GROWTH PERFORMANCE RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKEN TO DIFFERENT

FORAGE CROPS AS PARTIAL REPLACEMENT TO COMMERCIAL FEEDS

A Thesis Proposal

Presented to

The Faculty of the College of Agriculture

Isabela State University

Jones Campus

In Partial fulfillment of

The Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture

Major in Animal Science

REIGN HACZIEL NEY C. SADANG

2023

i
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE .................................................................... i

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................ iv

LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................. v

LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................... vi

CHAPTER I- INTRODUCTION

1
Importance of the Study ........................................................
2
Objectives of the study
.....................................................
3
Time and Place of the Study ..........................................

Scope and Delimitation of the Study ........................................... 3

Definition of Terms ........................................................ 3

CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY

A. Housing and Equipment ................................................... 12

B. Procurement of Experimental Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

C. Experimental Treatments and Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

D. Feedstuffs Preparation ...................................................... 14

E. Brooding Management 14
.................................................

F. Feeding and Rearing 14

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Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G. Health and 15

Sanitation .........................................................

H. Data to be Gathered ........................................................ 15

CHAPTER IV. OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

CHAPTER V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C. Recommendations ............................................................

CHAPTER VI. LITERATURE CITED

APPENDICES

iii
 I. INTRODUCTION

Importance of the Study

Broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are distinctly raised for meat production. An

expanding population has projected that poultry production contributes to meet the food

demands. However, poultry industry also faces challenges including feedstuff availability, high

priced feeds and several environmental sectors. This situation has created the need to look for

cheap, highly nutritious and locally available feedstuffs that can partially substitute major

imported protein sources that are very costly. In this context, some of the locally available

protein sources are: Malunggay (Moringa oleifera), Madre de Agua (Trichanthera gigantea) and

Irish Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) is considered an important food plant of high nutritional

value, and almost all parts are edible (Stohs & Hartman, 2015). Moringa oleifera leaves are an

extremely valuable food source for both humans and animals. Additional advantages of M.

oleifera are that it is resistant to drought, fast growing, and easy to cultivate in tropical areas, and

it may serve as an alternative source of food. Moringa leaves also exhibit antimicrobial

properties that inhibit bacterial growth (Brilhante, et.al. 2017).

The leaf meal of the tropical shrub Madre de Agua (Trichanthera gigantea) is one

possible source of cheap protein and energy. T. gigantea is one of the most studied plant material

as a supplemental feed source, and have ignited many researchers to prove its capability. The

sprouts are edible, and can be used to make porridge maize (Heuzé, et.al. 2017). The Philippine

1
E-journals says that the chemical analysis showed that (MALM) contained 88.44% dry matter,

18.21% crude protein, 12.5% crude fiber, 2.66% crude fat, 21.80% ash, 11.56% moisture, 5%

calcium, 0.41% total phosphorus and 2,983kcal/kg gross energy.

Irish Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) are economically important staple crop plants that

produce high yields of nutritionally valuable food and are important in our daily lives (Li, et.al.

2021). Potatoes are a source of various biologically active compounds, such as starch,

dietary fibers, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, and phenolic compounds. It also contains

antioxidant compounds such as carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, vitamins C and E (Calliope,

et.al, 2018).

This study will be carried out because of the aforementioned benefits of Malunggay

(Moringa oleifera), Madre de Agua (Trichanthera gigantea) and Irish Potatoes (Solanum

tuberosum L.). If effective, it will have a positive impact on poultry production.

Objectives of the study

Generally, the study will be conducted to evaluate the response of different forage crops on

the growth performance of the broiler chicken.

Specifically, it aims to:

1. determine the response of broiler chicken fed with fresh MOL, MALM and IPM in terms

of its body weight, gain in weight, percentage rate of growth, feed consumption, feed

conversion efficiency, and feed conversion ratio.

2. find out the economic benefits on the use of the three (3) different forage crops on the

growth performance of broiler chicken in terms of Return Above Feed and Chick Cost.

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Time and Place of the Study

The study will be conducted on September 01, 2023 to October 15, 2023, a total of 6

weeks at San Isidro Jones, Isabela.

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study will only be focused on the growth performance of one hundred and twenty

(120) heads of day old broiler chicken fed with commercial feeds supplemented with Solanum

tuberosum, Trichantera gigantea, and Moringa oleifera within the span of 6 weeks.

Definition of Terms

A provided technical word for clarity and better comprehension appeared in this study.

They are properly defined, either conceptually or operationally.

Moringa oleifera- A fast-growing, drought, resistant tree of the family (moringaceae).

Trichanthera gigantea- a species of flowering plant in the acanthus family,

(Acanthaceae).

Solanum tuberosum - a most widely grown shrubby perennials with edible tubers, grown

as cool-weather annuals in rows, raised beds, or containers

Diets – refers to the regulated selection of mixtures of feedstuff that are provided on a

continuous or prescribed schedule

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 Ad libitum – Refers to the availability of feeds where animals/birds are full fed or

allowed to eat as much as they can

Leaf meal – The dried and ground product of young leafy plants used as a supplement in

feeding livestock and poultry

Nutritive content – A source of nourishment, especially a nourishing of nutrients (energy,

protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals) necessary to animals for maintenance growth, reproduction,

lactation.

Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR) – This is the amount of feed required to produce a

kilogram gain in weight of a bird.

Feeding – It is a supply with something essential to growth, maintenance or operation.

Gain in weight – Refers to the differences between the initial and final weight.

Initial body weight – Refers to the body weight of birds recorded at the beginning of the

experiment.

Growth – Refers to an increase in body weight resulting from assimilation of the body

tissues from ingested nutrients.

Performance – Refers to the growth and health condition of birds.

Sanitation – Refers to the cleaning and disinfecting the house and its surrounding with the

purpose of making the condition favorable to the birds.

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 II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Poultry industry in the Philippines

The Philippines is considered as an agricultural country which a chicken production is

critical to the socioeconomic and nutritional well-being of many people. In terms of economic

relevance, the chicken was the most important source in the Philippines. The rearing of

domesticated birds (poultry) for meat, eggs and feathers has been a staple of food

production since the advent of agriculture. Among foods with protein sources originating from

livestock, the global contribution of chicken products has been rising (FAO. Chicken genetic

resources used in smallholder production systems and opportunities for their development. In:

Smallholder Poultry Production Paper. Rome; 2010. p. 1–53.). Owing to the ability of using a

wide range of feed stock, from agricultural and household residuals to food processing

byproducts, poultry farming represents one of the most efficient animal husbandry methods. It

provides a stable protein supply as well as food and nutritional security for a wide range of

populations in rural areas around the world, especially in developing countries (Vaarst, et al.,

2015). Most of industrial poultry production, comprising broilers (bred for meat production) and

layers (used for eggs production), is raised in intensive production farms. Such intensive poultry

production with flocks that count from several thousand up to several hundred thousand units, is

conducted primarily in indoor open floor housing or battery cages with automatic feeding and

watering systems (Mottet, et al., 2017). According to US. Department of Agriculture, FAS

5
Manila forecasts 2023 chicken production at 1.36 million MT because of the growing economy,

while the 2023 chicken imports forecast is at 475,000 MT based on stable demand.

B. Feeds

A feed is a substance that must provide the humans or animal with the energy and

elements necessary to keep it alive and therefore cover its maintenance needs. For livestock, the

feed must also provide enough nutrients to meet production needs (eggs or meat). After air and

water, food, as one of the most complicated sets of chemical elements, is the third most

important thing for living (Quddusi, 2018). The poultry industry has achieved tremendous

progress in its production system during the last 50 years through improvements in genetic

makeup, proper management and advancements in nutritional science (El-Tahawy, et al.,

2017; Gado, et al., 2019). Meat production requires large amounts of inputs and is therefore

considered in many countries and cultures as a high-value food product. However, due to rising

wages and world population, the global demand for animal protein continues to grow (OECD-

FAO 2021), which creates many challenges to increase and suffice the needs of poultry

(Altmann and Rosenau, 2022; Khan et al., 2022; Bryant et al., 2022; Abdelli et al.,

2021; Kpomasse et al., 2021; Singh and Kim, 2021; Alhotan, 2021; Aboah and Enahoro, 2022).

The success of a quality feed formulation depends strongly on a good knowledge of the

physicochemical characteristics of raw materials (Ponka et al., 2016) and the effect of partial

replacement of materials raw with other materials raw on the production efficiency and meat

quality in broiler chickens (Biesek et al., 2022; Santos et al., 2022; Nasir et al., 2022; Kogut,

2022; Peng et al., 2022).

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C. Leaf meal

The dried and shredded components of plant leaves are often referred to as leaf meals.

Both as food for humans and as animal feed, the products are adaptable. In general, leaf meal's

potential as a feed additive for broilers has long been evaluated. (Dorothy 2018). the rising price

and decreasing availability of conventional feed ingredients, particularly those of the researchers'

efforts to look for other sources of protein and energy have increased. Alternative feed materials

include plant byproducts like leaves, legumes, seeds, and tubers (Emenalom, et al., 2009).

Several plant species that produce leaves, after being transformed into various forms, can be fed

to non-ruminant animals, particularly chickens. About 70% of the total cost of producing broilers

in the current era is spent on feed (Sugiharto, 2019). Therefore, an increase in feed costs may

also mean an increase in overall production costs, which would reduce the broiler industry's

profit margin. A recent effort to lower feed costs included adding agro-industrial waste products

as an energy source to broiler diets (Sugiharto, et, al. 2018). Leaf meal has also been used as a

constituent in broiler feeds in addition to agro-industrial byproducts (Mustafa, 2019). The

amount of crude protein in leaf meal is significantly higher compared to the number of agro-

industrial by-products (Tesfaye et al. 2013; Sugiharto et al. 2018). The amount of typically

expensive, protein-rich feed components in broiler rations may be reduced as a result. Today, the

use of leaf meal in broiler diets is promoted due to the increase in feed price, particularly for the

protein-rich feed ingredients (Oloruntola et al. 2019; Sebola et al. 2019; Ubua et al. 2019).

7
D. Nutrient content of Moringa oleifera, Solanum tuberosum, Trichantera gigantea

Numerous active substances that are good for both human and animal health and welfare

are known to naturally be present in green leaves. The leaf maturity stage may also affect the

nutritional value of leaf meal. According to Sebola et al. (2019), immature Moringa oleifera leaf

exhibited significantly higher organic matter and crude protein levels compared to mature leaf,

while having lower crude fibre, crude fat, and ash contents. Numerous nutrients found in

moringa are crucial for growth and of those involved in development, calcium is regarded as one

of the vital minerals for human development.

Solanum tuberosum is among the world's most productive crops. Compared to most other

main crops, potatoes can grow more nutrient-dense food on less area and in tougher climates.

Additionally, this tuber can be harvested in just 8 weeks. (M. Kaplan et al. 2018). The world

consumes a lot of potatoes, which are a significant food source (Mahgoub et al., 2015). Various

biologically active substances, such as starch, are found in potatoes. Additionally, it contains

anti-oxidant substances such carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, and vitamins C and E (Calliope et

al., 2018). According to Sampaio et al., (2021), potato peels are great sources of bioactive

components and natural additions in functional food formulations.

The feed challenges facing our country's chicken industry emphasize the importance of

researching and utilizing cheap and easily accessible feed options. Trichanthera gigantea is one

such feed resource. It can be a solution in the form of leaf meal that can be fed to farm animals.

8
The leaf of Trichanthera gigantea contains 18-22% crude protein. These are real proteins and

excellent amino acids that were directly absorbed in the animal body. The leaves of Trichanthera

contain 2.8% crude fat, 4.4% crude fiber, 19.7% ash, and 37.0% NFE.The addition of gigantea

leaf meal to the diet of broilers resulted in the maximum feed conversion efficiency (FCE)

compared to commercial feeds, which resulted in a low FCE and a return above feed and chick

cost (Francisco & Buctot, 2018).

E. Effect of forage crops on broilers

According to several research findings, leaf meal contains a variety of bioactive

compounds (Vergara-Jimenez et al, 2017), which have a good influence on the health of most

animals (Rama Rao et al, 2019). As a result, using leaf meal as a source of feed ingredients may

not only reduce production costs but also improve the health practically of all animals.

Nonetheless, broilers appear to respond differently to the percentage of inclusion of leaf meal,

depending on the source of leaf meal and the ratio of combinations, and according to recent

findings, the inclusion of 20% Moringa oleifera can increase broiler growth rate (Alnidawi et al,

2016).

Morbos et al., (2016) discovered that the varying levels of Trichantera gigantea leaf meal

(TGLM) of 5%, 10%, and 15% had no effect on the average daily gain (ADG) of native chicken.

However, grower rationing has a high capacity for voluntary feed intake and feed conversion

efficiency, which does not dramatically affect weight increase.

Irish potato peels (Solanum tuberosum), which have tremendous promise as an energy

source in the nutrition of poultry. Nasoetion et al. (2019) discovered that adding purple sweet

potato extract (25 ml.kg) to broiler feed increased growth rate, feed intake, feed conversion ratio,

9
and decreased cholesterol and low-density lipoproteins in the blood. According to Mutter (2023),

it can be concluded that supplementary potato peel extract (PPE) at a concentration of (15 and 30

ml.l˗ˡ) in drinking water; (15 and 30 g.kg˗ˡ) potato peel powder (PPP); and their combination

(15 PPE+ 15 PPP) have a positive impact on productive performance and some carcass

traits.

Other Related Studies

According to Mahfuz et. al. (2018) reported that poultry scientists are now dedicated to

applying unconventional natural feed supplement, which may play a role in possible therapies to

improve the health as well as production performance of chickens. Thus, poultry researchers are

searching for potential natural feed resources that will be both environmentally friendly and safe

for human society.

On the study of Moreki J.C et. al (2014), Dietary supplementation of M. oleifera leaves at

5% to 20% level showed higher growth performance in broilers. Final live weight, average

weight gain, and FCR were higher in 10% moringa leaf meal supplemented diets than the control

through a 35-day trial period. Furthermore, feeding with M. oleifera leaf powder could improve

live weight, body weight gain, dressing percentage, and FCR in broilers.

Meanwhile, Morbos et.al (2016) the addition of leaf meal to the chicken grower ration

has a high T. gigantea potential in terms of voluntary feed intake and feed conversion efficiency,

and does not reduce weight increase much. Its nutrient density proved insufficient to enable

larger weight growth, thus levels as high as 10% in the grower diet can be used. As a result, its

use in chicken grower rations could be practically adopted for cost-effective native chicken

feeding.

10
 On the study of Sultana et. al (2016), the addition of leaf meal to the chicken grower

ration has a high T. gigantea potential in terms of voluntary feed intake and feed conversion

efficiency, and does not reduce weight increase much. Its nutrient density proved insufficient to

enable larger weight growth, thus levels as high as 10% in the grower diet can be used. As a

result, its use in chicken grower rations could be practically adopted for cost-effective native

chicken feeding.

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 III. METHODOLOGY

A. Housing and Equipment

The experimental housing that will be constructed measuring 1m x 1.5m per experimental

unit. Locally available materials to be used will be as follows: lumber, bamboo, nails, wire mesh

or plastic screen sacks and wires. Plastic feeding troughs, water containers, bulbs and electric

weighing scale will also be used.

B. Procurement of Experimental Animals

A total of 120 heads of day-old broilers chicks will be purchased from a reliable

dealer at Santiago, Isabela. Before the arrival of chicks, broilers brooding pen will be prepared. It

will be cleaned and disinfected entirely. Their housing will be covered with plastic nets to

contain the broilers into their cages. Additional curtains that are made out of sacks are attached to

the pen walls to prevent other animals from invading and also to avoid contamination. The

flooring will be flattened, and the roof will be covered to prevent extreme heat by the sun that

can cause stress and even death.

During their brooding stage, every pen will be provided with incandescent bulb as source

of heat and light which will be open day and night to meet the brooding room temperature,

keeping them warm as it will affect their growth performance. During their week of brooding,

their feed will be spread on top of the newspapers for them to easily pick the feeds.

12
 After brooding _______ the experimental animals will be distributed to the treatments

using CRP.

C. Experimental Treatments and Designs

There will be four (4) treatments in the study as follows: Treatment 1 will be pure

Commercial Feeds, Treatment 2- Commercial Feeds plus 10% Malunggay Leaves, Treatment 3-

Commercial Feeds plus 10% Trichantera Leaves and Treatment 4- Commercial Feeds plus 10%

Irish Potato Leaves. The broilers will be randomly distributed into their respective cages with

their own designated treatments. Each treatment will be replicated thrice with 10 birds per

replication and a total of 30 birds per treatment. The experiment will be laid out using Complete

Randomized Design (CRD).

FIGURE 1. Layout of the Experiment

T1R3 T2R3
T3R2 T4R1

T4R3 T1R1 T2R1

T3R3

T1R2 T2R2 T3R1 T4R2

13
 Legend:

Treatment 1 - COMMERCIAL FEEDS ONLY (CONTROL)

Treatment 2 - COMMERCIAL FEEDS + 10 % MOL

Treatment 3 - COMMERCIAL FEEDS + 10 % MAL

Treatment 4 - COMMERCIAL FEEDS + 10 % IPL

D. Feedstuffs Preparation

Fresh Malunggay leaves (Moringa oleifera), Madre de Agua leaves (Trichantera

gigantea), and Irish Potato leaves (Solanum tuberosum L) will be gathered at the Reyes

Integrated Farm, San Vicente, Jones, Isabela. The freshly gathered leaves will be chopped into

small particles before it will be offered to the birds.

E. Feeding and Rearing Management

The birds will be fed with pure commercial diet (100%) for the control and for treated

birds, they will be fed with (90%) commercial diet plus 10% fresh forage leaves such as

14
Malunggay, Madre de Agua and Irish Potato for T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Ad libitum feeding

will be practiced throughout the experimentation period. On the second week of rearing, their

feeds will be placed in a bell feeder.

Fresh drinking water will be provided at all times and it will be replaced if necessary.

F. Health and Sanitation

One of the things that needs to be focused on is health and sanitation of the experimental

pens and surrounding premises. The poultry house and the surrounding premises will be cleaned

every day to prevent undesirable diseases that caused by harmful bacteria and organisms that

may affect broilers during experiment. Feeder and drinker will be checked from time to time and

will be cleaned regularly before putting it again in their pens. Rice hulls will be spread on the

dungs, as well at their manures will be removed and cleaned regularly right up to their

succeeding days until the termination of this study.

G. Data to be Gathered

The following data will be gathered and recorded for analysis and evaluation.

a. Initial and Weekly Body Weight. The initial body weight of birds will be taken at

their very first day right up to the bird’s arrival. Also, their weekly body weight

will be taken every 7 days interval (every week).

b. Gain in Weight. The gain in weight of broilers will be computed using the formula

of subtracting the initial weight from the final weight.

Weight Gain = Present Weight – Previous weight

15
 c. Feed Consumption. The feed consumption of the broilers in the different

Treatments will be taken into account. The actual feed consumed will be

determined by subtracting the leftover from the amount of feeds offered.

Feed Consumption = Feeds Offered – Leftovers

d. Feed Conversion Efficiency (FCE). The feed conversion efficiency will be

determined by dividing Gain in Weight over Feed Consumed multiplied by 100.

Gain in Weight

FCR=

f FCR = Feed Consumed x 100

f. Dressed Weight. The dress weight will be taken from two sample birds from each

replicate pen at the termination of the study. The data on dressed weight with and

g. Mortality and Liveability. The number of dead animals will be recorded to serve as the

basis in determining the percentage liveability.

h. Return Above Feed and Chick Cost (RAFCC). The return above feed and chick cost will

be computed at the end of the experiment by considering the value of broiler chicken

produced and the total amount of feed consumed and cost of day-old chick.

16
i. Statistical Analysis of Data. All the data that will be gathered will be recorded and

analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) following the Complete Randomized

Design (CRD).

17
 IV. OBSERVATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESULT

A. Observation.

1. General health and vigor of birds

2. Mortality and livability

B. Discussion of Result

1. Initial and weekly body weight.

2. Average weekly gain in weight

3. Average weekly Feed Consumption

4. Total gain in weight

5. Feed conversion ratio

6. Feed efficiency

7. Economic analysis

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 V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

1. Summary

2. Conclusion

3. Recommendation

19
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