General Chemistry
Chem110
Chapter 1
Chemistry: The Study of Change
دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺘﻐﻴﻴﺮ: اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء1 اﻟﻔﺼﻞ
Objectives أﻫﺪاف
• Define the 7 SI basic units, derived units and their prefixes
• Convert between units
• Define common units of volume and density
• Apply the density low to find unknown properties
• Know the temperature scales
• Convert between different temperature units
اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ واﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ واﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت اﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢSI وﺣﺪات7 ﺣﺪد •
اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات •
ﺣﺪد اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺠﻢ واﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ •
ﻗﻢ ﺑﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺜﻮر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﺔ •
ﺗﻌﺮف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة •
اﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ وﺣﺪات درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ •
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Outline اﻟﺨﻄﻮط اﻟﻌﺮﻳﻀﺔ
• Introduction ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ
1.7 Measurement اﻟﻘﻴﺎس
• SI units (Prefixes, Units conversion) ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ، وﺣﺪات اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ )اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺎت
(اﻟﻮﺣﺪات
• Derive Units اﺷﺘﻖ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات
• Mass and Weight اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ واﻟﻮزن
• Volume ﻣﻘﺪار
• Density ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ
• Temperature Scale ﻣﻘﻴﺎس درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة
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Introduction
دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة واﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮات اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻄﺮأ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ:اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء
▪ Chemistry: is the study of matter and the changes it
undergoes
ً
ﺣﻴﺰا وﻟﻪ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻫﻲ أي ﺷﻲء ﻳﺸﻐﻞ:اﻟﻤﺎدة
▪ Matter: is anything that occupies space and has mass
ﻫﻮ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ أﺷﻜﺎل اﻟﻤﺎدة ﻟﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺒﺔ ﻣﺤﺪدة وﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﻣﻤﻴﺰة:اﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮ
▪ Substance: is a form of matter that has a definite
composition and distinct properties
ﺻﻠﺐ، ﺳﺎﺋﻞ، ﻏﺎز:ﻫﻨﺎك ﺛﻼث ﺣﺎﻻت ﻟﻠﻤﺎدة
▪ There are three states of matter: gas, liquid, and solid
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Introduction
▪ A physical change: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺟﺴﺪي:
ﻻ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ أو ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ أو ذوﺑﺎن اﻟﻤﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء
does not change the composition or identity of a substance
e.g. ice melting or salt dissolving in water
▪ A chemical change: ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ:
changes the composition or identity of the substance/s
involved
e.g. hydrogen burn in air to form water
اﻟﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ/ ﻳﻐﻴﺮ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ أو ﻫﻮﻳﺔ اﻟﻤﺎدة
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﺎل ﻳﺤﺘﺮق اﻟﻬﻴﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ اﻟﻤﺎء
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1.7 Measurement ﻗﻴﺎس
The International System of units (SI Units) )اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪاتSI
Units)
: ﻫﻲSI 7 اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ : The 7 SI basic units are
Base Quantity Name of Unit Symbol
ﻃﻮل
Length meter m
ﻛﺘﻠﺔ
Mass kilogram kg
زﻣﻦTime second s
اﻟﺘﻴﺎر اﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲElectrical current ampere A
درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارةTemperature kelvin K
ﻛﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮAmount of substance mole mol
ﺷﺪة اﻹﺿﺎءةLuminous intensity Candela Cd 6
Examples:
ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ وﺣﺪة اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات؟ ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻜﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮام؟
What is the SI unit of What is the quantity
mass ? represented by kg?
(a) The pound (a) Length
(b) The gram (b) Mass
(c) The kilogram (c) Temperature
(d) The mole (d) Current
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Prefixes
▪ The prefixes used with SI basic units are:
Prefix Symbol Meaning Example
tera- T 1,000,000,000,000 or 10 12 1 terameter (Tm) = 1 × 1012 m
giga- G 1,000,000,000 or 10 9 1 gigameter (Gm) = 1 × 10 9 m
mega- M 1,000,000 or 10 6 1 megameter (Mm) = 1 × 106 m
kilo- k 1,000 or 10 3 1 kilometer (km) = 1 × 10 3 m
deci- d 1/10 or 10˗1 1 decimeter (dm) = 0.1 m
centi- c 1/100 or 10 ˗2 1 centimeter (cm) = 0.01 m
milli- m 1/1,000 or 10 ˗3 1 millimeter (mm) = 0.001 m
micro- µ 1/1,000,000 or 10 ˗6 1 micrometer (µm) = 1 × 10 ˗6 m
nano- n 1/1,000,000,000 or 10 ˗9 1 nanometer (nm) = 1 × 10 ˗9 m
pico- p 1/1,000,000,000,000 or 10 ˗12 1 picometer (pm) = 1 × 10 ˗12 m 8
Example
Which prefixes represent giga and micro, respectively?
(a) 10 ˗9 and 10˗6
(b) 10 6 and 10˗3
(c) 103 and 10˗3
(d) 10 9 and 10˗6
tera gig me kilo- mete deci- centi- milli- micr nano pico-
Prefix - a- ga- o- -
r
Symbo
T G M k m d c m µ n p
l
Numb
1012 109 106 103 100 10˗1 10˗2 10˗3 10˗6 10˗9 10˗12
er 9
Units Conversion (method 1)
❑ Prefix → Base Unit
e.g. km → m
Multiply the number by the prefix
❑ Base Unit → Prefix
e.g. m → km
Reverse the power sign of the prefix then multiply by the
number
❑ Prefix → Prefix
e.g. km → nm
Multiply the number by the first prefix and the reverse of
the second prefix 10
Units Conversion (method 2) )2 ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات )اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ
•
tera gig me kilo- mete deci- centi- milli- micr nano pico-
Prefix - a- ga- o- -
r
Symbo
T G M k m d c m µ n p
l 11
Example:
Convert 134 pm to m? Or How many meters are in 134 pm?
- Method 1: Prefix Base Unit
Multiply the number by the prefix: 134 ×10 ˗12 m = 1.34 × 10 ˗10 m
- Method 2: criss-cross method
1 pm = 1 × 10˗12 m
134 pm = ? m
(134 pm × 1 × 10˗12 m) / 1 pm = 1.34 × 10 ˗10 m
tera gig me kilo- mete deci- centi- milli- micr nano pico-
Prefix - a- ga- o- -
r
Symbo
T G M k m d c m µ n p
l
Numb 12 9 6 3 0 ˗1 ˗2 ˗3 ˗6 ˗9 ˗12
12
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
Example: Solution:
ﻛﻢ ﻣﻴﻜﺮوﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ؟
اﻟﺒﺎدﺋﺔ اﻟﻮﺣﺪة اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ:اﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ
How many :اﻋﻜﺲ ﻋﻼﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﻮة ﻟﻠﺒﺎدﺋﺔ ﺛﻢ اﺿﺮب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺮﻗﻢ
microseconds are in a -Method 1: Base Unit Prefix
second?
Reverse the power sign of the
(a) 1 × 10˗1 prefix then multiply by the
(b) 1 × 10˗6 number: 1 ×106 µs
(c) 1 × 10 ˗15
(d) 1 × 106 - Method 2: criss-cross method
1 µs = 1 × 10˗6 s
? µs = 1 s
(1 µs × 1 s) / 1 × 10˗6 s = 1 × 10 6 µs 13
Example:
How many - Method 2:
micrometers are in 6.0 criss-cross method (two steps
km? solution)
Step 1: convert km to m
- Method 1: 1 km = 10 3 m
Prefix Prefix (km to 6 km = x m
µm)
x = 6 × 10 3 m
Multiply the number
by the first prefix and Step 2: convert m to µm
the reverse of the 1 µm = 1 × 10 ˗6 m
second prefix: x µm = 6 × 10 3 m 14
3 6 9
Example:
Which of the following is the smallest distance?
(a) 21 m
(b) 2.1 × 10 2 cm
(c) 21 mm
(d) 2.1 × 104 pm
Hint: Put all of them in the same unit
Explanation: Even though 2.1 × 10 4 is the largest number in
this question, the unit of pm is the smallest unit here,
making it the smallest distance.
ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ أﺻﻐﺮ، ﻫﻲ أﺻﻐﺮ وﺣﺪة ﻫﻨﺎpm إﻻ أن وﺣﺪة، ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ رﻗﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬا اﻟﺴﺆال104 × 2.1 ﺑﺎﻟﺮﻏﻢ ﻣﻦ أن:ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ
.ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺔ
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Examples:
The diameter of an atom is Which of these quantities
approximately 1×10-7 mm. represents the largest
What is this diameter when mass?
expressed in nanometers? (a) 2.0 × 10 2 mg
(a) 1 × 10-18 nm (b) 0.0010 kg
(b) 1 × 10-15 nm (c) 1.0 ×105 µg
(c) 1 × 10 -9 nm (d) 2.0 × 10 2 cg
(d) 1 × 10-1 nm
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SI Derived Units اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات
SI derived units are defined in terms of the seven base
quantities via a system of quantity equations.
ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ اﻟﻮﺣﺪات اﻟﻤﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻈﺎم اﻟﺪوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪات ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺎت اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ اﻟﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﻧﻈﺎم ﻣﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟﻜﻤﻴﺔ.
Examples:
Area = width × length
Unit of Area = m × m = m 2
Volume = width × length × height
Unit of Volume = m × m × m = m 3
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Volume ﻣﻘﺪار
▪ SI derived unit for volume is cubic meter (m 3)
▪ Common unit of volume is liter (L) and milliliter (ml)
▪ The relationship between liter (L) and metric system
1 L = 1 dm3
▪ The relationship between liter (L) and milliliter (ml)
1 L = 1000 ml
▪ The relationship between milliliter (ml) and metric system
1 ml = 1 cm3
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Examples
How many liters are in 25 dm3?
Since 1 L = 1 dm3
So, 25 dm3 = 25 L
How many milliliters are in 32 cm3?
Since 1 ml = 1 cm3
So, 32 cm3 = 32 ml
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Examples
How many cubic centimeters are there in exactly one cubic meter?
(a) 1 × 10 -6 cm 3
(b) 1 × 10 -3 cm 3
(c) 1 × 10 -2 cm 3
(d) 1 × 10 6 cm 3
Solution:
1m = 1 × 10 2 cm (1m) 3 = (1 × 102 cm)3 1m3 = 1 × 106 cm 3
Similar:
1 dm 3 = (1 × 10 ˗1 m)3 = 1 × 10˗3 m3
1 cm 3 = (1 × 10 ˗2 m)3 = 1 × 10˗6 m3
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Examples
How many liters are in 250 cm3?
Since 1ml = 1 cm3
So, 250 cm3 = 250 ml
1L 1000 ml
xL 250 ml
(Using criss-cross method)
x = (250 × 1) / 1000 = 0.25 L
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Mass and Weight اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ واﻟﻮزن
▪ Mass is the measure of the amount of matter in an object
▪ The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 × 103 g
اﻟﻮزن ﻫﻮ ﻗﻴﺎس ﻗﻮة اﻟﺠﺎذﺑﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻣﺎ
▪ Weight is the measurement of the pull of gravity on an
object
▪ Chemist are interested primarily in mass ﻳﻬﺘﻢ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﺎم اﻷول ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ
ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ اﻟﻮزن ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ، ﻻ ﺗﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻐﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ
▪ The mass of an object does not change when an object's
location changes, while the weight does change with
location
Example: The weight of a man is 50 pounds on earth and 22
Density ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ
•
23
Type of Questions in Density ﻧﻮع اﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ
24
Examples:
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Temperature Scales ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة
°F = [(9/5) × °C] + 32 K = °C + 273.15
°C = (5/9) (°F ˗ 32)
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Temperature Scales ﻣﻮازﻳﻦ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة
Degrees Celsius °C: scale from 0 100
Thus, 100 divisions or 100 degrees
Degrees Fahrenheit °F: scale from 32 212
Thus, 180 divisions or 180 degrees
The size of degree in °F scale is only 100/180 or 5/9 of a
degree on the °C scale: 1 °F = (5/9) 1 °C
Kelvin K: scale from 273 373
Thus, 100 divisions or 100 degrees: 1 °K = 1 °C 27
Examples:
Convert 224 °C to degrees Fahrenheit?
°F = [(9/5) × °C] + 32 = [(9/5) × 224 °C] + 32 = 435 °F
Convert ˗452 °F to degrees Celsius?
°C = (5/9) (°F ˗ 32) = (5/9) (˗452 ˗ 32) = ˗269 °C
Convert ˗38.9 °C to degrees Kelvin?
K = [˗38.9 + 273.15 ] = 234.3 K
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Example
ﺗﻐﻠﻲ اﻷﻣﻮﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ 33.4-درﺟﺔ ﻣﺌﻮﻳﺔ .ﻣﺎ درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة ﻫﺬه ﺑﺎﻟﺪرﺟﺔ ﻓﻬﺮﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ؟
?Ammonia boils at ˗33.4 °C. What temperature is this in °F
(a) ˗60.1 °F
(b) ˗92.1 °F
(c) ˗28.1 °F
(d) +13.5 °F
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