FOUNDATIONAL PHILOSOPHIES

OF EDUCATION

GROUP 1. BCAED 2-A

Shiela Marie Mostar
Rachelle Ann Salomon
Kristine D. Alarzar
Jeicel Bandoquillo
CLASSICAL PHILOSOPHIES
 1. IDEALISM

• also known as philosophical idealism or

metaphysical idealism, is the set of metaphysical
perspectives asserting that, most fundamentally,
reality is equivalent to mind, spirit, or
consciousness; that reality is entirely a mental
construct; or that ideas are the highest form of
reality or have the greatest claim to being
considered "real".
 PROPONENT OF IDEALISM

• Idealism is considered one of the

oldest philosophical systems, whose
main proponent was the Greek
philosopher, Plato.
 PLATO

• Platonic idealism is Plato's concept of the perfect

Forms that everything in material reality comes
from but only as an imitation of these Forms.
According to Plato, the ideal Forms are known
because everyone comes from the Realm of Forms
at birth and returns in death.
 IDEALISM EDUC ATION IMPLIC ATIONS

• considers student as an individuals with

inner potentials. Education should help the
student to realize these potentials.
Curriculum should consist of those
knowledge and experiences which help the
student to attained development.
 2. REALISM

• is a school of philosophy with origins in the work of

Aristotle. This philosophy emphasizes that “reality,
knowledge, and value exist independent of the human mind
”Realists argue for the use of the senses and scientific
investigation in order to discover truth. The application of
the scientific method also allows individuals to classify
things into different groups based on their essential
differences.
 ARISTOTLE (384 – 322 BCE):

• is known as the father of realism and the

Scientific Method. His pragmatic approach
to underquote by Aristotle: "It is the mark
of an educated mind to be able to entertain
a thought without accepting it.“ standing an
object, by understanding is form, is an
example of how he investigated matter.
 REALISM EDUC ATION IMPLIC ATIONS

• Within a realist educational philosophy, the

curricular focus is on scientific research and
development. Outcomes of this thinking in
classrooms today include the appearance of
standardized tests, serialized textbooks, and
specialized curriculum (Johnson et. al., 2011).
Teaching methods used in realism include:
• Demonstration Visual of a standardized test sheet with and
hand holding a pencil filling in the bubbles.
1. Recitation
2. Critical Thinking
3. Observation
4. Experimentation
 3. PRAGMATISM

• is “a process philosophy that stresses

evolving and change rather than being”
(Johnson et. al., 2011, p. 91). In other words,
pragmatists believe that reality is constantly
changing so we learn best through
experience.
KEY PHILOSOPHERS
 PEIRCE (1839 – 1914):

• Charles Sanders Peirce is one of

the first pragmatic thinkers. He
introduced the pragmatic method in
which students are supplied a
procedure for constructing and
clarifying meanings.
 DEWEY (1859 – 1952):

• Quote by Dewey: "We do not learn from

experience....we learn from reflecting on
experience.“ John Dewey linked pragmatism to
evolution by explaining that human beings are
creatures who have to adapt to one another and
to their environment”.
 PRAGMATISM EDUC ATION
IMPLIC ATIONS

• A pragmatist educational philosophy calls

for teachers who can support students
learning by promoting questioning and
problem-solving during the natural course
of lesson delivery. The curriculum is also
interdisciplinary.Teaching methods used in
pragmatism include:
1.Hands-on problem solving
2.Experimenting
3.Projects
4.Cooperative Learning.
 4. EXISTENTIALISM

• is a school of philosophy that “focuses on the

importance of the individual rather than on
external standards”. Existentialists believe that our
reality is made up of nothing more than our lived
experiences, therefore our final realities reside
within each of us as individuals. As such, the
physical world has no real meaning outside our
human experience.
KEY PHILOSOPHERS
 KIERKEGAARD (1813 -1855)

KIERKEGAARD (1813-1855) NIETZSCHE (1844-1900)

• Soren • Friedrich Nietzcshe

Kierkegaard was a stressed the
Danish minister and
philosopher. He is importance of the
considered to be the individuality of each
founder of person.
existentialism.
 EXISTENTIALISM EDUC ATION
IMPLIC ATIONS

• Within an existentialist classroom, the

subject matter should be a matter of
personal choice as each student is viewed as
an individual by the teacher. Furthermore,
answers come from within the individual in
an existential classroom, not from the
teacher.
MODERN PHILOSOPHY
 5. PERENNIALISM

• is identified as a very conservative theory of

education. Rooted in the following schools of
thought: idealism, realism, and neo-Thomism, the
educational focus of Perennialism is on finding
universal truths and absolutes associated with
reason and faith. According to this theory of
education, truth is universal and does not change.
 PERENNIALISM EDUCATION
IMPLIC ATIONS

• believe that the focus of education should

be the ideas that have lasted over centuries.
They believe the ideas are as relevant and
meaningful today as when they were
written. They recommend that students
learn from reading and analyzing the works
by history's finest thinkers and writers.
 6. PROGRESSIVISM

• is a very student-centered philosophy of education. Rooted

in pragmatism, the educational focus of progressivism is on
engaging students in real-world problem- solving activities
in a democratic and cooperative learning environment. In
order to solve these problems, students apply the scientific
method. This ensures that they are actively engaged in the
learning process as well as taking a practical approach to
finding answers to real-world problems.
 SOME OF THE KE Y INSTRUCTIONAL
ME THODS USE D B Y PROGRE SSIVIST
TE ACHE RS INCLUDE :

1. Promoting the application of

1. Promoting discovery and self-
projects to enhance learning.
directly learning.
2. Engaging students in critical
2. Engaging students in active learning.
thinking.
3. Integrating socially relevant themes.
3. Challenging students to work on
4. Promoting values of community, their problem solving skills.
cooperation, tolerance, justice, and
4. Developing decision making
democratic equality.
techniques.
5. Encouraging the use of group
5. Utilizing cooperative learning
activities.
strategies.
 7. HUMANISM

• teachers believe that students will be

motivated to learn a subject if it's something
they need and want to know.The goal of
education should be to foster students'
desire to learn and teach them how to
learn. Students should be self-motivated in
their studies and desire to learn on their
own.
 PROPONENT OF HUMANISM

• Humanism is a perspective within

psychology that emphasizes the potential
for good that is innate to all humans.Two of
the most well-known proponents of
humanistic psychology are Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers.
 HUMANISM EDUC ATION IMPLIC ATIONS

• Instruction should be intrinsic rather than

extrinsic; instructional design should be student
centered. Students should learn about their
cultural heritage as part of self-discovery and self-
esteem. Curriculum should promote
experimentation and discovery; open-ended
activities.
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!