IT Project Report -I

On

“IT Skill Lab - KMBN-151 ”

Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the Award
Of
Master of Business Administration
DEGREE
(Session: 2023-2025)

SUBMITTED BY
ADITI MALIK
Roll No…………

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. SALABH MEHROTRA
H.O.D.

DEWAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES MEERUT

AFFILIATED TO
DR. A.P.J. ABDUL KALAM TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
(FORMERLY UTTAR PRADESH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY),
LUCKNOW

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 DECLARATION

I undersigned, hereby declare that the project titled “IT-1” submitted in partial fulfillment

for the award of Degree of Master of Business Administration of A P J Abdul Kalam

Technical University is a bonafide record of work done by me under the guidance of Dr.

SALABH MEHROTRA MBA Department, DEWAN INSTITUTE OF

MANAGEMENT STUDIES MEERUT. This report has not previously formed the basis

for the award of any degree, diploma, or similar title of any University.

Signature

ADITI MALIK

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 1. What is the main objective of storage device?
we can say that a storage device is hardware that is used for storing, porting, or extracting data
files. It can also store information/data both temporarily and permanently. Computer storage is of
two types: Primary Storage Devices: It is also known as internal memory and main memory.

Important functions of an operating System:

1. Security –
The operating system uses password protection to protect user data and similar other techniques. it
also prevents unauthorized access to programs and user data.

2. Control over system performance –

Monitors overall system health to help improve performance. records the response time between
service requests and system response to having a complete view of the system health. This can help
improve performance by providing important information needed to troubleshoot problems.

3. Job accounting –
Operating system Keeps track of time and resources used by various tasks and users, this
information can be used to track resource usage for a particular user or group of users.

4. Error detecting aids –

The operating system constantly monitors the system to detect errors and avoid the malfunctioning
of a computer system.

5. Coordination between other software and users –

Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters, compilers, assemblers, and other
software to the various users of the computer systems.

2. What are the various input devices? Explain each of them in detail.
Following are some of the important input devices which are used in a computer −
Keyboard
Mouse
Joy Stick
Light pen
Track Ball
Scanner

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Keyboard
Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps to input data to the
computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some

additional keys provided for performing additional functions.

Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now keyboards with 104 keys or 108 keys
are also available for Windows and Internet.

Mouse
Mouse is the most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device having a small
palm size box with a round ball at its base, which senses the movement of the mouse and sends
corresponding signals to the CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.
Generally, it has two buttons called the left and the right button and a wheel is present between the
buttons. A mouse can be used to control the position of the cursor on the screen, but it cannot be
used to enter text into the computer.

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Joystick
Joystick is also a pointing device, which is used to move the cursor position on a monitor screen. It
is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The lower spherical ball moves in
a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions.

The function of the joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided
Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

Light Pen
Light pen is a pointing device similar to a pen. It is used to select a displayed menu item or draw
pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an optical system placed in a small
tube.

When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor screen and the pen button is pressed, its
photocell sensing element detects the screen location and sends the corresponding signal to the
CPU.

Track Ball
Track ball is an input device that is mostly used in notebook or laptop computer, instead of a mouse.
This is a ball which is half inserted and by moving fingers on the ball, the pointer can be moved.

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Since the whole device is not moved, a track ball requires less space than a mouse. A track ball comes
in various shapes like a ball, a button, or a square.

Scanner
Scanner is an input device, which works more like a photocopy machine. It is used when some
information is available on paper and it is to be transferred to the hard disk of the computer for further

manipulation.

Scanner captures images from the source which are then converted into a digital form that can be stored
on the disk. These images can be edited before they are printed.

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 3. Explain the important categories of software.
The Four Types of Computer Software
System
Application
Malicious
Programming

1. System Software
This is a type of computer software which controls and coordinates the procedures and functions of
computer hardware and applications. It allows harmonious computing coexistence by carrying out the
man in the middle tasks which provide the platform onto which secondary software is installed and run.

2. Application Software
This is a type of computer software meant to accomplish productive and meaningful tasks for the user.
Every single application is designed with the end user in mind as contrasted with system and
programming languages software, which are concerned with computer management and development.
An application software is designed to run on computer desktops, mobile devices and web browsers.

There are two kinds of applications:

General Purpose
Custom/Bespoke

3. Malware
While the overall intention of applications is to be productive, some, however, are laden with derivative
motives. They are coded and spread within systems to produce undesired results.

Malware, short for malicious software, is a generic term used to refer to intrusive and cunning code and
active content designed by criminals and black hat hackers to cripple functionality of a computer. The
end result for the victim is usually data loss or hacker access to private information.

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4. Programming Software
This is a set of tools used by programmers to create other software like Windows OS and Word
processing. Also called languages, they are used to write source codes, debug errors, and maintain and
create new software for computers. They are also used to write malicious scripts like viruses and
trojans. Programming languages contain formal and comprehensive vocabulary and sets of rules that
must be followed.

These types of software are either high or low level, and this is explained by the difference in their
complexities. Some languages are also loosely considered mid-level.Writing software in a low-level
language is tough business since the coding must communicate with hardware architecture directly.

4. What is the function of output unit in a computer system?

Output devices relay the response from the computer in the form of a visual response (monitor), sound
(speakers) or media devices (CD or DVD drives). The purpose of these devices is to translate the
machine's response to a usable form for the computer user.
An input/output (I/O) device is a piece of hardware that can take, output, or process data.
It receives data as input and provides it to a computer, as well as sends computer data to storage
media as a storage output.

Output Unit

An output unit is responsible for showing the result of the process to the user. It converts the computer
understandable language into human understandable language so that we can understand the output.

Some of the examples of output units are as follows:

Monitor:

A monitor is a TV-like device that shows the output on the screen for visualization. There are different
types of monitors available nowadays like touch monitors, sleek monitors, etc.

Printer:

A printer prints the output on paper. Printers can print the output in either black and white or in color.
There are different ranges of printers available in the market like Daisy wheel printer, laser printer, etc.

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 Speaker:

We all used the speaker to play the music. It is also an output device that gives the output in audio form.

Plotter:

Plotter's work is similar to a printer. But plotter is used to print banners and posters of huge size.

5. Difference between LAN, MAN and WAN.

LAN stands for local area network. It is a group of network devices that allow communication between
various connected devices. Private ownership has control over the local area network rather than the
public. LAN has a short propagation delay than MAN as well as WAN. It covers smaller areas such as
colleges, schools, hospitals, and so on.
MAN stands for metropolitan area network. It covers a larger area than LAN such as small towns,
cities, etc. MAN connects two or more computers that reside within the same or completely different
cities. MAN is expensive and should or might not be owned by one organization.
WAN stands for wide area network. It covers a large area than LAN as well as a MAN such as
country/continent etc. WAN is expensive and should or might not be owned by one organization. PSTN
or satellite medium is used for wide area networks.

Networks are very important in our lives. Be it a social network or a computer network, it is essential.
Social networks are essential in building cordial relationships among family, work/ office colleagues,
and friends. Social relationships are built either through personal interaction or social media. Similarly,
there are computer networks that help in building social relationships. These networks depend upon the
speed at which the internet is provided. All these three networks, i.e., LAN, MAN, and WAN, are used
for providing internet services to people. Let us discuss about them in detail.

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LAN

LAN (Local Area Network) is defined as a computer network that is responsible for connecting local
areas like schools, residents, universities, etc. The main function of the local area networks is to link the
computers, thereby providing access to the printers, photocopies, and other services. LAN has client-
server architecture.

There are two types of LAN, i.e., peer-to-peer LAN and client/ service LAN. All these networks are
connected to one central security database. It is interesting to note that LAN has wired networks, and all
the computers and printers are connected through these wires. A LAN is used as an exclusive network
for organizations, schools, universities, etc. One of the major examples of LAN is the computers in
school. All the computers are connected through wires with one central database.

MAN

A MAN, also called the Metropolitan Area Network, is defined as the computer network that joins the
metropolitan areas. MAN works either through wires/ cables or modem. Telephone company network is
a common example of MAN as they provide high-speed DSL line to the consumers. The main
characteristic of MAN is that it is the interconnection between several links/ networks in a metropolitan
area. Point-to-point connections are used in MAN. The network size of MAN ranges from 5-50 Kms.
The regional sources are often shared in MAN. It is interesting to note that MAN is either owned by a
group or by a network provider. Therefore, the metropolitan area network is not that expensive. The
setup is quite easy, and the internet speed is relatively high. Thus, the implementation cost is saved in
MAN.

WAN

A WAN, also called the Wide Area Network, is defined as a telecommunications network that extends
over a large area. The primary purpose of WAN is computer networking. The networks are linked to
communicate with one another.

WAN is not associated with a particular location. It helps in communication and sharing the required
information among the connections. WAN is the largest network as compared to MAN and LAN. A
WAN may cover a country, continent, etc. Examples of WAN include broadband services, 3G or 4G
connections, etc. Some of the advantages of WAN are that it covers a larger geographical area, the
software, resources, and other information is shared, has a high bandwidth, the travel charges are
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 reduced, etc. Now, there are certain contrasting points between LAN, MAN, and WAN. So, let us have
a look at them.

S.NO. LAN MAN WAN

1. LAN is defined as a On the other hand, MAN is On the other hand, WAN is
computer network that defined as a computer defined as the
links the local areas like network that links the telecommunications network that
schools, universities, metropolitan areas. covers a large geographical area.
organizations, etc.

2. The full form of the LAN The full form of MAN is The full form of WAN is a Wide
is Local Area Network. Metropolitan Area Network. Area Network.

3. LAN is a wired network, The connections in MAN are The network of WAN is
i.e., all the computers and connected through modem or connected through broadband
printers are connected cables/ wires. services, 3G or 4G internet
through wires. services, etc.

4. The ownership of LAN is The ownership of MAN The ownership of WAN might
private. might be public or private. be private or public.

5. The internet speed of The sped of MAN is The speed of WAN is relatively
LAN is very high, i.e., moderate, i.e., 44-155 Mbps. less than MAN and LAN, i.e.,
1000 Mbps. 150 Mbps.

6. The maintenance cost of The maintenance cost of The maintenance cost of WAN is
LAN is easy. MAN is difficult. difficult.

7. The bandwidth of LAN is The bandwidth of MAN is The bandwidth of WAN is

high. less. relatively low.

8. Examples: Examples: Examples:

o College o City o Broadband and internet

o School throughout the country or

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 o University o Building continent.

o Hospital

So, these are some of the contrasting points between LAN, MAN, and WAN. Now, there are certain features
regarding LAN, MAN, and WAN. So, let us have a look at them.

Characteristics of LAN

1. It is a network owned by a private owner.

2. Personal computers, printers, etc., are connected through LAN.

3. LANs are very easy to design and troubleshoot.

4. A central database is used to connect the LAN networks.

5. The data transfer rate of LAN is 10 Gbits/s.

6. LANs are limited to local areas.

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Characteristics of MAN

1. MAN is a larger network than LAN.

2. The geographical area covered is larger than LAN.

3. MAN generally covers a city. The television network is the prime example of MAN.

4. Two or more computers are connected through this network.

Characteristics of WAN

1. The largest area, like a country, is covered by WAN.

2. Different metropolitan countries are linked through the telecommunications network.

3. WAN may be interconnected in and around the world.

4. The connection between the networks is established through telephone lines or satellites.

So, these are some of the characteristics of LAN, MAN, and WAN. All these three connections are widely
used to connect different areas. Telephones and the internet are common examples of these networks. Thus,
LAN, MAN, and WAN are essential networks that connect people, places, and countries together.

6. Explain the difference between compiler assembler and interpreter.

Compiler
A compiler is a language translator that converts high level programs into machine understandable
machine codes. In this process, the compiler converts the whole program to machine code at a time. If
there are any syntactic or semantic error, the compiler will indicate them. It checks the whole program
and displays all errors. It is not possible to execute the program without fixing those errors.
Interpreter
An interpreter is also a language translator that converts high level programs into machine codes.
Unlike compilers, interpreters convert the source code to machine code line by line. As it checks line by
line, the scanning time is lower. But the overall execution time is higher.

Interpreter displays an error at a time. The programmer should fix that error to interpret the next line.
Programming languages such as Python, Ruby, PHP, Perl are some examples of interpreter-based
languages.

Assembler
In addition to high level languages and machine language, there is another language called the assembly
language. Assembly language is in between the high level languages and machine language. It is closer
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 to machine language than high level languages. It is also called low level language. This language is not
easily readable and understandable by the programmer like a high level programming language. The
assembler works as the translator in converting the assembly language program to machine code.

7. Explain computer network and its element.

1. Computers:
A computer is a digital device that is able to accept data as input, a process that data using predefined
algorithms and data structures, and perform tasks as output – that includes the transformation of raw
data into information, then knowledge, and finally insight about the data’s domain. The output also
takes the form of the performance of physical tasks along with data storage, data transformation, and
data retrieval. The network is also formed by computers for the purposes of data interchange and
leveraging a distributed programming model for parallel processing.

2. Transmission medium:
The means through which we send our data from one place to another is known as the Transmission
medium.
Signals are used to represent data by computers and other telecommunication devices. The signals (i.e.,
data or information) are transmitted in the form of electromagnetic energy from one device to another.
These signals travel through a vacuum, air, or other transmission mediums to move from one point to
another (from sender to receiver).
The transmission medium is of two types:
(i) Wired or Guided: For example, Twisted Pair Cable, Coaxial Cable, and Optical Fiber Cable.
(i) Wireless or Unguided: For example, Radiowaves, Microwaves, and Infrared.

3. Protocols:
There are some defined rules and conventions for communication between network devices.
These are called Protocols. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make
connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into sent and
received messages.

Protocols may be of 3 types:

1. Internet Protocols
2. Wireless Network Protocols
3. Network Routing Protocols

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 4. Network Software:
Network software is a foundational element for any network. This type of software helps administrators
deploy, manage and monitor a network. The traditional networks are made up of specialized hardware,
such as routers and switches, that bundle the networking software into the solution.
Such types of software encompasses a broad range of software used for the design, implementation, and
operation, and monitoring of computer networks. Traditional networks were hardware-based with
software embedded. When software like Defined Networking (SDN) emerged, the software is separated
from the hardware thus making it more adaptable to the ever-changing nature of the computer network.

8. What are the elements of GUI based operating system?

Elements in Graphical User Interface
Graphical User Interface makes use of visual elements mostly. These elements define the appearance of
the GUI. Some of these are described in detail as follows −
Window
This is the element that displays the information on the screen. It is very easy to manipulate a window.
It can be opened or closed with the click of an icon. Moreover, it can be moved to any area by dragging
it around. In a multitasking environment, multiple windows can be open at the same time, all of them
performing different tasks.
There are multiple types of windows in a graphical user interface, such as container window, browser
window, text terminal window, child window, message window etc.
Menu
A menu contains a list a choices and it allows users to select one from them. A menu bar is displayed
horizontally across the screen such as pull down menu. When any option is clicked in this menu, then
the pull down menu appears.
Another type of menu is the context menu that appears only when the user performs a specific action.
An example of this is pressing the right mouse button. When this is done, a menu will appear under the
cursor.
Icons
Files, programs, web pages etc. can be represented using a small picture in a graphical user interface.
This picture is known as an icon. Using an icon is a fast way to open documents, run programs etc.
because clicking on them yields instant access.

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 Controls
Information in an application can be directly read or influences using the graphical control elements.
These are also known as widgets. Normally, widgets are used to display lists of similar items, navigate
the system using links, tabs etc. and manipulating data using check boxes, radio boxes etc.
Tabs
A tab is associated with a view pane. It usually contains a text label or a graphical icon.
Tabs are sometimes related to widgets and multiple tabs allow users to switch between different
widgets. Tabs are used in various web browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Safari etc.
Multiple web pages can be opened in a web browser and users can switch between them using tabs.

9. Describe the software development process in brief.

Software Development Process Steps
The software development process consists of four major steps. Each of these steps is detailed below.
Step 1: Planning
Step 2: Implementing
Step 3: Testing
Step 4: Deployment and Maintenance

Step #1: Planning

An important task in creating a software program is Requirements Analysis. Customers typically have
an abstract idea of what they want as an end result, but not what software should do. Skilled and
experienced software engineers recognize incomplete, ambiguous, or even contradictory requirements
at this point.
Frequently demonstrating live code may help reduce the risk that the requirements are incorrect. Once
the general requirements are gathered from the client, an analysis of the scope of the development
should be determined and clearly stated. This is often called a Statement of Objectives (SOO).

Step #2: Implementation

Implementation is the part of the process where software engineers actually program the code for the
project.

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Step #3: Testing
Software testing is an integral and important phase of the software development process. This part of
the process ensures that defects are recognized as soon as possible. It can also provide an objective,
independent view of the software to allow users to appreciate and understand the risks of software
deployment.
Software testing can be stated as the process of validating and verifying that a software
program/application/product.

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Meets the requirements that guided its design and development;
Works as expected; and
Can be implemented with the same characteristics.

Step #4: Deployment and Maintenance

Deployment starts after the code is appropriately tested, approved for release, and sold or distributed
into a production environment. This may involve installation, customization, testing, and possibly an
extended period of evaluation. Software training and support are important, as the software is only
effective if used correctly. Maintaining and enhancing software to cope with newly discovered faults or
requirements can take substantial time and effort, as missed requirements may force software redesign

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10. What is operating system and its function?
An operating system (OS) is a program that acts as an interface between the system hardware and the
user. Moreover, it handles all the interactions between the software and the hardware. All the working
of a computer system depends on the OS at the base level. Further, it performs all the functions like
handling memory, processes, the interaction between hardware and software, etc. Now, let us look at
the functions of operating system.
Functions of Operating System
1. Memory Management
It is the management of the main or primary memory. Whatever program is executed, it has to be
present in the main memory. Main memory is a quick storage area that may be accessed directly by the
CPU. When the program is completed, the memory region is released and can be used by other
programs. Therefore, there can be more than one program present at a time. Hence, it is required to
manage the memory.
The operating system:
Allocates and deal locates the memory.
Keeps a record of which part of primary memory is used by whom and how much.
Distributes the memory while multiprocessing.
In multiprogramming, the operating system selects which processes acquire memory when and how
much memory they get.
2. Processor Management/Scheduling
Every software that runs on a computer, whether in the background or in the frontend, is a process.
Processor management is an execution unit in which a program operates. The operating system
determines the status of the processor and processes, selects a job and its processor, allocates the
processor to the process, and de-allocates the processor after the process is completed.
When more than one process runs on the system the OS decides how and when a process will use the
CPU. Hence, the name is also CPU Scheduling. The OS:
Allocates and deal locates processor to the processes.
Keeps record of CPU status.
Certain algorithms used for CPU scheduling are as follows:
First Come First Serve (FCFS)
Shortest Job First (SJF)
Round-Robin Scheduling
Priority-based scheduling etc.

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 Purpose of CPU scheduling
The purpose of CPU scheduling is as follows:
Proper utilization of CPU. Since the proper utilization of the CPU is necessary. Therefore, the OS
makes sure that the CPU should be as busy as possible.
Since every device should get a chance to use the processor. Hence, the OS makes sure that the
devices get fair processor time.
Increasing the efficiency of the system.
3. Device Management
An operating system regulates device connection using drivers. The processes may require devices for
their use. This management is done by the OS. The OS:
Allocates and deal locates devices to different processes.
Keeps records of the devices.
Decides which process can use which device for how much time.
4. File Management
The operating system manages resource allocation and de-allocation. It specifies which process receives
the file and for how long. It also keeps track of information, location, uses, status, and so on. These
groupings of resources are referred to as file systems. The files on a system are stored in different
directories.
The OS:
Keeps records of the status and locations of files.
Allocates and deal locates resources.
Decides who gets the resources.

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11. Difference between multimedia and animation.
Param Multimedia Animation
eters
Basics and Multimedia is multiple forms of Animation refers to a type of multimedia
Definition digital media, such as videos, images, that provides the viewers with an illusion
audio, texts, etc. of pictures moving in a sequential manner.
Inter Relation It is an integration/collection of It is a type of multimedia that is very
various types of media. interactive.
Uses Multimedia can be used in web Animation can be used in web design, app
designing, graphic designing, development, film production, sound
presentations, movies, podcasts, and design, and many more.
many more.
Storage We use electronic media devices such We can record animations and store them
Devices as mobile phones, laptops, computers, on analogue media, like flipbooks,
etc., for storing multimedia content. videotapes, motion picture films, or digital
We can also store them on drives and media devices where we store the
SD cards. multimedia.
Derivation the word multimedia is a combination The word Animation has been derived
of the words “Multi” and “Medium”. from the Greek word “Ani” meaning a
non-living object, and the word “motion”
which refers to movement.
Hand Drawn Multimedia isn’t usually hand-drawn, Animations are primarily hand- drawn.
except digital art. But stop motions are also a type of
animation, and they are not hand-drawn.

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12. What are the three types of user interface presented by an operating system?

Graphical User Interfaces (GUI)

Interfaces that are graphical in nature are known either as Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) or WIMP
interfaces (Windows, Icons, Menus and Pointer). Typically, you would expect these types of interfaces
to be available in multi-tasking environments (where you open and use more than one piece of software
at a time) or in applications software that involve a considerable degree of complexity.
Menus
Some operating systems are designed with a menu-based user interface. Menu-based user interfaces are
ideal for situations where the user's IT skills cannot be guaranteed or in situations which require
selections to be made from a very wide range of options or in situations which require very fast
selection. The user of a system that uses a menu-based interface will be presented with a limited
number of options on the screen.
Natural language
This kind of interface requires the user to enter responses to questions asked by the computer. The
questions are displayed on the VDU and the answers are entered via the keyboard. This kind of
interface is called a 'natural language' interface because the computer and the user appear to be holding
a conversation.
This kind of interface can be found on data entry terminals and other types of 'dumb terminals'
connected to a network where non-expert users are guided by the computer through the complex tasks
they need to perform.

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13. Explain all the steps involved in making and saving a file in MS word.
Method 1: Saving a file with File Menu
To save a document using the options provided by MS Word in its File menu, go through the following
steps:
Step 1: Click on the File Menu.

Step 2: Go to the Save or Save As button provided.

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Step 3: Select the location where you want the file to be saved.

Step 4: Provide a name to the file or use the default one.

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 Step 5: Click on the Save button

14. Define the following.

(a) Word processing

Word Processing refers to the act of using a computer to create, edit, save and print documents. In order
to perform word processing, specialized software (known as a Word Processor) is needed. One example
of a Word Processor is Microsoft Word, but other word processing applications are also widely used.
Examples include: Microsoft Works Word Processor, Open Office Writer, Word Perfect and Google
Drive Document..

These programs allow users to create a wide variety of documents including (but certainly not limited
to) reports, letters, memos, newsletters and brochures. In addition to typing text, the word processor
allows you to add content such as pictures, tables, and charts to your documents as well as decorative
items including borders and clipart.

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 (b) Spreadsheet
A spreadsheet is a computer program that can capture, display and manipulate data arranged in rows
and columns. Spreadsheets are one of the most popular tools available with personal computers.
A spreadsheet is generally designed to hold numerical data and short text strings. In a spreadsheet
program, spaces that hold items of data are called spreadsheet cells. These can be renamed to better
reflect the data they hold and can be cross-referenced through row numbers and column letters.
A single spreadsheet can be used as a worksheet to compile data for a purpose, or multiple sheets can
be combined to create an entire workbook.

(c) Data Base

A database is an organized collection of structured information, or data, typically stored electronically
in a computer system. A database is usually controlled by a database management system (DBMS).
Together, the data and the DBMS, along with the applications that are associated with them, are
referred to as a database system, often shortened to just database.
Data within the most common types of databases in operation today is typically modeled in rows and
columns in a series of tables to make processing and data querying efficient. The data can then be easily
accessed, managed, modified, updated, controlled, and organized. Most databases use structured query
language (SQL) for writing and querying data.

15. How will you take out the hard copy of document from MS office? Explain
Print a Document
1. Click the File tab.

2. Click Print.
3. Examine the print preview on the right side of the screen to ensure the document appears correct.
4. Select the correct printer by clicking the Printer list arrow and selecting it from the list.
5. Adjust the printer settings using the options below the printer, described in the following table.

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6. Set the number of copies in the Copies text field.
7. Click Print.

The document is sent to the printer.

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 16. Discuss the process of a typical hardware connection of accessing the Internet.
List of Essential Hardware Components to Choose item.
Routes
Routers and modems are network-enabling electronic devices that help connect two or more packet-
switched networks. They have two primary functionalities. One is to manage traffic between networks,
and the second is to forward data packets to the IP addresses of the devices.

Modem
It is an electronic networking device that modulates and demodulates. It is responsible for bringing and
facilitating the network connections needed at your residence or business place. Also, with this device,
you can connect and use other laptops and smart phones to access the internet.

Ethernet cables
These are network cables that help connect two or more computer systems as a wired medium. LAN
cable or Ethernet cables can connect the modem to your system directly and provide an internet
connection.

Switch
If you want to connect two or more network devices, a switch can help receive and forward data
packets to the destination devices.

High-speed fiber optics cable

The very first hardware you need to purchase is the fiber optics cable. You need to extend your network
to connect your data center to the ISP upstream from whom you avail the internet connection. Using a
wired medium might be expensive. Alternatively, you can use a wireless link to do the same. As the
leading broadband service provider operating across 19 cities in India, ACt Fibernet can help your
business here.

17. What are the main features of word processor?

Features of MS Word
Now let us read more about the features and components of an MS Word doc file in detail.
The image given below shows the different elements and categories which are available in MS Word
doc:

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Home
This has options like font colour, font size, font style, alignment, bullets, line spacing, etc. All the basic
elements which one may need to edit their document is available under the Home option.

Insert
Tables, shapes, images, charts, graphs, header, footer, page number, etc. can all be entered in the
document. They are included in the “Insert” category.

Design
The template or the design in which you want your document to be created can be selected under the
Design tab. Choosing an appropriate tab will enhance the appearance of your document.

Page Layout
Under the Page Layout tab comes options like margins, orientation, columns, lines, indentation,
spacing, etc.

References
This tab is the most useful for those who are creating a thesis or writing books or lengthy documents.
Options like citation, footnote, table of contents, caption, bibliography, etc. can be found under this tab.

Review
Spell check, grammar, thesaurus, word count, language, translation, comments, etc. can all be tracked
under the review tab. this acts as an advantage for those who get their documents reviewed on MS
Word.
Apart from all the above-mentioned features, the page can be set in different views and layouts, which
can be added and optimised using the View tab on the Word document. Margins and scales are also
available for the benefit of the users.

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18. Difference between web servers and web clients.

Based on Client Server

Basic Client relies on the services of Server authorizes the client's requests
functionality server, and generates requests for and facilitates them with the
various services. requested services.
Configuration The configuration of client systems The configuration of the server is
is simple. Their tasks are limited to more complex and sophisticated.
generating requests. It has a basic Server has advanced hardware
hardware configuration. configuration.

Efficiency The efficiency of client is limited. The performance of server is high,

and they are highly efficient.

Tasks The common tasks for client are The complex tasks like fulfilling
simple and mostly include client requests, storing and
requesting services. processing large datasets, data
analysis are common for server.

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Switch off The client systems can be
switchoff without any fear.
Login Support There can be single user logins.
Switching off servers may be
disastrous for client systems
that continuously request the
services.
Server support multiple user login and
request processing
simultaneously.

Examples Examples of clients are smartphones, Examples of servers are web servers,
desktops, laptops, etc. file servers, database servers, etc

19. Discuss the various alignments and text formatting in MS word.

This is one of the features provided by MS-Word to its user. This feature is used by the user to align
text or paragraphs so that it gives a good look or a kind of systematic look. There are 4 types of text
alignments which are left- aligned, center-aligned, right-aligned, and justified. (All 4 are shown in the
below image.

Left-Aligned Text
A paragraph or a text is left-aligned when that paragraph or text is aligned evenly along the left margin
of the page in MS-Word. Now, we will learn step by step with the help of a diagram to make a
paragraph text left-aligned.

Step 1: First open MS-Word on your PC.

Step 2: Now, Open the document or create a new one in which you want to perform this operation.

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Step 3: Now, select the paragraph text which you want to make Left-aligned.
Step 4: Now, go to the “Home” tab and click on that. (As shown in the below image)

Step 5: Now, go to the “Paragraph” section in the “Home” tab and click on the Left-Align text button.

Step 6: The paragraph text is aligned to left successfully.

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 Alternate way or using shortcut key:The shortcut key for Left-Aligned Text is “Ctrl + L”.

20. What is the Main feature of the Internet?

Features of Internet
Major features of the Internet are listed below:

Easy to Use
The software that is used to access the Internet or web browser is designed in such a way that is very
simple and can be easily learned and used. Also, it is easy to develop.

Flexibility
Flexibility in terms of transfer of data. Basically, the internet network carries information in digital
form in a majority of cases instead of voice information in analog form.

Accessibility
Internet service is a worldwide service and access to all. People located in remote or anywhere interior
can also use the Internet. Therefore, information through the internet flows across the networks in a
standardised manner.

Interaction with Media and flexibility of Communication

Businesses are expanding with the help of the Internet. There is a high degree of interaction with the
media due to internet service. Like, News, magazines, publishing houses, etc. have extended their

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business with the help of Internet service. Also, communication is flexible due to internet service. With
the help of text voice, video people can communicate easily.

Low Cost and Security

The maintenance and development costs of Internet service are comparatively low. Also, Internet
service helped the security system both at an individual and national levels. For example CCtV
cameras, etc.

Internet Applications
World Wide Web
It is a part of the internet and supports hypertext documents, allowing users to view and navigate
various types of data. A web page is a document that is encoded with hypertext markup language
(HTML) tags. Each web page has an address, URL (Uniform Resource Locator).

Electronic mail (e-mail)

One of the most popular reasons that people use the internet is e-mail. And to create, send, and receive
e-mail messages people need an e-mail programme and an account on an internet mail server with a
domain name.

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