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Data Value Chains in Manufacturing: Data-based Process Transparency

through Traceability and Process Mining

Article in Procedia CIRP · May 2022

DOI: 10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.037

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55th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems

55th CIRP Conference on Manufacturing Systems
Data Value Chains in Manufacturing: Data-based Process Transparency
Data Value Chains in Manufacturing: Data-based Process Transparency
through
28th Traceability
CIRP Design Conference,and MayProcess
2018, Nantes, Mining France
through Traceability and Process Mining
A new methodology to Markus
analyze Schreiber
the
a
*, Joachim Metternichaa
afunctional and physical architecture of
Markus Schreiber *, Joachim Metternich
existingInstitute
products
for Productionfor an assembly oriented
Tools (PTW),product
Otto-Berndt Str.family identification
a
for Production Management, Technology and Machine Tools (PTW), Otto-Berndt Str. 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
a
Institute Management, Technology and Machine 2, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-6151-8229-694; E-mail address: m.schreiber@ptw.tu-darmstadt.de
Paul Stief *, Jean-Yves Dantan, Alain Etienne, Ali Siadat
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +49-6151-8229-694; E-mail address: m.schreiber@ptw.tu-darmstadt.de

École Nationale Supérieure d’Arts et Métiers, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, LCFC EA 4495, 4 Rue Augustin Fresnel, Metz 57078, France
Abstract
*Abstract
Corresponding author. Tel.: +33 3 87 37 54 30; E-mail address: paul.stief@ensam.eu
Traceability systems are widely used in manufacturing processes, mainly for legal reasons. Based on their ability to generate and gather data
Traceability
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 630 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 107 (2022) 629–634
2 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

reliability of input data and to gaining data-based transparency,
the basis to optimizing the coordination of production [6].
Within the “Industrie 4.0” vision of smart factories and smart
products, automatic identification (autoID) technologies such
as RFID are being used to generate data and gain transparency
[7]. Although most manufacturing companies use these so
called traceability systems due to legal obligations [8] or to
inventory existing objects, the potential of data acquisition
through autoID technologies is still not fully reached. Research
in the field of traceability often focuses on the object itself,
giving insights on how to consistently mark objects in
production processes, find fitting technologies to track objects
or products [8], or identify effort versus benefit levels that
should be considered when tracking different product
categories [9]. For successful production management, it has
become crucial to focus on the data application perspective. A
recent research project demonstrated several beneficial use
cases originating from the use of a traceability system and its
generated data [10]. In this context companies still lack the
knowledge to generate targeted feedback data of their processes
using the traceability system and its ability to locate objects [2].
1.2. Goal
Traceability systems generate process data and can function
as an important data supplier in production [9]. From a
theoretical point of view the combination of traceability as a
data generating system and process mining as the tool for data
analysis offers great potential for data-based process
transparency [11]. However, researchers have not yet
investigated how a traceability system’s configuration
influences the availability of traceability data and, in turn, what
outputs can be revealed using process mining to serve the
purpose of data-based transparency. This knowledge would
support the challenge to collect the right process data and to
turn them into value-adding information [12].
Based on a manufacturing use case, this paper aims to
accomplish the following:
1. To present a concept that connects traceability and
process mining from a data perspective in one approach.
2. To demonstrate the data-based connection between
traceability and process mining in the manufacturing
use case.
3. To identify research gaps in the field of traceability as a
data supplier in production.
2. Data Value Chain Concept
A promising concept for companies to adopt the data
perspective and to optimize data usage, can be found in the field
of Big Data by setting up sophisticated data value chains
(DVC) [16]. Typically, a DVC considers strategically
important, value-creating activities [13], and integrate all data-
affecting steps starting with the generation and collection of
data and ending with the possibility of decision-making based
on data outputs [14,15]. Research shows that the representation
of DVCs differ widely regarding suggested steps, functions and
its purpose [13,17,16,14,15]
Figure 1 illustrates a DVC that focuses on six phases that
can be derived from these sources. The general function of each
phase within the DVC is explained in the corresponding grey
box. The red arrows indicate the application of the DVC
concept on the manufacturing use case analyzed in this paper.
According to the explanation made in the grey boxes of Figure
1 in the DVC, the individual phases are assigned to the
traceability system and process mining analysis as follows:
1. Data Generation: the traceability system functions as the
data source in this use case. Which data a traceability system
generates depends on the existing configuration of the
system in any individual case. The configuration determines
the place, the time, the quality and the amount of each data
point that is generated.
2. Data Acquisition: based on its individual configuration, a
traceability system records data throughout the production
process and stores them along with meta-information to

1. Data Generation 2. Data Acquisition 3. Data Curation 4. Data Preprocessing 5. Data Analysis 6. Data Exploitation

• selection of sources • process of recording • collect, organize and • extract the required • selection of adequate • extract useful output
that generate data and obtaining data preserve data attributes/values data analysis information
• organizations can • use of an inventory to heterogeneous data in and meta-information algorithms • presentation and
consider various data collect data from data a central data from the data • computing power visualization of
sources internally and source(s) warehouse warehouse needs to scalable and results
externally • provide meta- • validate collected • data preparation to considered depending • information base for
information to data including meet the needs for on data amount and decision-making
differentiate data requirements such as analysis: validation, complexity
points meta-information and cleaning, reduction,
quality standards format adjustment,
• ensure data protection aggregation,
integration etc.

Implemented Available Transformation Process Mining Data-based

Dataset
Configuration of Traceability Data to Event Log Analysis Process Transparency
Traceability System

Figure 1: Traceability and process mining linked in a data value chain [13–15]
 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 107 (2022) 629–634 631
Markus Schreiber et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000 3

distinguish recorded data points and groups. Subsequently,
there is a certain set of traceability data available.
3. Data Curation: the traceability data is (transferred and)
stored systematically in a central data warehouse along with
further heterogeneous production data. The use of meta-
information helps to distinguish single data points from
another. The stored data, IT infrastructure and data
protection policies differ from company to company.
4. Data Preprocessing: for process mining analysis the
extracted dataset from the data warehouse needs to be
transformed into an event log. Depending on the individual
case the data preparation process might include format
adjustments, unit standardization, cleansing or the selection
of required data points to create a valid event log.
5. Data Analysis: typically, process mining software offers a
wide range of tools for descriptive, diagnostic and
prescriptive analysis. The outcome can be powerful,
especially when domain knowledge is considered within the
analysis phase to create meaningful outputs.
6. Data Exploitation: depending on the available input data
within the event log, the process mining analysis results in
various numbers of outputs that help production managers
to obtain more data-based transparency in their
manufacturing processes and to support concrete decision-
making.
3. Use case analysis – data-based connection between
traceability and process mining
3.1. Introduction of the dataset (phase 3)
The use case analysis starts with the company’s extraction
of the dataset from their central data warehouse (phase 3). The
industry dataset represents the production of a manufacturer for
crimping pliers. The structure of the dataset is displayed in
Table 1. An order is divided into several manufacturing steps
using a new line for every new step. Working Operations taking
place within one manufacturing step are represented in a new
line as well.
• Workplace: production resource being used by the
individual manufacturing process
• WO Status: indicates whether a partial amount “30” or the
full amount “60” of ordered products is finished; status
“20” indicates a necessary set-up process of the workplace
• Total Yield: quantity of goods produced in the process step
for a specific order
• Person ID: worker that performs the manufacturing process
• Material No.: product modules being manufactured in an
order
• Begin: start time stamp of the manufacturing process
• End: end time stamp of the manufacturing process
3.2. Available traceability data (phase 2)
In manufacturing, traceability systems typically track
objects of higher interest such as product [8] or machining tools
[18] to record their history of completed production processes.
In the context of the presented DVC, this section aims to
understand what specific data points the traceability system
generates according to its specific configuration in the use case.
The available dataset (see Table 1) corresponds to the
finished data curation (phase 3) of the DVC and requires the
reverse approach towards the data generation (phase 1). In
order to understand the function of the traceability system, the
analysis begins with phase 3 and works backwards towards the
data generation (phase 1) itself. In a first step (towards phase
2), the dataset is segmented into primary and secondary data
[19]. The primary data represents all data points that the
traceability hardware generates. The secondary data covers all
data points that are generated by various sensors.

Table 1: Extract of analyzed dataset

Working Work- WO Total Person Material

Order Begin End
Operation place Status Yield ID No.

11.0090- 10 312-100- 20 0 385 2142- 11.12.2018 11.12.2018 Figure 2: Data segmentation from traceability perspective
10 001 15001 10:58:00 12:10:00
11.0090- 10 312-100- 30 25 385 2142- 11.12.2018 11.12.2018
10 001 15001 12:17:00 12:25:00 Figure 2 illustrates the general data segmentation from a
11.0090- 10 312-100- 60 25 385 2142- 11.12.2018 11.12.2018 traceability perspective. It provides an overview of typical
10 001 15001 12:30:00 12:30:00
instances for primary and secondary data. Generally, primary
11.0090- 20 502-100- 60 25 214 2142- 11.12.2018 11.12.2018
10 001 15001 13:00:00 13:34:00 and secondary data can be linked via time stamps. Depending
11.0090- 30 370-200- 60 25 582 2142- 11.12.2018 11.12.2018 on the individual use case, the combination of primary and
10 002 15001 13:49:00 14:26:00
11.0090- 40 110-500- 60 25 376 2142- 11.12.2018 11.12.2018
secondary data should be thoroughly evaluated to ensure it
10 001 15001 16:22:00 17:01:00 serves the intended purpose.
11.0200- 10 312-100- 60 45 385 3784- 11.12.2018 11.12.2018 A good example of combined primary and secondary data is
20 001 24001 11:58:00 13:20:00
the recent trend of companies interested in determining their
products’ individual CO2-footprints. In this case, a product is
The following explains the meaning of each data point:
linked with the time it spent in a machining process (primary
• Order: production order of a customer data) to the machining process data derived from sensors
• Working Operation: sequenced numbering of process steps monitoring electrical power and pressure consumption
within one production order starting with “10”
632 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 107 (2022) 629–634
4 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000

(secondary data): This allows for the generation and allocation assembly represents a coarse data acquisition in comparison to
of a CO2-footprint to the corresponding product [10]. tracking on the individual work station level recording object
movements within the machining, quality or assembly area.
Table 2: Result of conducted data segmentation on the dataset The object granularity specifies whether every part is tracked
as a single part, in a certain batch size or in bulks consisting of
Segmentated Dataset
several batches. The acquisition scope defines the type of
Primary Data Secondary Data
General Traceability Corresponding Corresponding
processes being tracked and can contain transformation
Data Point Name in Dataset
General Data Point
Name in Dataset processes that change the appearance of the object, storage
1 Work Step ID Working Operation 8 Order ID Order processes where the objects are planned to be stored, transport
processes that are important from an intralogistics perspective
2 Work Step Progress WO Status 9 Order Quantity** Total Yield
and handling/ preparation processes that give more detailed
3 Work Station ID Workplace information about necessary supporting activities.
4 Worker ID Person ID

5 Product ID Material No.

6 Work Step Start TS* Begin

7 Work Step End TS* End

* Time stamp
** The quantity includes a planned overproduction based on the product's average
scrap rate.

Table 2 shows the result of the data segmentation for the

dataset. The column General Traceability Data Point refers to
the data segmentation (see Figure 2), while the column
Corresponding Name in Dataset refers to the individual data
points of the dataset (see Table 1). In this use case the
traceability system tracks the product (Material No.) being
manufactured at individual work stations (Workplace) with
work steps carried out (Working Operation) as well as the work
step progress (WO Status). The time stamps are collected for
each individual work step taken during production (Work Step
Start TS and End TS). Additionally, every worker is supplied
with their own ID that is used to sign-in at every work station
(Person ID). The primary data represents a sum of seven
traceability data points in this use case (phase 2).

3.3. Configuration of the traceability system (phase 1)

In this use case, the company established its own approach

in order to determine the specific configuration needed by the
traceability system. Figure 3 summarizes the developed two-
step approach. The first step deals with the selection of the
actual objects that needed to be tracked by the traceability
system. Figure 3 shows an extract of possibly relevant
traceability objects (equipment, product, tool, worker) to track
in production processes. The grey boxes represent the
configuration modules that were considered relevant to be
tracked by the company’s traceability system. The specific
configuration implemented in this use case is marked with TO
(Traceability Object) (see Figure 3). Product modules and
single worker are tracked by the traceability system.
Figure 3: The traceability system’s configuration in the use case
The company’s second step also shown in Figure 3,
addresses the data perspective and defines the required
acquisition granularity of data points for the selected objects The individual configuration options can answer important
and are marked with AG (Acquisition Granularity). It gives an questions about data generation such as what is tracked, where
overview of configuration modules that affect data availability is it tracked and when is it tracked [20]. As the configuration
and were considered relevant to generate targeted data for the options marked with TO and AG in Figure 3 show, the company
process mining analysis. In the developed approach, the tracks single worker, and product modules in a single part
acquisition level determines where the object is being tracked. granularity (what), considers all transformation processes and
Tracking production areas such as machining, quality and handling/ preparation processes (where), at the work station
level with start and end point (when).
 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 107 (2022) 629–634 633
Markus Schreiber et al./ Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000 5

3.4. Process mining analysis (phase 5) and data-based
transparency (phase 6)
Generally, a dataset can be comprised of different datasets
or sources. According to the DVC, the dataset (phase 3) needs
to be preprocessed (phase 4) for the intended process mining
analysis (phase 5). The application of process mining requires
a standardized structure of the dataset as input data called an
event log. At minimum an event log must contain at least one
case that includes events (process activities) and a time stamp
to set up an occurrence order for the event series. Further
attributes such as used resources, costs etc. can be included to
obtain more detailed input information and hence more outputs.
The event log structure requires the input data to assign events
clearly to an individual case and to provide a new line for every
new event within a case [21–23].
In this specific use case, the company’s dataset does not
require any changes and is suitable for a process mining
analysis, so the preprocessing (phase 4) can be skipped. The
available data points (see Table 1) are assigned to the event log
as follows:
• Case: Order
• Activity: Workplace
• Timestamp Start: Begin
• Timestamp End: End
• Further attributes: Material No., Working Operation,
WO Status, Total Yield, Person ID
The conducted process mining analysis (phase 5) results in
a wide range of outputs (phase 6). Those outputs are structured
in six output categories with more detailed results in sub-
categories. These outputs do not represent all possible results,
but only the most relevant outputs for the company that could
be derived from the dataset:
1. Discovery: (1.1) total, (1.2) by order, (1.3) by material no.,
(1.4) by orders & material no.
2. Conformance check: (2.1) total,
(2.2) by material no., (2.3) by Implemented
Traceability
DVC
data-based transparency in the company’s manufacturing
processes. All sub-categories of total yield outputs (4.) and
used material no. per order (5.) use exactly one (primary)
traceability data point as input, the remaining outputs use more
than one traceability data point as input.
4. Traceability as a data supplier for process mining
The analysis of the manufacturing use case proves the data-
based connection of traceability and process mining as well as
the traceability system’s ability to contribute to creating
outputs and transparency. The final result of the analysis is
summarized in Figure 4 according to the six phases of the DVC
concept. The connections are displayed in a one-to-one
relationship between each data point from the traceability
system’s configuration in phase 1 to the process mining output
in phase 6. Phase 1 shows the company’s implemented
traceability configuration based on Figure 3Figure 4, the
resulting traceability data points as well as the assignment to
each data point to the dataset based on Table 2. Almost every
configuration module (phase 1) considered in this use case
generates an individual data point (phase 2) and functions as
data source. However, some configuration modules contribute
to the same data point (e.g. Work Stations and Transformation
to Workstation ID).
For a better overview two exemplary process mining outputs
are selected and illustrated in Figure 4. In order to determine
the output total yield depending on individual material
numbers, the traceability system tracks product modules and
generates product IDs. To create the output workstation
utilization, the configuration modules work station, start point
and end point are needed.
The large number of process mining outputs mentioned in
chapter 3.4 and the data-based connection of traceability
system and process mining shown in Figure 4 demonstrate the
traceability system functioning as data supplier and indicate its
Available Trans- Process Data-based
Traceability Dataset formation Mining Process

working operation, (2.4) by WO System Data to Event Log Analysis Transparency

status Phase 1 Phase 2 Phase 3 Phase 4 Phase 5 Phase 6
3. Lead time: (3.1) all orders, (3.2) by Specific General Corresponding Dataset has Process Mining Process Mining
orders, (3.3) by orders & material Traceability Traceability Name in Event Log Input Output
Data Point Dataset Structure (Examples) (Examples)
no., (3.4) by orders in a time range, Configuration

(3.5) by orders & workplace TO Product

Product ID Material No. Material No. Total Yield
Module
4. Total yield: (4.1) by order, (4.2) by by Material
TO Single
workplace, (4.3) by order & Worker
Worker ID Person ID Total Yield No.
Use Case Analysis

workplace, (4.4) by material no. AG Work Work

Workplace Workplace
5. Used Material no. per order Stations Station ID
6. Workstation utilization/bottleneck AG Worker ID + Person ID + Workstation
Single part Order
Product ID Material No. Utilization /
identification AG Trans- Work Bottleneck
Workplace Begin
formation Station ID Identification
The output discovery (1.) shows the AG Handling/ Work Step
WO Status End
Preparation Progress
visualization of the actual
AG Start Work Step
manufacturing process, while Point Start TS*
Begin
conformance check (2.) compares the AG End Work Step
End
actual process to the planned standard Point End TS*
process and identifies deviations from Primary Traceability Data Secondary Data * Time Stamp
it [24]. These resulting outputs
mentioned above add greatly to the Figure 4: Result of the use case analysis - traceability as data supplier for process mining
634 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 107 (2022) 629–634
6 Markus Schreiber et al. / Procedia CIRP 00 (2019) 000–000
high potential to create a vast amount of outputs. In
combination with secondary data, the traceability system’s data
contributes strongly to achieving valuable data-based
transparency of a company’s production.
Before a traceability system is implemented or in the event
the implemented traceability system needs to be adapted in a
company’s production, numerous configuration options need to
be considered to enable the intended functions. In the use case
analysis, the challenge lay in the lack of a systematic approach
to determine the traceability system’s configuration in order to
enable the generation of the targeted data points for the desired
process mining outputs. Further, research should focus on
developing a systematic configuration model for traceability
systems that can enable companies to determine their current
configuration and work out necessary alterations for data
availability and targeted output generation.
5. Summary and outlook
The generation and usage of data is becoming more relevant
in production processes. This paper assesses the potentials of
traceability systems and process mining analysis to gain data-
based transparency. To examine their ability to add data-based
value, the DVC concept is introduced. The DVC adopts the
data perspective based on six consecutive phases and applies
them on a company’s manufacturing dataset.
The results show that traceability systems can support the
challenge to use process mining in production by ensuring the
availability and reliability of data. The combination reveals a
high potential to enable or at least add to data-based
transparency in industrial companies. The different phases of
the DVC concept help to break down the connection of the
traceability system and process mining on the data point level,
and promote the understanding from the data source in
production to its eventual use. In order to exploit their
connection, research must present a systematic configuration
model for traceability systems that helps companies to create
exactly those data points their production management needs
to achieve specific outputs.
Acknowledgements
The research provided in this paper is financed with funding
provided by the Ministry of Economics, Energy, Transport and
Housing in the state of Hessen Germany. The author is
responsible for the content of this publication.
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