STURCTURE million years ago and evolved as a single species spread

across the Old World, with populations in different

1. Along the rocky shores of New England………and regions linked through genetic and cultural exchange.
tidal marsh.
a. are where stretches of sandy beach Of these two models, Out of Africa, which was originally
b. stretches of sandy are there developed based on fossil evidence, and supported by
c. are stretches of sandy beach much genetic research, has been favored by the majority
d. stretches of sandy beach are of evolution scholars. The vast majority of these genetic
studies have focused on DNA from living populations,
2. Their office consisted of two rooms, __________ was and although some small progress has been made in
used as a kitchen room. recovering DNA from Neandertal that appears to support
A. larger of which multi-regionalism, the chance of recovering nuclear DNA
B. the largest of which from early human fossils is quite slim at present. Fossils
C. the largest of them thus remain very much a part of the human origins debate.
D. largest Another means of gathering theoretical evidence is
through bones. Examinations of early modern human
3. In the past six months, the company has already
received twice __________ in gross revenues as it skulls from Central Europe and Australia dated to between
earned in the entire preceding year. 20,000 and 30,000 years old have suggested that both
A. as much groups apparently exhibit traits seen in their Middle
B. more Eastern and African predecessors. But the early modern
C. as many specimens from Central Europe also display Neandertal
D. as more traits, and the early modern Australians showed affinities
to archaic Homo from Indonesia. Meanwhile, the debate
4. The refraction of light in a prism reveals ….. white among paleoanthropologists continues , as supporters of
light is a mixture of many different colors of light the two hypotheses challenge the evidence and
a. Ordinary that conclusions of each other.
b. That ordinary is
30. The passage primarily discusses which of the
c. Is ordinary
following
d. That ordinary
(a) Evidence that supports the “Out of Africa” theory
5. The development of a parasite cannot be completed (b) Two hypotheses and some evidence on the human
…. Sometime is spent on or in the boody of aliving origins debate
organism, known as the host. (c) The difficulties in obtaining agreement among
a. But it is theorists on the human origins debate
b. Without which (d) That fossils remain very much a part of the human
c. Unless origins debate
d. Except is
31. The word “emergence” in line 1 is closest in meaning
6. The mineral azurite is …. The more abundant green to
cooper carbonate, malachite.
a. Almost always found with (a) complexity
b. Always with almost found (b) development
c. Found with always almost (c) appearance
d. With always found almost (d) decline

32. The word “proponents” in line 6 is closet in meaning

READING 1 to
There are two main hypotheses when it comes to
explaining the emergence of modern humans. The ‘Out of (a) experts
Africa’ theory holds that homo sapiens burst onto the (b) advocates
scene as a new species around 150,000 to 200,000 years (c) inspectors
ago in Africa and subsequently replaced archaic humans (d) historians
such as the Neandertals. The other model, known as multi-
33. All of the following are true except
regional evolution or regional continuity, posits far more
ancient and diverse roots for our kind. Proponents of this (a) three methods of gathering evidence are mentioned in
view believe that homo sapiens arose in Africa some 2 the passage
(b) the multi-regional model goes back further in history.
(c) the Out of Africa model has had more support from
scholars
(d) DNA studies offer one of the best ways in future to
provide clear evidence.
34. The word “slim” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(a) small
(b) narrow
(c) thin
(d) difficult
35. Which of the following is not true
(a) the vast majority of genetic studies have focused on
living populations
(b) early modern human skulls all support the same
conclusions
(c) both hypotheses focus on Africa as a location for the
new species.
(d) early modern Australian skulls have similarities to
those from Indonesia.
36. In line 18, the word “their ” refers to which of the
following
(a) Middle Easterners and Africans
(b) skulls
(c) central Europeans and Australians
(d) traits
37. Which of the following is NOT true about the two
hypotheses
(a) Both hypotheses regard Neandertals to be the
predecessors of modern humans
(b) Genetic studies have supported both hypotheses
(c) Both hypotheses cite Africa as an originating
location.
(d) One hypothesis dates the emergence of homo
sapiens much earlier than the other.
38. It can be inferred from the passage that
(a) there is likely to be an end to the debate in the
near future
(b) the debate will interest historians to take part in
(c) the debate is likely to be less important in future
(d) there is little likelihood that the debate will die
down
39. According to the passage, the multi-regional
evolution model posits far more diverse roots for our
kind becausE
(a) Evidence from examinations of early modern human
skulls has come from a number of different parts of the
world
(b) DNA from Neandertal appears to support multi-
regionalis
(c) Populations in different regions were linked
through genetic and cultural exchang
(d) This has been supported by fossil evidence
READING 2
Although management principles have been implemented
since ancient times, most management scholars trace the
beginning of modern management thought back to the
early 1900s, beginning with thepioneering work of
Frederick Taylor (1856-1915). Taylor was the first person
to study work scientifically. He is most famous for
introducing techniques of time and motion study,
differential piece rate systems, and for systematically
specializing the work of operating employees and
managers. Along with other pioneers such as Frank and
Lillian Gilbreth, Taylor set the stage, labeling his
philosophy and methods “scientific management’. At that
time, his philosophy, which was concerned with
productivity, but which was often misinterpreted as
promoting worker interests at the expense of management,
was in marked contrast to the prevailing industrial norms
of worker exploitation. The time and motion study
concepts were popularized by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.
The Gilbreths had 12 children. By analyzing his children’s
dishwashing and bedmaking chores, this pioneer
efficiency expert, Frank Gilbreth, hit on principles
whereby workers could eliminate waste motion. He was
memorialized by two of his children in their 1949 book
called “Cheaper by the Dozen”. The Gilbreth methods
included using stop watches to time worker movements
and special tools (cameras and special clocks) to monitor
and study worker performance, and also involved
identification of“therbligs” (Gilbreth spelled backwards)
– basic motions used in production jobs. Many of these
motions and accompanying times have been used to
determine how long it should take a skilled worker to
perform a given job. In this way an industrial engineer can
get a handle on the approximate time it should take to
produce a product or provide a service. However, use of
work analysis in this way is unlikely to lead to useful
results unless all five work dimensions are considered:
physical, psychological, social, cultural, and power.
40. What is the passage primarily about?
(a) The limitations of pioneering studies in
understanding human behavior
(b) How time and motion studies were first developed
(c) The first applications of a scientific approach to
understanding human behavior
(d) The beginnings of modern management theory
41. The word “ which” in line 9 refers to
(a) scientific management
(b) philosophy
 (c) productivity (a) Lines 1-5
(d) time and motion study (b) Lines 6-10
(c) Lines 11-15
42. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that (d) Lines 16-20
(a) workers welcomed the application of scientific 49. The word “dimensions” in line 24 is
management
(b) Talor’s philosophy is different from the closest in meaning to
industrial norms
(c) by the early 1900s science had reached a stage (a) sizes
where it could be applied to the workplace (b) extents
(d) workers were no longer exploited after the (c) aspects
introduction of scientific management. (d) standards

43. The word “prevailing” in line 10 is closest in 50. All of the following are true except
meaning to
(a) scientific management was concerned with
(a) predominant productivity.
(b) broadly accepted (b) the beginnings of modern management
(c) prevalent thought commenced in the 19th century.
(d) common (c) Frank Gilbreth’s fame was enhanced by two of his
children writing a book.
44. According to the passage, Frank Gilbreth discovered (d) analyzing work to increase productivity is not
how workers could eliminate waste motion by likely to be useful unless all of the dimensions are
considered.
(a) using special tools such as cameras and clocks
(b) using stop watches 51. the word “frisky” in the passage refers to : Lively
(c) applying scientific management principles
(d) watching his children do their chores READING 3
Inspiration for the themes in Inuit art is intimately tied
45. The basic motions used in production jobs were to personal experience of the Canadian Arctic land and
given which one of following names by Frank Gilbreth? its animals, camp and family life, hunting , spirituality,
(a) dimensions and mythology. In telling the story of their people
(b) gilreths through this wide array subject, inuits artists have
(c) therbligs created an almost encyclopedic visual catalog of
(d) monitors traditional (and to a lesser extent transitional and
modern) Inuit culture.
46. According to the passage, the time it takes a skilled 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
worker to perform the motion of a given job can be a. Everyday life in the Canadian Arctic
measured by using: b. The Importance of the mythology in Inuuit life
c. The subject of Inuit art
(a) stop watches d. The value of Inuit art
(b) all 5 work dimensions
(c) special tools 2. The word “intimately” in line 1 is closest in
(d) therbligs meaning to
a. Carefully
47. The word “motions” in line 20 is closest in meaning
b. Presumably
to
c. Closely
(a) stop watches d. Formally
(b) habits
(c) actions 3. According to the first paragraph, which of the
(d) special tools following is a true description of Inuit art?
a. It presents a nearly complete picture of Inuit life
48. Where in the passage does the author comment that b. It covers one aspect of Inuit life thoroughly
the principles of scientific management were often c. It focuses mainly on scenes of Inuit camp and family
misunderstood? life
d. It is the main way Inuit myths are passed from one
generation to another
 gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In both
4. The word “absolute” in line 8 is closest in areas, there was a well-established ground stone tool
meaning to technology, a method of pounding and grinding nuts
a. Predictable and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly
b. Total cultivated foods. By the end of the Archaic era, people
c. Traditional in eastern North America had
d. Necessary domesticated certain native plants, including
sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or
marsh elder; and squash or gourds of some kind. These
5. According to the second paragraph, which of the provided seeds that were important sources of
following is most likely to be the subject carbohydrates and fat in the diet.The earliest cultivation
of an Inuit sculpture? seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the
a. Observance of taboos Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation
b. Inuit life in the past few decades beginning as early as 7,000 years ago and
c. Preparation for a hunt domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago.
d. An animal Although the term “Neolithic” is not used in North
American prehistory, these were the first steps toward
6. The word “tracking” in line 15 is closest in meaning the same major subsistence changes that took place
to during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period
a. Capturing elsewhere in the world. Archaeologists debate the
b. Tricking reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of
c. Following the continent. Although population and sedentary
d. Studying living were increasing at the time, there is little
evidence that people lacked adequate wild food
7. The word “exaggerate” in line 18 is closest in resources; the newly domesticated foods supplemented
meaning to a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and
a. Eliminate gathering wild plants, Increasing predictability of food
b. Represent supplies may have been a motive. It has been suggested
c. Decorate that some early cultivation was for medicinal and
d. Enlarge ceremonial plants rather than for food. One
archaeologist has pointed out that the early
9. According to the third paragraph which of the domesticated plants were all weedy species that do well
following is the primary concern of most Inuit in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form
artists? around human settlements where people cut down
a. Depicting seasonal changes in animals trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and dig holes.
b. Demonstrating accurate naturalistic detail It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and
c. Exaggerating physical characteristics for other plants almost domesticated themselves, that is ,
dramatic effect they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans
d. Revealing the essence of their subject’s spirit intensively collected them and began to control their
distribution. Women in the Archaic communities were
probably the main experimenters with cultivation,
10. According to the fifth paragraph, which of the because ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that
following types of activities would be LEAST likely women were the main collectors of plant food and had
to be represented in Inuit art? detailed knowledge of plants.
a. Woman sewing clothes
b. Modern activities 10. The passage mainly discusses which of the
c. Community games following aspects of the life of
d. Drum dancing Archaic peoples?
(A) The principal sources of food that made up their
diet
READING 4 (B) Their development of ground stone tool
Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern technology
United States, the peoples of the Archaic era (8,000- (C) Their development of agriculture
1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to (D) Their distribution of work between men and
beginnings of cultivation through their intensive women

11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to
(A) seeds
(B) river valleys
(C) the Midwest and the Southeast
(D) experimentation and domestication
12 According to the passage, when did the
domestication of plants begin in North
America?
(A) 7,000 years ago
(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago
(C) Long after the Neolithic period
(D) Before the Archaic period
13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in
meaning to
(A) sufficient
(B) healthful
(C) varied
(D) dependable
14. According to the passage, which of the following
was a possible motive for the
cultivation of plants in eastern North America?
(A) Lack of enough wild food sources
(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to
settlements
(C) Provision of work for an increasing population
(D) Desire for the consistent availability of food
15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in
meaning to
(A) in addition to
(B) instead of
(C) as a replacement
(D) such as
16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in
order to
(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with
one with little nutritional value
(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant
(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where
trees were not cut down
(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to
domesticate
17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in
meaning to
(A) stayed
(B) originated
(C) grew well
(D) died out
18. According to the passage, which of the following
is true about all early
domesticated plants?
(A) They were varieties of weeds.
(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.
(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.
(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.
19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of
the people who began
cultivating plants were
(A) medical workers
(B) leaders of ceremonies
(C) women
(D) hunters
READING 5
Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the
larger cities of the United Statesduring the late
nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from
town and farm tocity, within the United States. The
country had been overwhelmingly rural at
theLinebeginning of the century, with less than 5
percent of Americans living in large towns(5) or cities.
The proportion of urban population began to grow
remarkably after 1840,increasing from 11 percent that
yearto 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900.A
country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more
than 8,000 in 1800 hadbecome one with 545 such cities
in 1900. ofthese, 26 had a population of more
than100,000 including 3 that held more than a million
people. Much of the migration(10) producing an urban
society came from smaller towns within the United
States, but the combination of new immigrants and old
American"settlers" on America's "urbanfrontier" in the
late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.The
growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed
on each other. Theagricultural revolution stimulated
many in the countryside to seek a new life in the
city(15) and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed
the large concentrations of peopleneeded to provide a
workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also
providedready and convenient markets for the products
ofindustry, and huge contracts intransportation and
construction-as well as the expanded market in
consumergoods-allowed continued growth of the urban
sector of the overall economy of the(20) Untied
States.Technological developments further stimulated
the process of urbanization. Oneexample is the
Bessemer converter (an industrial process for
manufacturing steel),which provided steel girders for
the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of
crudeoil into kerosene, and later the development of
electric lighting as well as of the(25) telephone, brought
additional comforts to urban areas that were
unavailable to ruralAmericans and helped attract many
of them from the farms into the cities. In every erathe
lure of the city included amajor psychological element
for country people; thebustle and social interaction of
urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those
raisedin rural isolation
34.What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth
century does the passage mainly
discuss?
(A) Technological developments
(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities
(C) Standards of living
(D) The relationship between industrialization and
urbanization
(D) motivated
41. Why does the author mention "electric lighting"
and "the telephone" in lines 24-25?
(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution
(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city
life
(C) They were developed by the same individual.
(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.
42. The word "them" in line 26 refers to
(A) urban areas
(B) rural Americans
(C) farms
(D) cities

35. The word "influx" in line 1 is closest in meaning 43. The word "era" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
to (A) period of time
(A) working (B) location
(B) processing (C) action
(C) arrival (D) unique situation
(D) attraction
44. The word "intriguing" in line 28 is closest in
36. The paragraph preceding the passage most meaning to
probably discuss (A) profitable
(A) foreign immigration (B) attractive
(B) rural life (C) comfortable
(C) the agricultural revolution (D) challenging
(D) famous cities of the twentieth century
READING 6
37. What proportion of population of the United States Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest
was urban in 1900? raw materials. It can becoloredor colorless,
(A) Five percent monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent,
(B) Eleven percent or opaque.It is lightweight impermeable to liquids,
C) Twenty-eight percent readily cleaned and reused, durable yetLine fragile, and
(D) Forty-six percent often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple
ways and its(5)optical properties are exceptional. In all
38. The word "extraordinary" in line 12 is closet in its myriad forms -as table ware, containers,in
meaning to architecture and design -glass represents a major
(A) expensive achievement in the history oftechnological
(B) exceptional developments.Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C.,
(C) supreme glass lias been used for making variouskinds of objects.
(D) necessary It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an
alkali such as(10)soda or
39. The phrase "each other" in line 13 refers to potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of
(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants glass until the developmentof lead glass in the
(B) farms and small towns seventeenth century. When heated, the mixture
(C) growth of cities and industrialization becomes soft andmalleable and can be formed by
(D) industry and transportation various techniques into a vast array of shapes andsizes.
The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then
40. The word "stimulated" in line 14 is closest in cools to create glass, but incontrast to most materials
meaning to formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks
(A) forced the(15)crystalline structure normally associated with
(B) prepared solids, and instead retains the randommolecular
(C) limited structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it
progressively stiffensuntil rigid, but does so without
setting up a network of interlocking crystals
customarily associated with that process. This is why
glass shatters so easily whendealt a blow. Why glass
deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to
moisture,(20)and why glassware must be slowly
reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture
torelease internal stresses induced by uneven
cooling.Another unusual feature of glass is the manner
in which its viscosity changes as itturns from a cold
substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that
flow or"freeze" at specific temperatures glass
progressively softens as the temperature
rises,(25)going through varying stages of malleability
until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stageof
malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into
various forms, by differenttechniques, and if suddenly
cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that
point Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of
heat-forming techniques than most othermaterials.\
Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in
lines 1-5?
(A) To demonstrate how glass evolved
(B) To show the versatility of glass
(C) To explain glassmaking technology
(D) To explain the purpose of each component of
glass
11. The word "durable"' in line3 is closest in meaning
to
(A) lasting
(B) delicate
(C) heavy
(D) Plain
12. What does the author imply about the raw
materials used to make glass?
(A) They were the same for centuries.
(B) They areliquid
(C) They are transparent
(D) They are very heavy.
13. According to the passage, how is glass that has
cooled and become rigid different from
mostother rigid substances?
(A) It has an interlocking crystal network.
(B) It has an unusually low melting temperature.
(C) It has varying physical properties.
(D)It has a random molecular structure.
14. The word "customarily" in line 17is closest in
meaning to
(A) naturally
(B) necessarily
(C) usually
(D) certainly
15. The words "exposed to" in line 19 are closest in
meaning to
(A) hardened by
(B) chilled with
(C) subjected to
(D) deprived of
16. What must be done to release the internal stresses
that build up in glass products
duringmanufacture?
(A) the glass must be reheated and evenly cooled.
(B) the glass must be cooled quickly.
(C) The glass must be kept moist until cooled.
(D) The glass must be shaped to its desired form
immediately
17. The word "induced" in line 21 is closest in
meaning to
(A) joined
(B) missed
(C) caused
(D) lost
18. The word "it" in line 22 refers to
(A) feature
(B) glass
(C) manner
(D) viscosity
19. According to the passage, why can glass be more
easily shaped into specific forms than
canmetals
(A) It resists breaking when heated
(B) It has better optical properties.
(C) It retains heat while its viscosity changes.
(D) It gradually becomes softer as its temperature
rises.
READING 7
About 18000 years ago, the glaciers then covering large
portions of Earth's surface began to retreat, just as they
had done eighteen or twenty times before during the
preceding two million years. Forests migrated
northward across Eurasia and North America, while
grasslands became less extensive and the large animals
associated with hem dwindled in number. Probably no
more than 5 million human existed throughout the
world. Some of them lived along the seacoasts, where
animals that could be used as sources of food were
locally abundant, others, however, began to cultivate
plants, thus gaining a new, relatively secure source of
food.
The first deliberate planting of seeds was probably the
logical consequence of a simple series of events. For
example, the wild cereals are weeds, ecologically
speaking, that is, they grow readily on open or
disturbed areas, patches of bare land where there are
few other plants to complete with them. People who
gathered these grains regularly might have spilled some
of them accidentally near their campsides or planted
them, and thas created a more reliable way to sustain
themselves. When this sequence was initiated,
cultivation began. In places where wild grains and
legumes were abundant and readily gatherred Humans
would have remained for long periods of time,
eventually learning how to increase their yields by
saving and planting seeds and by watering and
fertilizing them.
Through humans' gradual selection of particular
genetic variants of these plants, the characteristics of
the domesticated crops would have changed gradually,
with more seeds selected from plants with specific
characteristics that made the plants easier to gather,
store or use. Epr example, the stalk (rachis) breaks
readily in the wild wheat and their relatives, scattering
ripe seeds. In the cultivated species of wheat, the rachis
is tough and holds the soods until they are harvested
Seeds held in this way would not be dispersed well in
nature, but they can be gathered easily by humans for
food and replanting. As this selection process is
continued, a crop plant steadily becomes more and
more dependent on the humans who cultivate is, just as
the humans become
more and more dependent on the plant.
1. The major subject of the passage is,
a. The effect of glaciers
b. The domestication of crops
c. Genetic variants of cultivated crops
d. Eating habits of the carliest humans
It can he inferred from the second paragraph that by
accidentally spilling grains near the campsides, early
humans most likely
Icarned
a. How to cultivate crops
b. That erins could be used as a food source
c. How to increase their crop yields
d. How to combine seeds to create a superior
type of grain
The word "initiated" in line 19 is closest meaning to
a. Learned
b. Evalisted
c. Begun
d. Repeated
According to the third paragraph, what advantage do
cultivated wheat species have over wild wheat
species?
a. Cultivated wheat stalks produce larger seeds
b. Cultivated wheat stalks hold seeds so they
can be gathered and replanted
c. Cultivated wheat stalks produce more seeds
d. Cultivated wheat stalks help scatter seeds as
they rippen
It can be inferred that the cultivated crop plant becomes
more and more dependent on human who cultivates it
a. Its stalks needs to be streghtened
b. It needs to be protected
c. It needs to be panted on grassland
d. Its seeds needs to be scattered

The word "them" in line 7 refers to.

a. Forests
b. Eurasia and North America
c. Grassland
d. Large animals
e.
The word "dwindled" in line 7 is closest icaning to,
a. Decreased
b. Doubled
c. Differed
d. Dominated
4. The word "secure" in line 11 is closest meaning 10_
a. Important
b. Fresh
c. Attractive
d. Dependable