Engineering Materials

Student Notes

Note
This document contains the important points discussed in the pre-recorded courseware. It will help in revising the
important concepts related to Engineering Materials course.

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 Engineering Materials

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Lecture 7 Notes
Focus Topics:
 Line Defects or Dislocation
 Edge Dislocations and their influence on plastic deformation
 Screw Dislocations
KEY POINTS
LINE DEFECTS
It is dislocations or one dimensional defects around which some of the atoms are
misaligned. It is introduced into the crystal during solidification of material or when
material will deformed permanently. There are three types of line defects; Edge
dislocation, screw dislocation and mixed dislocation.
EDGE DISLOCATION
Edge dislocation can be described as slicing part way through a perfect crystal,
spreading the crystal apart, and party filling the cut with an extra plane of atoms.
 The bottom edge of this inserted plane
represents edge dislocation.
 There is some localized lattice distortion around
the region of dislocation line. Atoms above the
dislocation line are squeezed too closely
together, while below the dislocation line are
stretched too far apart

Edge dislocation
 It is represented by the symbol ┴ which also indicates the position of the
dislocation line. If same edge dislocation formed in the bottom portion of the
crystal is referred as negative edge dislocation and represented by the symbol
Τ.
 The vector required to complete or close the loop is the Burger vector. If we
describe a clockwise loop around the edge dislocation, starting at point x and
going equal numbers of atoms spacing in each direction, we finish at y, one atom
spacing from starting point. So, vector y to x called as Burger vector.
 Edge dislocation lies perpendicular to its Burgers vector and moves in its slip
plane in the direction of the Burgers vector
SCREW DISLOCATION
Screw dislocations can be described as cutting partway through a perfect crystal, then
skewing the crystal one atom spacing. Formed by a shear stress that is applied to
produce the distortion.

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 Engineering Materials

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Screw dislocation
 The upper front region of the crystal is shifted one atomic distance to the right
relative to the bottom portion. The atomic distortion associated with a screw
dislocation is also linear and along a dislocation line, line AB
 If we follow a crystallographic plane one revolution around the axis on which the
crystal was skewed, we shall finish one atom spacing below our starting point.
The vector required to complete the loop is the Burger vector b in fig. if we
continued our rotation, we would trace out a spiral path and the axis around which
trace out this path is the screw dislocation.
 Screw dislocation lies parallel to its Burgers vector and moves in the slip plane
in the direction perpendicular to the Burgers vector.
 It is represented by the symbol .

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 Engineering Materials

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MIXED DISLOCATION
Most dislocations found in crystalline materials are neither pure edge nor pure screw,
but components of both types; these are termed mixed dislocations.

Mixed dislocation
 The lattice distortion that is produced away from the two faces is mixed, having
varying degrees of screw and edge character.
 Burgers vector are neither perpendicular nor parallel for a mixed dislocation.
Also, even though a dislocation changes direction and nature within a crystal
 The magnitude and direction of the lattice distortion associated with a dislocation
is expressed in terms of a Burgers vector, denoted by b.
DISLOCATION MOTION
Cubic and hexagonal metals plastically deformed by plastic share or slip, where one
plane of atoms slides over adjacent plane by dislocation motion. If dislocations don’t
move deformation doesn’t occur.

Dislocation motion
 When a share force acting in the direction of the burgers vector to crystal
containing a dislocations, dislocation moves by breaking the bonds between the
atoms in one plane.
 The cut plane is shifted slightly to establish bounds with original partial plane of
atoms. This shift causes the dislocation to move one atom spacing to the side.

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 Engineering Materials

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If this process continues, the dislocation move through the crystal until a step is
produced on the exterior of the crystal, i.e. crystal has been deformed.
TECHNIQUE TO OBSERVE DISLOCATION
 Dislocations can be observed in crystalline materials
using electron-microscopic techniques.
 The dark lines are the dislocations visualize in high-
magnification transmission electron micrograph.

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Students. Copying or posting of its content is an infringement of copyright. 4