively small ones, leave a distinct mark in the ionosphere.
• The study demonstrates that coseismic ionospheric
perturbations (CIP), caused by vertical crustal move-
ments during earthquakes, can be influenced by
multiple fault segments, challenging the assump-
tion of a single source for near-field CIP.
• The study suggests that space-based observations
of ionospheric perturbations could provide valu-
able insights into earthquake precursors, paving
the way for improved earthquake monitoring and
prediction.
Coseismic ionospheric perturbations (CIP) refer to distur-
bances in the Earth’s ionosphere caused by seismic activi-
ty, specifically by the vertical crustal movements during an
earthquake.
These perturbations result from the excitation of acoustic
waves (AWs) in the atmosphere due to the vertical move-
ment of the Earth’s crust during an earthquake
119. GREEN LEAF VOLATILE
Context:
Researchers from Japan have conducted groundbreaking
research on plant-plant communication through volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) called Green Leaf Volatile (GLV).
Using real-time fluorescence imaging, they visualized how
plants take up VOCs released by damaged neighbours, lead-
ing to calcium-dependent defence responses against poten-
tial threats.
 Current Affairs 30
The research also revealed that guard cells, responsible for like salamander.
stomatal function, play a crucial role in VOC perception.
About Axolotl:
GLVs are common constituents of herbivore-infested plant Description
volatiles. GLVs play an important role in plant defence.
What is it Axolotl is a species
of salamander. The
name “axolotl” is
derived from the
Latin words “atl”
(water) and “xolotl”
(monster).
Salamanders are a
group of amphibians
that includes frogs
and toads.
Significance: This discovery enhances understanding of the Found in Mexico City’s Lake Xochimilco
intricate communication network among plants for timely IUCN Critically Endangered
defence responses. The findings showcase nature’s remark-
able adaptations and have broader implications beyond Features They have the ability to regenerate lost or
plant science damaged limbs, hearts, spinal cords, and
even parts of their brains without perma-
nent scarring. They remain underwater
120. FIBRE OPTIC CABLES throughout their life
Context: Significance Axolotls are a cultural icon in Mexico for
The importance of fibre optics has been increasing in recent their unique slimy appearance and limb-re-
times, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic when in- generating ability.
ternet connections facilitated virtual communication. Scientists believe that the regrowing power
• Optical fibres, made of thin glass strands, can trans- of Axolotls could hold the secret to tissue
mit various forms of digital information, such as repair and even cancer recovery in the fu-
text, images, voices, and videos, across long dis- ture.
tances at nearly the speed of light.
• The development of fibre optic communication can Threats The Mexican Axolotl population has dras-
be traced back to physicist Charles Kao, who pro- tically declined by more than 99% in less
posed glass fibres as a superior medium for tele- than two decades. The primary contributors
communication over 60 years ago. include Water pollution, the spread of Chy-
trid Fungus (a skin-eating disease), habitat
Working principle of optical fibres: loss, droughts, wastewater disposal, and
• It relies on total internal reflection to guide light the impacts of climate change.
through the glass strands, allowing signals to trav-
el across significant distances with minimal loss of
optical power.
• The historical evolution of fibre optic cables is out- 122. PERIODIC LABOUR FORCE SURVEY
lined, starting from early experiments with light (PLFS)
guiding in the 19th century to the breakthroughs in
the mid-20th century that led to the development Context:
of long-distance transmission. The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) Quarterly Bulletin
• The current state of fibre optic technology is high- for July–September 2023 highlights key employment indica-
lighted, with optical fibres playing crucial roles in
telecommunication, medical science, laser technol- tors in urban areas:
ogy, and sensing. • Unemployment Rate: Decreased to 6.6% for individ-
uals aged 15 years and above.
• Labour Force Participation Rate: Increased to
121. AXOLOTL 49.3%, indicating a growing percentage of people in
the labour force.
Context:
• Worker Population Ratio (WPR): Grew to 46%, re-
Mexican ecologists from the National Autonomous Universi-
flecting a rise in the percentage of employed per-
ty have relaunched the “Adoptaxolotl” fundraising campaign
sons in the population.
to support the conservation of axolotls, an endangered fish-

117 www.insightsonindia.com

Aspect Description
About The Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
(Launched in April 2017) is a survey con-
ducted by the National Sample Survey Of-
fice (NSO) under the Ministry of Statistics
and Programme Implementation (MoSPI)
in India
Objective Estimate key employment and unemploy-
ment indicators (Worker Population Ratio,
Labour Force Participation Rate, Unem-
ployment Rate) in a three-month interval
for urban areas under ‘Current Weekly
Status’ (CWS). And estimate employment
and unemployment indicators in both
‘Usual Status’ and CWS annually for both
rural and urban areas.
Labour Force Percentage of the working-age popula-
Participation tion (aged 15 years and above) that is ei-
Rate (LFPR) ther employed or unemployed but willing
and looking for employment.
Worker Pop- Percentage of employed persons in the
ulation Ratio population.
(WPR)
Unemploy- Percentage of persons unemployed
ment Rate among the persons in the labour force.
(UR)
Activity Sta- The usual activity status is determined on
tus the basis of the last 365 days, while the
current weekly status is determined based
on the last 7 days.
Types of Ac- Principal Activity Status (PS): The primary
tivity Status activity status on which a person spent a
relatively long time (major time criterion)
during the last 365 days. Subsidiary Eco-
nomic Activity Status (SS): The activity
status in which a person, in addition to the
usual principal status, performs some eco-
nomic activity for 30 days or more in the
last 365 days.
C u r r e n t The activity status is determined based on
Weekly Sta- the last 7 days preceding the date of the
tus (CWS) survey.
Prelims Links:
Q. Disguised unemployment generally means (UPSC 2013)
(a) a large number of people remain unemployed
(b) alternative employment is not available
(c) the marginal productivity of labour is zero
(d) productivity of workers is low
Ans: (c)
118 www.insightsonindia.com
Current Affairs 30
123. INDIAN OCEAN TUNA COMMISSION
Context:
The Working Party on Data Collection and Statistics (WP-
DCS19) of the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) has
commenced in Mumbai, organized by the Department of
Fisheries, Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairy-
ing, Government of India.
• Tunas and other large pelagic species, such as bill-
fishes, sharks, and rays, have significant economic
importance, with tunas alone contributing an esti-
mated annual trade value of US$41 billion in 2018
About Tuna
Tuna refers to a group of saltwater fish belonging to the
Thunnini tribe. These fish are known for their streamlined
bodies, powerful swimming ability, and wide distribution
in warm seas.
Tuna is highly valued in the global fishing industry for its
meat, which is commonly used in various cuisines, especially
in the form of sushi and sashimi. Some well-known species
of tuna include the Atlantic bluefin tuna, yellowfin tuna,
and skipjack tuna.
124. WALKING PNEUMONIA
Context:
China is facing an unusual surge in pneumonia cases, partic-
ularly among children, raising global concerns.
• The surge is attributed to factors like the lifting of
COVID-19 restrictions and the circulation of known
pathogens like influenza, mycoplasma pneumonia,
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and SARS-CoV-2.
About Pneumonia:
• The pneumonia caused by mycoplasma pneumo-
niae, often termed “walking pneumonia,” is a mild
form of the infection. It is characterized by mild
respiratory symptoms, and the bacteria can cause
more serious lung infections in some cases.
How it spreads?
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae spreads through respi-
ratory droplets when an infected person coughs
or sneezes. Common symptoms include sneezing,
a runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, watery eyes,
wheezing, vomiting, and diarrhoea.
• Groups at higher risk of severe infection include chil-
dren, the elderly, and those with weakened lungs.
Preventive measures recommended by WHO include vac-
cination, maintaining distance from ill individuals, stay-
ing home when unwell, testing and seeking medical care,
wearing masks as appropriate, ensuring good ventilation,
and practicing regular hand-washing.
 Current Affairs 30

SPORTS CORNER
1. TRANSGENDER IN CRICKET

Context: The ICC has implemented a significant change to its gender eligibility regulations, prohibiting any player who
has transitioned from male to female and undergone any form of male puberty from participating in women’s interna-
tional cricket.

Why the prohibition?

ICC’s new policy is to protect the integrity of the women’s game, safety, fairness, and inclusion. Also, Physiological dif-
ferences established during puberty can create significant performance advantages. Testosterone boosts athletic perfor-
mance by increasing muscle mass, strength, and haemoglobin levels.
What does other sports body do?
• World Athletics (WA): Differences in sex development (DSD) athletes must keep their Testosterone below 2.5
nmol/L for 24 months to participate in the female category across events.
• World governing bodies for cycling (UCI) and swimming (FINA) and World Rugby barred trans women from
competing in women’s events.
• As per the International Olympic Committee (IOC), it is the responsibility of individual federations to determine
eligibility criteria in their sport for transgender people.
Impact of the ruling?
This ruling affects Danielle McGahey, the first transgender player in international cricket, who will no longer be able to
compete in women’s international games. The policy will be reviewed within two years.
About ICC
The International Cricket Council (HQ: Dubai) is the global governing body of cricket. It was founded as the Imperial Crick-
et Conference in 1909 by representatives from Australia, England, and South Africa. It was renamed as the International
Cricket Conference in 1965 and adopted its current name in 1987

2. CRICKET: TIMED OUT

Context: Sri Lanka’s Angelo Mathews was timed out during a World Cup match (Sri Lanka Vs Bangladesh), a rare incident
in international cricket.

What is the Timed Out Rule in Cricket?

In cricket, the “Timed Out” rule states that after the fall of a wicket or the retirement of a batter, the incoming batter must
be ready to receive the ball or for the other batter to be ready to receive the next ball within 2 minutes. If the batsman
fails to do so, they will be considered out.
In a past test match in 2007, India’s Sourav Ganguly came close to being timed out due to unusual circumstances, but the
situation was resolved without an appeal.

3. ASIAN PARA GAMES 2022 (HANGZHOU, CHINA)

Context: India concluded the Asian Para Games 2023 in Hangzhou, China, with its best-ever medal tally of 111 medals,
including 29 gold, 31 silver, and 51 bronzes. This achievement surpassed their previous record of 72 medals, including 15
gold, from the 2018 Asian Para Games. India sent 303 athletes, its largest-ever contingent to the event. The country fin-
ished fifth in the medal tally behind China, Iran, Japan, and South Korea. Indian para-athletes also set three world records
during the games.
• Para Games are a multi-sport event for athletes with physical disabilities.
The first Para Asian Games was held in 2010 in Guangzhou, China, where India finished 15th with 14 medals, including
one gold
Government incentives for sports:
• Increase of sports budget by three times as compared to 2014
• Khelo India Scheme
• Target Olympic Podium Scheme

119 www.insightsonindia.com
 Current Affairs 30

MAPPING recently inaugurated. This project, known as the Agarta-

la-Akhaura railway, has the potential to dramatically reduce
travel time between Agartala and Kolkata from 31 hours
1. KERALA’S ARALAM WILDLIFE SANCTU- to just 10 hours, opening up new opportunities for tourism,
ARY trade, and people-to-people exchanges between the two
countries. Funding for the project is entirely provided by In-
Context: dia, with contributions from the Ministry for Development of
Recently, suspected Maoists launched an attack on forest North East Region and the Ministry of External Affairs.
watchers in Kerala’s Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, near the Cha-
vachi area. Other Rail Link are:
These Maoists have been increasingly active in and around
Train Name Route Description
the Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary, even infiltrating local houses
and engaging in activities like distributing propaganda mate- Bandhan Ex- Kolkata to Khulna Rebooted an old rail
rials. The Kerala government deployed Kerela Thunderbolts press link; Previously Bari-
force and helicopters to locate those responsible. sal Express; Restored
Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary is the northernmost wildlife sanc- in 2017; Crosses the
tuary of Kerala (in the Kannur District). It is 55 km² in area Petrapole-Benapole
and located on the western slope of the Western Ghats. border.
It was established in 1984 with its headquarters near Irit- Maitree Ex- Kolkata to Dhaka Started in April 2008.
ty. The sanctuary borders Wayanad-Brahmagiri, Wayanad’s press Cantonment
north slopes, Karnataka’s Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Mitali Express Siliguri to Bangla- Announced by PM
and Coorg’s forests, with Katti Betta as its highest peak. desh capital Modi in March 2021.

3. RAFAH BORDER CROSSING

Context:
Egypt agreed to receive wounded Palestinians from Gaza,
and Palestinian dual nationals from its Rafah border cross-
ing. This decision comes in response to the recent conflict
between Hamas militants and Israel.

About the Rafah Crossing:

The Rafah Crossing is the southernmost exit point from the
Gaza Strip and shares a border with Egypt’s Sinai Peninsula.
It is controlled by Egypt and is the only exit that does not
lead to Israeli territory. Currently, both Erez and Kerem Sha-
lom border crossings, controlled by Israel, are closed, mak-
ing Rafah the primary entry and exit point for Gaza’s people
and humanitarian aid.

2. AGARTALA-AKHAURA RAILWAY
Context:
The Tripura-Bangladesh railway link (about 12km) was

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 Current Affairs 30
and passports, aiding during emergencies legal aid), living or
travelling abroad.

5. MOUNT CELIA GOLD OPERATION (WEST-

ERN AUSTRALIA)
Context:
NMDC, a State-owned Steel CPSE, has expanded its mineral
portfolio by inaugurating the Mount Celia Gold Operation in
Western Australia.

This marks NMDC’s first venture into gold mining.

The Mt Celia project is located 180km northeast of Kalgoor-
lie. Kalgoorlie is famous for its rich gold mining history. It
played a significant role in the Western Australian gold rush
of the late 19th century. The “Golden Mile,” a vast stretch of
gold-bearing land, is located in the Kalgoorlie-Boulder area,
making it one of the most productive gold mining regions in
the world

4. SEATTLE (USA)
Context:
After seven years of planning, India is set to open its sixth
consulate in Seattle (apart from Consulates in Atlanta, Chi-
cago, Houston, New York City and San Francisco), a major
hub for technology companies such as Microsoft, Amazon,
Boeing, and more. NMDC Limited (founded 1958; HQ: Hyderabad), former-
ly National Mineral Development Corporation, is a public
Embassy Vs Consulates: sector undertaking involved in the exploration of iron ore,
An embassy represents one country’s government in anoth- copper, rock phosphate, limestone, dolomite, gypsum, ben-
er and is usually located in the host country’s capital, with tonite, magnesite, diamond, tin, tungsten, graphite, coal etc.
the ambassador as the head. Consulates are smaller offices
typically located in major cities of the host country, focusing
on providing consular services to citizens (e.g., issuing visas

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6. KAWAH IJEN CRATER LAKE (EAST JAVA,
INDONESIA)
Context:
Kawah Ijen Crater Lake in East Java, Indonesia, is the world’s
largest acidic lake, as it contains high concentrations of sul-
phuric and hydrochloric acids, making it unswimmable.
It’s easily visible from space (turquoise blue waters) and has
a pH as low as 0.5, similar to car battery acid. The lake also
emits hot, flammable sulphurous gases that burn with an
eerie blue flame, blue fire, creating a mesmerizing nighttime
spectacle. Despite its harsh conditions, there is life in the
form of microbial communities (mainly Archaea) in the lake
and its acidic river.
It’s a UNESCO Global Geopark with unique geological, bio-
logical, and cultural features. The active vent at the edge of
the lake serves as a significant source of elemental sulfur,
supporting a rigorous mining operation.
About Copernicus
It is the EU’s Earth observation program, providing data
from satellites and non-space sources for Climate/Environ-
ment/Disaster Services. The European Commission oversees
it. As a part of it, the Copernicus Sentinel series of Satellites
provides optical images of Earth’s surface.
7. SUBANSIRI LOWER HYDROELECTRIC
PROJECT
Context:
The Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project faced a setback
when a landslide blocked the only functional diversion tun-
nel and stopped the flow of water downstream of the dam
into the Subansiri River, a major tributary of the Brahma-
putra
About Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project
It is a run-of-river dam that aims to generate 2,000 MW of
power by harnessing the potential of the Subansiri River,
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Current Affairs 30
which flows along the border of Arunachal Pradesh and As-
sam. It is India’s largest hydel project under construction.
The project is being executed by the National Hydroelectric
Power Corporation (NHPC).
About Subansiri River
Subansiri (518km) (also called “Gold River”) is a trans-Hi-
malayan river and the largest tributary of the Upper Brah-
maputra River. It flows into India through the Miri Hills of
Arunachal Pradesh.
Prelims Links:
Q. Consider the following rivers: (UPSC 2014)
1. Barak
2. Lohit
3. Subansiri
Which of the above flows/flows through Arunachal Pradesh?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Ans: B
8. HANLE AND MERAK (LADAKH)
Context:
On November 5, 2023, the Indian Astronomical Observa-
tory (IAO) at Hanle and Merak in Ladakh captured striking
images of an intense red-colored aurora.
• The IAO, operated by the Indian Institute of Astro-
physics (IIA), observed a Stable Auroral Arc (SAR),
an unusual red aurora typically not seen at lower
latitudes.
What are Auroras and how are they formed?
They are beautiful natural light displays typically seen at
high latitudes (Polar regions). They are formed when charged
particles from the sun, mainly electrons and protons, inter-
act with the Earth’s magnetosphere and atmosphere. As
these charged particles collide with atmospheric gases, such
as oxygen and nitrogen, they emit light, creating the vibrant
colours characteristic of auroras (commonly Green and Red).
 Current Affairs 30
• Northern lights (Aurora borealis) and southern
lights (Aurora australis) are the main auroras. They
are seen in the Northern Hemisphere and Southern
Hemisphere, respectively

Why aurora is being formed in Ladakh though typically it

forms in the polar region?
The occurrence of auroras in regions like Ladakh, which are
not near the polar regions, can be attributed to a phenom-
enon called geomagnetic storms and Coronal Mass Ejec-
tion (CME) — massive ejections of plasma and magnetic
fields from the Sun’s lower atmosphere. While auroras are
most commonly associated with polar regions, geomagnetic
storms can extend the auroral oval (the area where auroras
are usually observed) to lower latitudes.
Hanle is significant as the centre of India’s only designated
Hanle Dark Sky Reserve, attracting astro-tourists with its ex-
ceptionally dark skies. Merak is another Ladakh-based loca-
tion, on the banks of Pangong Tso, known as the proposed
site for the National Large Solar Telescope.
10. MYANMAR
Context:
There had been an influx of Myanmar nationals into
Mizoram, India, due to the ongoing civil war in Myanmar
(between the Myanmar Army and pro-democracy militias in
the western Chin State)
The civil war in Myanmar originated from a military coup
in February 2021, overthrowing the civilian government and
leading to widespread protests and resistance. Ethnic armed
groups in Myanmar have varied responses to the coup, with
some supporting the pro-democracy movement, while oth-
ers maintain ceasefire status with the junta.

About Myanmar (formerly Burma):

9. TUVALU
Context: Australia has made a historic agreement to provide
climate refuge to citizens of Tuvalu, a Pacific nation facing
the severe impacts of climate change, particularly rising seas.
It is a Southeast Asian nation of more than 100 ethnic
groups, bordering India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thai-
land. Yangon (formerly Rangoon), the country’s largest city,
is home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda, which contains
Buddhist relics and dates to the 6th century

About the agreement:

The agreement, known as the Falepili Union, allows up to
280 Tuvalu citizens to reside, work, and study in Australia.
Additionally, Australia has pledged funding, including about
A$17 million, to assist Tuvalu in adapting to climate change,
such as expanding its main island’s landmass by 6%.

About Tuvalu:
Tuvalu, formerly the Ellice Islands, is a Polynesian island
nation in the Pacific Ocean, located between Hawaii and
Australia. It is a volcanic archipelago comprising three reef
islands and six true atolls. It is the fourth smallest country
globally, with the highest point at 4.6 meters above sea lev-
el. It is often referred to as the first country that will be to-
tally submerged, due to climate change.’

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11. ‘OPERATION KARUNA’ (MYANMAR) 13. NORDIC-BALTIC (NB8) COUNTRIES

Context:
India’s External Affairs Minister commended the CII for host-
ing the 2nd India Nordic Baltic Business Conclave, highlight-
ing the increasing collaboration between India and the Nor-
dic-Baltic (NB8) countries.

What is NB8?
The Nordic-Baltic (NB8) countries refer to a group of eight
nations in Northern Europe, comprising the Nordic coun-
tries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and
the Baltic states (states along the Baltic Sea) (Estonia, Lat-
via, and Lithuania). These countries collaborate on various
economic, diplomatic, and strategic initiatives to promote
regional cooperation and address shared challenges.

This region is characterized by close geographical proximity

and shared historical, cultural, and economic ties. It serves
as a platform for collaboration and partnership among the
countries in areas such as trade, innovation, and diplomatic
relations.
In Myanmar, Rakhine state is the worst-hit while in Bangla-
desh the cyclone destroyed shelters in the world’s largest
refugee camp at Cox’s Bazar which houses a million Rohing-
ya refugees from Myanmar.

12. SURJAGARH HILL RANGE (GADCHI-

ROLI, MAHARASHTRA)
Context:
The Maharashtra Police arrested prominent Adivasi leaders
who were involved in a 250-day-long anti-mining agitation
against six proposed iron mines in the Surjagarh hill range in
the Gadchiroli district. The mines are owned by companies
such as Jindal Steel and Lloyd Steel. 14. CHEBROLU (GUNTUR DISTRICT OF
ANDHRA PRADESH)
Chebrolu, a town in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh is
recognized for its rich history, culture, and heritage. Referred
to as the “land of temples,” Chebrolu bears the imprints of
various dynasties, including the Eastern Chalukya, Velana-
ti Choda, Kakatiya, Pota Rajulu, and Paristchedi, spanning
centuries.

The town is home to over 100 small and large temples,

with some dating back to the 9th to 12th centuries A.D.
Notable among them are the Chaturmukha Brahmeswara,
Bhimeswara, Adikesava, and Nageswara temples.

The Chaturmukha Brahmeswara temple, situated in the

middle of a pond, is unique for having a Sivalinga and the
four faces of Lord Brahma. The Bhimeswara temple, built
by the Eastern Chalukyan King Chalukya Bhima, stands out
with its two floors and distinctive design.

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Previously in 2019, the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)
had uncovered South India’s earliest Sanskrit inscription at
Chebrolu, a significant discovery providing the earliest epi-
graphic evidence for the Saptamatrika cult, worshipping
seven female deities representing the energy of their con-
sorts in Hinduism.
15. PAKISTAN-AFGHANISTAN BORDER
Context:
Pakistan has enforced the expulsion of Afghan migrants, with
a primary focus on Afghans, who constitute the largest group
of refugees in the country.
Over 4 million Afghans reside in Pakistan, with an estimated
1.7 million lacking proper documentation. Despite appeals
from the UN, rights groups, and Western embassies, Paki-
stan remains firm in its decision to deport Afghan migrants,
citing economic strain and security concerns. The deporta-
tions have been criticized, with some filing petitions to chal-
lenge the mass expulsion in the Supreme Court.
The Durand Line forms the Afghanistan–Pakistan border, a
2,670-kilometre international border between Afghanistan
and Pakistan in South Asia. The western end runs to the bor-
der with Iran and the eastern end to the border with China.
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Current Affairs 30
Other Boundary Lines:
Line Description
M c M a h o n Proposed by Lieutenant Colonel Sir Arthur
Line Henry McMahon in 1914 at the Shimla Con-
vention. Separates Tibet, China, and India.
LAC alignment in the eastern sector follows
the 1914 McMahon Line.
R a d c l i f f e Drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, it divided Brit-
Line ish India into India and Pakistan. Serves as
the border between India and Pakistan
(west) and India and Bangladesh (east).
Named after the chairman of the Boundary
Commissions, Sir Cyril Radcliffe.
16. BEN GURION CANAL PROJECT
Context:
The current Israel-Palestine crisis in the Middle East has refo-
cused attention on the ambitious Ben Gurion Canal Project.
What Ben Gurion Canal Project?
The Ben Gurion Canal Project is a theoretical proposal to
cut a canal through Israel’s Negev Desert, creating an alter-
native route to the Suez Canal. Envisioned in the 1960s, it
aimed to challenge Egypt’s monopoly on the shortest trade
route between Europe and Asia.
However, the project faces immense challenges, including
logistical complexities, high costs, a longer route, and secu-
rity concerns in a region marked by ongoing military threats.

What is the Suez Canal?
It is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt (completed in
1859), connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea
through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia.
The 193 km long canal is a key trade route between Europe
and Asia.
Current Affairs 30
What is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge (a divergent or
constructive plate boundary) located along the floor of
the Atlantic Ocean and part of the longest mountain range
in the world. In the North Atlantic, the ridge separates
the North American from the Eurasian Plate and the African
Plate, north and south of the Azores Triple Junction.

18. CHAR DHAM HIGHWAY PROJECT (UT-

Who was Ben Gurion? TARKASHI DISTRICT, UTTARAKHAND)
David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973) was Israel’s founding father
and its first Prime Minister. He played a pivotal role in estab-
lishing the state of Israel in 1948

17. SEISMIC ACTIVITY IN ICELAND

Context:
Iceland is currently experiencing a significant increase in
seismic activity, with around 1,400 earthquakes measured
in the past 24 hours and over 24,000 recorded in the Reyk-
janes Peninsula since late October.

What are the reasons for the seismic activity in Iceland?

The seismic activity in Iceland is primarily due to its location
on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the Eurasian and North
American tectonic plates meet. This geological setting
makes Iceland prone to frequent earthquakes. The recent
earthquake swarm is believed to be a result of movement
and pressure changes associated with magma activity be-
neath the Earth’s surface, indicating a potential precursor to
a volcanic eruption.
• Fagradalsfjall lies about 40 km to the southwest of 19. MOUNT ETNA
Reykjavík and is the “world’s newest baby volca-
no.” It had been dormant for eight centuries before Context:
erupting in 2021, 2022 and 2023. Mount Etna, Europe’s most active volcano, has been erupt-
ing for over a year, causing disruptions such as flight cancel-

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 Current Affairs 30
lations and vehicle bans due to ash accumulation. Santa Maria Guatemala Erupting since June
1922, one of the most
About Mount Etna active in Central Amer-
It is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, ica
in the Metropolitan City of Catania and the highest Mediter-
Yasur Vanuatu Erupting since about
ranean island mountain. It is located above the convergent
1270 (± 110 years), on-
plate margin between the African Plate and the Eurasian
going
Plate. Mount Etna, with a recorded history of volcanic ac-
tivity dating back to 1500 B.C., has erupted over 200 times.

20. SOMALIA
Context:
Severe flooding in Somalia, triggered by heavy seasonal
downpours exacerbated by El Niño and the Indian Ocean
Dipole, has been labelled a once-in-a-century event by the
United Nations.

The heavy seasonal rainfall has been worsened due to the

combined impact of two climate phenomenons, El Niño and
the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), as per the UN Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA).

• El Niños and a positive IOD are associated with

above-normal rains and flooding in East Africa.

About Somalia
It is a country in the Horn of Africa. The country is bordered
by Ethiopia to the west, Djibouti to the northwest, the Gulf
of Aden to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ken-
ya to the southwest. Somalia has the longest coastline on
Africa’s mainland.

List of some of the most active volcanoes on Earth: Countries called the Horn of Africa: SEED
Volcano Location Notable Characteristics • S- Somalia
Mount Etna Italy Highest Mediterranean • E- Ethiopia
Island Mountain, con- • E- Eritrea
tinuous eruptions • D- Djibouti
Kilauea Hawaii, USA Long-term eruptions,
ongoing since 1983
Mauna Loa Hawaii, USA One of the largest shield
volcanoes, last erupted
in 1984
Merapi Indonesia Frequent and highly ex-
plosive eruptions
Eyjafjallajökull Iceland Disrupted air travel in
2010 with ash clouds
Fagradalsfjall Iceland Ongoing eruptions at-
tracted attention with
recent activity
Dukono Indonesia Long-term eruption
since August 1933

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21. TAIWAN-INDIA
Context:
Taiwan and India are discussing the hiring of tens of thou-
sands of Indian workers, through employment mobility
agreements.
The agreement is aimed at sending Indian workers to fill la-
bour shortages in Taiwan and addresses Taiwan’s need for
workers in sectors like manufacturing and agriculture due to
its ageing population.
A similar agreement has been signed with other countries
such as
• India and Germany’s ‘Comprehensive Migration
and Mobility Partnership’ to facilitate mobility and
employment opportunities between India and Ger-
many.
• Migration, Mobility Pact with Australia (MMPA) be-
tween India and Australia
Recently, Taiwan announced the opening of its third rep-
resentative office in India, in Mumbai. Despite not having
formal diplomatic relations, India and Taiwan have made
progress in various domains such as economics, trade, and
technology.
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China, is a country in East
Asia. It is located at the junction of the East and South China
Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People’s
Republic of China to the northwest, Japan to the northeast,
and the Philippines to the south.
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Current Affairs 30
22. ARGENTINA
Context: Argentina’s new president Javier Milei plans to re-
place Argentina’s currency with the dollar to address eco-
nomic challenges.
Dollarization is seen as a potential solution to hyperinfla-
tion, breaking the link between rising prices and increasing
money supply. Ecuador’s successful experience with dollar-
ization led to notable improvements in economic growth,
poverty reduction, and inflation control post-dollarization.
However, dollarization is not a universal remedy. Concerns
have been raised about Milei’s proposals to slash govern-
ment spending and abolish the Central Bank.
Argentina is a country in the southern half of South Amer-
ica. It is the second-largest country in South America after
Brazil, the fourth-largest country in the Americas, and the
eighth-largest country in the world. Argentina faces a severe
economic crisis marked by hyperinflation, widespread pov-
erty, and a depreciating currency (peso).
Previously, India has been in talks for finalizing agree-
ments for the acquisition of five lithium blocks in Argenti-
na through the State-owned joint venture, KABIL.
The Andes Mountains, which run through both Argentina
and Chile, are known for hosting lithium-rich brine deposits.
The region’s unique geological conditions make it conducive
to the formation and concentration of lithium resources.
23. NEW ZEALAND
Context:
New Zealand Prime Minister Christopher Luxon has an-
nounced the revocation of the country’s ambitious an-
ti-smoking laws, including the “generational smoking ban”
implemented last year, citing the need to generate income
 Current Affairs 30
and address concerns about a growing black market.

The decision to scrap the smoking ban, aimed at prohibiting

tobacco sales to individuals born after 2008, was met with
criticism from health experts and anti-smoking groups who
view it as a setback for public health and a victory for the
tobacco industry.

New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pa-

cific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North
Island and the South Island —and over 700 smaller islands.
Recently, an international team released highly detailed
maps of Zealandia, covering its entire five million square ki-
lometres.

24. SHETTIHALLI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

Context:
The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has given the state gov-
ernment a six-month deadline to address issues causing the
delay in notifying the eco-sensitive zone (ESZ) status for
Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary in Shivamogga, Karnataka.

The delay in determining ESZ has resulted in increased land

use changes and encroachment.

Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary is in Karnataka’s Shimoga Dis-

trict, spanning 395 sq km and was declared in 1974. It in-
cludes Mandagadde Natural Bird Sanctuary and features
the Tunga Anicut Dam, providing habitat for otters and water
birds

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