Mini Project Report

On

“INTELLIGENCE TRANSPORT SYSTEM”

(ITS)

SUBMITTED BY
Rushikesh Mugutkar (ROLL NO –77)
Abhishek Patil (ROLL NO –78)
Sanket Patil (ROLL NO – 79)

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Prof.. B. P. PATIL

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

(YEAR 2020-21)

WALCHAND INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,

SOLAPUR,
SOLAPUR MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the dissertation work entitled “Intelligent
Transportation System for Smart City” submitted by “Rushikesh
Mugutkar” (TE Civil Roll NO:77) in fulfilment of the requirement for
the Third Year Part II (Civil-Engineering)is a record of his own work
carried out under my supervision during the year 2019-20.

Date:
Project Guide Prof.. B. P. PATIL

The candidate has completed all the required phases of evaluation and
performed satisfactorily. Hence, recommended for the fulfilment of the
requirement for the said year.

Prof. S.B.Thalange Dr. S. S. Patil Dr. S.A. Halkude

(Class Coordinator) (H.O.D Civil Dept.) (Principal W.I.T. Solapur)
 DECLARATION

I declare that this written submission represents my ideas in my own

words and where others' ideas or words have been included, I have
adequately cited and referenced the original sources. I also declare that I
have adhered to all principles of academic honesty and integrity and have
not misrepresented or fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in
my submission. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical
analysis, figures, and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to
them by citing them in the text of the report and giving their details in the
references. Further, I have taken permission from the copyright owners of
the sources, whenever necessary.

Date: Mr. Rushikesh Mugutkar

Place: SOLAPUR TE CIVIL
ROLL NO. 77
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to thank Dr. S. S. Patil Head of Civil Engineering

Department for his cooperation.
I feel privileged to acknowledge with deep sense of gratitude to my guide
Assistant Prof. Mr. Bipin P. Patil for the valuable suggestions and
guidance throughout my present work and help render to me for the
completion of the Mini Project.
I thank all those who have helped directly or indirectly for the
completion of my Mini Project.
 CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION…………………………………..06
2. BACKGROUND…………………………………….07
3. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION
TECHNOLOGY…………………………………….09
4. BUS RAPID TRANSIT
SYSTEM……………………………………………. 10
5. INCIDENT MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM……………………………………………. 12
6. POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKER
WITH HELP OF SPRING
MECHANISM……………………………………… 15
7. ADVANCED TRAFFIC LIGHT
SYSTEM……………………………………………. 21
8. AUTOMATIC FARE COLLECTION
SYSTEM……………………………………………. 25
9. EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM……………………………………………. 30
10. ELECTRONIC TOLL COLLECTION (ETC)
………………………………………………………. 38
11. ROAD SAFETY
SOLUTIONS……………………………………….. 39
12. BENEFITS OF ITS………………………………… 44
13. CLASSIFICATION OF
ITS…………………………………………………... 45
14. CONCLUSION……………………………………..48
1.INTRODUCTION

WHAT IS ITS?
The term Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) refers to the efforts to
add information and communication technology to the TRANSPORT
INFRASTRUCTURE and VEHICLES, in order to improve safety and
reduce vehicle wear, transportation times and fuel consumption.

An '''intelligent transportation system''' ('''ITS''') is an advanced

application which aims to provide innovative services relating to different
[modes of transport] and [traffic management] and enable users to be
better informed and make safer, more coordinated, and 'smarter' use of
[transport networks].

Some of these technologies include calling for emergency services when

an accident occurs, using cameras to enforce traffic laws or signs that
mark speed limit changes depending on conditions.

Although ITS may refer to all modes of transport, the [directive

(European Union) directive] of the [European Union] 2010/40/EU, made
on July 7, 2010, defined ITS as systems in which [information and
communication technologies] are applied in the field of [road transport],
including infrastructure, vehicles and users, and in traffic management
and mobility management, as well as for interfaces with other modes of
transportation. ITS may improve the efficiency of transport in a number
of situations, i.e. road transport, traffic management, mobility, delay due
to traffic congestion. ITS.
2.BACKGROUND

Recent{date=November 2016} governmental activity in the area of ITS

— is further motivated by an increasing focus on homeland security.
Many of the proposed ITS systems also involve mass surveillance of the
roadways, which is a priority of homeland security. Funding of many
systems comes either directly through homeland security organisations or
with their approval. Further, ITS can play a role in the rapid mass
evacuation of people in urban centers after large casualty events such as a
result of a natural disaster or threat. Much of the infrastructure and
planning involved with ITS parallels the need for homeland security
systems.

In the developing world, the migration from rural to urban area urbanized
habitats has progressed differently. Many areas of the developing world
have urbanized without significant motorization and the formation of
suburbs. A small portion of the population can afford automobiles, but
the automobiles greatly increase congestion in these multimodal
transportation systems. They also produce considerable air pollution, pose
a significant safety risk, and exacerbate feelings of inequities in the
society. High population density could be supported by a multimodal
transport |multimodal system of walking, bicycle transportation,
motorcycles, buses, and trains.

So we decided to work on Intelligent Transportation System of Smart

City Solapur.
We choose the route from “Bus Stand Shivaji Chowk to Saiful Bus
Stop”.
And suggested introductory plans for our city.
2.1 Map of Route

“Bus Stand Shivaji Chowk to Saiful Bus Stop”.

3. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY

3.1 ITS consists of:

 Traffic and Management.

 Traffic Signal Systems.

 Global Positioning System.

 Bus Rapid Transit Systems.

 Real-Time Traveler Information.

 Incident Management.

Intelligent transportation technologies:

Intelligent transport systems vary in technologies applied, from basic
management systems such as car navigation; traffic signal; control
systems; container management systems; variable message signs;
automatic number plate recognition or speed cameras to monitor
applications, such as security CCTV]systems; and to more advanced
applications that integrate live data and feedback from a number of other
sources, such as parking guidance and information systems; Road
Weather Information System weather information; bridge de-icing (US)
systems; and the like.
4. BUS RAPID TRANSIT SYSTEM

 High Quality Bus Based Transit System

 Delivers Fast, Comfortable And Cost Effective Urban Mobility

 Includes Roadways Dedicated To Buses And Gives Priority To Buses

At Intersection

 Reduce Delays Caused By Passenger Boarding Or Living

REASONS FOR IMPLIMENTATION OF BRTS

1. Shorter trip time

2. Shorter trip time

3. Easy to use

4. Easy to use

5. Integrated and distinctive

6. Low environmental impact

'Bus rapid transit''' ('BRT'), also called a 'busway' or 'transit way', is a
Public transport bus servicebus-based public transport system designed to
improve Route capacity and On-time performancereliability relative to a
conventional bus system.

Typically, a BRT system includes Bus laneroadways that are dedicated to

buses, and gives Bus priority to buses at Intersection, where buses may
interact with other traffic; alongside design features to reduce Terminal
dwell delay caused by passengers boarding or leaving buses, or
purchasing fares. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a rapid
transit with the flexibility, lower cost and simplicity of a bus system.

Main features
 Dedicated lanes and alignment

 Off-board fare collection

 Platform-level boarding

 Quality stations

In smart City we can use BRTS system connection all over the city.
And it will be more beneficial from Shivaji Chowk to Saiful by
introducing new lane for BRTS.
 Bus Rapid Transit System

On the basis of BRTS Pune we can implement this system in Smart

City Solapur.

INCIDENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

 Incident management can be done by implementation of:
a] ROAD SIDE AUTOMATIC SENSOR RAILING:
Ordinary railing on turning point of roads will cause accidents when
the vehicle dashes it. In place metallic railing as shown in fig., we can
use AUTOMATIC SENSOR RAILING. These railings are made up of
ELASTIC material and starts rotating when detects a vehicle within a
range of 25 cm around it.

Ordinary Railing

Ordinary Railing
 Ordinary Railing

Proposed Sensor Railing

According to research, every year 13 lakhs of accident due to the Road

 AUTOMATIC SENSOR RAILING

Automatic Sensor Railing will sense the vehicle speed within its range
of 30 to 80 cm and start rotating in order to give direction to vehicle and
generates a force which gets transferred to the vehicle when the vehicle
strikes the railing. Thus the person driving will be safe. Using this type
of railing will reduce the accident probabilities.

b] SPRING SPEED BREAKERS:

In order to avoid accidents, SPRING SPEED
BREAKERS can be located in locations where accidents occur due to
wrong side driving. In this speed breakers also act like barrier.
 POWER GENERATION USING SPEED BREAKER
WITH HELP OF SPRING MECHANISM

Construction and working: -

In its simple but effective construction this project consists of array of
speed breakers. All odd numbers of speed breakers are actual speed
breakers and all eve n numbers of speed breakers are dummy speed
breakers. All dummy speed breakers are retractable within road cavity as
these speed breakers are spring loaded. Whenever any vehicle passes over
this array of speed breakers dummy speed breakers due to the weight of
vehicles get depressed within the road cavity and the linear motion
created because of depression of the dummy speed breakers is transferred
to a mechanical link. The linear motion thus achieved in said link,
thereafter is transferred to a set of free wheel where it is converted into
circular. This circular motion thus achieved is then transmitted to
flywheel where the motion i.e. mechanical energy is saved and released
as per requirement.
Power Generation Using Speed Breaker

This flywheel is connected to a DC generator which converts the

mechanical energy into electrical energy. This electrical energy then can
be used to charge a battery using a charging circuit. From the battery the
electrical energy can further be used for much application like providing
electricity in local area. As far as the actual project work is concerned this
includes building a scale down working prototype generating electricity
ranging from 1.5 volt to 12-volt DC the current capacity and the voltage
generation depends on the scale of model thereby the end application to
be run there after depend on the voltage and current generated.
Characteristic points of Seed breaker electricity generation
system
 Pollution free electricity generation
 Simple mechanism
 Easy for installation
 Works only when vehicle passes over speed breaker
 Thus intermittent power generation
 This power can be stored in battery array so as to use it further
 This can be done using battery charging circuits and inverter circuits
 Can be installed at various roads, toll booths etc.
 Can be of very use to provide electricity in local area
 Easy for maintenance
 Can be couple to main grid in big cities wherein probable installation
 places are abundant
Parts Used for This Project with their Material
1. MDF (Medium Density Fibre core Hardwood Plywood)
2. Aluminium Rods
3. Aluminium Pipe
4. Bearings
5. Chains
6. Free wheels
7. Strings
8. Springs / Rubbers
9. Rubber Bushes
10. Generator cum Motor
11. LED
12. Nut and Bolts
13. Studs
14. Screws
15. Washers etc.

c] DRIVING SAFETY SUPPORT SYSTEM (DSSS):

The system relies on network of two-way communication devices called

as INFRA-RED BECONS installed at a height of 5.5 m above
roadways, particularly in accident prone areas. These Infrared beacons
detect the presence of vehicles and pedestrians in hard-to-see locations
when turning left through intersections, one for highways that provides
information about merging traffic and one that provides information
about traffic snarl-ups to prevent rear –end collisions.

The Driving Safety Support Systems assist drivers to drive safely.

Various sensors are used to detect cars, motorcycles, and pedestrians that
are not in the driver's sight. Based on this information, the DSSS alert
drivers via message display boards or in-vehicle units.

Main Benefits

 Reduce traffic accidents at intersections

 Lessen driver's burden of making decisions
 Increase driver's awareness about safe driving

Stop sign recognition enhancement system

Helps to prevent unawareness of stop sign regulations. Information to be

provided: Location of stop signs/stop lines Destination of information:
Vehicles subject to the regulations
Rear-end collision prevention system

Helps to prevent rear-end collisions with vehicles stopped or traveling at

a low speed due to congestion or a stoplight in a curve or up on a slope.
Information to be provided: Location of end of congestion Destination of
information: Following vehicles

Crossing collision prevention system

Helps to prevent crossing collisions at unsignalized intersections.

Information to be provided: Location and speed of crossing vehicles
Destination of information: Vehicles approaching an intersection
Signal recognition enhancement system

Helps to prevent unawareness of a red traffic signal. Information to be

provided: State of a traffic signal facing vehicles Destination of
information: Vehicles approaching an intersection
 ADVANCED TRAFFIC LIGHT SYSTEM

PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

The proposed system consists of a PIC microcontroller which does all

the function according to program interfaced. Power supply is given to
the microcontroller and the IR sensor on both the side of the road sense
the density of traffic and gives the information to PIC microcontroller.
The controller provides output signal to traffic light, barrier gate and
buzzer which act accordingly. If the density is more, then red signal is
produced and the motor activates the barrier to close and when green
signal is given the barrier is made to open so as to allow traffic to flow.
Buzzer is provided to alert the people regarding the signal and the closing
of barrier gate. Additionally, an IR and GSM are provided to prevent
people to cross stop line. If they cross the stop line, IR detects the vehicle
and gives the warning to the driver. Also information will be sending to
nearby control room. First the power supply is given to the
microcontroller which activates the IR sensor. With the help of IR sensor,
the vehicle crosses and stand in the lane so when density is high the
vehicle will block the IR transmitter and IR receiver, the corresponding
cut off signal is given to the microcontroller, which allots the signal to the
particular lane and it activates the barrier gate and buzzer to the allotted
lane. After the barrier is closed, an IR will sense the vehicle which
crosses the stop line and through GSM technology, the message is sent to
nearby police control room. The proposed system, fig.l. consists of a PIC
microcontroller which does all the function according to program
interfaced. IR and GSM are connected to ARM-7 microcontroller which
analyses the number plate with the help of camera. The image captured in
the traffic is processed and converted into grey scale image then its
threshold is calculated based on which the contour has been drawn in
order to find the number plate of the vehicle. This type of system will
help to improve the traffic violation and promotes a better way of
following the traffic rules and regulation. With the development of GSM
module, it is now easy to transmit and receive information which makes it
a better option to use in this system. Fig. 1. Proposed system block
diagram
PIC Microcontroller:

PIC 16F877 A microcontroller is an 8-bit microcontroller which is

a RISC Architecture. It has 35-Instructions, operating speed: 20
MHz clock input 200 ns instruction cycle and can run up to 8K x
14 words of Flash Program Memory of EEPROM Data Memory
IR Sensor:
The IR Sensor is a proximity sensor. It is used for collision
detection. The module consists of an IR emitter and IR receiver
pair. The IR receiver always detects an IR signal. The output of
sensor is high whenever the IR frequency is low. The LED
indicator helps user to check the status of the sensor without using
any additional hardware. It gives a digital output.

Stepper Motor:
A step motor is an electromagnetic rotor that mechanically
converts digital pulse inputs to incremental shaft rotation. The
 rotation is not related to the number of input pulses, but its speed is
related to the frequency of the pulses. In each steps, the motor
holds its' position (and its' load) without the aid of clutches or
brakes. Thus a step motor can be controlled so that it rotates a
certain number of steps, producing mechanical motion and then
holds its load when it stops.

Buzzer:
The buzzer circuit consist of a relay in series with a small audio
speaker. When the switch is pressed, the relay will operate by the
transformer primary and close the relay contact. The relay operates
and normally the closed contact will open, removing power from
the relay and the sequence repeats

ARM-7 Microcontroller:
ARM-7 microcontroller board based on a l6-bitl32-bit CPU with
real-time emulation and embedded trace support, that relates micro
controllers with high-speed flash memory ranging from 32 kB to
512 kB. A l28-bit wide memory interface and unique accelerator
enable 32-bit code execution at the maximum clock rate.

GSM module:
GSM (Global System for Mobile) is SIM900 Quad-band GSM /
GPRS device, works on frequencies 850 MHZ, 900 MHZ. It is
very compact and easy to use as plug in GSM Modem. The Modem
is designed with 3V and 5V interfacing circuitry, which allows
User to directly interface with Microcontrollers (PIC, AVR
Arduino, 8051, etc.) as well as 3V Microcontrollers.
 SIMULATION ANALYSIS
The PIC microcontroller is compiled by using the C compiler. IR
sensors have been replaced by switches, also it is impossible to
interface sensor in a simulation circuit. LED lights have been
interfaced across each road to represent the signal system. The
Switch is closed to represent the density of the traffic system.
When the switch is closed it indicates that the traffic is high and
gives preference to that particular side. Likewise, all the other
side's functions based on the position of switch. In a normal
condition the traffic light works in a loop. The coding will be
 running the loop of each LED. when switch is closed, some
interrupt is given to the microcontroller which takes that as the
input and changes the regular action and the particular LED will
glow green. And after a fixed time the loop continues back to the
normal traffic light system. The hardware consists of a PIC
microcontroller through which all the IR sensor are connected
internally. PIC consists of a voltage regulator, bridge rectifier,
transformer which converts l2v dc supply to 5v supply suitable for
PIC. When the IR sensor is blocked the input signal is given to PIC
and red led glows on particular lane. After that the barrier
connected with a stepper motor activates with a buzzer sound

Automatic Fare Collection Systems

Automatic Fare Collection System (AFC) is one of basic station

equipment that consists of automatic gate machine, ticket vending
machine and ticket checking machine. In this application, stable and
integrated platforms are necessarily to keep passenger flow run smoothly
at peak hours; at the same time, all data will be gathered and transmitted
into centre.

Automatic Fare Collection ("AFC") is a complex framework of hardware

and software solutions for fare collection at entry and exit touch points at
public transport networks such as metro trains, bus rapid transit system
enabled buses and boats
A robust toll collection system for national highways and high density
roadway systems, this paperless and cashless model is based on a passive
RFID technology that improves overall time and efficiency for
consumers.
Mobility is one of the key success factors for economic growth and
therefore, it is increasingly becoming an issue that governments and
public transportation companies need to address.

Investing in a good public transport infrastructure is only part of the

equation. Operators of public transport services need to look for efficient
ways to collect fares and provide simple and convenient payment options
 to make the service attractive to passengers. At the same time, it is
paramount to keep operating cost under control and increase turnover.

Current ticketing systems, whether those are cash based or digitized, do

not always cater for these requirements, making it challenging for
transportation service operators to roll out frictionless solutions to their
end clients.

Automated Fare Collection offers greater levels of transparency, not

only for ticket prices but it also significantly reduces the levels of abuse,
theft and corruption as the payment for transport fares will occur through
the collection facility rather than in cash.

Features Automated Fare Collection

For Government/Schemes

 Reduce expenditure on infrastructure servicing

 Unified platform for access to various public services
 Decrease in cash payments and reduced fraud and abuse risk
 Transparent settlement with trans- port and other services
 Improved quality of client services

For Service Operators

 Makes cash redundant (eliminates cost of cash handling)

 Reduce expenditure on infrastructure support for ticket sales
 Efficiency gain by encoding, processing and distributing tickets
electronically
 Cost reduction as a result of centrally managed ticketing system
 Reduced ticket fraud or abuse thanks to eliminating cash payments
 Effective control thanks to reporting
 Low investment cost
 For Clients

 Payment from single account

 Account top up with payment instrument of choice
 Seamless, rich customer experience
 Automatically getting access to best rates
 Single access to multiple transportation services

Supporting flexibility for service operators

Service operators need efficient yet flexible tools to run their business. By
centralizing all processing and data in the core services layer rather than
rolling out pieces of information across dispersed systems, the operators
can better control and operate the system on a day to day basis and data
will become available 24/7 and in real time.

Reducing implementation and operation costs

Account based ticketing does not require an organization to issue special

cards or tickets as it can leverage mobile devices or existing identifiers.
By eliminating the need to install ticket offices, removing the cost of cash
collection and the costs associated to encoding, processing and
distributing tickets, the overall cost of operating the system can be
reduced significantly.

Creating a seamless customer experience

Customers can pay for their fares from a single account, topping up this
account with a payment instrument of their choice. Passengers do not
have to worry about anything except identifying themselves when starting
their journey and the service will take care of everything else, including
finding the best rate.
 PARKING

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The Emergency Transportation Operations (ETO) constitutes a

Continuum of efforts that is defined by the Probability an Event Will
Occur and the Severity of the Impact and Complexity of Response. FHWA
addresses the primary ETO activities as follows:

 The high probability-low severity traffic incident through

our Traffic Incident Management—or TIM—program.
 Planned Special Events which is the platform for community
preparedness and response readiness for events that range from
parades through town and subsequent street closings and a focus on
traffic management to events that might attract malevolent acts that
cause a potential emergency response—for example the Super
Bowl.
 The low probability but high impact of a catastrophic event is
covered through our Disaster/ETO program through which we
work with local, State and Federal officials to address special
Movement Coordination Operations, particularly in the area of
Evacuations. During these events, the Federal and State
government plays a greater role in providing support to local
governments.
Use of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) products differs in degree
and amount of reliance on the systems as we move from TIM, PSE and
Mass Evacuations, but often affect each area, e.g., Computer-aided
Dispatch (CAD). Transportation Management Centres (TMC) and
Emergency Operations Centre (EOC) connectivity and communication
interoperability.
While the same ITS tools will help in each of these areas, the different
nature and response requirements of each event will result in different
players, expectations and/or demands.
Though FHWA's three ETO programs have distinct characteristics, the
interrelationships among these three are also very evident. From an
institutional perspective, one of the similarities these three share is that
they all depend on good regional relationships. The partners involved in
the planning, response and recovery are often the same.
Before the Event
Transportation and other responders work together regularly in planning
for emergencies and practice those plans in joint exercises. Transportation
is prepared for its role and to deliver its capabilities, which are well
understood by all.
During and following an Emergency
Transportation is there at the incident scene, in the Transportation
Management Centre, and at the Emergency Operations Centre. They are
prepared - trained and equipped, and able to communicate. They are
participating as an equal with other responders.
The Vision in Detail
Plans

 Transportation Agency Plans

o The transportation agency has a plan, and follows it.
o It addresses both response and recovery.
o It is current and complete.
o It includes the types of threats we are now likely to face,
including biological, chemical, and radiological.
o They have exercised using it.
o It reflects the available resources; they know where to find
these and how to use them. These resources include:
  Personnel
 Assets
 Personal protective equipment
 Supplies
o It includes actions at every level in the Homeland Security
Advisory System.
o It includes pre-planned alternate routes around all major
assets and choke points.
 Regional Emergency Management Plans
o Transportation is reflected appropriately in the regional
emergency management plan.
Technology

 ITS
o Agencies have ITS well-integrated into their response and
recovery plans.
o Agencies have measures in place to protect their intelligent
infrastructure.
o Partner agencies understand transportation's ITS capabilities.
o ITS information is shared with emergency management
partner agencies.
o Agency ITS is effectively integrated with other emergency
management systems, such as plume and dispersal models.
 Communications Interoperability
o Agencies are able to communicate internally and with
response/recovery partners through workarounds in the short
term.
o Agencies have a long term plan for more permanent
interoperability.
 Tools
o The agency has tools to assist it in conducting evacuations
and other response activities in real time, such as flow
modelling and redistribution.
o These tools are effectively integrated with the agency's
traffic management systems and information.
 Incident Command System (ICS)/Unified Command System
(UCS)
o Transportation agencies understand ICS and UCS, and know
how to operate in this environment.
 Support
o The agency has modified its supp
support
ort contracts to specifically
address how contractors will assist in dealing with response
to and recovery from acts of terror.
o The agency has addressed how to work effectively with
those agencies upon whom it will call for mutual aid.
 Communication
o The agency
ency knows how to share information with the public
during and following emergencies, and what information to
share.
o The agency knows what information it needs to provide to
emergency management agencies to include with the other
information being provided to the public
A.COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF EVACUATION
DATA
After an emergency occurs, the flow of personnel should be grasped in a
timely manner, mainly including the number of people evacuated,
evacuation methods, evacuation routes and other information. Timely and
accurate collection of the above information is conducive to the orderly
evacuation of personnel and the further development of reasonable
resettlement [37]–[39]. The number of evacuees is counted through the
number counting system installed at the exits of major buildings in
Zhongshan Road Business District. Statistics can be made by distributing
radio frequency identification bracelets to the personnel evacuated by
public transportation. Through large-scale commercial facilities and
existing public safety monitoring systems on main roads, the status of
personnel in public areas and evacuation paths for personnel can be
grasped in a timely manner. The information collected by the sense layer
of the Internet of Things is submitted to the back-end cloud processing
system for analysis and processing, and the processing results are
supplied to the organizers of emergency disposal. The process of
collecting and analysing evacuation data is shown in Fig. 4.

B. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS OF VEHICLE

OPERATION
Based on the Internet of Things technologies, such as RFID technology,
sensor technology, ubiquitous communication and network, the vehicle
operation data is connected to the Internet to realize the interconnection
and intercommunication among various elements of the traffic emergency
response system, such as personnel, vehicles, materials and the like.
Collect real-time vehicle operation state data, carry out real-time
simulation and decision-making through the central processing system,
provide decision support for emergency response organizers, realize the
intelligent and optimal operation of the entire emergency traffic
management system, thus effectively improving the road congestion
problem in the evacuation process and improving the rescue efficiency.
Vehicle operation data collection mainly includes data collection of
evacuated vehicles and data collection of vehicles participating in rescue.
  ON-SITE
SITE RESCUE
Before the medical staff arrive at the site, the emergency rescue force
who arrive in advance shall, in accordance with the first aid procedures,
carry out on-site
site classification and examination of the injured in the
incident, and carry out onsite first aidaid for the critically ill; Organizers
equip evacuated personnel and vehicles with Internet of Things signs and
guide them to evacuate according to the emergency response plan; After
the traffic police rush to the site, they should immediately take effective
effectiv
measures to divert vehicles, divert traffic, protect the site trace evidence
and fix the relevant evidence; The fire department is responsible for
dismantling vehicles and rescuing people trapped in the vehicles due to
overturning and deformation of the vehicles; Other police personnel are
responsible for the maintenance of public order in the site; In case of
special incidents, the organizer of emergency response shall be
responsible for mobilizing professionals and tools for rescue.
  DATA COLLECTION, UPLOADING AND
ANALYSIS
Using various Internet of Things sensing technologies, relevant data are
collected and uploaded to the emergency response system. The organizer
of emergency disposal shall, according to the data obtained, quickly and
comprehensively grasp the specific situation of the incident, define the
necessary measures for personnel safety protection, determine the scope,
methods and procedures for evacuation of personnel and vehicles under
emergencies, and organize their implementation. The organizer shall also
coordinate medical, police and rescue personnel to quickly arrive at the
site for rescue to prevent the incident from spreading or causing
secondary injuries.

 OPENING OF EMERGENCY RESETTLEMENT

SITES AND DISTRIBUTION OF RESCUE
MATERIALS
At the same time of on-site rescue, it is decided whether to use the
resettlement site according to the severity of the incident. When the
organizer of emergency response decides to use these places, it should
immediately do a good job in rescue work, such as personnel receiving
and resettlement. In particular, it is necessary to do a good job in the
digital management of personnel and materials, and submit the specific
resettlement situation to organizers of emergency disposal.

 INCIDENT RECOVERY
After an emergency occurs, the organizer of the emergency response
shall, according to the needs of the response, issue prevention and
response tips to the public through radio, television, newspapers,
websites, outdoor display screens, short messages, etc., and mobilize all
social forces to assist in the rescue and response work. After the rescue on
site is completed, the site shall be cleaned up in time to repair the
damaged traffic facilities and restore normal traffic order. After the
emergency respond is completed and the elimination of hazardous factors
is confirmed, the graded response initiating unit shall decide and
announce the end of the emergency disposal. Relevant departments carry
out post-disaster recovery and reconstruction, such as allocating rescue
funds and materials, investigating the causes of the incident, and
resuming production and living plans.

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC):

ETC supports the collection of payment at toll plazas using automated
systems that increase the operational efficiency and convenience of toll
collection. Systems typically consist of vehicle-mounted transponders
identified by electronic readers located in dedicated or mixed-use lanes at
toll plazas. ETC has the potential to significantly increase mobility on the
nation’s transportation system.

 Ramp Meter (RM): Traffic signals on freeway ramp meters

alternate between red and green signals to control the flow of
vehicles entering the freeway. Metering rates can be altered based
on freeway traffic conditions
 Red Light Camera (RLC): According to the USDOT Federal
Highway Administration’s Priority, Market-Ready Technologies
and Innovations, RLCs detect a motor vehicle that passes over
sensors in the pavement after a traffic signal has turned red. The
sensors connect to computers in high-speed cameras, which take
two photographs of the violation. Typically, the first photo is taken
of the front of the vehicle when it enters the intersection, and the
second photo is taken of the rear of the vehicle when the vehicle is
in the intersection. Law enforcement officials review the
photograph, and a citation is mailed to the registered owner of the
vehicle.

 Red Light Camera (RLC):According to the USDOT Federal

Highway Administration’s Priority, Market-Ready Technologies
and Innovations, RLCs detect a motor vehicle that passes over
sensors in the pavement after a traffic signal has turned red. The
sensors connect to computers in high-speed cameras, which take
two photographs of the violation. Typically, the first photo is taken
of the front of the vehicle when it enters the intersection, and the
second photo is taken of the rear of the vehicle when the vehicle is
in the intersection. Law enforcement officials review the
photograph, and a citation is mailed to the registered owner of the
vehicle.

 Transit Signal Priority (TSP): TSP gives special treatment to

transit vehicles at signalized intersections. TSP systems use sensors
to detect approaching transit vehicles and alter signal timings to
improve transit performance. For example, some systems extend
the duration of green signals for public transportation vehicles
when necessary. Because transit vehicles can hold many people,
giving priority to transit can potentially increase the person
throughput of an intersection.

 Traveller Information Systems (TIS): According to the USDOT

ITS JPO’s Developing Traveller Information Systems Using the
 National ITS Architecture, effective TIS are multimodal and
support many categories of drivers and travellers. Traveller
information applications use a variety of technologies, including
Internet websites, telephone hotlines, and television and radio, to
allow users to make informed decisions regarding trip departures,
routes, and mode of travel.

ROAD SAFETY SOLUTIONS:

Roadway Safety Systems
Technology embedded in or adjacent to roadways also plays a key role in
improving driver, passenger, and pedestrian safety. Sensors or cameras
can be embedded in roads, traffic signals, and other strategic locations to
collect and transmit real-time information about vehicles, driving
conditions, and potential hazards. These technologies work together to
make our roads “smarter” and safer. Examples include:

Intersection collision avoidance systems:

use sensors to monitor traffic approaching dangerous intersections and
warn vehicles of approaching cross traffic via roadside signage.
Intersection collisions account for approximately one-third of all crashes
in the United States, and test deployments have indicated that these
systems are effective in both reducing the speed of approaching vehicles
and reducing the number of collisions at dangerous intersections.

• Dynamic curve warning systems:

use radar to measure the speed of vehicles approaching a curve, display
the speed at which the curve can be safely negotiated on electronic signs,
and warn drivers to slow down based on real-world conditions.

Wildlife detection systems:

use infrared or other detection technologies to identify large animals
approaching the roadway. When animals are detected, drivers are alerted
through flashing signs. These systems are particularly important in rural
areas where fatal crashes are almost five times more likely to be
associated with animals than in metropolitan areas.

• Road weather sensors:

can deliver information to travellers in real-time about icy bridges, water
on the road, rain or fog ahead, and other potentially hazardous conditions
through dynamic message signs, highway advisory radio, and in vehicle
navigation systems

Incident management and Emergency Response:

Technology exists today to help identify and respond quickly to crashes,
which can be especially critical in rural areas. Receiving appropriate care
within the first hour after traumatic injury can greatly increase a crash
victim’s chance of survival. Examples include:

• Automatic crash notification systems:

use on-board sensors to detect evidence of a collision. When the
vehicle’s sensors detect a crash, the vehicle automatically communicates
with a call centre and transmits information on the vehicle’s location.
• Emergency vehicle pre-emption:
technology provides the right-of-way to emergency vehicles at traffic
lights so they can respond more quickly to traffic incidents.
• Real-time data sharing:
between emergency responders, police, and traffic managers is now
possible through coordinated traffic management and emergency
operation centres equipped with cameras, sensors, and other technology.

Travel Information Systems:

To make things more convenient to drivers, a wide variety of information
systems for travellers have recently evolved. Examples of this technology
include the following

Route Guidance Systems:

have greatly improved in recent years. They include on-board, off-board,
and smartphone-based systems. These navigation systems now use
geographic and real-time traffic information and can select optimal routes
in a roadway network from specific origins to specific destinations. These
systems attempt to minimize some criteria, such as travel time, travel
distance, or even GHG emissions.
Geo-Location Systems:
are typically coupled with route guidance systems to allow users to find
specific locations, cutting down on excessive driving (e.g., searching for a
gasoline filling station, open parking space, etc.)

Electronic Payment Systems:

are becoming increasingly prevalent. They enable payment of tolls and
fees without stopping the vehicle to complete the financial transaction.
All of these systems add convenience for the traveller whilereducingGHG
emissions. As described above, a route guidance system will cut back on
unnecessary travel that may occur when a driver gets lost or chooses a
long, out-of-the-way path. In-route driver information can result in
reducedGHG emissions associated with driving around, searching for
these specific goals. Electronic payment systems eliminate the need for a
driver to decelerate the vehicle, idle while a manual transaction takes
place, then accelerate the vehicle back to a desired speed. If this payment
can occur without slowing down, GHG emissions are reduced.

Traffic Management Systems:

Over the last several decades, the total amount of driving, as measured in
VMT,has grown significantly, contributing to severe roadway congestion
in many urban areas. Building additional infrastructure to handle the
increase in travel demand is not always possible. However, a number of
ITS-based Traffic Management System solutions can help mitigate
congestion, including the following:

Traffic Monitoring Systems:

are improving with better sensor technology, more reliable
communication channels, and more advanced information processing
capability. In addition to providing transportation managers with better
real-time information, new data processing techniques are being
developed to estimate traffic flow, density, and speed, as well as other
microscopic traffic parameters. This real-time traffic information can be
used for better traffic system management and for individual drivers
choosing alternative routes, resulting in reduced congestion.

Traffic Incident Management:

techniques are important tools for early detection and rapid removal of
incidents (i.e., accidents, disabled vehicles, etc.), so that normal traffic
operations recover as quickly as possible.

Integrated Corridor Management:

techniques, such as innovative rampmetering for freeway access ramps,
and advanced signal timing algorithms on arterial networks, work
together to help keep traffic flowing as smoothly as possible through the
corridor, greatly reducing the amount of idling.

Travel Demand Management:

Is another critical element of traffic management? By reducing the
number of vehicles on a congested roadway or spreading out the peak of
traffic volume through pricing and other techniques, traffic flow will
improve, resulting in lower GHG emissions.
Benefits of Intelligent Transport System (ITS)
The investments in ITS will help increase the benefits and efficiencies of
transportation systems, thereby reducing the need for much costlier
physical expansion of systems. This optimism is not to be confused
confus as
any kind of illusion that new infrastructure expansion in India can be
avoided altogether by resorting to ITS. Significant expansion of
infrastructure will still be needed in India for a long time to come. But
including ITS in the overall development strategy of India’s
transportation system can increase the number of beneficiaries of the
system, significantly enhance the transportation-related safety which is a
major concern in most parts of India and in some cases reduce the scale
of infrastructure expansion.
Thus, a realistic approach to ITS deployment in India would consist of a
balanced component of ITS as part of the ongoing expansion of
transportation system. ITS initiatives in industrialized countries have
clearly identified a number of benefits associated with such projects.
Even though ITS projects are implemented with specific objectives with
specific benefits in mind, the overall benefits to the society may prove to
be quite substantial in many cases. For example, Toronto’s COMPASS
Freeway Traffic Management System, one of the first and successful ITS
projects in the world has been subjected to a great deal of scrutiny to
evaluate its benefits.
COMPASS has been found to reduce the incident response times from 86
minutes to 30 minutes, the overall vehicle delay by 5.3 million vehicle-
hours per year, the overall emission by 3,100 tonnes per year and the
operating costs of commercial vehicles by $55 million per year. Cities in
the United States have reported an increase in throughout by 25% and
reduction in travel times by 25% after implementing appropriate ITS
initiatives.
The following is a list of identified benefits of ITS projects:
· Reduced rush hour congestion and delay
· Increased safety and personal security
· Time savings and operation efficiencies
· Reduced fuel consumption and emissions
· Improved customer service and reduced frustration
· Reduced road accidents and fatalities and
· Enhanced economic productivity.
Classification of ITS

Advanced public transport system: (APTS)

APTS technologies are a collection of technologies that increase the
efficiency and safety of public transportation systems and offer users
greater access to information on system operations. The implementation
of APTS technologies is transforming the way public transportation
systems operate, and changing the nature of the transportation services
that can be offered by public transportation systems. The goal is to
provide public transportation decision-makers more information to make
effective decisions on systems and operations and to increase travellers
Convenience and rider ship.
APTS technologies can be organized into three broad categories that
describe the technologies relevance to transit applications. Each category
is comprised of a variety of technology choices that are available to help
transport agencies and organizations meet traveller’s service needs while
increasing safety and efficiency. The three APTS technology categories
are: fleet management system, travellers information system and
electronic payment system.
Advanced Traveller Information System: (ATIS)
Advanced travellers information systems (ATIS), a part of new
technology applications in transportation, provide accurate and timely
information that help travellers to select routes, times of travel and travel
modes. They work even better with inclusion of geographic tourist guides
and yellow pages that enable travellers to select destinations based on
proximity to other places. Deliver data directly to travellers, empowering
them to make better choices about alternate routes or modes of
transportation. When archived, this historical data provides transportation
planners with accurate travel pattern information, optimizing the
transportation planning process.
Advanced Traffic Management System: (ATMS)
This system can benefit the public with improved traffic and public
safety, by monitoring the flow of traffic and making appropriate decisions
in a timely manner. Additional benefits include less fuel consumption and
reduced environmental impact. They employ a variety of relatively
inexpensive detectors, cameras, and communication systems to monitor
traffic, optimize signal timings on major arterials, and control the flow of
traffic.
Automated Highway System: (AHS)
An automated highway system (AHS) refers to a specially equipped
highway lane in which vehicles are automatically controlled; that is, the
vehicles steering, brakes and throttle are controlled by the system, not the
driver. Vehicle-mounted sensors are used to judge the vehicle's position
by visual data on the lane marking. It then uses this information to steer
the vehicle. The system keeps the vehicle in the same lane provided it
senses no obstacles in the road ahead. If it detects a slow-moving vehicle
ahead, it directs the vehicle to change lanes, provided the way is clear.
Once it has overtaken the obstacle, the system returns the vehicle to the
original lane. If the next lane is occupied, the system slows the vehicle to
maintain a safe braking distance. If a vehicle ahead has come to a stop,
the vehicle is smoothly brought to a stop. The AHS lanes and the vehicles
that operate on them are likely to have special sensors, computers and
communications devices to permit the automated control. To travel on an
AHS, a driver of an AHSequipped vehicle might pull into the designated
lanes, perhaps similar to some of today’s high-occupancy vehicle (HOV)
lanes.
Incident management system:
Intelligent transportation systems offer many types of information. They
may offer real-time information about traffic conditions, such as variable
message signs (Fig:2) to warn of accidents or other delays. ITS controls
the flow of traffic via traffic signals, or by opening and closing special
gated lanes that allow commuters to access additional traffic lanes in one
direction or the other, depending on the time of day, and the direction of
the heaviest commuter traffic flow. Some applications provide fog
sensors that activate road lights in areas where heavy fog can occur and
cause extremely hazardous driving conditions. These fog sensors may
also be used to send a message to a variable message sign located before
the foggy section to warn motorists of the upcoming hazard.
They provide traffic operators with the tools to allow quick and efficient
response to accidents, hazardous spills, and other emergencies. There are
major corridors where traffic flows are very heavy. Any small incident
obstructs the flow, resulting in huge losses in terms of fuel and time.
Consequently, conducting surveillance on corridors and identifying
incidents causing problems can be useful in saving economic losses.
Surveillance systems are based on electronically operated cameras or
loop detectors embedded in pavements. Enables authorities to identify
and to respond to vehicle crashes or breakdowns with the most
appropriate and timely emergency services, thereby minimizing recovery
times.
Electronic toll collection system:
ETC is based on vehicle roadside communication system; more precisely,
it is an application of electronic signature detection to passenger and
commercial vehicle traffic for the purpose of collecting tolls. Here is how
it works: when a vehicle passes through the toll gate, a microwave tag
(noncontact IC card) exchanges information both ways between the gate
and the vehicle to automatically subtract the toll from, for example, a
prepaid card or a bank account. This method offers a huge increase in
efficiency compared to manual toll collection, and should reduce traffic
congestion at toll-booths, save energy, and reduce exhaust
emissions(Fig:3.1) ETC (Electronic Toll Collection System) is a system
by which drivers can pay tolls without having to stop at a tollbooth. The
collection of fees is performed electronically by way of equipment
installed in the vehicle and sensors at the toll location.
 CONCLUSION

Traffic control has been an issue since humans put the first wheels on the
first cart. The modern world demands mobility. Cars represent the main
method of mobility, but today’s congested highways and city streets don’t
move fast, and sometimes they don’t move at all. Intelligent traffic
systems (ITS), sometimes called intelligent transportation systems, apply
communications and information technology to provide solutions to this
congestion as well as other traffic control issues.
Traffic control has been an issue since humans put the first wheels on the
first cart. The modern world demands mobility. Cars represent the main
method of mobility, but today’s congested highways and city streets don’t
move fast, and sometimes they don’t move at all. Intelligent traffic
systems (ITS), sometimes called intelligent transportation systems, apply
communications and information technology to provide solutions to this
congestion as well as other traffic control issues.