20 Berss, corer, nRaKes StF the hp wiorbo and foroe Pin ig, 62 if the maxima ining prewar 100 pot = 02, , In Fig. 643 he bp aborbed i 15; ~ 02, Find the alu the setting fore Ir Le aaf ry Mig 43, btm Fie O44, Pott “6, ind the value of fore P forthe brake i Fig 644, pau = 100 ps noah 52. Work Probl 9 bat with the dimensions of 78, nd in. nig. 682 ech ince by 58 Work Probe 9 ut wih shor cho ig anced to the two uprights, 1%. Work Probe 42 but withthe width made qua 2} in. (6, Work Problem 2 wth torque of 1300 inth and equal to 0.25, Welded and Riveted Connections © A wen is a union betwee etal surface brought, about by the ied application of beat; Welding bas arvemed an important place iy speding the manufacturpafcomponeat pars and in the aeerably of parts into engineering traces, Forge or preeure welding of ght iron has been pact for ceutaris; methods such as tor, are, vets, alo, can be tbed for forming the joints and connections ‘te part of « sruetire, Although welding has replaced riveting ‘considerable estou, svetaae customarily employed frets types ‘Long experectvith this method of fastening has ve 00 cin the reliability of ifeted joints at 7 Bates trom ea of int to cater264 Wrxoen 4x0 mivern cononoxs chap. 7 1 Fabrication by Welding Bocauto of lower inital cott, many structural perts of machinery, fomarly made by casting, ate 10% fabricated by’ welding. "The come ponents ean be abared or Bame cut from hot rolled stel place and then Seidel Lgether Figure shows numberof typical welded asemblie Fe 71, Machin pr bite hy fon ig Sometimes the intricate portion of the body can be east or stamped, ‘The fat aren, made of plates, then can be attached by weldig ‘Welded aasczblice usually provide greater strength ats reduction in weight—an important advastage for moving parte of machines and ‘Snasport equipment. Ina welded design it i ually necessary to do a ‘amalor mount of machining than for an equivalent casting. In adic ton, the sre elelatons for welded stol asembles are romctimes more reliable than for ion eactings. The design must provide aceessiblity to the welds eo they ean be properly made and inspected 2, Fason Welding In the fusion proces, heat ie obtained from an oxyacetylene flame oF from an electric are passing between an electrode and the work. The ‘lon ofthe partsare ested to the fusion temperature and joined together ‘vith the addition of alten fer material from a welding rod nthe omon are process, Hux i ued with some metas to envelop the molten weld ina noneontaminating atmoephere and protect it from the oxygen and nitrogen of the at. Inpurtin ae seavenged from the trek, and covering of lag ie formed to reduoe the cooing rate. 1 Teale are welding, the electrode in composed of eta ler mater Ithich is melted and fod into tho joint athe weld i proresivly formed, ‘Shedd are welding uses an electrode with a heavy coating of Huxine taterils These are consumed ws the od i melted ad perform the uns C : C nf wena Watow ano miverto comnserans 1s funtion of «fu, as shown in Fig. 7-2. When th oxyacetylene torch is FAS eae pte ono aoa eh 5 eveiope of thet. The amen general adjsed wat tian slighty reducing Afi used in the gas weg of oe meat oad st any inant maybe pros ahh Tomi etd Direc cure is wed with th carbon ae method but shar diet alerting erent ean bo sed with he ttle ae proce, When the weld te tha about fin l= sam ticks it rly made i rt tusceiv layer. Depoted weld metal ur eum Frequenlly "ine the” cose SL¥E barat fest meta = Residual strom of comidrabe mag- site. can rot fom ontacton of tho eld etalon cooling, Sush PE 7 A migoe wh oat sirens aro uly tet in th — travers dition and ae thus more harfl when the weld b= Jssed to ten loads, ‘Tho psec of rida! erm in parclr dangers th weld beabjected oes oading or mpc Remora frst can be twompliced by annealing, or by apn ion | 14 overoad whch srs te enti weld tothe lpn vale” Jes imprint that both th weld roetal and adjeent parent metal be ductile and re from britlenees, The properties of the weld mel depend onthe compotion of he welding ro over, frre! parent = total with carbon content higher than about 0.19 fer cet, theres dknger of ir hardening upon pid ting rom the weg tompertue E The quenching eet ofthe cold metal surrounding «wed ean be reduced = the parts are preheated to 600-150 F before the welding i doe © An snoeling treatment after welding may be reqired to rae th tral dt ofthe paren metal. The sion welding carta SF some coca ued metal nd alge ve give in able Reda! weg rms nay and lay cst on ca be imine by preheating before welding, alowed by slow caning fier welding Van atbon an slo se eating ar ordinarily waded yt ee ‘rocedare coed for Plled weal of sar compton Air hardening ‘rari the easton o aly content wien high. "orth copper and alninum alloy, ign of the parent metal ae Zany ied ales materi where nes oor mate oe >From re noc in welding lamin to anos theo oting ae266, Wrunno Ano RIVETED coNNBETONS Chap. 7 from both the parent misal and filer rods, When the welding is eom- aerate pate mast be thoroughly cleaned of the Hux to avo eoro- te, the pars mist mperoe of sumisim and magnum aaa ate lait ng dif forthe operator to dteine same 24 ett of Vriou Met and Alene away [On| re] ete Ay [| te Siti ane oats [A [me vie =") 4 | x [copper and copper alloys 2 Bikes 3 | |Past ines BUS | pam oa cotinine || 8 ny ak yt ion | 8 | cle Lowalloy, 1 Tickamaiwa |e | 3 Mater eas ale a[a] atommeien” |] 2 ria] Sams [74 instantiation | 4 | 4 BY] fame a |e aly ala NSSlewaton [| 8 - | ee ad penal ond a vaio ‘when the welding tempernture is being approached. At high tempers ‘ures thee alloys are very wek, and there «tendency for the member ‘io collapse unles ponive support is provided. during the welding operation “Are-weld surfacing is convenient method for building wp worn parte ‘and wearing srface in all Hinds of machinery ‘Other methods of welding, such asthe ach, sori hydrogen hermit, ‘inal and blir arn we, partially for speciale aplcatins ne See. 8 Weauep ax niverxo consnerions 26 43, Strength of Fusion Welds Several dierent types of welds with the equations forthe stresee ‘sng from the given loading are shown in Fig. 7-3. The height A for butt weld doesnot include the bulge oF reinforcement ‘The fille: weld in tension of Fig. 74 isan important type of wold that in widely used. Th sie of it weld sequal the leg of the largest fnmoribed otceles right triangle. Tho ees station in tho weld ie somplicatd, end there is lack of agreement among engncefs with respect to the simpllying asmampiona which should be made in order to eure design equations It is obviow thatthe number of diffrent equations (wil'be ar grent as the number of diferent inital ms One ‘method of analyst assumes the weld to be evt through the throat or © narrowest portion, as shown in Fig. 7-400). Bending affects are ignored = ands assumed that the only ste which found by dividing load | P by the throat srea 070TH, wher isthe lng of the leg, ana i the {This strc i divided into the shear and normal components shown in [be Bigure. These have vals of PP Sereno 7, Boppy, ad pS of reasC 268 Waupeo axD niviep covsrrcrts Chap. 7 Yor material loaded by normal aod shear sre, af in Fig. 74(0), the Feuultant normal tess found by Ea, (8), Chapter 1. The values fom 1g. (are ebettated, to sive 1050+ VORFFE = 16ien= 182 a) 4. Dosign Kquation for Filet Weld ‘Bauation (1), in the aetion above, hasbeen found to bo in good egres- ment with tot rela, However, the equation in general we for making ‘design ealatations fora filles welds baced on a more elementary asutip- tion, Ts merely this: the etree talon as the quotient of lad divided byte throat area O707AL The valuo ofthe working lod P is then P= o707he ® ‘Recommended valu for working stress are given in Table 7-2 Example Ie The pulley ia Pig. 7-1) i 19 in diameter with a $b in, OD tub, The wb plats har in. let wl on enc ie. Th tle rats 90 hp (otha wb are 2.20 ep, What the vale the anal shearing fen in weld? satnon, Tongue oO - 82 ea iesy ain ice oa: r= Eg ai ‘Force curred by walde: P= 155 - $70 is Vengo oh wale? 12 8X Ae, = eX 181 = 228m By Ba. 2 eau aoa ~ oraT 02s KBE A wol-inows ruletdhumb fr the working loads of it, wes in tension is found from Bq. (2) and the working-stress value of 11,800 ps fom Table ea * = 2056 ‘Thus for atin, 1= tin, P= 3,000 1b for Aa din,1= 1in, P= 2,000 tb for hm bint 1m, P = 300015 * renae 7, iogapy, ic ( Waupen AND maven cox CrION® 1 rane 72 rants 78 Minima Teale Sze od Duty Rega ‘meni Kelowed nwa. Metal Peon Tee Spine Hence the permissible loa in equal to 1,000 Ib foreach § in. of width of leg and each inch of lengu. For welds made with coated electrodes this value may be iereasod 25 por cent, o 1,200 Ib. Strength propertie for a umber of arvwading dlctrods aro given in Table 7-3. Strese Coscentation in Weld Sinoe abrupt changes inform ooeur in welds, etrees concentrations are resent as the foree pastes from ane portion of the assembly tothe other. | Stee concentration effects are usualy ignored fr static oF steady loads, = and are applied only to the variable or range component in accordance ith general design practice for uetuatinglosde, (Care mst be exerised that the weld metal and the plats atthe base of butt meld be throughly fused together, With insaficent fusion, red notches extend inward, ast in Fig 7-(a), and serous > sues concenteation rots. Sivan eoneentzation also oorars at points 2B, where the fore spreads into the reinforcament. A Ale weld has ‘oncentrations atthe toe and het, points A and Bin Fg. 7-506), where¢ 20 Wasps AxD arvernn convxcrions hap. 7 sn ssumtenparuegnrgeg Sete cect mina ee ty meen See abe eT Boom nents ml “Tho upper pat at pat Bas the maximum elongstio, becuse her i auting theca nd ‘The lower pate a Abas arn elongation, Tonio is carving ory ite lond a this pint. Sine the weld Joins tho oro pats Cope, essere toa greater deformation than the terug forts welder whole, nd an ineease or conentation of res "TABLE 7-4 oS cccrs at the ead of he weld. Similar reoning applies io the other end, here the lower pte at ha large elongation and the upper late D hassel elongation. Sma sres concentration elects ae present the end ofthe bute weld nse, shown in Fig. 730) 6, Rocontricaly Leaded Welds ‘When the lod on welded joint is applied eocenticaly, th effect of the torgue or moment must be taken into account as well asthe direct Jona, The state of sre in cuch a joint is complicated, and it necessary 10 make simplifying asunptions ‘When joint comnts of nomber of wel, ts customary to asame ‘thatthe moment stes at any point is proportional tothe distance from ‘Seema 7, bora, ap. 705, Vo, 30 reo C ( See. 6 Wetoeo AND nivaep ooxNEctions 1 the center of gravity ofthe group of welds Let the weld shown in Fig 7-6 bone of «group forming a joint with the canter of Ervity ofall the weld ares at 0. The moment stress sacs perpendicularly to mdi ron ele- tent dof the weld. The exteraal moment o torque Tis equal to the ‘aoment from str «integrated over ll the welds ofthe joint ‘The integral frat in Bq. (3) has been replaced by ‘ot inertia about 0 for the group ‘alu of + tothe point furthest removed from the | enter of gravity O must be eed. Theses from the diet Toad must be added Yetarilly to the mo the docs strwr in a weld ib uniformly distbuted hroughout its are, |The parallel axis equation can be usd for finding “the value for J for' weld about the center 0. Fot the weld in Fig. 7-6 is equation would be written Jadot are | Tho area in this oqution refers to tho throst area of the weld. The that he throat fora fillet weld is inlined at 45" to tho plane of joint diergneded. Radius 7, extends fom the center Oy of the la tothe center of ravity O forthe group. Symbol J. rpreeents the ment of inertia of the singlo-veld are ulbout its own center Oy, This © in wgun se throat ares and tis the length ofthe wold sn Eq, (8) substituted Into Eq (8), she rnult is saa(h ent) © | Tho value of J for euch weld about O chould be computed by Ea. (0): eoulta rv added to obtain the moment of inertia of the entire joint,am Wane» ax mivereo consucrions cuap.7 ample sxe od ac eel tot apport shown sa ee ae ss cay, te loft mesinu se te Solution. The plate ie coset 7 the ee body Lin. we Shaan: me ot commeom Le) Awl tata pal ‘com i e ce mens ‘Total arn = 0.705 + 1.96 Mer, Bas = 2121 int Catettions wil sade to Ue ase of the weld sod not to he onto the ‘treat ‘Tako moments shout th let side nr ‘Take moments shout the bottom ofthe plate os 295 + 106 x8 434m 272% 27 0 tah Js om (424440) = sti Dy 2024s) = ais ‘Tua: = ne +1221 = 2095 in alin stra ‘Toe maximum reutan ate oscuro 1 = S000 x 7.8 x 420 25 ‘Trot 3550p | | | | | | See. 6 Waton Ax eiveran coxnorions ms ‘Thiers in drctedperpendlrly to the rit from the center of gravity (0-4 Ihe te componente son on the fete Ramat to: gO FBR = 11900 ps ANtouth point furor om the onter of erty then, the dretons of the masentstroe ze nck tha the geste! Plant as ores Example 3. Find the value of Fore Pin Fig. 8 fr & working eros of 1,300 (0) AIL weds ace, et. (©) Welton the este are Fin, ad om the ig ie ae a, Me 1s Beomplea, Solution. () Matemeatalvli A eax t x02 = saint Tha Pmt = 1,810 x 4202 ~ 47,900, 0) ta, tratames A= 2x! 6 x 0z07 = 212s igh throat are: A = 2%} x 6 0707 = 4242 in ‘Total ara: A = 6.268 nt, 4 BMS 4 420X185 | or eect. ‘Take moment et nd Meant Jain (S409) Por ight wel: 47420 (f+ 417) = saarine om F188 4 sa = Datins Direct strees: goy - ousrar aamm Wauneo Axo miverno comsncrions Chap. 7 aos x Moment iran at A: 1 = PRT conser ‘Total ates; OASTRP-+ QOUBAP = O.2580P ~ 1,300 200 > 1 sould be noted, tht ainagh the wlle of part (0) are much Irger, cua af he econ the ory capacity of he fist has een actualy ‘The mothod explained inthis sotlon cannot be considered an exnet ‘analysis of weld stremeo, but shouldbe looked upon simply asa resonable ‘Stor to take into nocont the fact that tho capacity of «joint to resist ‘momen loads increased by Teating the welds father frm the center, 1, Rastance Welding In resitanco welding, © hoay eleti curent i pated through the parts tthe pce whee the weld ded. The rsitance ofthe metal {othe euret enum te temperate fo Ho quickly and the metal io Seeome pasts, The welds complete by mechanical prewar from the ‘otoen This pres brng the parts ints complete nin. lkerating urent i ued fom a eable ansormer which mst be eaable of Tuplyng t ge crest alow voltage. The topper clotrodes ar faced with ard tbe contact end. To cone the bat in the Proper Sion, the ssnance betwen lectrode id pore mus be lo than the restance be {et the eure tobe fed. ‘Spot welding « type of ritance welding in whic elisa lerods are wad which aves contact aen approxima equa oth ‘Sof the desired weld. At show in Fig. 7-9 sre 14, sania an. * chamber provided for cing water which takin even oeting a tne te of locuode The squesing present be vropely adjusted to th then and strength of the parts bend welded: A'char’ showing the spot melding porsilte of various rm ination of metal and alley i given in Fig. 710. The metal surface toe welded mst be clan ff sound weld ee expete, Ii eepecl neces tha the oid eating on lini braved by mean or chemal mea before spot welding ‘Seat welding is ilar fo spot welding except that roppe alloy ashe "ee rfeene 16, Bop 3 ( Ba. 8 ‘Waunen axp siverx conscrios a [bout 6 by 0 in, in diameter are ured, The work is rolled between the eirods, and evenly spaced spot welds are cbiaied by period apie: tion of the current. It is possible to oveiap the welds by clos spacing folders are Unload alloys of low melting points; hard solders eon B the siver solders and bratog alloys of diferent compositions and point. In aay soldering or brazing prow, the parts are heated the melting point ofthe older but below that ofthe parts. The ‘otion of the sldet rings it lato intimate contact with the et tobe jlned. The slr, after cooling, serves ax an ase to Bite two parts together, eventhough in sine eases the solder forms Boy withthe metal ofthe part In general, the strength of the joint Hiproved as th wetting action becomes snore perfect. arfaces must be clan and covered with » fur whichis iquid at ering temperature. Th fox diwolves aay oxides present as well ating oxidation while the parts are being heated, The lux is i into the joint by cpillay attraction. When the soldering tnC inte Api informing oo it. go] as | ss | 1. | 200 |store aimum sles for god inti | ws saw | 1,0 | Ci gerne ser ae 6] a | as | asm | san [side of tah slvr are tre for one, or hin wren oa] Onnerprpoe rain ‘lor. tem] 1085 | Stoeg oyscilne wee ease at on, 7, heeh NCO Seng, seo erp aby perature isreuhed, the sldari also drawn in by capri and diplaces the fax. For this atin, the surfaces must be elsely spaced with respect to each other. The cepillrity is greater for tightly fitted joint, bos Higher temperature are roqured to secure eufcient Budity of the aoe: In practice, clearances of 0.005 ur 0.00 in have been fund satisfactory ¢ 9 Wanna an eres contenant G ‘The strength of a wldered joint depends on many’ factor such as the quality of the colder, thickness of the joint, emoothnes ofthe eur. {hoes Kind of material soldered, soldering temperature, and duration of ‘contact between solder snd part atthe sodering temperature. Optimum ‘sews vals in shear for sft-soldere joints ean be taken ae 6,000 pat {or copper, 5000 pi for anid steel, and 4000 pi for brass. "These are ‘timate vas, ‘The properties of soft solder metals are given in Table 75. Melting ‘ofthe allay begins at the melting poiat shown, and iv completed at the temperature of the flow point ‘The alver solders have higher melting temperatures, nd the soldering | operation is eariod on whe the pare are at a red beat. Cast iron, | wrought iron, aud earbon steals can be joined to each other or to brass = Copper, leks, silver, mone, and other nonferrous alloys, Silver solders [ear mallenble und ductile and ae mitabefor vibration and impact londs 2% They are aleo redistant to corrosion, The tele strength of cast silver [© solder varies from 40000 px to 60000 psi? Joint preparation and learances are the ane as for soft solder. Heating ean be dono with = forch or with high-frequency induetion beating eal ‘resng ie «form of soldering at high temperatures that use alloy of per and ine. The properties of several brazing alloy are given In tervice and for building up defect in ion eastings. The tele ie approximately £0,000 psi. Mangancee bronze is similarly 3, especially wher the depoited meal scaled upon toreit abrasion ing alloys for aluminum are avaiable with « malting pint below of tho aluminum parts. Ia fusion welding, tho high temperature ta impuritie to be floated avay by the ux. However, for brazing, oxides must be removed and the joint cleaned by mechanical means, Fernace Brasing cor copper basing in very satiastry method for ining ith pure copper, The component pare are abled together, ag af pre copper ire placed adjabeat tothe jt wt ehown in 71 and the asembly ipa’ rough x farnace. The copper melts a0 F ands drawn into te joint by expla attraction Thctrngth swembly intense withthe Cightnes of the fit For sto, the Hirene shoud rn rom about 0.01 nose to «ight presa8 Wann 80 RIEDK connscrioss 0.7 be redesigned and fabricated fm stampings, stew machine part, and piees of tubing brad together. Machining operstions ean be mini: mized and substantial economics efeted. Parts must be held in thir ‘rupee relationship with ea other in thr rip through che furnace Te (y dk, i Lainie ae es es met nro nan fixtures, When the heating ix done in an eletrc farnace with «reducing ‘atmosphere, no fax i required, and th parts are dolvered with smooth ‘right surfaces, 10. Rvote Jot wil Central Load ‘Rivote are in wid wo as fastnings for joints in building, bridges, boilers, tanks, ships, and misallancous rameworks. For centrally applied loads it customary to asume that all tho rivets ina joit are egualy treme" This animption, however, only approximately valid: As & + i - @ ay Pie Ta, Bam caring ten sie lw of ‘imple example, consider the two barsin Fig. 7-12, which are eld together by a ingle row of rivets. The rnterl at end C bas lage lonestons, ‘because i is earring almost the entire load P. The material at A and D ‘as smal elongations bene the ary at these points are carrying only ‘mall Toads. Beesuse of these unequal elongstons the end Fivela carey "Se ernst 2 pod 24, Bogan C C See 1 Wane» ao arvmra coxencrions a excemive lands, The loads are smaller for the next rivets toward the enter, until a te mid ofthe joint the vets wll be earryng les thes the average load. For ductile materials, « more uniform disttution of {he loading among the rivets occurs ifthe joint i it subjected fo an overload which causes the material in the bighly sresed regione to yild a plasti flow: Tn structural wee work, i ie atandasd practise 0 use punched holes which are on, larger than the diameter of tho vet. “Although the vel after driving may completly fil the hoe, computations are mde ‘on the bess of the eriginal rivet diameter. Sine> pining injures the ‘metal around tho cireumferenee of the ble, work of higher quality ie seared by subpunchi iameter and thes teaming ‘until iis large enough to admit the rivet. Boiler codes require the holes to be either drilled or subpunched and reamed. In boiler work, sompa tations are made on the base ofthe hole diameter, since the rivets mint ‘be tity driven and must completely filth holes, Rivets must be epaced nether too elowe nor too far apart, The mini- ‘mum rivet spacing center to conta, fr structural reel work is tually ken as threo svet diameters A comewhat clover spacing i often ed in boilers. Rivets should not be spuced too far apart or Bucking of the Plate wil take place. The maximum epacing surly taken as 16 tines the thickness of the outside plate, The edge distance, or distance from Ie rivet center tothe edgo ofthe plate, must not be less than « speciod _smount or there is dangot of fll, at thown in Fg. 7-13(8) sod (e) | Poworrven hot rivets contact upon cooling and drww the plates lghly together so thatthe fiction between the parte sais a the rae: ‘ofthe lead, Under certain conditions the entre lad might be eared this wey. Te friction in a joint breaks down asthe loading increases, the joint can then fail ina numberof diferent ways, a shown i Hig 7-1, For fuetusting loads, itis especially desirable to pravent slip. a TSB Typ a fra a[ oo Se 22 Wea a aman comeoine oa on et rao he wing ef nin emo sie ene its hen tnd Paap we Working Stresses for Rivets Used steels are given in Table 7-7. a owe Pong ina lo etd ie, nee — od ty a7 date hl pope Sa = an ra Tams 9 =r gt me ee Tepes mits Ree nate rae Scot co ramble i ieee ey in” ce haw ‘sce Ki Ss So Carbon stl pte in tension" | $3000 ane ara “Anite Se GaBaies) 8 he ot Theo sl fe be consvtve an ht Sentete byt in etna oom ane gi tionary to sons tsa tered fn safes ee ‘c's attr ebay esp ae “otha forte tone pa.Workee soe we tudor tren! a fehl te Te he Fever cede byasag mer Cpa tana When fre Sse tne Teh wnt sv ded ce Wien Sele d's tyme a Fe 3 Sc wand ye tie th ly Tor ene Sie Ser Ti 58s oe Eee ‘gzrices ar alo given in Table 77. Resognised codes are available for Duildings, bridges, and boilers and should be conned for add [Bloration on spexfeations of materi, working streney, ol _ tveton details Higher values forthe working siresos ets non ties ‘bo permitted for certain kinds of machinary or quip, tent where failure would not endanger human li | Eroper provision must be made in riveted jotta fp the ests of fuctuating loads, impact, and sneer, ‘of temperature "12 Semon in 4 Cyladial Shall fore 2h eee ep dit at scecuFer fe att a erie mee srr Sade sears piles cet nang rae nea te Seca aimag tees See re paerat ereeaed ti se Ff mecssae= pint =r a) eto or tunel tem found by viding re Phy the aenxp HtvEreD coxzonoxs comp. 7 a2 Wan ofthe eros ation ting ™ ahem ® In thing det th sr in the meal ms ai unclan eaten east ant dre ee — der = a9 2 4 one The hop ra men ob vce eta gata! goons sd) ev ony when tanec a me eee maar tees a en et comprar fovea, Fie 7450) welt soa ie Seatay tne ie rede ae, rte dir nee laos rare lr lt tor han th ae compo th sl beet o tha aa all Cherny shea eto SSR Gea une rene ne ster acai (eral Compe ihe atengh oe npn ate ad icy om. The pes sed ‘Example 4. Fi working fre eared by an Sf i. width of the trie riveted butt joint Fig 7-16. Make sompataton fr the asmisa types of {ule sown ie Table 710, and compute th fen the joint thie ‘TABLE 740 Loads for Joint of ign 7.16 | topear rae | fin | aarin mi Sin SS [parce | Fi open} | 8820 o [Reina ea) a0 © liber ta } 72.30 Pe 746 Tule sted bt jot.) | Tan aro pate gee |S See. 2 Wa LORD AND nIViTHD CONNECTIONS 23 i wed nin, diame elidel tak, fl he peri intra sre Ur the llaning sam alc frm Tab 7 ae n Compression, Shear, Pastor of lets, | he tare ocr nthe but pate, rein bearing: A = Solution, (0) Tension i sin 4. 85000 pil forse plate 4 85.000 pat for tel pate 14 = 46.00 pa far sel vt rs=5 lato matin Ao = $89 (gas — 118 078 = sao (0) Shear ond vet, Thee are 9 sre in ahr 4 on BB, 4. C20, an 1 Arua of iva in heat: A = E1285 = 1308 7 = 88 60 1406 « 0 (© Bearing on rivet On B-B tad, tre osu in he min plate. On Fe X 11878 075 + 11895 x 0.8 = 4.158 in 000 X 4166 = 73070 | (0 Tension at etn B-, a0 shear a ston Ac Are in temo: A = (825-~9 1.1875) x 028 = 4.400 in = 43690-40700 ~ 53201 40) Tension a seston BD And beating at 4-4. are 509 70+ SS 3 11878 x 08 = 59.700 1b (© Bearing st lone B-B ad 0, and shear at ection AA = 35:00 * % 4% 11816 x 075-4 9700 = 774902 Wann Axo a1vErED conuerions ona (q) Tension in epee pat 7 = S80 x 425 « 078 = e400 8220 5 109 = 555 (0) Biceney = SRE x 100 = 985% a omym, 9-5 es "= 235 ps maximum permistle inter! preseure 13, Rivet Joint with Booetric Load ‘When the load is applied evcentcally to w group of rivets forming a {nt the effec of the tau or moment must be taken into aceount, as ll asthe dict load. A typical ex- oe tmple ie shown in Pig. 7-17, where the ey fount of N rivets is subjected toa mo eet ‘ment equal to Pe, Lat it be assumed thet the moment Toad ona rivet varies ‘ Airey with the distance from the can § S| terof gravity 0 of tho group of rivets, * fand ia directed perpendieular to the radius to the conter of gravity. Baus font for moment fess Fy, Fy and Ps in Fig 7-17 may then bo written Fie kns Fro Kn B= Kn (0) n where K is the constant of propor e702, Nye jane wih mmr otc "The externally applied moment ‘equal tothe eurnmation of the produc of these fores and ther arma to {he center of gravity 0. Hence, T= Pom Nie. + Nes NP = KOE + Net Moe 9) 10) ‘where 21 isthe number of rivets with radius ra, Ny is the number with radius rs, and son until the entire joint has been taken care of. When the value of Khas been determined from Eq. (10), the moment force for each rivet ean be computed by multiplying by the appropiate r. It it fustomary to aesume that. the diet lead P/N ie the same for al rivets ‘of the joint. The vectorial sum of moment force and diet force i the Festant force onthe rivet. iret fore on ret: See. 13 DRO AND RIVEEED CORNECHIONS as empl Fld he va of he fa ily thn met hae nde str oar Fi 8 Fhe tee ST vet atin Bk Solution. The plate econ the fre td: ‘Tk moment stout the 194. (0: 10000 6 ~ Ke2x20-42 x 642% 20) Kae Rivet at Abus the maxima forse _Monent fore: Fe = 469 5385 = 24851 P= GOTTA E THB = 587616 xore = oans Pe 738 amos i718, Basmala Peample 6 Find the vale of for the to jit shown in Fig. 7-19 bandon rrkng sige of 15,00 pl aa,Wrsneo 4x iuvinno comperioxs . (2) =i Solution, Avan shear = o P= 8X 048 x 15000 = 18,850 (©) Mocsnt arm ofthe land 2 na.) BROKE EXD, Cetera a iorton = xine = 38" a Toate = at? a ‘Thus, although the joint (b) has more svete and is more expensive to make, th carrying capacity is os thao the eymmetial Joint of (a). BIBLIOGRAPHY Value umber aoa i bod fac type Ts tunbe mediate olloing ts the og on heals og 1, Mat Hendy end: Avera Sst or Maal, 08. 2 Ra, BE Haig on ts Aplietion, New York Mera Boo ‘Conny ne 10 3 Wu, 0, Dy Ate Wal Se rane Setar. New York Merwe ib ‘Book Copan, In 8. 4 Sporn ene Weg fr on St Vo. 2, Leo: The ton od Stel eit 05. 5 Weling Hens, Aican Welling Set, 19. 6. Are Wing in Des, Manat, end Corti, F Linea Are "wang Pon, to 1. ening Cy "Wading Desi” Trane, ASHE, 5, 7 (100); 4. ber LC, Try ofS a Well" J Am. Way So, 9 At noe, , Jee, C.D, Combined Sree in Flt Wed” J. Am Welding Se, 1, Feb, 17 8, Watoro avo miyerxo consncrtons aa 10, Solakian, 4A, Stews in Tranavee Flt Welds by Photodate Meth= "Jn Welding So 1, Fe. 22 (1). 1. Weishoo, W-HL and Male M, “Stes Disbton in Side Wolded Joins” JA. Wading Se, 9, Sep, 28 (100. 12. Nori CH, *Photedaete Invotigaton of Sos Distbation in Trane ‘ee Filet Wa” Welding J. 34 57 (1080. 18, Slit, 1. R, “Sirs Rel of Wenento fr Machining Stability,” Battie 18, Oo Sate User, Engineering Beptimet Staion, Nov. (194, tho Buta 123, Sept 845) 14. Chala, BJ, “Trends inthe Une of Welded Machinery Prt." Ack Brg, 6,108 0015, 18 “How to Weld Alaina,” Irom Ae, 187, Je 20,27 (1946); 158 July 4, 11006) 16, Fegocon, ln "pet Welding Various Metal” Welding Bar, 1, Sly, 14; “toe, 20 (ia. 1, Webber 1M, "Parnace Brasing af Machine Pata" Mech ag 12,86, ‘80 (i, Sale Tron Age 14 Set. 8 18, 32; Now. 3, 10, 94; De 8, 25, 198); 188, Po. 2 Mae 18, pe 8 (19) 18 Wile, G. Bde, "Popa of Capper Braid Jost" Irn Age, 142 Sept 38, 4€ 955. 19, Loach RH, “Slvr Solder" Pre, ASTM, 903), 480 (190, Nightingale 8,1 Slides, London: British Non erous Metal aerch Assocation, 1862 ‘el Contraction New Vor: Amerie Istituto tol Constrctio, 18 Speci for Sta Raiteny Brig, Amecoan Railway Raging As ‘tion, 0p 5-, Mivaal, W-D. and Rowmthal,D, “nfaeace ofthe Rhtie Content on the Paton af Lond Batwaen vet” Pro, Sor, Bept See Anal, Ty No. 217 (100. Alc, 8 J Golnd, M, ad Maris, I. D, Load Dissibution in Riva 5 sod Sotelo dent” Pro Sel Sane taal 3, No.2, 28 (04). Boter Code of he American Sait of Meanie Pog 198 ‘Boiler,""Speietion for Mateala""Uaired eeu Vein” Gras, RC, Core abd Begr, K 8, Mnveatiatng the Blegth of (Copper raed Joint” Meck Rg, 7,60 (1958), 1 Diehl, C, Blunbery, He and Bens, W. Gy Je, "Contaled Iter (Contour Shiled-Rovt Wolls Withoat Baking Rings” Tens. ASH, 15, 1108 (108). " Goland, Mand Reimoer, “The Stree in Cemented Joint” Troe, “ASE, 65, 47 (1048)Wun AND RIVENKD comspemions Chap. 7 a0 PROBLEMS 1. Fad he loaf sions min tb weld of M78 Anne ho Ait tts bey dtl ee al wen fo (4 Lele Le Oe ae ae 2, Find the parietal a Pf the ral ofthe axima stein the eld trot 1,30 pl forte jit in Fg. 7-21. ne 3 Work Problem fr the jit in Fig 7-22. Ane. P= 25800 FT Poti e722 Poti, Mork Probl 2 forthe jolt in Pig. 7-28. Ant. P = 44,0001 5, Tho nds oft chanel of Pig. 7-2 fon imovable upper, all welds ‘4s of the ase fi the ong ong ha the lt wes Fouled to cry the given loa, Working tr for weld 11300 pl The ena to be fad ot {he eds by the ma wane k= 08 @ Wauono ax niveray coxezcrons rola. Anum the being store and te shear {eon ae cain by the wa wen. Flange wl ole sae coo {ha bea Fd tin van of re P for dg tee 200 an ee mt dna P= 25900 1, Find on rived length ofthe weld oud la Fg 726i he meses ‘dn str 11,30 108 in Fs) aie Pmsacoor Tp Feet ae Fon i Fe 728, Peten Fa t97. Pens 8. Find the length ofthe wad eqeirefr the fuating lad ofthe jint ‘in Fg, 7.21. 1a the weld ietal have ld pint valae of 35,000 patton ‘duane init of 1000 pe Lt the Phased ont il point bese the ‘sre concentration facto be 15. Solve by to of workings angi “dna TT 9. Find the value of Pau for the oat of Fg, 728 it Pain al to sees tier data esate a ha inthe predng pata. tne P= apo pera Pten 20. Fa the value ofthe maximum sr for the int in Fig. 7-29. Th weld ‘hieods on the two vera! eg nad see the top? aac’ sino 1. Find dn vale of he mau sr forthe jit in Pig. 7-20, The weld Pie 7h itl 0 FTL Ptam The F-beam in Fig. 725g 1.7 in. deep with nay Ski. wide ao ‘form thks of 355 in, Th ho weld oma prs yt | estas he eal oe ad oro he tp M4 B70. wa & Ek FL aemoe re Had + Nera Patent Pa rst Prin20 Warp ANb uivErEo connerions Chap. 7 12, Desive a eqution forthe value ofthe maximum load fr the weld igh tba tres ited to 1,30 ps. Ans, P= 1600 share = = 8 Vie ran 15, Repent Probl 12 forthe joint ia i. 7.2. : 160008" Ce Varta Ro best st a * 1, Compute ad tabulate the working foros for it nyt of in. for he Aaie svat bat int of Pig 7-33 the olonitgasned meds of lar ‘Ninf he elise a he ot. (0) Taos at verti 44. () Shea i the tisete (6) Bearing onthe iets.) Denon at section BB wd hear a A (o) Teason ot section BB and beating at dA. () Tension in grow Pate) Biseey of eet. Ultima streagth of sel pla in tenon 5000 pi aod somprein, 95000 pi. Ulinae shear stent for rivet is 4,000 pl Use Iaear frets of. Ane ‘Toosoa at Ac, 19860 bef. = 81. por ast. 15. Make computation sinlarto ow of Example 4 butfor the triples ‘but iat in Mig. 7-94 Tanke dia. = 00's. Use sos rom Table 7-2. dea Tonson at BD and shear at cd, 70,80 Ibs of, 841. Wate avo xiverzy coxnzeroxs a | 7 Met Poem 6 fo the iat fF 38. Pie 196 rte Be Me 7-28. Rivta are fin in damsel ened vt wo be 13/500 pat, Mg 140, Patton a F2, Rept Poe 21 oe Fg 14, Find the prin P ete iat in Fig, 70h masins Bie sang cess 80 pa Bieta finn ein iad the distance bin Fig. 740 tbe maximum shearing 7472, rin 28. Fn the permite ad Pfr tei lt in Fi. 7h reas ernest for he mont ghy sired et 16000 ps Rose at Ane. P= 1.000 1). Fath searing ts in ha most ballad vet in the gros du Ane.” = 13080 pe Mie 159. Potion 38C mm wre sve term commer C7 1: Fd there a re 0 he ey adel et in ig 7.2 — . ‘Ans 1,370 Ib, 24, Find the ala he foe on the mow heavy loaded ive in Fi. 748, Mise 080 Th 25. Find the van of the fore on the most envy Toned vive in Vi. 74 “Aer $300 Th 24, Desve an gut wie il give the alte ofthe sina eon he sited ree Pa 2 ane 7 EERE pea Te oon pron ae prose wiout ames 2, The ap Joint fF 746 made of crhon sel platen and rivets, Fad the etic of the jit bad sar in the rivets on And and tenon in be om BB. Une ire vale ro Table F- ( Wane Axo niverso coxcrions 203 ‘2, Fin the alta force on the most ei nda rive in Fig. 7 29 Fad the ao Pin Yi 7-48 two sn on Toaded rivet is 12,000 pai | Se I 7 PF Me 14s, Poti Fe 749. Pion 30 %, Compute the value of the sharing te a theese of ve 22m A nd B