● John Locke was an English
philosopher and physician "Father of
Liberalism" ; to form character (mental,
physical, and moral) ; Education as
Training of the mind/Formal discipline ;
Notable ideas - "Tabula rasa"
● Francis Bacon was an English
philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist,
orator and author. "Father of scientific
method" "Father of empiricism"
● Jean Jacques Rousseau was a
Francophone Genevan philosopher,
writer and composer of the 18th
century."Hollistic
education"(physical,moral, intellectual)
Notable ideas - moral simplicity of
humanity; child centered learning;
Famous novel: "Emile" or On Education;
Human Development
● Edgar Dale was an American
educator who developed the "Cone of
Experience"
aka "Father of Modern Media in
Education"
● Erik Erikson was a German-born
American developmental psychologist
and psychoanalyst known for his theory
on "psychosocial development" of
human beings.
● Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was
a swiss pedagogue and educational
reformer who exemplified Romanticism
in his approach. "Social regeneration of
humanity" Notable ideas: "Four-sphere
concept of life" his motto was " Learning
by head, hand and heart"
● Friedrich Frobel was a German
pedagogue a student of Pestalozzi who
laid the "foundation of modern
education" based on the recognition that
children have unique needs and
capabilities. "Father of kindergarten"
● Johann Herbart was a German
philosopher, psychologist and founder
of pedagogy as an academic discipline. ;
● Edward Lee Thorndike was an
American psychologist; " Father of
Modern educational psychology;
connectionism; law of effect. ; "Realize
the fullest satisfaction of human wants"
PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS OF
EDUCATION
● IDEALISM Plato (own ideas)
nothing exist except in the mind of a
man/ what we want the world to be
● REALISM Aristotle;Herbart;
Comenius; Pestalozzi; Montessori;
Hobbes; Bacon; Locke
(experience) fully mastery of
knowledge
● BEHAVIORISM always guided by
standards/by procedure; purpose is to
modify the behavior
● EXISTENTIALISM Kierkegaard;
Sartre; "Man shapes his being as he
lives"
Focuses on self/individual
●
PRAGMATISM/EXPERIMENTALI
SM William James; John Dewey -
learn from experiences through
interaction to the environment
Emphasizes the needs and interests of
the children
● PERENNIALISM Robert
Hutchins
focuses on unchanging/universal
truths
● ESSENTIALISM William Bagley -
teaching the basic/essential knowledge
Focuses on basic skills and knowledge
● PROGRESSIVISM
Dewey/Pestalozzi (process of
development)
focuses on the whole child and the
cultivation of individuality
● CONSTRUCTIVISM Jean Piaget
Focused on how humans make
meaning in relation to the interaction
b/w their experiences and their ideas.
Nature of knowledge w/c represents an
epistemological stance.
● SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTIONISM
George Counts - recognized that
education was the means of preparing
people for creating his new social order
highlights social reform as the aim of
education
ACCULTURATION - learning other
culture; the passing of customs, beliefs
and tradition through interaction and
reading.
ENCULTURATION - the passing of
group's custom, beliefs and traditions
from one generation to the next
generation
Convergent questions - are those that
typically have one correct answer.
Divergent questions - also called
open-ended questions are used to
encourage many answers and generate
greater participation of students. Higher
order thinking skills; to think more
creatively.
90 days - enrolled bills becomes a law
30 days - "lapse"
PRINCIPLES & THEORIES OF
LEARNING & MOTIVATION
● Psychosexual Theory/Psychoanalysis -
Sigmund Freud
● Psychosocial Theory - Erik Erikson's
Theory of Personality
● Ecological Theory - Eric
Brofenbrenner's Theory of Development
● Sociohistoric Cognitive Linguistic
Theory - Lev Semanovich Vygotsky
● Cognitive Development - Jean Piaget;
John Dewey; Jerome Brunner
● Phenomenology - Abraham Maslow;
Carl Rogers; Louis Raths
● Behaviorism - Edward Thorndike;
Ivan Pavlov; Burrhus Frederick Skinner
● Moral Development - Lawrence
Kohlberg
● Ivan Pavlov - classical conditioning
● Edward Thorndike - connectionism
● B.F. Skinner - operant conditioning &
reinforcement
● Albert Bandura - "bobo doll"
experiment; modelling; self eficacy
● David Ausubel - Meaningful Reception
Theory
● Jerome Bruner - Discovery Learning
Theory/Inquiry method
● Wolfgang Kohler's - Insight Learning
Problem
● Richard Atkinson & Richard Shiffrin's
- Information Processing Theory
● Robert Gagne's - Cumulative Learning
Theory
● Howard Gardner - Multiple
Intelligence
● Kurt Lewin's - Field Theory/ his
concept of life space
● Brofenbrenner's - Ecological System
Theory
● Lev Vygotsky - Social Constructivism;
Zond of Proximal Development (ZPD) *
gap b/w actual and potential
development
● Hilda Taba - Grassroots Approach
● Max Wertheimer - Gestalt Psychology
● Wilhelm Wundt - "Father of Modern
Psychology"
● William James - wrote the "Principles
of psychology"/ consciousness
● hypothalamus - brain's stress center
● Abraham Maslow - physiological
needs; "Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs" ;
safety&security; love & belongingness;
self-esteem; self-actualization
● John B. Watson - (behaviorist
approach) an American psychologist
who established the psychological school
of behaviorism.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
● Metaphor - is a comparison made b/w
things w/c are essentially not alike.
Ex: "Nobody invites Edward to parties
because He is a wet blanket"
● Simile - is like a metaphor and often
uses the words "like" or "as"
Ex: "Jamie runs as fast as the wind"
● Personification - when something that
is not human is given human-like
qualities, this is known as
personification.
Ex: " The leaves danced in the wind on
the cold October afternoon"
● Hyperbole - exaggerating, often in a
humorous way to make a particular
point is known as hyperbole.
Ex: "My eyes widened at the sight of the
mile-high ice cream cones we we're
having for dessert"
● Onomatopoeia - when you name an
action by imitating the sound associated
with it.
Ex: "The bees buzz angrily when their
hive is disturbed"
● Idiom - an idiom is an expression used
by a particular group of people with a
meaning that is only known through
common use.
Ex: "I'm just waiting for him to kick the
bucket."
● Synecdoche - a synecdoche is a figure
of speech using a word/words that are a
part to represent a whole.
Ex: referring to credit cards as "plastic"
is a synecdoche
● Assonance - when you repeat a vowel
sound in a phrase, it is an assonance.
Ex: "It's true, I do like Sue."
● Metonymy - a metonymy is a figure of
speech where one thing is replaced w/a
word that is closely associated with it
such as using "Washington" to refer to
the United States
REPUBLIC ACTS
● RA 7836 - Philippine Teacher
Professionalization Act of 1994
● RA 7796 - TESDA Act of 1994
● Article XIV 1987 Philippine
Constitution (Educ.Sci &
Tech,Arts,Culture& Sports) this is the
very fundamental legal basis of
education in thr philippines.
● Education Act of 1982 (Batas
Pambansa 232, Sept 11,1982) an Act
providing for the Establishment &
Maintenance of an Integrated System of
Education
● RA 4670 - Magna Carta for Public
School Teachers (June 18,1966)
● RA 6713 - Code of Conduct & Ethical
Standards For Public Officials and
Employees
● RA 7877 - Anti-sexual Harrassment
Act of 1995
● RA 9155 - Decentralization; Legal
basis of Shared Governance in Basic
Education
● RA 7784 - Establishment of Center
of Excellence
● K-12 Curriculum - Enhanced Basic
Education Curriculum
● RA 90210 - "An Act to Integrate
Information Teachnology into the Public
Elementary & Secondary Curricula &
Appropriating funds
● RA 10121 - DRMM approval headed
by OCO office of Civil defense May 2010
LITERATURE
● Folklore - traditionally derived and
orally transmitted literature
● Folktales - reflect the people's beliefs
handed down from generation to
generation by word of mouth
● Epilogue - conclusion or final part of
non-dramatic literary work
● Genre - distinctive type of literary
composition such as epic, tragedy,
comedy & novel
● "Quo Vadis" - means "where are you
going"
● hieroglyphics - oldest forn of egyptian
writing
● Allegory - narrative whose meaning is
beneath the surface
● Elegy - a meditated poem of grief
● Sonnet - verse w/14 iambic
pentameter lines
● Epic - long poem w/c depicts the
adventure of a great hero who reveals
his country's aspirations; narrates heroic
deeds and supernatural happenings
w/local actor in w/c people sing/chant
● Soliloquy - speech made by a person
who reveals his thoughts
● Manuel Arcilla - "How my brother
Leon brought home a wife"
● Washington Irving - "The Legend of a
Sleepy Hollow"
● Fall of the house of usher -
hypochondriac living in morbid fear
● Cyrano de Bergerac - poet & soldier
noted for his Peculiar nose
● "The Illiad of Homer" - great epic
poem whose plot centers around the
anger & wrath of Achilles against
agamemnon
● "The Bells" - "If eyes are made for
seeing, then beauty is its own excuse for
being"
● Cacophony - literary term w/c means
harsh & discordant sounds introduced
for poetic effect
● George Bernard Shaw - know for his
excellence of characterization, swiftness
of narrative & clarity of style.
● Edgar Allan Poe - greatest American
writer of horror and detective stories
● Rabindranath Tagore - best known for
his collection of poems called
Gitanjali/song offerings
● Robert Frost - ranked as one of the
best modern American poets.
● Geoffrey Chaucer - Morning Star of
English Literature
● Mark Twain - "Samuel Clemens"
● Harriet Stowe - "Uncle Tom's Cabin"
● Charles Darwin - Origin of species
● Lazlo Biro - invented the ball point
pen
● Harry Potter - epic kind of story
VOCABULARY
Emulate imitate
Vouchsafe grant
Abeyance suspended
Denigrate malign
Furtive sneaky
Remonstrate protest
Corroborate confirm
Gullible easily deceived
Germane relevant
Plebeian common
Vulpine cunning
Spendthrift spender
Impolitic unwise
Terse concise
Parsimonious stingy
Stupefy make numb
Pariah outcast
Wizened shrivelled
Dubious doubtful
Incriminates accuse
Frivolous worthless
Susceptible inclined
Impertinent irrelevant
Ostracized excluded
Conglomeration diffusion
Cacophonous loud and unpleasant
Carnal worldly
Aplomb composure
Candor honesty
Contemptuous scornful
Feeble weak
Inevitable certain
FILIPINO
● Ang panubong - handog sa dalagang
may kaarawan (koronang bulaklak)
● Florante at Laura - (awit) "katiwalian
ng mga kastila"
● Jose dela Cruz - tungkod ng tulang
tagalog
● Noli Me Tangere - (Rizal) suliraning
panlipunan ng bayan
● "Doktrina Kristiyana" - Fr. Domingo
de Nieva unang aklat na nalimbag sa
pilipinas
● Severino Reyes - Ama ng dulaang
tagalog
● Juan Luna - La Spolarium
● "Alim" - pinakamatandang epiko ng
pilipinas
● Jose Palma - naglikha ng "Himno
Nacional Filipino"
● Liwayway - nabigyan ng
pagpapahalaga ang sariling wika
● Lope K.Santos - "Ama ng balarila ng
pilipino"
● Andres Bonifacio - "anak bayan"
● Pupdok/Kinting kulirat - hindi
kailanman ginamit ni Marcelo del Pilar
● Teodoro Agoncillo - isang kilalang
manunulat ng kasaysayan
● Manuel Quezon - Ama ng Wikang
Pambansa
● Constancio de Guzman - lumikha ng
awit na "Ang Bayan Ko"
● Pascual Poblete - Ama ng pahayagang
tagalog
𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗙𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗔𝗟 𝗘𝗗𝗨𝗖𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗡𝗢𝗧𝗘𝗦
1. Law of Readiness - preparedness
2. Law of Exercise - practice makes perfect
3. Law of effect - satisfaction
4. Law of primacy - learn first / first
impression
5. Law of Recency - now/most recent are
best
remembered
6. Law of intensity - impact/ exciting
Ex. Role playing
7. Law of Freedom - right to freedom
8. Law of importance - essentials
Cognitive:
mental skills(knowledge)
Affective:
growth in feelings or emotional areas
(Attitude)
Psychomotor:
manual or physical skills (skills)
𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗚
A. create an active learning
B. Focus Attention
C. Connect Knowledge
D. Help students organize their knowledge
E. Provide timely feedback
F. Demand quality
G. Balance high expectations with student
support
H. Enhance motivation to learn
I. Communicate your message in variety of
ways.
J. Help students to productively manage
their time
𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚
1. Acquisition - learning new skill
2. Fluency - practice for mastery of skill
3. Generalization - across time & situation /
variety
of setting
4. Adaptation -. Use for problem solving
5. Maintenance - performance over time
𝗕𝗟𝗢𝗢𝗠'𝗦 𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡
Blooms Taxonomy
Remember - recall facts & basic concepts
define, duplicate, list, memorize,state
Understand - Explain ideas or concepts
Classify, describe, discuss, explain,
locate, recognize
Apply -. Use of information in new situation
execute, implement, solve, use,
demonstrate, interpret, operate
Analyze -. Draw connection among ideas
differentiate, organize, relate, compare,
contrast, distinguish, examine,
expirement, question, test
Evaluate -. Justify a stand or decision
appraise, argue, defend, judge, select,
support, value, critique, weigh
Create -. Produce new or original work
Design, assemble, construct,
conjecture, develop, formulate, author,
investigate
𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗔𝗫𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗠𝗬
Remembering - recalling
Understanding - making sense of the
material you
have learned
Applying -. Use knowledge gained in nee
ways
Analyzing -. Breaking the concept into parts
Evaluating -. Making judgement
Creating -. Putting iNformation together in
an
innovative way.
𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡:
✓Receiving -
is being aware of or sensitive to the
existence of a certain ideas, material, or
phenomena and being willing to tolerate
them.
Ex. To differentiate, to accept, to listen (for),
to respond to.
✓Responding -
os committed in some small measure to the
ideas l, materials, or phenomena involved by
actively responding to them.
Example: to comply with, to follow, to
command, to volunteer, to spend leisure
time in, to acclaim.
✓Valuing -
is willing to be perceived by others as
valuing certain ideas, materials, or
phenomena. Examples include: to increase
measured proficiency in, or relinquish, to
subsidize, to support, to debate.
✓Organization -
is to relate the value to those already held
and bring it into a harmonious and internally
consistent philosophy. Examples: to discuss,
to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to
examine.
✓Characterization-
by value or value set is to act consistently in
accordance with the values he or she has
internalized. Examples: include: to revise, to
require, to be rated high in the value, to
avoid, to resist, to manage, to resolve.
𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡:
✓Perception - Sensory cues to guide motor.
✓Set - mental, physical, and emotional
dispositions that make one respond in a
certain way to a situation.
✓Guided response - first attempts at a
physical skill. trial and error coupled lead to
better performance.
✓Mechanism - responses are habitual with a
medium level of assurance and proficiency.
✓Complex Overt Response - complex
movements are possible with a minimum of
wasted effort and a high level of assurance
they will be successful.
✓Adaptation - Movements can modified for
special situations.
✓Origination - New movements can be
created for special situations.
Learning theories
A. Behaviourist (classical, operant,
Connectionism , Social Learning and
purposive)
PCSO
Pavlov - Classical
Skinner - Operant
𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗠
A. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Two stimuli are linked together one Neutral
+ one Natural Response.
Adhesive Principle
- response attached to stimulus to evoke new
response.
Experimentation:
(Salivation of Dog and Ring of the bell)
Ringing of bell- stimuli
Response - Naglalaway ang aso
Unconditioned Stimulus:
- automatically produces an emotional or
psychological response.
Unconditioned Response:
- Naturally occurring emotional or
physiological response.
Neutral Stimulus:
- a stimulus that does not elicit a response.
Conditioned Stimulus:
- evokes an emotional or Physiological
response.
𝗕. 𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗧 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 (𝗕𝗙
𝗦𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗥)
Experimentation:
skinner Box (rat)
✓Reinforcement - increase behaviour
✓Punishment - decrease behaviour
✓Positive Reinforcement -
may binigay na gusto ng bata.
✓Negative reinforcement -
taking something away for the good of
students.
✓Positive Punishment -
may binigay na ayaw mo / something
unpleasant.
✓Negative punishment -
tinagangalan ng bagay na gusto ng bata.
𝗖. 𝗖𝗢𝗡𝗡𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡𝗜𝗦𝗠 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 /𝗦-𝗥
( 𝗘𝗗𝗪𝗔𝗥𝗗 𝗧𝗛𝗢𝗥𝗡𝗗𝗜𝗞𝗘)
- specific stimulus has specific response
Law of Readiness- hinahanda mo sila
Law of Exercise- nagpapadrills
Law of Effect - satisfying effect
Secondary Laws of Learning
RIP
Law of primacy - dapat tama ang tinuro sa
una.
Law of intensity - dapat fun ang learning
Law of Recency - mas natatandaan ang
previous.
Other law:
Law of association By Aristotle
Law of similarity - recall similar object
Law of contrast - recall of opposite object
Law of Contiguity - recall of an activity
which is frequently related with the previous
one.
𝗗. 𝗦𝗢𝗖𝗜𝗔𝗟 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬
𝗕𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗨𝗥𝗔
Experimentation: Bobo dull
- may pinaggagayahan
- focus on observation learning
Social learning theory
4 steps;
1. Attention - focus
2. Retention - store information
3. Reproduction - to perform the observed
behaviour
4. Motivation - be motivated
𝗘. 𝗣𝗨𝗥𝗣𝗢𝗦𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗠 / 𝗦𝗜𝗚𝗡
𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 𝗧𝗢𝗟𝗠𝗔𝗡
Expirement: Rats
- reinforcement is not essential to learning
- bridge between behaviorism and cognitive
theilory
- Learning is acquired through meaningful
behavior.
According to Tolman, in all learning some
intelligence is atwork. It is the learner who
actively participates on the act of getting
new experience. He organises his
perceptions and observations and gives
meaning to them. He explains the theory of
rats in teaching the goal through many trials
as a result of insight or making cognitive
map of the maze.
 𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗧
𝗔. 𝗠𝗘𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗙𝗨𝗟 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬
𝗕𝗬 𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗟
"Reception not discovery"
- advance organizer
- use of graphic organizer
𝗕. 𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗗𝗘𝗩𝗘𝗟𝗢𝗣𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧 𝗕𝗬
𝗣𝗜𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗧
a). Sensory - 0 to 2 years old - permanent
object
b). Pre-operational - 3 to 7 years old -
egocentric
Symbolic function
- Centration -
refers to the tendency of the chikd to only
focus on one aspects of a thing or event and
exclude other aspects EXAMPLE:
when a child presented with two identical
glasses with the same amount of water, the
chikd will say they have the same amount of
water. however, once water from one of the
glasses is transferred to an obviously taller
but narrower glass, the chikd migh say that
there is more water in the taller glass.
"The Child only Focus (centered)".
Irreversibly-
Pre-operational children still have the
inability to reverse their thinking. They can
understand that 2+3 is 5, but cannot
understand that 5-3 is 2.
Animism -
This is the tendency of children to attribute
human like traits or characteristics to
inanimate objects.
When at night, the child is asked, where the
sun is, she will reply, "Mr. Sun is asleep."
Transductive reasoning -
This refers to the pre-operational child's type
of reasoning that is neither inductive nor
deductive.
Example: since her mommy comes home
everyday around six o'clock in the evening,
when asked why it is already night, the child
will say, "because my mom is home".
c). Concrete operational - 7 to 11 years
old - begin learning logical reasoning.
Decentering -
This refers to the ability of the child to
perceive the different features of objects and
situations.
This allows child to be more logical when
dealing with concrete objects and situations.
Reversibility -
The child can now follow that certain
operations can be done in reverse. For
example, they can already comprehend the
cummutative property of addition, and that
subtraction is the reverse of addition.
Conversation-
This is the ability to know that certain
properties if objects like number. Mass,
Volume, or area do not change even if there
is a change in appearance. Because of the
development of the child's ability of
decentering and also reversibility, the
concrete operational chikd can now judge
rightly that the same as when the water was
shorter but wider glass.
Seriation -
This refers to the ability to order or arrange
things in a series based on one dimension
such as weight, volume or size.
d). Formal operational - 13 to onwards
years old -
Thinking becomes more logical.can solve
abstract problems and can hypothesis.
Hypothetical reasoning -
The ability to come up with different
hypothesis about a problem and to gather
and weight data in order to make final
decisions or judgement.
(What if questions)
Analogical reasoning -
This is the ability to perceive the
relationship in one instance and then
use that relationship to narrow down
possible answers in another similar
situation or problem.
Deductive reasoning -
This is the ability to think logically by
applying a general rule to a particular
instance or situation.
For example, all countries near the
north pole. therefore, Greenland has
cold temperatures
𝗖. 𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗔/𝗦𝗖𝗛𝗘𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗔 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬
𝗕𝗔𝗥𝗟𝗘𝗧
Schema-
- refers to the prior knowledge
Assimilation -
This is this is the process if fitting a new
experience into an existing or previously
created schema.
Accomodation-
This is the process if creating a new
schema.
Equilibrium -
Achieving proper balance between
Assimilation and accommodation.
If not match our schemata we
experience
"Cognitive disequilibrium"
 𝗗. 𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗧 𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘 𝗢𝗙 𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗨𝗔𝗟 - knowledge of a general Facts, principles
𝗣𝗘𝗥𝗖𝗘𝗣𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗕𝗬 𝗚𝗘𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗟𝗧 and concepts.
- determine what we see/percept. 3. Procedural Memory
Laws of Gestalt - refers to "know how" as opposed to
Gestalt means "whole". "know about".
Law of similarity - 𝗚. 𝗖𝗨𝗠𝗨𝗟𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗕𝗬 𝗥𝗢𝗕𝗘𝗥𝗧
Kapag kapareho 𝗚𝗔𝗚𝗡𝗘
Law of pragmanz or Law of Good Figure Gradual development of knowledge and
skills that improve over time.
-
Symmetry order- brain will perceive
ambiguous shapes in as simple a
manner as possible for example, a
monochrome of the Olympic logo is seen
as a series of overlapping circles rather
than a collection of a curved lines.
Law of proximity - refers to how close
elements are to one another. The
strongest proximity relationship are
those between overlapping subjects, but
just grouping objects into a single area
can have a strong proximity effect.
Law of Continuity - posits that the human
eye will follow the smoothest path when
viewing lines, regardless of how the lines
were actually drawn
Law of Closure - "fill the gap"
is one of the coolest gestalt principles and
one I already touched on at the beginning
of this piece. It's the idea that your brain
will fill in the missing parts of a design or
image to create a whole
𝗘. 𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗜𝗚𝗛𝗧 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬
𝗪𝗢𝗟𝗙𝗚𝗔𝗡𝗚 𝗞𝗢𝗛𝗟𝗘𝗥
- sudden grasping of the solution, a lash of
understanding, without any process of
trial and error.
Learning happen in sudden -"Eurika"
(Aha moment)
Expirement: monkey names (Sultan)
Believes that the whole is more important
than the parts.so Learning takes place as a
whole.
𝗙. 𝗜𝗡𝗙𝗢𝗥𝗠𝗔𝗧𝗜𝗢𝗡 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗖𝗘𝗦𝗦𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬
𝗕𝗬 (𝗔𝗧𝗞𝗜𝗡𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗔𝗡𝗗 𝗦𝗛𝗜𝗙𝗙𝗥𝗜𝗡)
Sensory memory - it holds information
that the
mind perceives through various senses.
(small capacity).
Short term memory - last around 30
seconds.
(Short Duration)
Long term Memory - has an unlimited
amount of space as it can store memories
from a long time ago to be retrieved at a
later time.
Long term memory
1. Episodic Memory
- recalling episodes (events)
2. Semantic Memory