1184

Statistical Regularity.
(0 Law of
of Large Numbers Sukhadia Univ., 1993; M.Com
Law of Inertia
(t0 (B.Com. (H), PU, 1996)
s ? Explain th
necessary
statistical
in
1s?
investigation theExplain importan
Why is sampling
36. (a commonly
used.
methods of san1pling and Law of Inertia
Regulariy
of Satistical
(b) Distinguish
between Law

explain them in detail large

numbers and
li.nilations of judgement sampling
critical note on the merits and
37. (a) Write a
the well-known methods of
of
(b) What
sampling
is sampling? Critically
and non-probability
examine

sampling. probability
unbiascd errors.
between biased and
(c Distinguish
method.
of survey method as compared to census
State the
38. (a) uses
(B.Com., Kerala Univ., 200
methods.
examine the various probability sampling
(b) Critically
between sampling and non-sampling
e r r o r s . What are their so.
(c) Distinguish
How these errors can be controlled? (M.Com., PU, 2005)
and the law of Inertia
State and explain the law of 'Statistical Regularity'
oft
39. (a)
Numbers'. How do these laws help the investigator
in his work? Large
(B.Com, Indore Univ., 20061
(b) What is sampling? Mention the different methods of sampling known to vo
u.
Explain briefly any two methods. (B.Com, Gulburga Univ., 2004)
(c Discuss what is sampling design? Describe various types of sampling methode
illustrating their use in practical situations. (M.Com., PU, 1997)
40. (a) Distinguish between stratified sampling and systematic.sampling.
(M.Com., Delhi Univ., 1996)
(b)What is sampling? What are the essentials of a good sample? Name the varions
methods of sampling and explain them in brief. (B.Com, KU, 2006)
(c What do you random sampling? How
mean by are random samples selected? Does
it always represent the universe?
(M.Com. PU, 2003)
41. (a) How will you plan a survey with a view to control and abolish street begging in
Delhi? Outline the main steps you would take to draft a suitable
tool to collect
necessary data for this purpose. (MA, Social Work, Delhi Univ., 1999)
(b)What is meant by census method of data collection?
reliable than sampling?
Why census method is more
(B.Com M.G. Univ., 2005)
42. (a) Explain the scientific basis of
selecting a
sample.
(b) Discuss merits and demerits of stratified
sampling method.
(MA, Social Work, Delhi Univ., 1998)
(c Distinguish between simnple random sampling and stratified
you use the latter? sampling. When wil1
(BA (H) Econ., Delhi Univ., 1999)
43. (a)
Distinguish between a census and a
sample enquiry and discuss briefly their
comparative advantages. Explain conditions under which each of these methods
may be used with
advantage. (B.Com., BHU, 1999)
(b) Distinguish between random sampling. purposive
How is a random
sample obtained? sampling and stratified sampling.
(c) What is meant
(B.Com.. Allahabad Univ., 1999)
by simple sampling? How would
town with 400 households you select 20 households from a
by simple random sampling?
44. Fill in the blanks (BA (H) Econ., M.G. Univ., 2007)
A sample is a study of of the
population.
.......

(in Apopulation is the...

of limits under study.
(iit Random
sampling is als0 referred a s . . . .
sampling.
 l Sample siZe.
(v) . . . errors are likely to be more 1n
case Ol
(v complete
The law of Inertia of
large numbers i s . . . Of the Lawenumeration
of
survey.
JAns. (0 Part. (i) totally. (ti) Statistical regularity.
probability. (iv) decrcases, (u)
45. Indicate whether the following statements are True or Palse: Non-sampling. (u) corollary.1
( A sample is less expensive than a census.
(i0 Non-sampling errors are usually more dilficult to control T/F
and detect than
sampling errors.
T/F
(it sampling errors are present both in a census as well as a
sample survecy. T/F
(tv) The results obtained in a census study are always more reliable than
obtained in a sample study. those
T/F
(u) Judgement sampling is a type of probability
sampling method. T/F
(vi) Non-sampling errors can occur in any survey, whether it be a
.enumeration or sampling. complete
T/F
Ans. ( T. (t) T. (iv) F, (iv) F, () F. (v0 T.]
46. Tick the correct answer
(a) When population under investigation is infinite we should use the () sample
method. (ið census method. (tit either census or sample method, (iw) none of these.
(b) Sampling errors are present only in () complete enumeration survey, (i sample
survey, (tiî both census and sample surveys, (iu) neither sample nor census survey.
(c The term 'errors' in statistics refers to () mistakes. (iî bias. (tit both mistakes and
bias, (iv) differernce between the value of a statistic and that of the corresponding
parameter, (t) none of these.
( Precision of a random sample () increases directly with increase in sample size,
(t) increases proportionately with sample size, (üif increases with the increase in the
sample size, (iv) none of these.
Non-sampling errors include (0 bias. (i mistakes, (ið both bias, and mistakes.
(e
(iw) none of these.
LAns. (a) (0. (b) (i0. (c (iv), (d (iü). (e) (iü9.1

5. CLASSIFICATION AND TABULATION OF DATTA

rules to be observed in the
1. (a) Define classification of data. State the primary
classification of data.
(PEI, 2007)
and tabulation. Describe in brief the purpose,
(b) Distinguish between classification
classification.
methods and importance of
Draft the format of a
the purpose of tabular presentation of statistical data.
2. (a) Explain
of population according to community by age, literacy
table to show the distribution
and marital status.
table? Prepare a blank table to show the
(b) What the different parts of a
are
to age, sex and status.
distribution of population according
classification by class
of statistical data? Explain the method of
3. What is classification class-interval, and (ii) class
classes, (t) length of a
reference to (j number of
interval with
limits. and experience,
is the chief requisite
tabulation, commonsense
4. (a) "In classification and Kumaun Univ., 2004)
(MBA,
Elucidate.
the chief teacher."-Bowley.
(b) Distinguish between:
table and complex table.
( Simple table.
and specíal purpose
General purpose
( and higher
order tables.
reference
(ii One-way, two-way distribution particular
with
a frequency
W h a t are the general rules of forming classes?1llustrate
with examples.
number of Univ.. 2007
O the choice of class-interval and (B.Com., Calicut
CLAS
SIFICATION AND TABULATION OF DATA
1187

1 Define tabulation of data. What its

cssential parts?
are (PEI. 2007)
(b) What is meant by
classlfication? Explaln its inportant the
different methods of classilying statistical oblcctives. Bricly Cxpla
data.
(c Explain with examples
( An attribute and a variable.
(i0 A continuous and discrete varlable.
16. (a) Explain the basic
principles involved in the construction of a frequency taDie
(b) What is a Statistical table? Mention the rules of the construction of a tabe.

cWhat do you understand by classiflcation? What are the

chicf
good classilication? Explain classification according to atlribulescharacteristics o
and classinca
according to class intervals.
17. (a) What is meant by classification? How are data classified?
D
with the help of suitable examples, distinguish between (0 discrete and continuous
variables. (i) exclusive and inclusive class intervals. (B.Com., Lucknow Univ.. zbuo
18. (a Explain briefly the various methods of classification.
(b) Draw a specimen table showing various parts of a table.
(B.Com, Osmania Univ.. 2005)
19. (a) State the principles underlying classification of data. (B.Com, Kerala Uniw., 2006)
(b) Distinguish between classification and tabulation of data. Mention the requisiteso
a good statistical table. (B.Com. (H). PU. 1998)
(c Define classification and tabulation. What are the essential parts of a g00d
statistical table. B.Com., Mangalore Univ., 2004)
20. What are the considerations to be taken into account in the construction oi a taD

Construct a table for showing the profits of a company for a period of 5 years W
imaginary figures. (B.Com., Madras Univ., 2000)
21. (a) Fill in the blanks:
(9 Classification is t h e . . . . step in tabulation.
is known as
(i0 When data are observed.. ..the type of classification
chronological classification.
classilication refers to the classification of data according to some
i .
characteristics that can be measured.

(iv) A table is systematical arrangement of statistical data in

a ******'

In collection and tabulaiion, is the chief requisite and experience, the

(u) Ll,*e******.

chief .....****
to a particular class is known as the
(vi The number of observations corTesponding
****
. of that class.

. and (B.A., Bharathidasan Univ., 2005)

(vi data are classified into..
(b) Write down the correct answer:
known as..
in a statistical table is
the heading of a row
(0 Stub

(ti Caption
(tin Title

(iv) None of these.

(i) columns and rows,
of time, (i) quantitative,
Ans. (a) (9 First, (i0 over a period columns, rows; (b) {ü]
D) Common sense, teacher, (vj
frequency. (v)
or False?
statements are True
22.
Which of the following a frequency
distribution with particular
rules of forming of classes? Illustrate with
(a What are the general interval and
number
relerence to the choice
of the class (B.Com., Calicut Univ., 1999)
examples.
 1188
letters
similar to that of sorting
is function very
Classificatio1 of data a T/F
(0
in a post
office. T/F
the row heading.
(i0 Captions refer to be preferred to the
exclusive
classification should
Inclusive method of T/F
(iü
method. and upper
between the lower
Class mid-point is
the value lying halfway
(iv) T/F
interval.
class limits of class conceivable fractional
every
is capable of manifesting
(v) A discrete variable T/F
of possibilities.
value within the range
abbreviations should be avoided, especial-
of a table,
(w0 In the construction T/F
ly in titles and headings. the
achieves condensate data by blurring
(vi The frequency distribution
values of the data.
T/F
F: (v? T: (viî T.]
Ans. ( T: (t0 F. (iüð F: (iv) T: (v)
23. Tick the correct answer:
different columns, (i0 different
(a) Classification is the process of arranging data in (9
of related facts in different classes.
rows. (tið different columns and rows. (iv) grouping
(v) none of these.
on the basis of () attributes. (iý class
(b) In chronological classification data are classified
both and location.
interval, (i) time. (iv) locations, (v) time
to () time. (ij loca-
(c)Geographical classification means classification of data according
tion. (i) attributes, (iv) class-intervals, (U) none of these.
( While forming grouped frequency distribution, the number of classes should be (
less than 5. (i) more than 20, (iü) between 4 and 10, (iv) between 3 and 25, (u)
between 5 and 15.
e) The mid-point of class is obtained by (0 adding upper and lower limits by 2. (in by
deducting upper limit from lower limit, (üj by dividing the difference of upper and
lower limits by 2. (iv) by adding upper and lower limits and dividing it by 2.
(0 M.A. Sturges, rule for determining the number of classes is (1 k = 1+3:322 log1oN.
(i0 1 - 3.3 log N. (ti 1 +23 log N. (iv) 1 - 2.3 log N, (v) None of these.

Which of the following would you regard as discrete variables (0 height. (i0 weight. N.
(iio time. (tv) wages pad to workers. (y) number of persons in a family.
Ans. (a) w), b) (itð. (o) ti). (d (). (e) (ito. (0 (0. (gtoy.
24. Prepare a frequency table taking class intervals 20-24, 25--29, 30-34 and so on from
the following data:
21 20 55 39 48 46 36 54 42 30
29 42 32 40 34 31 35 37 52 44
39 45 37 33 51 53 52 46 43 47
41 26 52 48 25 34 37 33 36 27
54 36 41 33 23 39 28 44 45 38
(B.Com., Bangalore Univ. 2004)
25. Draft blank table to show the
a

years 1995, 2000, 2005 following information for the United

Kingdom to cover the
(a Population.
(b)Income-taxcollected,
(c Tobacco duties
collected
(d) Spirits and beer duties
(e) Other taxation.
collected
26. (a *A
pracitioner of
business statistics must
ness combine thorough
operates and its technologicalknowledge
environment in which he busi of the
neavy dose of common
sense and ability to characterstics will a

ticians." interpret statistical methods to

non-stau
1202
tendency.
m e a s u r e s
of central
of central tendency.
various
contrast
and a measure
(b) Compare
demerlts of m e d i a n
as
(B.A., Lucknow Univ., 2005)
and
Discuss the merits
15. (a) frequency distributior
ion,
central tendency of a
different
measures
of (B.Com., Calicut Univ., 2003)
Describe the demerits.
(b) their m e r i t s
and
Table in calculation of
Mocie
mentioning
Table and Analysis
the role of Grouping with referenco
ce
Briefly explain Examine these properties
c) of gooda average? (B.Com., Calicut Univ., 2004)
What are the properties mean.
16. (a) arithmetic m e a n and
geometric
and weighted
mean
to the simple
arithmetic
betwecn the
the difference (B.Com, Calicut Univ., 1999)
(b) Point out
arithmetic mean.
hour. What is his
10 kms at 60 kms per
travels 20 kms at
40 kms per hour,
(cA m a n
average speed? situations
used in the following
the average to be
(a) State, giving reasons,
17. sold in the shop.
size of the shoe
(0 To determine the average
concern.
in an industrial
determine the average wages
(i To students in a class.
beauty among a group of
(ti To find the average
cities.
income in different
(iv) To find the per capita (B.Com., Purjab Univ., 2005)
class intervals.
(b) State the formula of median for grouped data with
harmonic mean the most suitable?
(c) Under what circumstances is (B.Com. Delhi Univ., 2006)

circumstances would you use the geometric mean

()What is an average? Under what
instead of the arithmetic average?
the relationship between mean, median and mode in symmetrical and
a
(e)Explain (B.Com., BHU, 1999)
moderately asymmetrical distribution.
18. (a How would you aceount for the predominant choice of arithmetic mean as a
measure of central tendency? Under what circumstances would it be appropriate too
use mode of median? (MBA, Delhi Uniw., 2000)
(b) Ram buys 1 kg. oranges from each of the four places at the rate of 2 kg., 4 kg.
5 kg.. 8 kg.. per rupee respectively. Find out how many oranges per rupee he
purchased on an average? (B.Com., Sukhadia Univ., 2007)
19. Fillin the blanks:
(0 Median is better suited for. . interval series.
(t In a moderately asymmetrical distribution, the distance between the. and the
.. is about.. the distance between the.. and the . .
(io Given mean 25, mode 24, the median would be ...
(iv) For studying phenomena like intelligence and honesty . . is a better average to
be used, while for phenomena like the size of shoes or readymade garments, the
average to be used is......
(u) In a symmetrical distribution mean.. median . . . . mode.
(v The geometric mean is the root of the
****...
product of all the measurements.
(vi The mode of a distribution is the value that has the
greatest of .

(vüy The harmonic mean is the of the arithmetic

.....
mean of the values.
Ans. ( positional, (ij mean,
(u) is equal to, (v) nth,
median, 1/3 mean, mode, (iü) 24.67, (iw) median, mode,
(vij concentration,
20.
Tick whether the following frequencies, (viüî reciprocal of.
statements are True or False
(0 Arithmetic mean is
always the best measure of central tendency. T/F
MEASURES OF CENTRA
ALUE

1203
An average alone is
Suificiernt to
frequency distribution. understand the basic
characteristics of a
(ii The value of median and mode can be T/F
determined graphically.
is The value of median is
affected more T/F
of arithmetic mean. by sampling fluctuations than the value
() Geometric mnean 1s nore
appropriate for T/F
speed. dealing with problems of rates and

Median is a computed measure of central

(o0 T/F
tendency. T/F
(od The subtraction of a constant from
each of a set of numbers to be
changes the average of the set by the value of the averaged
constant.
(uiid The harmonic mean is useful when data are
given in terms of rates.
T/F
(ix) In a
positively skewed distribution, the value of mode
mean.
is greater than the
T/F
(B.Com., Delhi Univ., 2004)
Ans.( F. (in F, (tið T, (tu) T, (0) F. (vQ F.
(vi) T. (vii) T. (ix) F.]
21. Tick the correct answer from the following :
(a The sum of the deviations of individual observations is zero from () mode, (ið median,
(ii geometric mean, (iv) none of these.
(b) Which average is affected most by extreme observations ( mode,
(ij median, (ig
geometric mean, (iv) arithmetic mean, (v) harmonic mean.
(c) In a moderately asymmetrical distribution:
(0 A.M.> G.M. > H.M. (i) A.M. > G.M. > H.M.
(io A.M. > G.M. > H.M. (iu) G.M.> A.M. > H.M.
() H.M.> G.M. > A.M.
( Which of the following is the most unstable average : (0 mode. (t mediarn, (ii
geometric mean, (iv) harmornic mean, (v) arithmetic mean.
e) For dealing with qualitative data the best average is (0 arithmetic mean. (i0 geometric
mean, (0 harmonic mean. (tu) median. (v) mode.
T h e positional measure of central tendency is (9 geometric mean, (i) median, (i)
harmonic mean, (iv) arithmetic mean, () none of these.
( One of the methods of determining mode is (0 mode = 2 median - 3 mean, (
mode 2 median + 3 mean, (tüið mode = 2 median - 2 mean, (w) mode = 3 median + 2

mean, (u) none of these.

(h) The geometric mean of two numbers 8 and 18 shall be () 12, (i) 13, (ii) 15, (iv) 11.08.
(U) none of these.
median are 5 and 6
moderately skewed distribution the values of mean and
In a
to:
respectively. The vaiue of mode in such a situation is approximately equal
(a 8. (b) 11. (c) 16. () none of these.
Ans. (a) (iu). (b) (ü0. (c) (i0 () (0. (e) (iu). (0 (i0. (g) (iüð. h) (0.1
22. Calculate mean, median and mode from the following data:
20 40 60 80 100 120
Marks more than
76 50 28 18 9 3
80
No. of students
1n 09 Mode =451 (B.Com. Kerala Univ., 1996)
 STATIST1C.

measre
some
common ires
Mention
1216 'variation'.
the term used.
suitable example think is widely
with the one
which you
disperslon?
Explain them
(d
Explain
and
describe of
Sukhadlia Univ., 2005)
m e a s u r e s

variation various
of What are the
(B.Com.(H),
'dispersion'?
What is
(e)
fully.
blanks shall be . . .

20, the X
Fll in thed i s t r i b u t i o n is 50, SD =
(B.Com., Purjab
Uniw., 2006)
If C.V. of
IX = 40
blanks:
the
17.Fill in variance is 64, C . V . . standard deviation
When m e a n is 79 and mean 40, the
(0 v a r i a t i o n is 20
and
coefficient of
series the
(i0 If in a

shall be.. deviation shall be.

50, the coefficient of quartile deviation 20, the
(iio If O 30 and Q2
=

is 50 and its standard

distribution
of variation of
(iv) If the coefficient
be
arithmetic m e a n shall
. .

deviation.
deviation is . . . . . of standard
(v) Quartile
0.6745]
(0 10.26.(i9 8. (tið 0.21. (v) 40. (v) False:
statements a r e True or
18. Indicate whether the following T/F
is the best measure of dispersion.
Range of comparison. T/F
of dispersion can be used for the purpose
Absolute measure
(i0 end distributions. T/F
is suitable in case of open
(i0 Quartile deviation
more
T/F
calculated from any average.
(iu) Standard deviation can be
T/F
variance and coefficient of
variation.
() There is no difference between
deviations are taken from median.
T/F
(vo Mean deviation is least when
time for measuring the
distribution of profits. T/F
Lorenz curve was used for the first
(vi used in statistical work. T/F
(vün Average deviation is most widely
< MD < SD. T/F
(id In a moderately asymmetrical distribution. gD
deviation. T/F
T h e variance is equal to square ofstandard
LAns. (0 F. (t0 T, (iü0 T. (iw) F. (v) F. (v0 T, (viß F, (vii) F, (i) T, t) Fl
19. Tick the correct answer:
Coeficient of quartile deviation is calculated by the formula

2
(v) None of these.
Mean + 3a covers: (0 93.376 items, (i) 90%, (iiG 39.9%, tiv) 99.73%. (v) all the items.
1. Quartile deviationis: (0 4/5 a. (i) 3/2 o, (io 2/3 a. (iw) 5/4 o, (v) None of these.
V. Coefficient of variation is calculated by the forinula:

(0x100.( ( x 1000. (ix 100

(v) None of these.
The measure of variation that is least affected by extreme observations is (0 Range.
(iü Mean deviation, (it Standard deviation.
(iv) Quartile deviation, (v) All of these.
L. (u0. I1. (). II. (9. v. (t0). V. (101
20. Find the actual class
group from the information given below:
d -3 2 -1 0 2 3
15 15 23 22 25 10 5 10
You are told X of the distribution is 36.16 ando
= 19.76.
A (B.Com., Madurai Kamaraj Univ.)
=
35, i =
10; Class groups 0-10, 10-20,
.. 70-80]
 STAT METHODs
1226
Distinguish clearly
diagramatically betuo
tween
understand by s k e w n e s s ? (B. Com. T.U.,
(c What do you skewness. 1995)
and negative (B. Com., Bangalore Univ., 199R
posiuve
a serles.
When is
skewness present in measures for skewness
13. (a sultable
Give some
and kurtosis?
(b)What are skewness (M.A. Bharathidasan Uniui
kurtosis.
measured?
(B.A., Madurai Kamaraj Uniu., 1999
(c)What is
kurtosis? How is it
the following
statements are true or false:
Comment whether
14. (0 measure kurtosis?
Moments are useful to
(a) (B.A. Bharathidasan. 19981
measure of skewness.
(b) B2 is a

blanks:
(io Fillin the is..... than mode. (B. A., Bharathidasan, 1997
Skewness is positive when mean
(B. Com., Calicut. 1998
Define Pearson's measure of skewness.
(iü0 measures of skewness,
kurtosis. Give the different
terms skewness and
(iu) Explain the (M.A. GND Uniu.)
measures of skewness?
What is skewness? What are the different
(u) (B.Com., Madras Univ.)

of kurtosis help in understanding a frequency

15. (aWhat is kurtosis? How the
measures
(MBA, Madras Univ., 1996)
distribution?
skewness and kurtosis of a distribution.
(b)With the help of a suitable diagram. explain
(B. Com., Margalore Uniw., 1997
(cDefine skewness. What are the various measures of skewness?
(B. Com.. Gauhati Uniu.. 1998
tests of skewness.
16. (a Define skewness and describe briefly the various
(B. Com. HPU, 1998
If B1 1, B2 4 and variance =
9, find the values of us and u4 and
(b) Define kurtosis. = + =

comment on the nature of the distribution. (B. Com. (H), D.U.. 1995)
What do you mean by 'skewness? How is skewness different from kurtosis?
(B. Com.. Utkal Univ.. 1995)
17. (a) Define moments. "A frequency distribution can be described almost completely by the
first four moments and two measures based on moments". Examine the statement.
(B. Com (H) D.U.. 1996)
(b) Indicate whether two distributions with the same means, standard deviations and
coefficients of skewness must have same peakedness (B. Com.. (H), D.U.. 1999)
18. ( The standard deviation of symmetrical distribution in 3. What must be the value o
the 4th moment almost the mean in order that the distribution be mesokurtic?
(M. Com.. MD Unw.. 1999)
(b) Distinguish between Karl Pearson's and Bowley's measure of skewness. Which one ol

these would you prefer and why?

(MBA, Delhi Univ.. 2000: B.Com. (H), Delhi Univ., 2005)
(cExplain briefly the different methods of measuring skewness.
19. Fill in the blanks (MBA, Kunaon Univ.. 2000)

(9 If 93 = 30, Q2 = 20, Med. = 25, Coeff. of Sk. shall be . .

If X = 50, Mode = 48, d = 20, the coefficient of skewness shall b e .
ün If pz = 3, the distribution is called.
If B2 > 3, the distribution is
..
If B<3, the distribution is.... make dots.
(iv) If Coeff. of Sk. =
3.8. median 35, ='12, the mean shall be
(u) In
=
o
...
a positively skewed distribution. > ...>.>
....

...
(u In a symmetrical distribution, the coefficient of skewmess is.
(vij The limits for Bowley's coefficient of skewness are.
 wNESS, MOMENTS AND KURTOSIS
1227

(1iin In a symmetrical aistribution, the distance between the .... and the ... about the
distance between the . . and the ... **'***

e
Ans. (n0 (i) 0l. (U) mesoKurtic, leptokurtic. |san
zero (vy * Ans. for (voi platykurtic, (iu) 1082 (D) mean >

node. (vi)
90 Indicate whether the lollowing statements are True or False:
( In a symmetrical distribution, mean =median = mode. T/F
(in In a skewed distribution, quartiles are equidistant from the mediarn. T/F
i i Skewness cannot be calculated in a bimodal distribution. T/F
(tv) B2 is a measure of Kurtosis. T/F
(th Moments about an arbitrary origin are called Central moments. T/F
(v ShePpard s corrections to eliminate grouping error must be made in every requere
T/F
distribution.
T/F
The old moments in a symmetrical distribution are zero.
(v
Ans. (9 T (i) F (ti) F (iu) T (v) F (v0 F (vitn T]
correct answer
21. Tick the
the distribution is:
(a When coefficient of skewness is zero, of these.
(iw) L-shaped (u) none
(9 J-shaped, (ij U-shaped (ü Symmetrical
When B2 <3, the distribution is
(b) None of these.
(üð Mesokurtic (M)
(0 Leptokurtic (ti) Platykurtic
moment about mean is
(CThe second
X (i () 2 () None ofthese.
a E(X+
N N
(iu
X
distribution
mode > mean (iv)
(dIn a negatively skewed median > mean (i) median >

mean (t) mode <

median <
<
() mode
mode (v) mode < median> mean.
median >
mean>

(e) Y2 is: None of these.

3 (tü) B +2 (iv)
(0 B2 +3 (i) Bi
-

is: coefficient of
Pearson's
coefficient ofskewness than (iv) not related
to Bowley's
Karl
than (iüt) greater
to (ü) less
(0 equal
distribution.

skewed line:
s k e w n e s s for any
with reasoning in one

the
of the
distribution
is:

None of
mean
answer
skewed,
the correct
to the
mode (iv)
9)
Mention
d i s t r i b u t i o n
is positively mode (itið Equal
the
frequency Less than
Ifa than the mode
(0
Greater
(9 (u) None of
these. is negative (VI G3 +1 <201
*91 >242
skewness
coefficient of (ü) 93
3+O1<292
When
h)
C3+91 29 (
(0 h. ()l to the
wages:

g. (in relating
these. (üitf (iv) records
of a lactory
(iw) d. (v)
e.
from = Rs. 568
c.
(ü) b. (i)
obtained
Ans. a. i n f o r m a t i o n
was = Rs. 595

22. The following = Rs. 12-4

Arithmetic mean
distribution
of w a g e s .
the
Median about

Standard deviation
a s you
can
-
1-5, 17,
-
30 and 108.
i n f o r m a t i o n
value 4
much about
the
as
Give 0-653] distribution

Sk. =

Univ,;:M.
M. Con.
Com., Jaipur 2003)
C.V. =
21-8%;
m o m e n t s ofa a n d skewrmess Garhuwal

four P a r t I,
The first
m o m e n t s

23. (a) B.Sc.,

c e n t r a l
(B.A..
C a l c u l a t e

=
142-31||
3975, u4

=
14.75, u3 =
I=0, u2
 e blanks

When
disco the
1237

as .....relationship
knownvering and measuring
is of
Positive the nature. the appropriate statistical tool for
other
The
is. correlation implies
**....
S i p and expressing the brief formula is

that, n and
(iu) if ris
elationship
correlation. between
O
variable
three
au
deerea
as
one

or
on an
is
average
as oNe variable is

sing, the other is increasing u

also.....
more than O o r e variables is
The probable err six
studicd with the ol help . .

1fr times
error ofmes. it is
=
callcd
(vid The 0.3, correlation significant.
will
(vi The coefficient of be
be . coe
coeflcient is 0.6745 of
Ans. ( coefficient corre
quantitative.of corT
r, (t) correlation is independentofof change of ... and.
31.
Indicate standard erro
e,
correlation, under-root two...
(iü
10r,
whether the
[bi) increasing, 0.09, (vit scale, decreasing, (ti)
multiple.
(i)
There
If ris
are no following
limits to the statements ar
origin, (vii) regression eficients]probable
(i negative, both the value of r.
Correlation variables are
variables. always signifies
T/F
(iv) The a ause decreasing and effect
T/F
rank relationship betweer
correlation
(UIf the values of X coefficient was developed by
T/F
the Karl
(v Pearson'svariable
and the
are 1, 2,
2 3, 4. 5 Spearman.
and those of
Y. 4,
TIF
Pearson's coefficient Rank method would
give
8. 10. 12.
the same answe
(vi Derore
is the
best under all T/F
calculating
exercised and situations.
to see what interpreting the value of r,
T/F
(viit variables are being studied. utmost care must De
Nonsense or
variables. spurious correlation implies real T/F
ix Negative
relationship between tne
correlation in two series means T/F
variables, decreases the value that, as value of one of the
of the other variable
[Ans. (1 F. (i0 F. (i) F. (iv) T, would also decrease. T/F
(v) T. (v) F. (vi) T. (vio T.
32. Tick the correct (td F]
answer
(a) The coefficient of correlation
( has no limits, (i) can be less than 1, (ii) can be more than 1,
t1. (v) none of these. (iu) varies between
(b) The product moment correlation coelficient is obtained by the formula :
( r RXY/xy. (i)r Exy/N ox Oy. (iðr =
2 XY/N
o (iv) E xE y/a^ oy (L) None
of these.
(cProbableerror is:
(a o.06745 S.E.. (i) 0.6457 S.E. (iið 0.6753 S.E.. (iv) 0.7673 S.E., (v) 0.6547 S.E.
correlation coefficient is obtained by the
formula
(d) Rank
R 1 + 62 D/N? N.
(9 R 1 + 62 D/N° - N. (i0 =

R 1 -
62D -
*. (t») R =l - 62 D/N (N" -

1).
(ü =

N.
- 2D/N
-

(u) R = 1
determination
is defined as

of these.
iv).(v) none of
Coefficient
e 1 + .
(P.(i0 1 -R". (ün
are given rby: correlation

population 3 S.E.. (u
t 3S.E., (v) none of
T h e limits of the
(iv) these.
( ) r * 3 P.E..
(i r t 3 S.E..
( R t P.E., alienation
shall be :

0.8,
coefficicnt of none of these.
9 I f ris 0.8, ()
0.6, (iv)
(i) 0.4, (ü)
(9 0.64,
 or the
regl
10. (a) What are the importat
properties
adras Uniw.. 2009)
(B.A. Econ., Madras Uniu.

model? Under what assumptions

are the
simple regression
What is m e a n t by
a
(b) the model estimated?
parameters of
used for estimation for linear regressian
(on.
principle of least squares
(c) Explain the illustrate how theso
With Lhe help of an example, ines
11. (a) What areregression lines?
are helpful in decision-making.
what conditions can thera
equations. Under be
1

(b) Explain why there are two regression

one regression equation?
cause and effect relationship in all situations but
12. (a Comment: "Corrlation significes a
(B.Com (H). Dellhi Univ., 2003
regression does not."
obtained from the line of regresst
Define the standard of the estimate of Y
error
as
Ssion
(b)
of Y on X. What does it represent?
Obtain the equation for the ine
13. (a) What do you mean by linear regression? t

regression of Y on X.
out its importance in business
(b) Explain the concept of regression and point ess
forecasting.
14. ( What is regression? How is it different from correlation?
(b) What are the assumptions of least square regression method? What problems are
faced when these are violated?
(c What is regression analysis? Discuss its utility in predicting future events.

(d) How does 'correlation' differ from "regression"? State the utility of regression in the
field of economic analysis. (B.Com. (H). Delhi Univ.. 2006)

(e) Define 'regression'. Distinguish between regression and correlation.

15. (a) Explain the concept of standard error of estimate of the linear regression of Y on X
Can you express it in terms of correlation coefficient? What is the standard error of
estimating Y from Xif R = 1?

(b) Write any two differences between correlation and regression.

(c) What is meant when it is said that the smaller the standard error of estimate. the
better the regression line 'fits' the data? How is the standard error of estimate
related to the possible usefulness of a regression line?
16. Fillin the blanks
(0 The statistical tool, with the help of which we are in a position to estimate the
of one variable from the ..... values of another variable. is called
( The regression analysis helps us to study the relationship between the
variables.
(i If both the regression coefficients are negative, the correlation coefficient would be

(iv) The under-root of two . . . .

coefficients gives us the value of correlation coefficien.
(U) The variable, we are
trying to predict, is called the ...

(v Both the regression coefficient

cannot. .. one.
Ans. (0 unknown values, known,
regression. (i) nature, (ii) negative. (iv) regressi
(D) dependent variable. (vî
exceed]
 Which of
i the
following
loliowing statemer
( Redression analysisstatements
reveals
is True
or
False:
1245

#The regression average

(i Regression
lines cut
each other relationship between two
coefficient of Y on X the point of varlables. at T/F
a unit
change in Y. average of X and Y.
measures the T/F
(iv) Regression change in X
corresp
coefficients are sponding to
fsIf standard error of
estimate
independent of change of scale and TIF

regression line an correlationiswillzero, there is variation origin. no

TIF
be about the
(D The term 'regression' was first perfect.
used by Karl T/F
(vi The regression coefficient of Y Pearson in the year 1990.
T/F
X is denoted on
(vi The term 'dependent' and by the symbol bx T/F
necessarily any cause-eifect'independent' do not imply that there is
LAns. (.T. (ü T, (ij F, (iu) F,
relationship between the variables T/F
(u) T. (v0 F. (uiî F.
18. Tick the (Uviü) T]
correct answer
(a The regression lines cut each
other at the
( average of X and Y (ij point of:
of X
of X and Y. () none of average
these.
only, (ti average of Y only. (iv) the median

(b) The regression line of Y on X

minimises total of the square of the horizontal deviations. (iî total of the
squares of the vertical deviations. (üj both vertical and horizontal deviations.
iv) none of them.

(c There will be only one regression line in case oftwo variables. if

( 0 r = 0. (i) r = + 1. (i? r = - 1. (iv) r is either + 1 or, (v) ris very low.

(d) The farther the two regression lines cut each other
be the degree of correlation. (in the lesser will be the degree of
(0 greater will
(iv) none of these.
correlation, (ü) does not matter.

making other an angle of () 30, (ij 60

e Where r is zero the regression lines cut each
of these.
to OY and OX. (iv) n o n e
(iin 90', ie.. paralled in such a manner
X passes through the plotted points
regression line of
Y on
The
that Yc) 0.
Xc) 0, (tin (Y - Yc) =
0. (iv) 2 (X - =

2 (Y
=

0, (i0
-

2 (Y- Yc)
=

0.
(u) (Yc
-

Y =

g T h e greater the
value of r: regression analysis, (i)
the worst are

obtain through
estimates, n o n e of these.
The better are difference, (iu)
( (i0 really
makes no

the estimates, would be :

the other
coefficient is negative,
regression of these.
(h) When one
(ti) zero, (iv) none

standard deviation of
(i0 positive. Y = 16 the
4
bivariate,
= 0.8 and
variance
of
0.5 and r
With bu
=

X equal to .
25.6.
10.0, (iv) o1
2.5, (i) 6.4. (ii) (iün. (g) (0. ()
(9 (e) (iv). ) on
(iv). (d) (i0.
expenditure
between

(9. () relationship
following
Ans. (a) (9. (b) to study
the
e n t e r t a i n m e n t () and the
conducted and
lod
on
was
19. A survey expenditure
a c c o m m o d a t i o n
(X and
r e s u l t s were obtained:
33 (a)
Distinguish between
(b)
Laspeyres and Paasches 1261

EXP
xplain the Index
before
use oi
index numbers.
34. la
constructüng
Derive the
an numbers. What
index are the
B.Com.(H), Delhi Univ., 2008)
analytical number? major factors to be sidered
numbers. Under what relationship
35. la) What is the need for circumstancesbetweenthe Laspeyre's
price are
two index
and
paasche's
(b) Show that, in deflating index numbers?
numbers equa
would this not general,
be so? Laspeyre's price
(c) Derive the
index is greater than the Paasche's. When
analytical relationship
numbers. Under what betweern
circumstances are the Laspeyre's and
Paasche's index
numbers equai pricCe
36. (a) For
best
constructing index numbers the two index
method from
practical best method theoretical grouna i on in the
(b) "index point of view. Discuss.
numbers are the
signs and
indicate the
the above businessman how he guide posts along the business highway
should drive and manage his aflairs.
at

statement and give limitations of index numbers. Expla

(i) What is
weighted index
weighted index numbers.number? Explain the different method of
construcu
37. (a) Index numbers are 'economic barometers'. Explain
limitations of index numbers.
the statement and menuon tne

(b) Explain the usefulness of construeting chain indices.

(B.Com. Delhi Univ.. 2007)
(c) Show under what conditions the time reversal test will be satisfied by the Paasche's
Price Index. (B.A. (H) Econ.. Delhi Univ.. 2007)

38. Fill in the blanks

Index numbers are averages.

(
. . .

first index w a s constructed in ..

(i Historically the
costruction ol index numbers is . . . . . .

best average in
Theoretically the
(ii 1ormula lor constructing index numbers.
as the ideal
. i n d e x is known
(iv) wnien a good index should satisfy are

tests suggested by risner

(u The two x P 1.
w h e n Po x Po
=

satisfied
is
bias whereas Paasche's index...... bias.
The......

(v a n . . . .
...

indexgives (iv) Fisher's Ideal. (v) Time Reversal

Laspeyre's
1764. ( t Geometric Mean.
(ü)
(vi) (iü Circular Test, (vij Upward downward]
pecialised.
Test, (vo
LAns. ( Reversal
True and
Rale
lse:
a n d Factor are
Test
s t a t e m e n t s

of the
following

be a
normal period. T/F
should
Which
39. erred to unweighted indices
base
period T/F
The ought

( i n d i c e s

geometric
mean ol Laspeyre and Paasche Index. T/F
i s the
W e i g h t e d

(i0
(tio Bowley's inde
the Time Reversal T/F
ethod satisfies m e t h o d s

against hich comparisons

E d g e w o r t h ' s

are made. T/F

Marshall-
The reference period
is the period
(iv) are determined by quantities,
Price Index the weights
e
T/F
(v) In the p e r i o d .

b a s e

e x t e n s i o n
the time reversal test. T/F
(v in
the

test is an

T h e c i r c u l a r

is used to adjust the data for increase in price level. T/F

splicing.

process
of splicing
of satislied
hen Poi
when
+ Oo1 = 1.
T/F
The
test is
eversal (v F. (við T. (viü) F, (ix) F]
T. (vo F. (
(iv) T. (v)
i x ) T i m e r e v e

(vitd
(it) F.
T.
(io T..
(0
Lns.

[Ans.
 *DUS

40. Tick the correct answer

ia Theoretically the best average in the comstruction of index numbers is ( mes.
(t geometric mean. (ii) mode. liv) arithmnetic mean. {v) harmonic mean.
(b) A good index number is one that satislies () unit test, (ij time reversal
(i factor reversal test. (iv) circular test. (u) all the tests from (i to (iv). test,
c) Laspeyre's index is based on () base year quantities, (ið current year quantiti
(tin both of them. (iv) average of current and base year, (u) none of these. ities,
(c)Fisher's ideal index is (0 arithmetic mean of Laspeyre's and Paasche's indey
(i0 median of Laspeyre's and Paasche's index. (tiî geometric mean of Laspeyre's and
Paasche's index, (iv) none of these. and
(eTime reversal test is satisfied when (0 Po1 x Pio = 0. (t0 Po: Pi0 =

(tid Poi x P1o > 1. (iv) Po1 x P1o < 1. lv) Poi x P1o = . I,

t h e circular test is satisfied when (i) P12 P23

x x Pai = 0, (i) P12 x P23 x Pai =
1
(ii Pi2 x P23 x Pa1 = 0. (iv) Pi2 x P23 x Pa1 = 1, () none of these. .

g) If with a rise of 10% in

prices the wages are increased by 20%, the real wage
increase is by () 10%, (i) more than 10%. (iiî) less than 10%%,
(iv) 20%, (0) none of
these.
Ans. ( (0. (b) (u). () (0. (c) (til. (e) (iv). (N (iv). (g) (tioi
41. Calculate weighted index number for 2010
Weighted Aggregative Method and Weighted
Average of Relative Method. from the following table
Item Quantity Price in 2009 Price in 2010
(Rs.) (Rs.)
Bricks 10 units 100 161
Timber 7 units 200 210
Boards 15 units 50 60
Sand 9 units 20 30
Cement 10 units 10 14
[127.69. 137.71
42. Calculate Laspeyre's, Paasche's and Fisher's Ideal
Index from the following data
Commodity Price Value Price Value
A 10 100 8 96
B 16 96 14 98
C 12 36 10 40
D 15 60 25
L =
73.29, Ip 72.96,
=
p = 73.121
43. The
following are the Index Numbers of Prices. Shift the base from 2001 to 2010:
Year
Index number Year Index number
2001 100 2006 400
2002 110
2007 410
2003 110
2008 400
2004 200 2009 380
2005
320 2010
50, 55, 370
100. 160. 200. 205, 200.
190. 185]
 STATISTICAL
1272
METHOD
of a time series.
various components
Discus briefly the (B.Com. (H), Delhi Univ.. 200
27. (a)
time series. Stat.
series? Explain the
various componenUs ol a ries. State th
(b) What is a time
series analysis.
utilities of time
time series analysis? Disee Discuss the
used models in a
28. ( What a r e the commonly
assumptions of each model.
(i underlying
"All periodic variations are not necessarily seasonal."
(B.A.Discuss
(H) Econ.,
this
Delhi
statement
niv., 2004
with
suitable examples.
of its study. List the methn.
Delhi Univ., thods
out the significance
What is secular trend and point
29. (a)
of measuring trend.
(B.Com. 2007
and Exponential trend.
(b) Distinguish between trend
models of time series.
30. (a Explain briefly the additive and multiplicative
variations. How are they different frrom
and 'cyclical
(b) Explain 'seasonal variations' data.
each other? Explain any method of
deseasonalising

31. Fill in the blanks

( A time series consists of data arranged......

obtained by multiplying each of the values h
(io Comparable monthly data may be
..... and in a leap year by
as..
ii The additive model ofa time series expressed
is
successive observations of a series is constant lor
(iv) When the difference between of trend equation.
nearly so). the may be an appropriate representation
. . . .

( A polynomial of the form Y a + bY + cX is called a .

= ****

(v In the trend equation, Y = a

+ bX, a is the .. and b represents..
of least squares is known as the line of
(vi The line obtained by method
. . .

(viil The equation ofthe Gompertz curve is of the f o r m . .

Ans. (9 Chronologically. (i0 30.4167. 30.5. (ü) Y = T+ S + C + I, (iv) Arithmetic
straight line, (v) Second degree equation. (vj Y intercept slope of the trend line. (vij Best
it. (viin Y = Ka
32. Which of the following statements is True or False
(0 Secular trend refers to the long-term movement. TIF
(i0 The most widely applied trend curve in practice is the second degree parabola. TF
(i0 When we shift the trend origin, the value of b remains the same. T/F
(iv) The semi-logarithmic trend curve is appropriate for those series in which
period-to-period changes are constant in absolute amount. T/F
(D) The Gompertz and logistic curves are J-shaped. T/F
(vi The multiplicative model assumes that the value of original data is the product 0
the four components. T/F
(bio A second degree parabolic trend is expressed by the equation.
Y = a + bX + cX + dx* TF
(b In the second degree curve, Y = a + b + cX, c is the constant. TYF

Ans. (0 T. () F. (üî T. (iw) F. (v) F. (v) T. (vi) F. (viül Ti

33. Tick the correct answer
(a 0 =

( TxS+ C+ 1
(i T - S + C - 1
(iit T - SxCx 11

(iv) Tx SxCx 1
(v) TxSxC - 1.
(D
The most
important factors causing seasonal variations are () growth in populin
ati

technological improvements. (ü) weather and social customs. (iv) chang n

fashions. (v) none of these.