REVIEWER

Lesson 1: BASIC ELEMENTS OF A SHORT STORY

1. Character– A character in a short story is a person, in some stories an animal, who takes part in the
action of the story or other literary work. The way an author develops the character in a story is very
important in making the story appeal to the readers. It is said that the heart of the story are the characters.
The two most important characters in a short story are the protagonist and the antagonist.

a. The protagonist is considered as the main character or most important of all the characters. It is the
character who learns something or undergoes some changes throughout the course of the story. Some
stories depict the protagonist as the hero of the story, while in other stories the protagonist is not
considered a hero as he has done nothing heroic. In any case, the story always revolves around the
protagonist.
b. The antagonist is the character that challenges the main character. It has no concern for the well-being
of the main character. The antagonist may be a person, the nature, the society, or any intangible matter
that contends with or creates a problem for the protagonist.

2. Setting– The place (locale) and time (period )when the story happens is called the setting. The setting
may be based on real place and real time or it may also be based on the author’s imagination. When
analyzing the setting of the story, consider where the action is taking place. Most authors use descriptive
words to describe the landscape, scenery, buildings, season, or weather to provide a strong sense of
setting which will help the reader visualize the story and connect to the story’s plot.

3. Plot– A plot is the actual story. It is what the story is all about. It is also the series of events and
characters’ actions that lead to the highest point of interest in a short story. The following are the different
parts of a story’s structure:

a. Exposition –This is the beginning of the story. This is where the author introduces the characters,
identifies where the story is happening, and establishes the main conflict.
b. Rising Action–This event occurs as you begin to move throughout the story. This is where conflicts
start to build.
c. Climax– It is the most exciting part of a short story. This is the part in the story when important
decisions are made or important things are discovered.
d. Falling Action– This point occurs after the climax as the problems in the story start to work themselves
out. The excitement becomes less and less as the conflict is resolved.
e. Resolution– This is the solution to the problem in a story. The solution may not be what you hoped for
but as long as it fits the story in tone and theme, the conflict has been resolved.
4. Conflict– Every story needs to have a problem and this problem is called conflict. The main character,
also called the protagonist, needs to have someone or something to challenge him. Without conflict, the
story will not go anywhere and will not be very interesting to the readers. The main character may be
faced with one of the four different types of conflict. These four types of conflict are:
● man versus man;
● man versus nature;
● man versus himself; and
● man versus society.

5. Theme- This is the central idea in a short story and a general truth. This is considered as the author’s
message to the readers.

6. Point of View – This is the way the story is told or narrated. It is also known as the vantage point that a
writer uses to narrate the story. The following are the types of point of view in a short story:

a. First Person – the narrator participates in and tells the story using the pronoun ‘I’.
b. Limited Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and narrates using the pronouns ‘she’ or ‘he’.
Also, the narrator is unable to see into the minds of the characters.
c. Omniscient Third Person – the narrator is not in the story and tells the story using the pronouns ‘she’ or
‘he’. In this point of view, the narrator can tell the thoughts of the characters as he can see into their
minds.

Lesson 2: READING APPROACH, SKIMMING, SCANNING, EXTENSIVE READING

Reading Approach:
Teachers use reading approach as one of the methods in teaching English. This approach is one way
of solving students’ reading problems. Students are demanded to read more to improve their knowledge
and get new ideas. Inferencing, guessing, and predicting are important skills developed in reading. By
reading, students will know about the different of culture by reading across cultural understanding, and
they will learn how to pronounce the words correctly. In reading approach, students are expected to
improve their English skills.
Skimming:
In skimming, the main idea of a text is quickly identified. The goal is to read shorter texts to extract
accurate detailed information. Skimming is done at a speed three to four times faster than regular reading.
People often skim when they have lots of material to read in a limited amount of time. Some students will
read the first and last paragraphs using headings, summarizes and other organizers as they move down the
page or screen. Some might also read the title, subtitles, subheadings, and illustrations. Other people
consider reading the first sentence of each paragraph. Skimming works well to find dates, names, and
places. It might be used to review graphs, tables, and charts. This technique is useful when you are
seeking specific information rather than reading for comprehension.

Scanning:
Scanning is quickly reading a text to get the summary of it. It is a technique wherein students search for
keywords or ideas. Scanning involves moving eyes quickly down the page seeking specific words and
phrases. Scanning is also used for the reader to find answers to questions. Once a student scanned the
document, they will go back and skim it.
Purposes of Scanning

 To search for a word in a dictionary or index

 To find a phone number or an address in a directory

 To check the time schedule of a program in an agenda

 To check the price of a specific item in a catalog

 To know a particular information from a text

Extensive reading:
Extensive Reading is an approach to language learning, including foreign language learning, by means of
a large amount of reading. The reader’s view and review of unfamiliar words in a specific context will
allow the reader to infer the word’s meaning, to learn unknown words. Extensive Reading is the free
reading of books and other written material that is not too difficult for readers. Extensive Reading is
sometimes called Free Voluntary Reading.

LESSON 3: LITERARY GENRES (GRAPHIC FICTION AND FLASH FICTION)

LITERARY GENRES
Graphic fiction or a graphic novel is a comic book narrative that is equivalent in form and dimension to
the prose novel (Campbell 200, 81).
The pictures are arranged in sequenced in image panels and dialogues are written in speech bubbles. The
illustrations allow the readers to imagine and experience the characters and events in the story. Here are
some of the features of graphic fiction or graphic novel according to Singh (2012).
1. Autographic forms are the marks of author’s handwriting which creates an impact that the whole novel
is a manuscript and thus provides a sense of intimacy.
2. Graphic novels encourage interactivity in the minds of the reader as he fills in the blanks image panels
3. Filling in the blanks between image panels makes the reader imagine the actions portrayed in the story.
4. The language, syntax, and meaning of a graphic novel spring primarily through the relationship
between images than words.
5. Graphic fiction combines book and screen Some of the examples of graphic novels are the following:
a. “In the Shadow of No Towers: 9/11” by Art Spielgelman in 2004 which tells the story about the
terrorist attack on September 11, in America. This also depicts the traumatic and tragic experience of
American people during the 9/11 terrorist attack.
b. “The Barn Owl’s Wondrous Capers” by Sarnath Banerjee in 2009 portrays 18th Century Calcutta
exploiting the myth of the “Wandering Jew.”
c. “Louis Riel” by Chester Brown in 2003 is a fictionalized violent rebellion in the 19th Century on the
Canadian prairie who led by Riel.

Flash fiction is imaginative literature of extreme brevity.

It could range from a word to a thousand (Gacusan 2018). It is known as micro stories, postcard fiction,
nanotales and short shorts. According to Sustana (2020), most of the flash fictions have these
common characteristics.
1. Brevity. Flash fiction presents the story with fewest words as possible.
2. Complete plot. Flash fiction emphasizes the development of plot. It has a beginning, middle,
and ending of the story.
3. Surprising ending. The successful hallmark of a flash fiction is its twist at the end of the story. Here
are some of the flash fictions:
a. “Angels and Blueberries” by Tara Campbell is a story of various explanations for the color of the sky
that involves angels and blueberries. First line: “Why is the sky blue?” you ask. Well, it is all depends
on who’s answering.
b. “Taylor Swift” by Hugh Behm-Steinberg tells a weird story of how anyone can order perfectly clone
of Taylor Swift at his doorsteps.
First line: “You’re in love; it’s great, you swipe on your phone and order: the next day a Taylor Swift
clone shows up at your house.”
c. “Unnecessary Things” by Tatyana Tolstaya is a story of finding an old and torn teddy bear,
“unnecessary things” (items that do not serve any useful purpose), that she adored as a child.
First line: This Teddy bear once had amber eyes made from special glass- each one had a pupil and
an iris. The bear itself was gray and stiff, with wiry fur. I adored him.
LESSON 4: LITERARY GENRE ON CREATIVE MULTIMEDIA PRESENTATION
Multimedia is an essential avenue to transform unique adaptations of a literary, thus making learning
outputs interesting and productive. To have a creative adaptation of literary genres, the following
concepts have to take into considerations:

A. Multimedia and its Concepts

A multimedia is an electronic application used to teach lessons or to further educate learners on a

particular topic. It is a presentation of material that uses both words and pictures in a combination of
text, voice, picture or video. Using interactive digital tools to tell a story is called digital storytelling and
often uses a combination of multimedia venues to complete the task. The use of multimedia allows
educational ideas and materials to be presented in a more artistic, inspired and engaging way.

B. Uses of Multimedia and its Formats

There are many uses of multimedia for a deeper understanding of a lesson. Audiobooks are ideal
for second-language learners. Song files and music videos can be used to compare social norms in
different eras. Multimedia can offer students a better understanding of the lesson.
The multimedia formats from various media include: text and graphics for slideshows, presentations,
diagrams and infographics. Audio has podcasts and recordings. Screen captures, lecture captures and
animation are examples of video components of multimedia. Other multimedia components include
blogs, vlogs, webinars and other interactive content.
Multimedia applications include the interaction of different media types like animation, video, text and
sound. It has become a part of our lives as soon as we entered the digital age. Before the modern
technology, there are tools helping us appreciate some of the types of multimedia such as videos
on television. There are various components of multimedia such as:

1. Videos

Digital video is a primary component in multimedia, especially those that appear online and on
television. The different formats of these types of multimedia include WMI, AVI, MPED and flash.
Some of these formats are better than others because they load faster and can be viewed or loaded
using different platforms and operating systems.
Many videos have changed formats ever since the mobile phone industry became more
advanced in technology.
Many of the video formats require plug-ins on browsers and specific mobile applications to load. here
is a list of multimedia formats:
 2. Animation

Animation is a form of art for most people, especially those that are in the business of producing
animated movies. Right now, animation has become interactive, allowing users to directly affect
the outcome of animated components and events. Flash is the most common platform for
animation, and using this component, the interactivity of animation is enhanced.

3. Text

Text has always been and will always be the most common among the types of multimedia
components in different applications. Text in combination with other media components can make
any application more user-friendly. By using text, interactivity is increased. Text elements are
particularly important for accessibility purposes. Users of an application need to input text for the
system to identify them. Text is also used to create a digital signature, such as in passwords

4. Images

Digital image files are needed to create videos and animation. A user would sooner go to a website
filled with colorful photographs than one that contains only text elements. Familiar image formats
include jpeg and png. These formats permit editing. Images are created by graphic designers using
various software.

5. Audio

Voiceovers comprise a tremendous number of the types of multimedia components. Audio files include
background music and special effects. Any audio in an application is designed to improve a user’s
experience.
Characteristics of a Multimedia
● Multimedia can be used in the presentations, making them more fun and interesting.
● A multimedia presentation has various viewing options such as projector or a media player and the like.
● You can also download the multimedia presentation or play it live.
● The technology of multimedia can also be used to make the information be conveyed more easily to the
user.
● Multimedia technology has improved the learning experience by combining various forms of media
together
Benefits of Using Multimedia
● Digital storytelling allows students to improve their knowledge about a specific subject and
increases skills such as writing, researching and reading.
● Using multimedia improves a learner’s overall academic performance. In particular, multimedia in the
classroom is used for self-directed learning or SDL.
● Students manage their time and assess what needs to be included in their learning activities. This style
of learning is used mostly with older students who already know how to manipulate many of the
multimedia venues available to them.

LESSON 5: Literary Adaptations with ICT Skills Empowerment

A. The Basic Elements of a Short Story
1. Character | The character element is the person or people in a story. Sometimes the characters are not
human, some may be animals or spirits. Incidentally, even when non-human characters are used, they
tend to have human characteristics.
Characters are usually of two types:
-the protagonist and the antagonist. The protagonist is the main character. He or she is in conflict with
another character, who is known as the antagonist.
An example of a protagonist and an antagonist are Superman, the protagonist, and Lex Luthor, the
antagonist.
2. Setting | The first important element of a short story is the setting. The setting refers to the time and
place that the event(s) in the story take place.
3. Plot | The plot refers to the flow of events in the story. Essentially, the plot refers to what is happening
in the story.
4. Conflict | The conflict or complication refers to the tension, the fight or the struggle between the
various characters or forces in the story. This actually gives fuel to the story and influences its flow (i.e.
its plot). Without the conflict, then you have no story.
5. Climax | The climax is the most exciting part of a story. It is when the conflict is about to or is getting
resolved.
6. Theme | This element refers to the topic that the writer writes or comments on in his or her writing.
The theme is the motif of the story, that is, it permeates the whole story and recurs throughout the
narrative. An example of a theme is the topic of "bravery" in Harry Potter.

B. Information and Communication Technology or ICT

Information and communications technology (ICT) refers to all the technology used to handle
telecommunications, broadcast media, intelligent building management systems, audiovisual processing
and transmission systems, and network-based control and monitoring functions. ICT is often considered
an extended synonym for information technology (IT).
Information Technology (IT) is the use of computers to store, retrieve, transmit, and manipulate data, or
information. IT system is generally an information system, a communications system or, more
specifically speaking, a computer system – including all hardware, software, and peripheral equipment –
operated by a limited group of users.

LESSON 6: ICT Skills

ICT skills are about understanding and applying a range of computer programs, software, and other
applications. These include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, slide presentations, and search
engines.
ICT skills are being manifested if you can do the following:

- type / encode your document; bring out your best writing using MS Wordword processor

- manipulate numbers and data for computation; discover and connect to data, analysis using MS Excel – number processor

- generate slides for presentation; design professional presentations using

- MS PowerPoint – slide presentation

- create everything from labels to newswriting and marketing materials using MS Publisher

- copy (Ctrl+C) and paste (Ctrl+V) any items from internet – images, video clips, music and be able to embed them in your outputs

- cite source(s) on any imported images, video clips, music ---to avoid plagiarism

- manage browsing websites

- save any files with appropriate file formats

- associate yourself as a Techie person (one who has smart and clever ways of manipulating computer and other related gadgets).

D. Components of ICT
The term Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is generally accepted to mean all
technologies that, combined, allow people and organizations to interact in the digital world.
LESSON 6: SELF AND PEER ASSESSMENT

What is the importance of Peer and Self-Assessment?

As a student, it is important that one must know how to do peer and self-assessment. Here are the
reasons according to the University of Reading:
1. It encourages you to take responsibility for your learning by encouraging engagement with
assessment criteria and reflection of your own performance and that of your peers. Through this, you
can learn from your previous mistakes, identify your strengths and weaknesses and learn to target
your learning accordingly.
2. It makes you more active in your learning which in this way, it can help to change the perception that
learning is a passive process whereby students simply listen and absorb information for the sake of
compliance. In this way, students are more likely to engage with their learning as participants instead of
just spectators.
3. It enables you to better understand assessment expectations and work towards improving your
own performance. Getting yourself more actively involved in your assessment can make assessment
itself a means by which you can develop.
4.Thus, Peer and Self-assessment are important to learn for a student like you, and in order to achieve
this, it is essential that your assessment criteria are clear and fully described through the help of your
teacher. Taking this step further and allowing you to contribute to the assessment criteria can serve to
transfer ownership, fostering deeper engagement with the assessment and learning.
What is literary text adaptation?
Literary adaptation is a process of adapting a literary source (e.g. a novel, short story, and poem) to
another genre or medium such as a film, stage play, or video game. It involves adapting the same literary
work in the same genre or medium just for different purposes, e.g. to work with a smaller cast, in a
smaller venue (or on the road), or for a different demographic group (such as adapting a story for
children).
Personally, a good example of this is the “Hana Yori Dango” a manga series written by Yoko Kamio. It
was set in Tokyo, Japan, and told the story of a middle-class teenage girl named Makino Tsukushi who
starts attending a prestigious high school called Eitoku Academy. The school is *ruled* by F4 (aka
Flower Four), a group of hot guys from the country's richest families! The group's leader Domyouji
Tsukasa bullies her and later develops feelings for her, but Tsukushi falls for his BFF Hanazawa
Rui instead. The rest of the F4 members are named Nishikado Sojirou and Mimasaka Akira. As the
years have gone by, several adaptations were made for this manga.
The following are its adaptations: