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 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH

TABLE OF CONTENT
1. SPACE TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................. 2
2. BIOTECHNOLOGY .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................................................................. 14
4. NON CONVENTION SOURCES OF ENERGY............................................................................................................................ 23
5. HEALTH ............................................................................................................................................................................... 27
6. MISCELLANEOUS ................................................................................................................................................................. 28

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 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
1. SPACE TECHNOLOGY
THE INDIAN SPACE POLICY 2023
• Aim: To expand the Indian space industry and make
India a global leader.
• Vision: Empower and support the private sector to
grow space commerce. This acknowledges that
private companies are essential to the space
economy.
• Objectives of the Policy: To augment India's space
capabilities; Promote India's commercial space
sector; To develop technologies using space and
benefit from them; To pursue international relations
in the space sector.
Key highlights of the Indian Space Policy 2023
• The policy allows non-government entities (NGEs)
to participate in end-to-end space activities.
• establishment of a regulatory body, IN-SPACe, to
oversee the commercial space sector in India.
• The policy also creates four new entities that will
oversee the implementation of the policy:
o The Indian National Space Promotion and
Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe).
o The Indian Space Research Organisation
(ISRO).
o The Indian Space Applications Centre (ISAC).
o The Indian Space Education and Research
Centre (ISERC).
Potential benefits of the Indian Space Policy 2023
• Increased economic growth; Improved national
security; Enhanced international cooperation;
Increased access to space-based services.
• India will benefit from the 2023 Space Policy. The
policy should help the Indian economy, national
security, international cooperation, and space-based
services.
SPACE TOURISM
• Space tourism allows recreational space travel.
Citizen space exploration, personal spaceflight, and
commercial human spaceflight are other names.
Space tourism includes sub-orbital, orbital, and
beyond-Earth flights.
• History
o Dennis Tito was the first space tourist, paying
$20 million to fly to the ISS in 2001. Space
Adventures launched $100,000 suborbital space
rides in 2004.
o SpaceX announced ambitions to launch a
tourist-carrying lunar lander, and Virgin
Galactic announced $250,000 suborbital space
rides in 2019.
• Scope
o Suborbital flights: reach altitudes of up to 100
kilometres (62 miles), but do not enter orbit.
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o Orbital flights and Lunar flights.
• Significance: Can revolutionise space travel;
Improve accessibility; improve international
cooperation; increase competition; and increase
private player involvement.
• Challenges: High Cost; Safety; Legal and Regulatory
Environment; Health Effects; Public Perception and
Acceptance; Training and Preparation; Space Traffic
Management; Insurance and Liability.
• Future of Space Tourism
o With low cost it will become more accessible
and affordable and there will be a legal and
regulatory environment for space tourism.
• Private Sector in the Space Programme in India
o Skyroot Aerospace is developing a small
satellite launch vehicle called the Vikram-S.
o Dhruva Space is developing a range of
nanosatellites and microsatellites.
o OneWeb is a global satellite broadband
company that is building a constellation of 648
satellites.
• Benefits of Space Tourism: Exploration and
Adventure; Revenue generated from space tourism
can fund scientific research; stimulate economic
growth by creating jobs, encourage educational
initiatives and motivates the next generation;
promoting a greater sense of responsibility towards
our planet and facilitate international collaboration
• Way Forward: The government can provide
support to the private sector; Partnership with ISRO;
and international collaboration.
ISRO’S NEW NAVIC SATELLITE LAUNCH
• ISRO successfully launched the first of its second-
generation navigation satellites. India's domestic
satellite navigation system will improve with this
satellite.
• Second-generation Satellites:
o Satellite Name: NVS-01, the first of ISRO’s NVS
series of payloads.
o Weight: 2,232 kg
o Launch Vehicle: Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle (GSLV) rocket
o Onboard Technology: Rubidium atomic clock,
developed by Space Application Centre-
Ahmedabad.
o Frequency Signals: It will send signals in a
third frequency, L1, besides the L5 and S
frequency signals that the existing satellites
provide.
o Mission Life: More than 12 years for second-
generation satellites, the existing satellites have
a mission life of 10 years.
• About NavIC
o NavIC has seven satellites and 24x7 ground
stations. The constellation has three
geostationary and four inclined
geosynchronous satellites.
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
o NavIC has gained recognition and approval
from the International Maritime Organisation
(IMO).
• Services Offered by NavIC: Standard Position
Service (SPS) for civilian users and Restricted
Service (RS) for strategic users; coverage area
includes India and a region up to 1500 km beyond
the Indian boundary; designed to provide user
position accuracy better than 20m; NavIC SPS
signals are interoperable; Unlike GPS, NavIC uses
satellites in high geo-stationary orbit.
Keywords:
Second-generation Satellites, Indigenous, Indian
Regional Navigation Satellite System, Polar Satellite
Launch Vehicle, International Maritime Organization.
MARS ORBITER MISSION
• Mangalyaan, the Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), has
orbited Mars since September 24, 2014.
• ISRO launched it on November 5, 2013, with a total
budget of only $73 million.
• ISRO became the fourth space agency to orbit
Mars after Roscosmos, NASA, and the ESA with
India's first interplanetary mission.
• India became the first Asian and world nation to
enter the Martian orbit on its first attempt.
• Conclusion: The Mars Orbiter Mission has
established India as a worldwide space power. The
mission inspired a new generation of Indian
scientists and engineers.
Keywords
Mangalyaan, Interplanetary Mission, Spacecraft Systems
and Technology Centre, Martian Orbit.
SPACE SUSTAINABILITY
• Sustainable space use protects the environment and
future generations. As space technologies become
more significant, this is a new notion.
• Challenges to Space Sustainability: Space Debris;
Negative impact on the environment; Limited Space
Resources; Lacking effective space traffic
management; Space weather, such as solar flares
and geomagnetic storms, can disrupt satellites.
• Promotion of Space Sustainability: Developing
new technologies; Creating international
agreements; Educating the public; Space Debris
Mitigation; Space Traffic Management; International
Cooperation; Satellite End-of-Life Disposal and
Promote the development and use of sustainable
satellite technologies, including efficient power
systems.
• We must address space sustainability to ensure
equitable advantages for everybody. Together, we
can use space to benefit everyone.
PERSEVERANCE MISSION
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• NASA launched the Perseverance Rover on July 30,
2020. Mars landed on February 18, 2021. NASA's
Mars 2020 rover is searching for ancient microbial
life. It successfully landed on Mars on February 18,
2021.
• About the Mission
o The 2,268-pound Perseverance Rover is car-
sized. It has drills, cameras, and spectrometers.
The rover has an Ingenuity helicopter.
Perseverance is exploring Jezero Crater on
Mars.
o The rover analyses rocks and dirt for ancient
life. It is also gathering rocks and soil samples
for Earth study.
o The Perseverance rover should last at least one
Mars year, or 687 Earth days.
• Achievements of the Perseverance Mission
o Perseverance seeks ancient microbial life and
rock samples for Earth.
o The rover has taken magnificent photos of Mars
and collected crucial geological and
atmospheric data.
o Perseverance is searching for extra-terrestrial
life.
GAGANYAAN MISSION
• ISRO's Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission. Three
Indian astronauts will orbit Earth for up to seven
days. Mission 2023.
• About the Mission
o LVM-3 will launch Gaganyaan. It is three-
module spacecraft: Crew module; Service
module; Orbital module.
o Three astronauts live in the crew module.
Life support systems, a toilet, and a sleeping
room will be in the pressurised 6 cubic metres.
o The service module powers, propels, and
sustains the spacecraft.
o Spacecraft will live and work in the orbital
module. It will contain a kitchen, bathroom,
workspace, and a pressurised volume of 12
cubic metres.
• Benefits: India's Gaganyaan endeavour is
impressive. India will join the US, Russia, and China
in sending humans into space.
o It will also inspire India's future scientists and
engineers. ISRO's Gaganyaan mission shows
their dedication.
o It gives a boost to space exploration.
• Challenges For Gaganyaan Mission
o Creating a Reliable and Safe Spacecraft: ISRO
has never produced a human-carrying
spacecraft, so this is difficult.
o Training the Astronauts: They must learn
how to live and operate in space and prepare
for space travel. ISRO and the IAF train
astronauts.
o Obtaining Mission funding ISRO is seeking
government support for the expensive
Gaganyaan mission.
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
o Space radiation issues. Astronauts face cell
damage and cancer from space radiation. I
• ISRO believes it can finish the Gaganyaan mission, a
major achievement for India, despite these hurdles.
This project could inspire a new generation of
scientists and engineers, giving space exploration
hope.
Keywords
Crew Module, Service Module, Pressurized Volume,
Orbital Module.
CHANDRAYAAN 3
• ISRO's third moon mission is Chandrayaan 3.
Chandrayaan-3 components
• Like Chandrayaan-2, it will have a lander and
rover but no orbiter. Chandrayaan 3's propulsion
module will relay communications.
• Chandrayaan-3's lander will feature four throttle-
able engines, unlike Vikram's five 800 Newton
engines with a fifth centrally positioned with a set
thrust.
• Chandrayaan-3 will have a Laser Doppler
Velocimeter (LDV) and stronger impact legs than
Chandrayaan-2.
Mission Schedule
• The Pragyan rover from Chandrayaan-2 will be used
in Chandrayaan-3, which launches in July 2023.
• The rover will explore the lunar surface for 14 days
after the lander lands near the south pole.
• India became the only nation to land a lander and
rover on the moon twice with the Chandrayaan-3
mission.
Challenges For Chandrayaan-3 Mission
• Creating a Reliable and Safe Rover for Chandrayaan-
3; Securing the necessary funding for the mission;
Chandrayaan-3 must design and apply advanced
technologies to land and operate on the moon; Poor
international collaboration.
Conclusion
• ISRO is optimistic as it will finish Chandrayaan-3, a
major achievement for India, despite these hurdles.
This project will excite new scientists and engineers
and give space exploration hope.
Keywords:
Communications relay Satellite, Laser Doppler
Velocimeter.
NATIONAL QUANTUM MISSION
• A nation's National Quantum Mission promotes
quantum technology research, development, and
use.
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• The DST, under the Ministry of Science and
Technology, will oversee the Quantum Technology
(QT) mission.
• The 2023-2031 mission aims to start, support, and
expand quantum technology research and
development.
Aim
• The objective is to create a dynamic and innovative
quantum technology ecosystem in India.
• India will join the US, Austria, Finland, France,
Canada, and China in having dedicated missions to
advance quantum technology with this mission.
National Quantum Mission (NQM)
• The 2023 Union Budget allocated 8,000 crore for the
NQM.
• The objective is to build intermediate-scale quantum
computers with 20-50 physical "qubits" in three
years, 50-100 in five years, and 50-1,000 in eight.
• The mission will help develop magnetometers with
high sensitivity in atomic systems.
Deliverables:
• Satellite-based secure quantum communications
between ground stations in India over 2,000 km;
Secure international quantum communications;
Quantum-memory multi-node network.
T Hubs
• Top academic and national R&D institutes would
establish four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) in the
domains: Quantum computing; Quantum
communication; Quantum sensing, meteorology, and
quantum systems.
Benefits of the Mission
• Seeding, nurturing, and scaling-up scientific and
industrial R&D; promoting Innovation and Economic
growth
Government Initiatives
• Quantum-Enabled Science and Technology (QuEST);
Quantum Computer Simulator (QSim) Toolkit;
National Mission on Quantum Technology and
Applications.
Conclusion
• The National Quantum Mission is a forward-looking
initiative aimed at driving quantum research,
development, and innovation within a country.
ORION SPACE CAPSULE: ARTEMIS 1
• NASA's Orion Space Capsule can transport
astronauts to the Moon, Mars, and maybe other
planets.
Orion Space Capsule Features:
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
• Propulsion: Solid rocket boosters, in-space
propulsion systems, and a service module power,
propel, and sustain the Orion Space Capsule.
• Heat shield: The Orion Space Capsule's heat shield
protects the crew from Earth's harsh temperatures
upon re-entry.
• Abort system: The Orion Space Capsule contains an
emergency abort mechanism to protect the crew.
Artemis I
• It will be the first of several complicated missions to
establish a long-term human presence on the Moon.
• Before Artemis II's first crewed flight, Artemis I will
test Orion's systems in orbit and assure a safe re-
entry, descent, splashdown, and recovery.
LIGO–INDIA
• LIGO–India would be located in the Hingoli district
of Maharashtra, India, due to its low seismic activity
and proximity to the Inter-University Centre for
Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA), a significant
research centre.
Project Goals
• The observatory will help us understand the
universe and inspire young scientists.
• LIGO–India will detect gravitational waves from
black holes and merging neutron stars.
• They release massive gravitational waves. LIGO–
India will detect and study gravitational waves.
• The observatory will research gravity and
cosmic evolution.
• They can examine the Milky Way galaxy, dark matter
dispersion, and the evolution of the universe.
Potential Benefits of LIGO–India
• Improved understanding of the universe;
Development of new technologies; Inspiration of a
new generation of scientists and engineers; Global
Collaboration.
• LIGO-India has great potential for gravitational wave
research and cosmic knowledge. Joining the
worldwide gravitational wave detector network
opens new doors for collaboration, discovery, and
cosmic discovery.
DARK ENERGY AND DARK MATTER
• Dark Energy: Dark energy, which accelerates the
universe, is mysterious. The universe is 68% dark
energy.
• Background: Dark energy was first hypothesised in
the late 1990s, and two teams of astronomers—led
by Saul Perlmutter and Brian Schmidt—made these
observations.
• Dark energy has no observable interaction with
light or matter.
• Dark Matter: Dark matter does not interact with
light or electromagnetic radiation. Dark matter
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comprises 27% of the cosmos, although it is hard to
detect.
• Background:
o Dark matter was first hypothesised in the
1930s to explain why galaxies rotated faster
than expected if they were made of solely
visible matter.
o Dark matter may form galaxies and galaxy
clusters.
o Scientists are studying dark matter's properties
and function in the evolution of the universe.
About Black Hole
• Nothing, not even light, can escape a black hole's
gravity.
• Massive stars that collapse gravitationally generate
black holes, which are dense and compact.
• The event horizon, or no-return zone, of a black hole.
A black hole traps an object that passes the event
horizon.
• Accretion discs release X-rays from their influence
on adjacent matter, but they don't emit visible light.
• Astrophysics relies on black holes, which have been
extensively studied to better comprehend the
universe.
LUX–ZEPLIN EXPERIMENT
The cutting-edge LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment seeks
dark matter. Scientists and engineers from numerous
institutions use advanced technologies to investigate the
universe.
About Experiment
• The LUX–Zeplin experiment is a dark matter
detector located at the Sanford Underground
Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota.
• It is the largest and most sensitive dark matter
detector ever built.
• It has been operating since 2013 and has not yet
detected any dark matter particles.
Benefits of the LUX-Zeplin Experiment
• Provide scientists with new insights into the nature
of dark matter and its role in the universe.
Conclusion
• This ambitious project could change our
understanding of dark matter, fundamental physics,
and the cosmos.
BOSE–EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
• At extremely low temperatures, several bosons
occupy the same quantum state in Bose-Einstein
condensate (BEC).
• Satyendra Nath Bose and Albert Einstein
predicted this occurrence, which has expanded
fundamental physics and quantum phenomena
research.
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
Features
• BEC is a state of matter that is made up of atoms that
have been cooled to very low temperatures.
• At these temperatures, atoms become one.
• Quantum mechanics and quantum computers
require BECs.
Benefits of BECs
• BECs allow scientists to study the behaviour of
atoms at the quantum level; can be used to develop
new technologies, such as quantum computers; they
provide insights into fundamental quantum
behaviour; BEC serves as a precise tool for
measuring physical quantities like time,
acceleration, and magnetic fields.
• Bose-Einstein condensate is a quantum physics
marvel. Its study has advanced quantum physics and
revealed fundamental physical phenomena.
DARK SKY RESERVE
• In 2022, India's first black sky reserve was
established in Ladakh's Hanle. The 1,073-square-
kilometer reserve houses the Indian Astronomical
Observatory.
• Benefits of Dark Sky Reserves: Preserving Natural
Darkness; Astronomy and Research; Ecological
Balance; Sustainable Tourism; Cultural and
Educational value.
• Threats to dark sky reserves: threat to dark sky
reserves is light pollution.
• Protecting dark sky reserves: minimising light
pollution; Protecting the natural environment;
Educating the public; Astronomical Tourism;
Collaboration with Communities.
• Dark sky reserves are part of our natural heritage
because they allow us to see the night sky and learn
about its importance.
Keywords
Light Pollution, Astronomical Tourism, and ecological
balance
SATELLITE-BASED INTERNET
• Satellite-based internet uses Earth-orbiting satellites
for connectivity. These satellites send data to and
from ground stations, which send it to the internet
so users may surf websites, stream videos, and do
other internet-dependent activities.
• Service Providers: Starlink; OneWeb; Viasat;
HughesNet
• Advantages of Satellite-Based Internet: Global
Coverage; Rapid Deployment; Wide Bandwidth;
Scalability; and Mobility.
• Disadvantages of satellite-based internet:
Satellite-based internet connections typically have
higher latency; Satellite internet services can be
expensive; due to limited bandwidth, weather
dependence; and Signal Interference.
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• Prospects for Satellite-Based Internet in India: A
larger population in India will have the opportunity
to access the Internet and reap the benefits it offers.
• Benefits of satellite-based internet in India:
Increased connectivity; Economic development;
Satellite-based internet can improve education and
healthcare; Government services. Satellite-based
Internet could improve India's economy and bridge
the digital divide. It improves education, healthcare,
and government services.
NATIONAL GEOSPATIAL POLICY (2022)
• Satellite Internet could reduce India's digital gap and
enhance economic growth. Education, healthcare,
and government services can also benefit.
• Citizen-Centric Policy: The National Geospatial
Policy 2022 uses geospatial technology to enhance
national development, the economy, and an
information-rich society.
• Vision: High-Resolution Mapping; Vision of Global
Leadership; Digital Economy and Improved Services;
Strengthening Geospatial Infrastructure.
• Institutional Framework
o India's national geospatial sector promotion and
development framework includes the GDPDC. It
oversees geospatial support strategies.
o The GDPDC takes over the duties of the 2006
National Spatial Data Committee (NSDC) and the
2021 GDPDC.
o The government's geospatial hub is the DST. The
GDPDC advises the DST on geospatial regime
matters.
• Significance
o Leveraging geospatial technology and data can
play a transformative role in accomplishing the
Sustainable Development Goals.
o Promotes the growth of start-ups and reduces
reliance on foreign resources.
o It is crucial for managing critical information
across a diverse range of domains.
o It can make informed decisions, enhance
efficiency.
• Way Forward
o Involved in a disaster preparation scenario,
security measures.
o A clear roadmap should be drawn, and SOPs
should be developed in the National Geospatial
Policy 2022.
Keywords
Geospatial, High Resolution, Critical Infrastructure, Blue
Economy.
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
2. BIOTECHNOLOGY
GENETIC ENGINEERING
Genetic engineering is a breakthrough field that alters or
creates new traits in
organisms.
Scope:
• In Agriculture: Crops resistant to herbicides, pests,
diseases & increase crop yields, reduce the use of
pesticides;
• In Medicine- Genetic engineering for production of
vaccines, hormones, and blood clotting factors,
including insulin;
• In Environmental remediation- GMOs used to
clean up polluted sites (oil spills);
• In Industrial Applications- proteins, enzymes, and
biofuel production;
• In Research and Development- studying gene
function, developing new therapeutic strategies.
Challenges:
• Ethical Concerns- Manipulation of living organisms
and its Consequences
• As Safety Risks- GMOs may have unpredictable
traits/harm ecosystems;
• As Regulation and Oversight- to prevent misuse or
unintended consequences;
• As Public Perception- public concerns about
human health and environment; and
• As Intellectual Property- The patenting process is
a complex legal and economic issue faced by
researchers.
Opportunities
• Disease Prevention and Treatment- develop
therapies for genetic disorders, cancers, and
infectious diseases;
• Improved Agricultural Production- disease
resistance, drought tolerance, and sustainability;
• Environmental Conservation- develop GMOs to
mitigate pollution, protect endangered species;
• Industrial Applications- bio-based manufacturing;
as Bioremediation- break down pollutants and
toxins; as
• Personalized Medicine- personalised drug
therapies increasing treatment efficacy and
precision;
• Scientific Research- study of gene functions,
cellular processes, and disease mechanisms.
Indian Initiatives:
• Indian genetic engineering research is longstanding.
Indian genetic engineering research began in 1982.
Since then, Indian scientists have pioneered genetic
engineering tools like CRISPR-Cas9.
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• National Biotechnology Policy, 2008: India's
biotechnology policy promotes development and use
of biotechnology for the benefit of Indian society;
• National Biosafety Framework, 2009: The
framework regulates GMO use in India.
Genetic engineering can enable tremendous advances in
a world of scientific innovation and responsible
stewardship with appropriate regulation and ethical
concerns.
GENOME EDITING
Genome editing can improve agriculture, medicine, and
science by precisely altering an organism's DNA. Genome
editing uses nucleases to precisely cut an organism's
DNA.
Using a Variety of Techniques
• Certain DNA sequences are bound by zinc finger
nucleases (ZFNs). ZFNs containing DNA-cutting
enzymes can cleave DNA at a specific location.
• Transcription activator-like effector nucleases
(TALENs) are proteins that bind to specific DNA
sequences. TALENs that contain DNA-cutting
enzymes can cut DNA at a specific location.
• CRISPR-Cas9: This genome editing technology is
novel and effective. CRISPR-Cas9 guides RNAs to
target DNA sequences. CRISPR-Cas9 cuts the target
sequence of DNA. This allows scientists to insert,
delete, or rearrange genes in DNA.
Scope
• Agriculture: Genome editing can develop pest-
resistant, herbicide-resistant crops.
• Genome editing can help treat cancer, HIV/AIDS,
and malaria.
• Genome editing can develop pollutant-degrading
organisms. This cleans polluted sites.
Challenges
• Ethical Issues- The ability to edit the human
genome raises ethical concerns about generating
"designer babies" or heritable changes with
unexpected consequences;
• Long-term Safety- Genome editing's long-term
impacts on species and ecosystems are unknown,
requiring thorough risk assessment;
• Regulatory Frameworks; Accessibility and
Equity; Societal Acceptance.
Opportunities
• Disease Treatment: CRISPR-Cas9 can modify genes
precisely to treat genetic disorders and diseases;
Genome editing improves crop attributes,
including disease resistance and nutritional content;
Genome editing can save endangered species
and restore ecosystems; Genome editing helps
researchers examine gene functions, disease
processes, and medication development..
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
India has a long history of genetic engineering research
and is committed to genome editing development and
use. India might lead genome editing with further R&D
spending.
CRISPR-CAS9
CRISPR-Cas9 is a gene-editing tool that has
revolutionised the way scientists can make precise
changes to DNA.
Uses of CRISPR
• Produce pest-resistant, herbicide-resistant crops.
Crop yields could increase and food prices could
drop; Develop cancer, HIV/AIDS, and malaria
medicines; Create pollutant-degrading organisms to
clean polluted sites; Study gene function and
organism development.
Challenges
• Off-Target Effects- CRISPR-Cas9 can edit undesired
genome regions, causing unknown genetic changes;
• Delivery- Delivering CRISPR-Cas9 components to
specific cells or tissues is difficult;
• Ethical Issues: Modifying human embryos could
lead to designer babies or unexpected social effects;
• Regulatory Frameworks- Regulating CRISPR-Cas9
technology is a complex task.
Opportunities
• Refining Efficiency- Minimise off-target effects and
increase gene editing success.
• Therapeutic Applications- Using targeted
therapies for genetic disorders, cancers, and
infectious diseases.
• Agriculture and Food Security- Using CRISPR-Cas9
to develop GMCs with improved traits, disease
resistance, and yields.
Way Forward
• Establishing comprehensive ethical and regulatory
frameworks to address concerns about CRISPR-Cas9
abuse or unwelcome consequences.
• Tech progress- Innovation to improve CRISPR-Cas9
and create new gene-editing tools for precision and
versatility.
GENOME SEQUENCING
• Genome sequencing determines an organism's DNA
sequence. Scientists can examine genetic variations,
diseases, and an organism's genetic makeup by
analysing and decoding DNA nucleotide bases.
• Genome: DNA is made up of four different bases:
Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C), and
Thymine (T).
Scope
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• Personalised medicine; Agriculture- Genome
sequencing can uncover genes for agricultural yield,
disease resistance, and drought tolerance, which can
create more adaptable crop varieties;
Environmental science; Basic research- Genome
sequencing can explore gene function and organism
development.
Initiatives for Genome Editing:
• National Biotechnology Policy, 2008, promotes
biotechnology development and usage in India for
social good.
• The 2010 National Genome Sequencing
Programme aims to sequence genomes of 100,000
Indians.
• The government-funded National Centre for
Biological Sciences studies genome sequencing.
Genome sequencing will promote personalised medicine,
agriculture, environmental science, and basic research.
India's dedication to genome sequencing can makes it a
global frontrunner.
GENETIC SURVEILLANCE
Genome surveillance uses genetic data from a population
to track disease spread, identify new pathogens, and
evaluate immunisation programmes. Genome
surveillance involves monitoring population genomes.
This can track disease outbreaks, detect new pathogens,
and evaluate immunisation programmes.
Scope
• Sequencing the Genomes of Infected Individuals;
Comparing the genomes to identify new strains of
the pathogen that have emerged; Tracking the
changes in the genomes of pathogens over time;
Genome surveillance to identify new strains of
pathogens that have not yet caused any infections.
Challenges
• Cost- relatively expensive process; Technology-
This technology is constantly evolving; Data
Analysis- very large and complex data, requires
more capacity to analyse the data effectively;
Privacy Concerns; Ethical Considerations and
stigmatisation based on genetic traits or
predispositions; Accuracy and Interpretation- of
genetic data are important, as
errors/misinterpretations can have significant
consequences; Data Management and Storage.
Indian initiatives (government-funded research
institutes/organizations):
• The National Centre for Disease Informatics and
Research; The National Institute of
Communicable Diseases; The Indian Council of
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
Medical Research (ICMR)- medical research in
India.
Way forward:
• Genomic monitoring is developing, and India has
many new uses for it. Several government
programmes promote genomic monitoring in India.
If it invests in R&D, India might dominate genetic
surveillance globally.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Recombinant DNA technology, commonly known as
genetic engineering, manipulates DNA molecules to
create new genetic material. This potent technology has
revolutionised agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology
by enabling the manufacture of genetically modified
organisms and new cures.
About:
• The recombinant DNA technique combines DNA
from different creatures. Restriction enzymes cut
and ligate DNA from two sources. Recombinant DNA
technology produces vaccinations, hormones, and
other biological products.
Benefits or Applications
• Medicine: production of therapeutic proteins, such
as insulin, growth hormones; Agriculture: GM Crops
having pest resistance, improved yield, and
nutritional content; Bioremediation; Forensics:
DNA profiling to analyze and compare genetic
information.
Challenges:
• Safety: can create changes to DNA that could have
unintended consequences; Regulation; Intellectual
property; Public perception; Environmental
impact: GMOs can have unknown ecological
consequences and unintended effects on
biodiversity.
Indian Initiatives:
• Genetic Engineering Approval Committee: It
regulates the R&D and commercial release of GMOs
in India; BT Cotton: a GMC resistant to cotton pests;
Golden Rice: enriched with vitamin A to address
micronutrient deficiencies; Crop Improvement:
drought tolerance, disease resistance, and increased
yield to enhance agricultural productivity;
Pharmaceutical Industry: production of
recombinant proteins, insulin, growth hormones,
and vaccines.
Way Forward:
• With additional research and development, India
might take the lead in recombinant DNA technology.
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• Its genetic manipulation has enabled medical
improvements, increased agricultural yield, and the
development of new industrial commodities.
• The impact of recombinant DNA technology on
society will rise, bringing both opportunity and
ethical concerns.
CLONING
Cloning creates genetically identical duplicates of living
creatures or cells. This ground breaking technology
could improve medicine and save endangered species.
Type of Cloning:
• Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT): In SCNT, the
nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred into an egg
cell that has had its nucleus removed. The egg cell
divides into embryo, which is implanted into a
surrogate mother;
• Embryonic stem cell cloning: Creation of embryos
from stem cells. The embryos are then divided into
smaller groups of cells, and each group is implanted
into a surrogate mother.
• Gene cloning: can be used to create new proteins or
modify existing proteins.
Cloning has a variety of potential applications,
including:
• Agriculture; Medicine: to create organs and tissues
for transplantation; Reproductive Cloning:
preserving endangered species; Biomedical
Research: develop new treatments; Organ
Transplantation: Creating organs and tissues for
Transplantation Livestock Improvement: for
disease resistance, and improved food production;
Species Revival: Reviving extinct species by cloning
preserved DNA.
Ethical Concerns with Cloning:
• The potential for abuse: cloning without consent,
unethical purposes, creating clones for military; The
potential for harm to clones: any genetic defects in
the original organism could be passed on to the
clones; The potential for devaluing human life;
Loss of Individuality; Health Risks: clones may
have compromised immune systems; Emotional
and Psychological Impact; Exploitation and
Commercialization.
In China (Arctic Wolf):
• Chinese scientists cloned an Arctic wolf despite its
isolation. The technique is lauded for saving rare
and endangered animals.
Cloning could improve the lives of people with diseases
or disabilities and create new goods, despite ethical
difficulties. Cloning is a complex decision. It requires
considering pros, cons, and ethical aspects.
STEM CELL TRANSPLANT
 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
Blood-forming stem cells, which can become any cell in
the body, are replaced in a stem cell transplant. Bone
marrow and blood include these adaptable cells.
Types of Stem Cell Transplants
• Autologous stem cell transplant: Patient's own
stem cells. Before blood-forming cells are destroyed,
the patient's bone marrow or blood stem cells are
extracted. The patient receives vein-returned stem
cells after treatment.
• Allogeneic stem cell transplant: Matching donors
contribute stem cells. Sibling, parent, or unrelated
donor. The donor's bone marrow or blood stem cells
are supplied to the patient via vein.
Uses and Side Effects:
• Stem Cell Transplants are Used to Treat a Variety
of Diseases like leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma,
Aplastic anemia; and Sickle cell disease.
• Side Effects of Stem Cell Transplants: It may lead
to infection; graft versus host reactions, organ
damage; and other diseases.
GENE MODULATION
Gene modulation alters gene expression. Changing the
gene's protein production can do this. It can treat cancer,
heart disease, and HIV/AIDS.
Working of Gene Modulation
• Gene silencing prevents gene expression. ASOs
and siRNAs can silence genes. Short RNAs called
siRNAs and ASOs attach to the target gene and stop
transcription.
• Gene overexpression: Increasing gene expression.
Plasmids or viruses can overexpress genes. DNA
plasmids can be put into cells. Gene-carrying viruses
are viral vectors. Plasmids and viral vectors express
their genes when put into cells.
• Gene editing alters a gene's DNA. CRISPR-Cas9 is
one gene editing method. CRISPR-Cas9 targets DNA
sequences with a guide RNA. Cas9 chops DNA at the
target sequence. Scientists can insert or remove DNA
sequences.
• Benefits of gene modulation: Disease Treatment;
Precision Medicine Development; Drug Discovery;
Agricultural Improvement; and Therapeutic
Innovation.
• Risk of Gene modulation
o Off - Target Effects: Gene modulation
techniques can sometimes target genes that are
not the intended target.
o Gene escape: Modified genes could escape from
the laboratory and into the environment.
o Other issues involve: Ethical considerations;
Unintended consequences, and negative
ecological impacts.
NANO-TECHNOLOGY
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Nanotechnology, or nanotech, manipulates matter at the
atomic, molecular, and supramolecular levels. It involves
working with 1–100-nanometer particles.
Advantages of Nanotechnology
• Nanotechnology allows for the creation of materials
with improved strength, flexibility, and conductivity;
Improved energy efficiency; Targeted drug
delivery; Water and air purification; and
Disadvantages of Nanotechnology
• Health concerns; Environmental impact; Ethical
considerations; production of nanomaterials may
involve the use of toxic substances, posing risks to
workers and the environment; and social impact.
Highlighting the development of nanotechnology in
India
• Government Initiatives: India has aggressively
pushed nanotechnology development. The DST's
Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI)
promoted nanotechnology research in 2001.
• The National Centre for Nanoscience and
Nanotechnology (NCNN), the National Physical
Laboratory (NPL), and the Centre for Nano and Soft
Matter Sciences (CeNS) are among these.
• Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Systems:
Nanoparticles, nanocarriers, and nanosensors are
improving medical treatments and diagnostics.
• Collaborations and International Partnerships:
Indian institutions work with international
organisations and research institutions to share
nanotechnology expertise and resources.
• Entrepreneurship and Startups: These startups
specialise in nanosensors, nanocoatings,
nanomaterials, and water purification.
• Skill Development and Education: For talent
development and research, the government has
financed Centres of Excellence and Nanotechnology
Education and Research Centres.
• India is developing a nanotechnology regulatory
framework to address environmental, health, and
safety concerns. Responsible nanotechnology
development and use are being regulated.
Conclusion
• Nanotechnology in India is promising. Research,
development, and applications could revolutionise
healthcare, electronics, energy, and materials.
India's devotion to this subject fosters innovation,
economic progress, and social benefits.
RICE FORTIFICATION
• Fortifying rice is a supplementary way to improve
diets, according to the Food Ministry. Fortified rice
meets FSSAI requirements for key elements per
kilogramme.
• Significance of Rice Fortification:
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o Billions of people worldwide rely on rice. These
include iron (28–42.5 milligrams), folic acid
(75–125 micrograms), and vitamin B-12 (0.75–
1.25 micrograms).
o Zinc, Vitamin A, B1, B2, B3, and B6 can be added
to rice. Fortification addresses nutritional
deficits and improves health.
• Types of Rice Fortification: Dry Milling, Wet
Milling, and In-Line Fortification.
• Benefits of rice fortification: Improved Nutritional
Value of Rice; Reduced Risk of Micronutrient
Deficiencies; improved public health; Cost-Effective
Solution; Sustainable intervention.
• Challenges of Rice Fortification: Consumers may
not be willing to accept fortified rice; Technical
Feasibility; Fortification adds additional expenses to
rice production; Infrastructure and Supply Chain
Issues.
• The future of rice fortification: Improved
Nutritional Value; Addressing Micronutrient
Deficiencies; Increased Accessibility; Technological
Advances; Policy and Regulatory Support; and
Consumer Acceptance.
• Conclusion: Rice fortification is a cost-effective and
complementary Food Ministry technique to improve
diets. Iron, folic acid, Vitamin B-12, and other
micronutrients are added to prevent deficiencies
and improve health.
Additional Information
• All nations should fortify rice, according to the WHO.
• UNICEF's "Fortify Rice" programme fortifies rice in
underdeveloped nations.
• The Prime Minister fortified rice during his
Independence Day speech.
• Rice fortification will cost the Indian government Rs.
2,700 crore every year.
Keywords
Fortification, sustainable intervention, dry and wet
milling,
GM CROPS
GM crops are genetically modified crops. This can boost
crop output, nutrition, and pest and disease resistance.
Use of Variety Techniques for GM Crops
• Recombinant DNA Technology; Gene Gun, and
Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation.
• The first GM crop was commercialised in 1996.
• There are now over 200 GM crops grown in more
than 25 countries.
• The most common GM crops are soybeans, corn, and
cotton.
Benefits of GM Crops
• Increased Crop Yields; Reduced Pesticide Use;
Enhanced Nutritional Value; and Improved Crop
Quality.
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Risks of GM Crops
• Allergic Reactions; There is a risk that genes from
GM crops could transfer to other organisms; and
Ethical concerns
• GM crops may assist agriculture. They boost crop
productivity, disease resistance, and nutrition.
GM MUSTARD
• Genetically modified mustard has desired features.
These features may include tolerance to herbicides,
pests, diseases, or increased nutrition.
• The barnase-barstar technique permits hybrids to
be created from a larger range of mustard species,
including East European varieties like 'Heera' and
'Donskaja.'
• Benefits: Increased Yield; Pest Resistance;
Improved Nutritional Profile; Weed Management,
and Agricultural Efficiency.
• Challenges: Delayed Regulatory Approval; potential
for gene flow from GM mustard to related wild or
weedy species, which may harm biodiversity;
increased dependence on seed companies; and long-
term ecological and health effects.
• Conclusion: GM mustard could boost crop yields
and reduce imports. Due to environmental and
farmer concerns, its approval and adoption in India
are controversial.
Keywords
Gene Flow, Barnase-Barstar, Herbicide Resistant,
Monopoly.
FOOD IRRADIATION
Food irradiation is a process that uses ionising radiation
to kill microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and
parasites. Ionising radiation is a type of energy that can
damage the DNA of microorganisms, making them
unable to reproduce.
Working of Food Irradiation
• Gamma, X-ray, or electron beams irradiate food.
Irradiators create these sources.
• The radiation source passes through the food in a
chamber.
• The food's radiation exposure depends on the type,
level of safety, and radiation source.
Benefits of Food Irradiation
• Ensure Food Safety and increase shelf life of
perishables; effectively control insects, pests, and
their eggs; Preservation of Nutritional Quality;
Irradiation meets quarantine requirements and
reduces the risk of pests or diseases in
imported/exported food goods, enabling
international trade.
Risks of Food Irradiation
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 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
• Potential Nutrient Loss; Formation of Harmful By-
products; Allergen Stability; Negative perception of
consumers; and Regulatory compliance
Food irradiation holds promise for food safety and
preservation. It reduces infections, prolongs shelf life,
and prevents spoiling.
BIO-DECOMPOSERS
• Bio decomposers breakdown organic materials.
They're detritivores or decomposers. Bio
decomposers recycle nutrients and reduce trash.
• Bio decomposer types: Bacteria based and Fungi
based.
• Working of Bio decomposers
o Biodecomposers break down dead plants and
animals into simpler chemicals.
o They include bacteria, fungus, and other
organic-feeding microbes.
o Enzymes from biodecomposers break down
complicated compounds.
o Decomposers consume these smaller units for
development and metabolism.
o Biodecomposers recycle nutrients back into the
environment and preserve soil fertility through
decomposition.
• Benefits of Biodecomposers: Recycle nutrients,
Prevent pollution, and Improve soil Health.
• Challenges: Lack of awareness and acceptance; a
difficult regulatory framework; questions on
efficiency and effectiveness; scalability; and
economic viability are questionable
• Conclusion: Bio-decomposers could improve trash
management and sustainability. These natural
chemicals promote organic material degradation.
Bio-decomposers can help create a cleaner future by
reducing landfill trash and hazardous emissions.
Keywords
Bio Decomposer, Bacteria, Fungi, Scalability, Economic
Viability.
INDIAN BIOLOGICAL DATA BANK (IDBC)
• India's IBDC stores life science data. The DBT
founded it in 2016 at the Regional Centre for
Biotechnology (RCB) in Faridabad, Haryana.
• The DBT-developed National Network of Biological
Data Centres (NNBDC) includes IBDC.
• Purpose of IBDC: IBDC collects, stores, and
distributes Indian publicly sponsored life science
data; To support life sciences research and
innovation, IBDC will share this data with Indian and
international researchers.
• IBDC Collects a Variety of Life Science Data: Like
Genomic data; Proteomic data; Metagenomic data;
Metabolic data; environmental data.
• IBDC Data Available: The IBDC web portal provides
access to a variety of data; IBDC has data sharing
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agreements; and it publishes data in a variety of
journals and databases.
• Benefits of IBDC: Access to Data; Data Sharing; and
Data quality.
• Challenges of IBDC: Difficulty in Data Collection;
Improper data curation; and limited data access.
The Indian Biological Data Bank could boost scientific
research and healthcare in India. Compiling and
analysing biological data can improve understanding,
enable personalised therapy, and progress illness
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Keywords
Regional Centre for Biotechnology, National Network of
Biological Data Centres, Metagenomic Data, Metabolomic
Data, Data Collection, Data Access, Data Accessibility.
CAR–T CELL THERAPY
• CAR-T cell therapy uses genetically engineered T
cells to fight cancer.
• Working of CAR – T Cell Therapy: The patient's
blood T cells are extracted and modified with a CAR.
This designed CAR protein binds to a specific protein
on cancer cells, signalling the T cell to kill them.
• Process of CAR – T Cell Therapy
o T Cell Collection: Apheresis removes T cells
from the patient's blood. Blood cells and plasma
are separated during apheresis.
o Engineering T Cells: T cells are genetically
modified with CARs. Cancer cells have a protein
that binds to the CAR.
o CAR binding to the cancer cell signals the T
cell to kill it.
• Benefits of CAR – T Cell Therapy: shown to be
effective in treating a variety of cancers, including
leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma.
• Risks of CAR – T cell therapy
o Cytokine release syndrome: can cause fever,
chills, headache, muscle pain, and shortness of
breath.
o Neurotoxicity: can affect the brain and nervous
system.
o Graft-versus-host Disease: a side effect that
can occur when CAR – T cells attack healthy cells
in the body.
• Future of CAR – T Cell Therapy: Cancer
Treatment; Clinical Research; advancements in
manufacturing techniques and can form
combination drugs.
BIO-COMPUTER
Biocomputers use DNA, proteins, or cells to compute.
Biocomputers could revolutionise computing, even
though they are still in development.
Benefits of Biocomputers
• Biocomputers can perform computations much
faster than traditional computers.
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 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH

• Biocomputers are more energy efficient than • Conclusion: Viral integration involves inserting
traditional computers; can be scaled up to much viral genetic material into the host's DNA. Future
larger sizes; and are much more secure than research on viral infections, genetic engineering, and
traditional computers. therapeutic interventions must understand viral
integration mechanisms and their effects.
Challenges of Biocomputers
• Biocomputers are much more complex; less reliable Keywords
than traditional computers; difficult to develop and Genetic material, Human immunodeficiency virus,
market, and can be used to diagnose diseases, design Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Human
new drugs, monitor environmental conditions; and papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus.
develop new defence systems.
Student’s Note:
Using biological components for computation, bio-
computers are promising. Bio-computers could
revolutionise medicine, environmental monitoring, and
data analysis with their high-speed, low-energy
processing and unique capacities.

POLYETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG)

• Pharmaceutical and medical applications use
lengthy, chain-like polyethylene glycol (PEG). PEG-
10 is PEG. PEG-10 is a 10-monomer PEG.
• PEG-10 in Genetic Delivery Systems: It is a type of
gene therapy vector. Gene therapy vectors are used
to deliver genes to cells.
• Benefits of PEG-10 genetic delivery systems
o PEG-10 does not cause an immune response
since it is non-immunogenic. The body is less
prone to reject them.
o Animal studies demonstrate its gene delivery
efficacy.
• Challenges of PEG-10 Genetic Delivery Systems:
o is expensive and not yet approved for human
use.
o PEG is used in medications, cosmetics, and
industrial operations. Its solubilizer, lubricant,
and stabiliser qualities make it a desirable
element, and its future potential resides in
developments across various sectors.

VIRAL INTEGRATION
• A virus integrates into a host cell's DNA. The virus
replicates and spreads.
• Working of Viral Integration
o The virus adheres to the host cell. After
attaching, it injects genetic material into the
cell.
o The host cell's DNA incorporates viral DNA.
• Consequences of viral integration: It can vary
depending on the virus and the host cell; can lead to
the death of the host cell, and in other cases, viral
integration can lead to the development of cancer.
• We can prevent Viral Integration through
Vaccination, antibody therapy; protease inhibitors,
and use of integrase inhibitors.
• Future potential of Viral Integration: it can be
used for the development of new drugs and better
understanding of host pathogen relation.

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3. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
5TH GENERATION MOBILE NETWORK (5G)
• 5G, the latest cellular technology, promises faster
speeds, lower latency, and higher capacity. It will
revolutionise communication, connection, and new
applications across sectors.
• Improvement in 5G: Faster speeds, lower latency;
Enhanced connectivity, innovation, economic
growth, and more capacity.
• Working of 5G
o 5G and 4G LTE use separate frequencies. 5G
employs higher-frequency millimetre waves
than 4G LTE.
o Millimetre waves are shorter but quicker and
have lower latency.
• Challenges of 5G: Infrastructure requirements;
Spectrum availability; Security concerns;
Interoperability; Regulatory and policy
considerations.
• Future of 5G: Enhanced Connectivity; Internet of
Things (IoT) Expansion; Edge Computing; Industry
Transformation and Innovation; and Economic
Growth.
• Application of 5G: High-speed mobile broadband;
Real-time gaming and virtual reality; Smart cities;
and the Internet of Things.
Additional Information
• 5G uses MIMO (Multiple-input, Multiple-Output)
technology to transmit and receive data
concurrently, increasing network capacity and
spectral efficiency.
• Small cells boost coverage and capacity in dense
regions, improving data transfer rates and latency.
• 5G uses millimetre wave (mmWave) frequencies
for higher bandwidth and data rates but shorter
range, requiring more tiny cells for coverage.
• Network slicing divides a physical 5G network
into numerous virtual networks to meet various
service requirements for performance, security, and
capacity.
• 5G's ultra-low latency makes autonomous
vehicles, remote surgery, and immersive
augmented reality possible.
Keywords
Frequency, Enhanced Connectivity, Economic Growth,
Security concerns, Spectrum availability, High-speed
mobile broadband, Ultra-low latency.
DEEP LEARNING
• Deep learning uses neural networks to learn from
data. These neural networks, inspired by the human
brain, can identify complex data patterns that typical
machine learning algorithms may struggle to
understand.
14
• Various components under it: Neural Networks;
Shallow Neural Networks; Deep Neural Networks;
Convolutional Neural Networks; and Recurrent
Neural Networks.
• Challenges of Deep Learning: Data Requirements;
Computational Requirements; and Overfitting.
• Future of Deep Learning: Continued
Advancements; Enhanced Performance;
Interdisciplinary Applications; Explainable AI and
Integration with Other Technologies.
Deep learning can transform several sectors. In the
future, deep learning technology will be used in more
astonishing ways.
Keywords
Image recognition, Natural language processing, Speech
recognition, Machine translation, medical diagnosis,
financial trading, Self-driving cars.
BHARAT 6G MISSION
The "Bharat 6G Mission" aims to upgrade India's
telecommunications technology. To satisfy future
communication needs and boost India's digital
capabilities, it develops 6G network infrastructure,
research, and innovation.
About Mission
• It will develop and deploy 6G mobile
telecommunications technologies.
• The purpose is to make India a 6G technology leader
and provide access to the newest mobile
telecommunications technology.
Objectives of Bharat 6G Mission
• To make India a global leader in 6G technology; To
provide India with cutting-edge mobile telecoms
technologies; To promote economic growth and
development; and to create jobs and opportunities
in the 6G ecosystem.
Key Features of Bharat 6G
• Ultra-high Speeds; Ultra-low latency; Massive
connectivity; and Enhanced security
Challenges of Bharat 6G
• Technology challenges; Economic challenges;
Regulatory challenges.
Conclusion
• India could lead 6G technology through the Bharat
6G Mission. The mission is difficult, but the Indian
government is determined to succeed.
Keywords
Mobile Telecommunications Technology, Real-Time
Applications.
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VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK (VPN) minimising its threats, criminal activity and online safety
must be addressed.
VPN technology allows safe, private internet
communication. It secures data between the user's
Keywords
device and the VPN server by encrypting it.
Dark Web, illicit activities, Anonymity, Privacy
Protection, Lack of Trust.
Types of VPN
• Remote Access VPN; Site-to-Site VPN; SSL/TLS VPN;
and Mobile VPN. 4D PRINTING
4D printing creates items that change shape in response
Various Applications of VPNs to heat, light, or moisture. It adds time to 3D printing,
• Enhanced Security; Remote Work; VPNs can allowing objects to change after printing.
bypass geographical restrictions and censorship
by masking the user's IP address; hide the user's IP Principles for 4D Printing:
address and encrypt internet traffic; VPNs are • 4D printing relies on clever, shape-memory
commonly used for secure and anonymous materials.
torrenting and file sharing; and can reduce latency • These materials can remember and change shape
and improve gaming performance by connecting to when triggered.
gaming servers in different regions. • These materials allow controlled shape changes in
3D printed things.
Conclusion
• VPNs provide secure and private communication Potential applications of 4D printing:
over public networks. With different types catering
to various needs, VPNs find applications in remote Biomedical It can create adaptive medical devices
work, content access, anonymity, security, and Field like implants and prosthetics that
more. grow with the body, revolutionising
healthcare.
DARKNET Architecture Create dynamic buildings, adaptive
The Darknet, often known as the Dark Web, is and facades, or infrastructure.
purposefully concealed from search engines. It uses Construction
overlay networks and requires specific software, setups, Aerospace Manufacturing of lightweight and
or authorization. The Darknet has benefits and and Defence shape-changing components for
drawbacks, despite its reputation for illegal activity. aircraft or spacecraft.
Fashion and Creation of customizable and shape-
Benefits of the Darknet Textiles shifting garments, shoes, or
• It allows users to maintain a high level of anonymity accessories.
and privacy; Free Expression and Whistleblowing; It Consumer It can be used to develop self-
can be utilized to safeguard personal information Goods assembling furniture, toys, or home
from potential data breaches. appliances that adapt to user
preferences.
Challenges of the Darknet Robotics and 4D printing can enhance the
• The Darknet has become notorious for facilitating Automation capabilities of robots by enabling them
illegal activities; Due to the anonymity of the to change their shape or perform
Darknet, users often face difficulties in determining complex tasks.
authenticity and reliability; Child Exploitation and
Pornography; Malware and Cyber Threats; Stigma 4D printing's flexible and dynamic characteristics can
and Public Perception. alter several industries, even though it's still in
development.
Way Forward
• Strengthen Law Enforcement; Improve Technology FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY (FRT)
and Tools; Develop robust algorithms for data Facial Recognition Technology is a biometric
analysis and pattern recognition; raise public technology that uses algorithms to identify and
awareness and Education; collaborate with authenticate individuals based on their unique facial
Technology Companies; International Cooperation features.
and Regulation.
Applications of Facial Recognition Technology (FRT)
While the Darknet offers anonymity and privacy, its • Security and Surveillance; can contribute to the
challenges and link with unlawful activity cannot be development of smart cities by enabling traffic
disregarded. To maximise the Darknet's benefits while monitoring, crowd management, and public safety
initiatives; can assist in patient identification,
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ensuring accurate medical record matching;
personalised advertisements, tailored
recommendations, or customised services;
• Facial recognition technology can expedite the
processing of travellers at airports and border
checkpoints.
• Retailers can utilize facial recognition to analyse
customer demographics, behavior, and emotions in
real-time.
• Facial recognition technologies will improve
Augmented Reality (AR), healthcare diagnostics,
mental health emotion identification, and
personalised education may use the technology as it
advances.
Keywords
Biometric Technology, Smart Cities, Identity Verification.
RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION
• RFID passively tracks and matches things and
people.
• Tags and Readers comprise the system. Readers
send and receive RFID signals.
• RFID tags communicate through radio waves.
• Tags can be read several feet away without line-of-
sight.
Ammunition Stock
• The Indian Army Ordnance Services Directorate and
Munitions India Limited (MIL), Pune, implemented
RFID asset tracking.
• After OFB corporatization, MIL was created. GS-1
India helped create the RFID tagging method to
worldwide standards.
• GS-1 India is a Ministry of Commerce and Industry
Global Standards organisation. RFID tags will track
Indian Army assets.
Significance
• Revolutionise the management of ammunition;
storage and utilisation of ammunition by soldiers
will become safer; leading to increased efficiency in
all technical activities and help minimize inventory
carrying costs.
RFID has great future potential. Supply chain
management, logistics, and inventory tracking gain from
its use. RFID technology may provide real-time data,
improve operational efficiency, and increase security,
revolutionising asset management.
Keywords
Line-of-sight, Munitions India Limited, and Ordnance
Factories Board.
PROOF OF STAKE (POS)
Proof of Stake (PoS) validates transactions and secures
blockchain networks. Staking cryptocurrency validates
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blocks of transactions in PoS. Block validators receive
bitcoin.
Features of PoS
• more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly
alternative to Proof of Work (PoW).
• PoS outstrips PoW. PoS can process more
transactions per second without miners solving
complicated mathematical issues.
• PoS is ideal for high-transaction blockchain
networks like DeFi and NFTs.
Working of Proof of Stake
Validate Blocks Validators must stake
cryptocurrency.
A random number generator chooses
Validator a staker validator for each new block.
The specified validator validates and
adds the block to the blockchain.
The validator receives
Reward cryptocurrency for validating the
block.
This method encourages honest
Incentives block validation.
Validators lose their stake if they
cheat or assault the network.
• Advantages of Proof of Stake: Energy Efficiency,
Scalability; and Security.
• Disadvantages of Proof of Stake: PoS can lead to
centralization of the network; PoS is not as secure as
PoW against 51% attacks.
Conclusion
• PoS could replace PoW. PoS is more energy-efficient,
scalable, and secure than PoW. PoS has drawbacks
like centralization and security issues.
GENERATIVE AI
Generative AI creates visuals, text, and music. Generative
AI, a new field, could transform several sectors.
Generative AI is already being used in a variety of
ways
• Generative AI can be used to create realistic images
of people, places, and things. This technology is
being used to create new forms of art,
• Can be used to create realistic text, Like News
articles, Blog posts, and even poems.
• Can be used to create new music, such as songs,
melodies, and even entire albums.
• Used to create new forms of medical treatments,
such as drugs, treatments, and even entire medical
devices.
• Used to create new forms of marketing materials,
such as ads, brochures, and even entire campaigns.
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Challenges of Generative AI
• Bias: Generative AI models can generate biased
content. Generative AI models are trained using
human-created data, which can be biased.
• Generative AI models can create copyrighted or
trademarked content.
• Security: Generative AI can develop deceptive
content. This bogus content could propagate
misinformation, perpetrate fraud, or damage
reputations.
Conclusion
• Generative AI can transform several sectors.
Generative AI also faces some issues. As generative
AI technology advances, we may expect more
amazing uses.
Keywords
Image generation, Music generation, Education, and
healthcare
THE RESPONSIBLE AI IN THE MILITARY
DOMAIN (REAIM)
On February 15-16, 2023, The Hague hosted the
Responsible AI in the Military Domain (REAIM) summit.
South Korea co-hosted the summit with the Dutch
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Defence.
Purpose
• The REAIM summit raised awareness of military AI
opportunities and difficulties.
• To develop military AI technologies responsibly, the
summit encouraged stakeholder cooperation.
Challenges
• Issues of Ethical Decision-Making; Difficulties in
Human-Machine Interaction; Bias and
Discrimination; Security and Robustness; Strategic
Implications; It is difficult to ensure Transparency
and Explainability from an AI system.
Recommendations of REAIM
• Create international military AI standards; Develop
and use AI systems transparently; Avoid prejudice in
AI; Guard AI data; Responsiblely build military AI.
Conclusion
• The REAIM summit discussed military AI prospects
and problems. The meeting also demonstrated a
growing international consensus on military AI
responsibility.
Keywords
Ethical Decision-Making, Human-Machine Interaction,
Security and Robustness
CHATBOTS
Chatbots mimic human speech. Customer service
chatbots answer queries and provide support.
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About Chatbots
• Chatbots can tell stories and play games.
• Chatbots use NLP to interpret human language.
• NLP studies computer-human language interaction.
NLP helps chatbots understand human language and
provide suitable responses.
• Chatbots have many advantages over traditional
customer support channels, making them popular.
• Chatbots can handle several chats 24/7. Businesses
and organisations can also customize chatbots.
Chat-GPT and Google Bard
• Chat-GPT, trained on a vast dataset of text and
code, can generate text, translate languages, write
innovative content, and answer your queries.
• Google Bard, trained on a vast dataset of text and
code, can generate text, translate languages, write
creative material, and answer queries.
• Chat-GPT and Google Bard are versatile chatbots.
Both chatbots have some important differences.
Google Bard answers queries, while Chat-GPT
writes.
Applications of Chat Bots
• Customer service; Sales; Marketing; provide
tutoring, answer questions, and deliver lectures;
used to play games, tell stories, and provide
companionship.
Challenges of Chat Bots
• They struggle to maintain context and coherence in
conversations; Chatbots have knowledge limitations;
lacking Emotional Intelligence and Chatbots can
struggle in gracefully handling errors or
misunderstandings.
Conclusion
• Chatbots are versatile tools. Chatbots confront
accuracy, consistency, and security issues. As
chatbot technology develops, these concerns must
be addressed to ensure safe and successful use.
QUANTUM TECHNOLOGY
Quantum mechanics describes atomic and subatomic
matter and energy. Quantum mechanics underpins the
fast-growing field of quantum technology.
Uses of Quantum technology
Cryptography Could be used to develop new
encryption methods
Computing Quantum computers could be used to
solve problems that are impossible
for conventional computers
Communication Quantum communication could be
used to develop new communication
networks
Metrology Used to develop new sensors that are
more accurate and sensitive
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Healthcare Used to develop new medical
treatments
Quantum Computing
• Quantum computations employ quantum mechanics.
Quantum computers are powerful and can tackle
issues that regular computers cannot.
Potential of Quantum Computers
• In the fields of cryptography, Drug discovery;
Materials science; and Finance.
Quantum Communication
• Quantum communication transmits information
using quantum physics.
• Quantum communication is faster and safer.
Quantum Metrology
• Quantum metrology measures physical quantities
using quantum mechanics.
• Quantum metrology can measure quantities that
regular metrology cannot, and it is more accurate
and sensitive.
Quantum healthcare
• Quantum healthcare employs quantum mechanics to
produce new healthcare technology.
• Quantum medicine could change disease diagnosis
and treatment.
Challenges of Quantum Technology
• Quantum technology is very complex; very
expensive; difficult to scale up; High Hardware
Requirements; Limited Availability of Quantum
Resources.
Conclusion
• Quantum technology is quickly evolving and might
transform several sectors. Quantum technology may
revolutionise the planet despite its challenges.
NATIONAL QUANTUM MISSION
• The Ministry of Science & Technology has given the
DST a pioneering mission from 2023 to 2031.
National The public-private NQI will
Quantum support responsible
Initiative quantum technology
development and
application.
Progress of National Quantum Mission
• Since 2022, the NQM has advanced. Quantum
technology development and adoption are
addressed by several NQCO working groups.
• The NQI grants research centres and facilities, and
the NQE programme trains quantum scientists and
engineers.
Challenges of National Quantum Mission
• Quantum technology is very complex; very
expensive; difficult to scale up; High Hardware
Requirements; Limited Availability of Quantum
Resources.
Conclusion
• The NQM is a huge project with many obstacles.
NQM could transform several sectors. The NQM is
crucial to the US's future, hence it must succeed.
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)
• VR is a user-interactive computer simulation of a
three-dimensional environment. VR headsets can be
used for gaming, education, and training.
• Application of Virtual Reality: Provide immersive
experiences; Improve education and VR could be
used to train employees by providing them with
realistic and safe training environments.
AUGMENTED REALITY (AR)
• Augmented reality (AR) overlays a computer-
generated image on a user's real-world view. AR
headsets simulate digital features placed in reality.
Application of Augmented Reality
• AR could be used to provide users with information
about their surroundings, improve productivity; and
provide entertainment by creating interactive
experiences.

Components of National Quantum Mission Comparison between Virtual Reality and Augmented
Reality
The National Responsible for coordinating • VR and AR offer the sensation of being somewhere
Quantum the NQM and ensuring that it else, but in different ways. AR headsets let users see
Coordination is aligned with the national the actual world, while VR headsets filter it out.
Office interest. • VR works best for immersive applications. VR is
The National The NQI is a network of great for gaming and training.
Quantum quantum research centres • AR is superior for applications that require users to
Infrastructure and facilities. see the real world while engaging with digital
National The NQE programme is a elements. AR is great for information and
Quantum training programme that productivity.
Education will prepare the next
Programme generation of quantum Challenges of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
scientists.
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• VR and AR headsets are still relatively expensive; Applications of Digital Twin

they require powerful hardware to run the software,
and Some people experience motion sickness when Manufacturing Used to monitor and optimise the
using VR and AR headsets. performance of manufacturing
processes.
Conclusion Transportation Used to predict traffic congestion and
• VR and AR could transform many sectors. VR and AR simulate different transportation
are developing quickly. VR and AR may become scenarios.
more affordable, accessible, and popular as Energy Used to predict power outages and
technology improves. simulate different energy scenarios.
Healthcare Used to predict patient outcomes and
METAVERSE simulate different healthcare
VR and AR enable the metaverse, a hypothetical internet scenarios.
that is a single, immersive virtual universe. In the
metaverse, users can engage with each other and digital Challenges of Digital Twin
content is more immersively than online. • The accuracy of the data used to create the digital
twin is critical; accuracy of the algorithms;
Application of Metaverse: In Gaming, Education, and scalability, cybersecurity threats; Interoperability.
Work.
Conclusion
Components of Metaverse • Digital twins could transform many sectors. Before
• Hardware: VR headsets and AR glasses are needed becoming a reality, digital twins must overcome
to realise the metaverse. several obstacles.
• Virtual worlds and apps: The metaverse will
demand new software. Keywords
• Infrastructure: The metaverse's massive data Digital twin, revolutionise, interoperability, interface,
generation will require new infrastructure, like high- algorithm, scalability.
speed internet.
• Standards: The metaverse will require new WEB 1.0 VS WEB 2.0 VS WEB 3.0 VS WEB 4.0 VS
standards to assure device and application WEB 5.0
compatibility.
WEB 1.0 WEB 2.0 WEB 3.0
Challenges of Metaverse Static websites Web 2.0 AI and
• High cost; cutting edge technology is needed; a provide websites let decentralised
proper regulation regime is required; and a lack of information users produce technologies have
wide acceptance. without user and share made the web
participation. content, more intelligent
Conclusion Early Wikipedia boosting user and personalised.
• The metaverse has the potential to change how we was an expert- interactivity. Community-
use the internet, but it must first overcome certain created website. Facebook, created websites
obstacles. Twitter, and provide users
YouTube are more data
DIGITAL TWIN examples. control.
A digital twin is a virtual copy of something physical. It is
a real-time data model of the actual object or system. Development of Web 3.0
Digital twins can track, analyse, and improve physical • Blockchain: Blockchain offers safe, transparent, and
systems. They forecast faults and simulate scenarios. tamper-proof transactions. Decentralised
applications (dApps) are created using blockchain.
Components of Digital Twin • AI: AI enhances web experiences. AI may
• Data: It uses real-time data from the physical object recommend information, personalise search results,
or system. and translate languages.
• Data analysis and insights: Algorithms can • Decentralised storage: A network of uncontrolled
monitor physical object or system performance, computers stores data. Decentralised storage
forecast faults, and simulate different scenarios. helps prevent data filtering and hacking.
• Interface: The interface can be used to monitor the
physical object or system, troubleshoot, and alter Development of Web 4.0
the model. • Through Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR).
• Semantic Web: Web 4.0 emphasises a semantic web
that can read and interpret data, improving search
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results, information retrieval, and knowledge
discovery.
• Web 4.0 predicts faster and more dependable
internet access, enabling seamless device
communication and data transfer.
• Personalization and Contextualization: It uses
user preferences, location data, and other contextual
information to adapt content and services.
Development of Web 5.0
• Web 5.0 proponents and sovereign governments
may clash if a decentralised platform is introduced.
• Giving a digital platform such autonomy is unclear
and may require serious analysis and negotiation
between the stakeholders.
Its operational methods, control, and governance are
unknown. Who will run the platform and how will it
protect women and children? These uncertainties
emphasise the necessity for thorough planning and user
safety.
EDGE COMPUTING AND INTERNET OF THINGS
(IOT)
• Edge computing moves computation and data
storage closer to the data source at the network's
edge. This boosts performance, latency, and security.
• IoT is the network of physical items with sensors,
software, and network connectivity that collect and
share data. IoT devices can collect environmental
data, regulate physical processes, and communicate
with humans.
Benefits of Using Edge Computing and IoT
• Improved performance; Reduced latency; Increased
security.
Examples of the Use of Edge computing and IoT
Together
• Self-driving Cars; Industrial Automation; Edge
computing is used to collect data from sensors in
smart cities. This data is used to monitor traffic,
manage energy usage, and provide other services.
Conclusion
• Edge computing and the IoT will enable real-time
data processing, efficiency, and a new generation of
smart gadgets.
ONLINE GAMING
Online gaming is predicted to reach $180.3 billion by
2023. Indian online gambling is predicted to reach $11.8
billion by 2023.
Factors for Growth in Online Gaming
• The availability of high-speed internet is increasing,
along with the growing popularity of smartphones
and tablets.
20
Challenges
• The gaming industry is not yet fully regulated in
India; target for fraud and scams; can be addictive;
vulnerable to hacking, identity theft; and spending
excessive time gaming online can lead to social
isolation.
Steps Taken by Government Online Gaming
• The Ministry of Electronics and Information
Technology (MeitY) formed an inter-ministerial task
force.
• MeitY has been designated as the nodal ministry
responsible for regulating online gaming.
• The task force proposed the establishment of a
central regulatory body.
• Defining Games of Skill and chance.
• The Union Ministry of Finance announced a 28%
GST on internet gaming in December 2022.
Way forward
• Prioritise the well-being of players; Enforce age
restrictions; Inclusive and Diverse Gaming; strict
measures to combat harassment, toxic behaviour;
Provide effective parental control; Foster the growth
of esports by organizing professional leagues;
Embrace emerging technologies.
Conclusion
• The government's proactive regulation of online
gaming shows its dedication to player and industry
security and transparency. Online gaming may
thrive legally and ethically with a central regulatory
agency, clear definitions, and necessary legislation.
Keywords
Virtual reality, augmented reality, online games, and e-
sports
FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
The Fourth Industrial Revolution is rapidly changing our
lives, work, and communication. AI, robotics, IoT, and big
data are driving the change.
Features of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Convergence of Technologies; Digitization of the
Economy; Automation of Tasks; Rise of New
Business Models.
Benefits of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Increased Productivity; Improved Decision-Making;
New Products and Services; Improved Healthcare,
and Sustainable Development.
Challenges of the Fourth Industrial Revolution
• Job displacement can exacerbate the digital divide;
and security risks.
Complex and fast-changing, the Fourth Industrial
Revolution. Revolutionary effects are still unknown. The
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revolution is clearly affecting corporations,
governments, and societies.
Keywords
Digitalization, digital divide, automation, convergence,
and digital infrastructure
NATIONAL INTERNET EXCHANGE OF INDIA
The National Internet Exchange of India (NIXI) is a non-
profit company founded under Section 25 of the
Companies Act, 1956 (currently section 8 under
Companies Act 2013) to develop internet services in
India.
About
• NIXI, registered on June 19, 2003, helps peer ISPs,
content players, and other organisations with AS
numbers exchange domestic internet traffic.
• Using Indian servers minimises the likelihood of
NSA and GCHQ intercepting Indian data.
• Since 2005, NIXI has developed INRegistry (.IN)
and managed the country's National Internet
Register, allocating IPv4 and IPv6 addresses and
autonomous system numbers to its affiliates.
Activities of NIXI
• Facilitating Exchange of Domestic Internet Traffic;
Managing the .IN domain; Managing the National
Internet Registry.
Benefits
• Reduced Latency; Improved Quality of Service;
Increased Reliability; Cost savings.
Challenges
• Ensuring robust and reliable connectivity among
ISPs; robust infrastructure; Security issues; Policy
and Regulation; Stakeholder Collaboration;
Scalability and International Connectivity.
Despite these problems, NIXI has grown and helped the
Indian internet flourish. As India's internet demand
grows, NIXI is well-positioned to grow.
DEEP FAKES
Deep Fakes are AI-manipulated films or visuals.
Synthesised media can convincingly portray people
saying or doing things they never did.
About
• Deepfakes are realistic artificial media including
photos, audio, and video that manipulate or
manufacture information showing people saying and
doing things they never did.
• Deep Fakes concern misinformation, privacy
infringement, and malevolent use in politics and
entertainment.
Legal provision in India
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• The Information Technology Act, 2000 addresses
some cybercrimes.
• This law and the Information Technology
Intermediary Guidelines (Amendment) Rules, 2018
are insufficient to address content manipulation on
digital platforms.
• The requirements require intermediate companies
to remove illicit content responsibly.
• Social media businesses pledged to prevent election
breaches.
• The Election Commission established social media
campaign guidelines.
The University of Washington-Microsoft workshop
on deep fakes highlighted six themes:
1. Deepfakes must be contextualised inside
malevolent manipulated media, computational
propaganda, and misinformation efforts.
2. Deepfakes create multifaceted problems that
require a collaborative, multi-stakeholder response
from specialists in all fields.
3. Journalists require training and resources to
analyse photos, video, and audio.
4. Detecting deep fakes is hard.
5. Deepfakes endanger society, the economy,
culture, individuals, and communities.
6. Any real proof that can be disproven is a huge issue.
Deep Fakes can propagate misinformation and
modify digital content, making them a major issue today.
AI-backed tools and detection approaches must evolve
alongside deep fakes as technology improves.
WORLDCOIN
Worldcoin users are verified via iris scans. Worldcoin,
founded by former OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, aspires to
develop an accessible worldwide financial network.
Features of Worldcoin
• Worldcoin uses iris scans to verify the identity of its
users. It aims to make its cryptocurrency accessible
to everyone and is Privacy-focused.
Working of Worldcoin
• Worldcoin works by scanning users' irises with a
handheld gadget called a Worldcoin Orb, which
employs infrared light to take a high-resolution
image.
• The scan becomes a Worldcoin blockchain identifier.
• Worldcoin tokens can be spent on goods and
services or invested in the project.
• Users will receive 10 billion tokens, with 80% going
to underdeveloped nations.
Challenges
• Worldcoin uses iris scans, which privacy advocates
warn might be used to track or identify users
without their agreement.
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• Investing in Worldcoin is risky because the idea is
very young.
VIRTUAL DIGITAL ASSETS (VDAS)
Virtual digital assets (VDAs) are non-government-issued
digital or electronic representations of value. VDAs can
be used to pay, buy, or invest.
India's Approach: In 2022, the Indian government
taxed VDA income at 30% and suggested a VDA trading
and issuance law.
Advantages
• First, it will integrate VDAs into the banking system.
• Second, it will safeguard investors from scams.
• Third, it will prohibit money laundering and
terrorist financing using VDAs.
Challenges facing India
• India's regulatory framework for virtual digital
assets (VDAs) is a major issue. VDA legal status and
taxation are unclear without thorough guidelines.
• VDAs are prone to cyberattacks, fraud, and
hacking. India must create strong VDA security to
protect individuals and organisations.
• VDA volatility can threaten financial stability.
• Price volatility and speculative trading can disrupt
India's financial markets and cause economic
imbalances.
• VDA investor protection is essential.
• Technological Infrastructure: VDAs require strong
internet connectivity and safe digital platforms.
India requires better infrastructure to meet VDA
demand.
• AML/KYC Compliance: The VDA ecosystem has
AML and KYC compliance issues. Tracking and
verifying transactions and identities reduces
money laundering and other threats.
• Consumer Awareness: VDA education is essential.
Due of ignorance, many fall for scams.
Conclusion
• India's growing regulation of virtual asset service
providers (VDAs) is a good start, but it still faces
several problems. India can create a regulatory
framework to foster the VDA business while
safeguarding investors and deterring illegal usage of
VDAs with time and effort.
NON- FUNGIBLE TOKEN (NFT)
A blockchain-stored NFT is unique. NFTs represent art,
collectibles, and in-game goods. They're traded with
cryptocurrencies and have volatile values.
Value of NFTs
• Unique and uncopyable NFTs are precious.
Collectors value them as digital asset ownership
tokens. NFTs can represent property ownership.
22
• Many digital wallets support NFTs. MetaMask, Trust,
and Coinbase wallets are popular.
• Some of the most popular platforms include
OpenSea, Rarible, and Foundation.
Benefits of investing in NFTs
• Ownership and Authenticity; Creative Monetization;
Fractional Ownership; Smart Contracts and
Royalties; Interoperability and Cross-platform
Integration; Enhanced Collectability and scarcity.
Risks of investing in NFTs
• NFTs can lose value quickly.
• NFTs are unregulated and new. Fraud and scams are
possible.
Conclusion
• NFTs will revolutionise ownership and value
representation, enabling digital asset ownership,
authenticity verification, and new prospects in art,
gaming, and collectibles.
DRAFT NATIONAL DATA GOVERNANCE
FRAMEWORK POLICY
Indian government institutions collect non-personal and
anonymised data for the Indian Datasets programme.
Startups and Indian researchers would be encouraged to
use private company data.
Application
• Once authorised, the regulation will include all
Central government departments, non-personal
datasets, and start-up and researcher access
standards.
• State governments are encouraged to follow the
policy, but they are not required to.
Provisions
• The report proposes the India Data Management
Office (IDMO) to create and operate the India
Datasets platform.
• Any entity sharing non-personal data must use
IDMO-authorized platforms for safety and trust.
• The revised draught removes the problematic
element that permitted Central level data to be sold
on the open market.
• This omission emphasises data privacy by
prohibiting government data commercialization.
Conclusion
• The New National Data Governance Framework
Policy can become a complete and effective
framework that protects data, privacy, and
responsible data use while promoting innovation
and economic prosperity.
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4. NON CONVENTION SOURCES OF
ENERGY
INDIA'S NUCLEAR ENERGY PROGRAMME
• The AERB established India's nuclear energy
initiative in the 1950s. The AERB oversees peaceful
nuclear energy use in India.
• Objective: To meet India's expanding energy needs,
reduce its oil dependence, boost economic growth,
and improve Indians' quality of life.
• Current India Status: 22 nuclear reactors in India
generate 6,780 MW. By 2032, the country wants to
develop 50 nuclear power reactors, increasing
capacity to 63,000 MW.
• Challenges: Limited Uranium Resources; Public
Opposition; High Capital Costs; Disposal of Nuclear
Waste; Nuclear Proliferation Concerns.
Opportunities
• Energy Security; Low Carbon Footprint; Technology
Development; Job Creation; International
Cooperation.
Conclusion:
• Indian nuclear energy is complicated. The plan could
boost India's energy security and economy. The
program's success depends on the Indian
government's and industry's capacity to overcome
obstacles and seize opportunities.
Stage of Nuclear Program In India
• Stage 1 - Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors
(PHWRs).
• Stage 2 - Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs).
• Stage 3 - Thorium-based Advanced Heavy Water
Reactors (AHWRs).
Additional Information
• India imports uranium. The country's uranium
mines don't produce enough. India is negotiating
long-term uranium supplies with other countries.
• India's nuclear power safety is a problem. Several
events, particularly the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi
nuclear tragedy in Japan, raise this fear.
• India develops its own nuclear technology. BARC
is one of several nuclear research centres in India.
BARC develops nuclear reactors, fuel, and
technologies.
NUCLEAR FUSION
• Fusion energy might offer the world with clean, safe,
and abundant energy. Before fusion reactors may be
commercialised, several obstacles must be
overcome. Fusion might happen with more
investigation.
• Nuclear Fusion: The strong nuclear force
overcomes the repulsive force of protons in two
23
nuclei to start nuclear fusion. The nuclei merge to
generate a new one.
• The new nucleus is lighter than the old nuclei. E =
mc^2 turns this mass difference into energy.
Benefits of fusion energy
• Abundant Energy; Environmental Friendliness;
Safety; Resource Availability.
Challenges of Fusion energy
• Temperature and Containment; Plasma Stability;
Energy Balance; Materials and Component Lifespan;
Cost and Scalability; Waste Management.
Conclusion
• Fusion energy could offer the world clean, safe, and
abundant energy. Before fusion reactors can be
commercialised, several obstacles must be
overcome. Fusion energy may soon be possible with
further study and development.
India and ITER:
• India wanted to join ITER as an equal partner
because of its importance to fusion energy
development.
• India joined ITER after talks.
• India will donate $500 million in equipment for the
project.
• India will participate in ITER operations and
experiments in addition to providing equipment.
NITI AAYOG’S – BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE
Batteries store chemical energy. It stores and releases
renewable energy from solar and wind power. This
balances the system and ensures consumers have steady
power.
Benefits of Battery Energy Storage
• Battery energy storage helps stabilise the electricity
grid; and facilitates the efficient integration of
renewable energy sources by storing excess power
generated; Peak Demand Management; Ancillary
Services; Energy Cost Management; Energy Access;
Backup Power.
Challenges of Battery Energy Storage
• High cost; Limited lifespan; Safety concerns.
Conclusion
• Battery energy storage might improve
dependability, emissions, and efficiency. However,
battery costs and lifespans need attention. Thanks to
technology, batteries should get cheaper and last
longer.
SMALL MODULAR REACTORS (SMRS)
SMRs are smaller and simpler nuclear reactors. SMRs are
factory-built and transported for installation. Global
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firms are developing SMRs. SMRs will debut in the early
2020s.
Definition and Characteristics of SMRs
• SMRs have 300-MW electrical outputs.
• Factory-built and installed on-site, they simplify
deployment and scaling.
• SMRs reduce accidents using passive safety features
and modern technologies.
• These reactors work longer without refuelling and
cost less to operate and maintain.
Advantages of SMRs
• Flexibility and Scalability; Enhanced Safety;
Affordability; Grid Resilience.
Implications and Challenges
• Regulatory Framework; Public perception of nuclear
energy, safety concerns, and waste management
issues may affect the acceptance and Technology
Development
Conclusion
• SMRs can minimise cost, construction time,
flexibility, safety, and sustainability. SMRs face
regulatory, public, and development risks. SMRs
might transform nuclear electricity, but it's too early
to tell.
LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
Lithium ions migrate from the negative electrode to the
positive electrode during discharge and charge in
lithium-ion batteries. Laptops, phones, and EVs use
lithium-ion batteries.
Features/Benefits of Lithium-ion batteries
• High Energy Density; Longer life span; Fast
Charging; Lightweight; Low Self-Discharge; Wide
Range of applications
Disadvantages of Lithium-ion Batteries
• Lithium-ion batteries have a finite energy density;
The manufacturing process and materials required
for lithium-ion batteries can make them expensive;
ageing and Degradation; Environmental Concerns
and Safety Risks.
Application of Lithium-ion Batteries
• Lithium-ion batteries power laptops, cell phones,
and electric cars. As more people transition to
electric cars, lithium demand is projected to rise
dramatically.
Lithium deposits in India
• India found huge lithium resources in Jammu &
Kashmir and Rajasthan. These finds could make
India a lithium market leader.
Conclusion
24
• India's lithium find might change its energy
landscape. India can dominate the global lithium
industry and profit economically with proper
planning and implementation.
SODIUM-ION BATTERIES
Sodium-ion batteries employ sodium ions as charge
carriers. Lithium, the main ingredient in lithium-ion
batteries, is rarer than sodium. Sodium-ion batteries
may be cheaper and greener than lithium-ion batteries.
Advantages of Sodium-ion Batteries
• Sodium is more abundant than lithium, which makes
sodium-ion batteries a potential alternative to
lithium-ion batteries.
• Sodium is a less toxic element than lithium, making
it environmentally friendly.
• Higher Energy Density; High Scalability; Potential
for Grid-Level Storage.
Disadvantages of Sodium-ion Batteries
• Lower Energy Density; Limited life cycle; Limited
Availability; Slower Charging Rates; Compatibility
Issues
Applications
• Can be used in Electric vehicles; for stationary
storage applications and for consumer electronics.
Conclusion
• Sodium-ion batteries might replace lithium-ion in
several applications. Several firms are developing
commercial sodium-ion batteries. These businesses
might revolutionise the battery market using
sodium-ion batteries.
Lithium Vs. Sodium battery
• Electrochemical Reactions: Lithium batteries
employ lithium ions, while sodium batteries use
sodium.
• Energy Density: Compared to sodium batteries,
lithium batteries offer higher energy density.
• Cost: Because lithium is scarce, lithium batteries are
more expensive than sodium batteries, which are
abundant.
• Safety: Sodium batteries can cause thermal runaway
and are less stable than lithium batteries.
FLEX FUEL VEHICLES
Flex Fuel Vehicles (FFVs) may operate on gasoline,
ethanol, or methanol. Flex-fuel cars may use any
gasoline-ethanol combination up to 85% ethanol (E85).
Advantages of Flex-Fuel Vehicles
• Reduced emissions; economics, Domestic
Production; Market Demand and Flexibility
Disadvantages of Flex-Fuel Vehicles
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• Limited Fuel Efficiency; Reduced Performance;
Higher Fuel Costs; Infrastructure limitations; and
Environmental Impact
Conclusion
• Flex vehicles can help the transportation sector
switch to greener energy. FFVs can cut carbon
emissions and improve energy security by allowing
users to utilise alternative fuels.
Additional Information:
• E85 is not available globally. Check E85
availability before buying a flex-fuel vehicle.
• Gasoline-powered flex-fuel vehicles: Flex-fuel
vehicles may use any gasoline-ethanol blend up to
85%. If E85 is unavailable, use petrol.
• Flex-fuel pumps are needed: Flex-fuel vehicles
need E85-compatible gasoline pumps.
• Flex-fuel cars have longer warranties: Flex-fuel
vehicles usually have a longer warranty. Engines and
fuel systems are more complicated.
NATIONAL GREEN HYDROGEN MISSION
• The government-led National Green Hydrogen
Mission (NGHM) promotes green hydrogen
generation and consumption in India.
• Solar and wind energy divide water into hydrogen
and oxygen to make green hydrogen. Its pure,
emissions-free fuel may decarbonize transportation,
industrial, and power generation.
Aims
• Promote the production of green hydrogen in India;
Reduce the cost of green hydrogen production;
Develop a domestic market for green hydrogen;
Promote the export of green hydrogen.
Benefits of NGHM
• Decarbonization of the Economy; Economic Growth;
Energy Security; Foreign Investment
Challenges of NGHM
• High cost of production; Lack of infrastructure; Lack
of demand; Renewable Energy Integration; Lacking
Policy and Regulations.
Ways to overcome the challenges
• Technology Development; Policy Support;
International Collaboration; Skill Development;
Financial Support.
Conclusion
• The NGHM advances India's decarbonization efforts.
The mission might help India meet its climate
targets by creating a new renewable energy
economy. However, investing in research and
development, infrastructure, and green hydrogen
utilisation in many applications can overcome the
mission's hurdles.
25
Hydrogen Fuel Cell
• Hydrogen fuel cells produce clean, quiet, reliable,
and high-quality electricity.
• Hydrogen fuels an electrochemical process that
generates energy and only water and heat.
Hydrogen, one of Earth's most abundant elements,
makes a cleaner fuel.
• Benefits: Efficiency; Versatility; Renewable
Potential; Quiet Operation and Zero Greenhouse Gas
Emissions.
• Challenges: Infrastructure; cost of hydrogen fuel
cells and related components is currently high;
Hydrogen Production using sustainable methods is a
challenge; Storage and Distribution issues and
durability.
ETHANOL BLENDING PROGRAMME
India's government-led Ethanol Blending Programme
promotes ethanol consumption. The 2003 programme
aimed to combine 5% ethanol with gasoline. India will
blend 20% ethanol with petrol by 2025 due to the
program's success.
Benefits of Ethanol Blending
• Reduced greenhouse gas emissions; Increased
energy security; Increased income for farmers;
improved air quality.
Challenges of Ethanol Blending
• High Cost of Production; Lack of Infrastructure; Lack
of Demand; Compatibility; Supply and Distribution.
Steps to overcome these challenges
• Ethanol Blending Programme; Food Grain for
Ethanol Production; Simplification of GST;
Incentives for Ethanol Production.
Conclusion
• The Ethanol Blending Program's goal to minimise
fossil fuel use, alleviate environmental effects, and
promote renewable energy appears promising.
MISSION INNOVATION (MI)
Mission Innovation addresses the pressing need for
clean energy innovation to prevent climate change and
promote sustainable development worldwide. At COP21
in 2015, 24 nations and the European Commission
pledged to quadruple their renewable energy research
and development.
Components of MI
• Promote R&D and Demonstration of clean energy
technology; supports the development of policies
that accelerate the deployment of clean energy
technologies.
Indian Initiatives Aligned with the Mission
• Clean Energy International Incubation Center;
Increased Solar Capacity; Biofuels; Ujjwala Yojana.
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Mission Innovation promises global clean energy
innovation. The programme will expedite clean energy
technology research and deployment for a sustainable
future through collaboration and greater funding.
CLEAN TECH EXCHANGE IC4
Clean Tech Exchange (IC4) connects clean technology
innovation centres worldwide. The US Department of
Energy and the UK Department for Business, Energy, and
Industrial Strategy inaugurated the network in 2016.
Goal
• Accelerate clean technology development and
commercialization; aim to create a global clean
technology pioneer community; promote
international clean technology partnerships; and
promote clean technology's benefits.
The network provides a variety of services to its
members
• Access to funding; Access to expertise; Access to
markets; Access to policy support.
• IC4 has advanced clean technology development and
commercialization. Over 100 clean technologies
were commercialised by IC4 members in the first
five years.
SUSTAINABLE BIOFUELS
Sustainable biofuels are biomass-based. Biofuels can
replace fossil fuels in transportation, electricity, and
heating.
Major Types of Biofuels
Bioethanol Derived from crops like corn and
sugarcane through fermentation.
Derived from vegetable oils, waste oils,
Biodiesel and animal fats through
transesterification.
Biogas Produced by the anaerobic
decomposition of organic matter.
Biobutanol Produced through the fermentation of
starch, similar to bioethanol.
Produced through processes like
Biohydrogen pyrolysis, gasification, or biological
fermentation.
Advantages of Biofuels
• Reduce dependence on finite fossil fuel resources;
Lower carbon emissions; maximise the potential for
managing municipal solid waste; Enhance energy
security; and stimulate rural economies.
Disadvantages of Biofuels
• Lower energy efficiency; Potential impact on food
crops and biodiversity; Concerns about food
shortages and increased prices; Cost implications
due to land requirements
26
Conclusion:
• Biofuels support India's sustainable development
and environmental goals. India seeks energy
security, greenhouse gas reduction, and rural
economic growth through biofuels.
Keyword
Bioethanol, Biodiesel, Biogas, Biobutanol, Biohydrogen.
SCIENTIFIC SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (SSR)
Scientists have an ethical duty to apply their knowledge
and talents to serve society. SSR holds that scientists
should use their expertise to tackle social issues.
SSR Obligations
• Conducting research; Communicating scientific
findings to the public; Working with policymakers to
develop evidence-based solutions to social
problems; and supporting scientific research and
education.
Importance of SSR
• Ethical Conduct; Public Engagement; Addressing
Societal Challenges; Collaboration and Knowledge
Sharing; Policy Influence; Responsible Innovation
and Long-Term Impact.
Conclusion
• We can solve societal problems, provide fair access
to scientific advances, and benefit society by
incorporating ethical and socially responsible
practices into scientific research and innovation.
The Indian government has undertaken several
initiatives to promote SSR
Atal Innovation Mission; Science and Technology for
Harnessing Innovations; Science and Technology for
Women; Start-up India; Rural Technology Action Group.
NATIONAL DATA GOVERNANCE FRAMEWORK
POLICY
In January 2023, MeitY issued the National Data
Governance Framework Policy (NDGFP). It outlines
India's data governance standards.
Aims
• Protecting privacy, securing data, and enabling data
exchange for society are essential to promoting
responsible and ethical data use.
Principles of NDGFP
• The NDGFP governs data in India. The NDGFP
advances India's data ethics efforts.
• The NDGFP governs data collection, storage,
processing, and use in India.
• The NDGFP provides structures and methods to
control data in India.
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Provisions
5. HEALTH
Data Protection Responsible for enforcing the
Authority of India NDGFP. DRUGS, MEDICAL DEVICES AND COSMETICS
National Data Policy document that sets out the BILL, 2022
Sharing and principles and guidelines for the Dr. Harsh Vardhan introduced the Drugs, Medical
Governance Policy sharing of data in India. Devices, and Cosmetics Bill, 2022, in the Lok Sabha on
National Data A platform that facilitates the August 23, 2022. This bill amends and consolidates
Exchange sharing of data between India's medicine, medical device, and cosmetics import,
government agencies, businesses, manufacture, distribution, and sale laws.
and research institutions.
Aim:
The NDGFP advances India's data ethics efforts. The • The Indian regulatory system aims to improve
NDGFP will defend data privacy, security, and sharing for medicine, medical devices, and cosmetic quality,
society. safety, and efficacy and make them accessible to all.

The Bill Includes a Number of New Provisions

Student’s Note: • Regulatory body: All pharmaceuticals, medical
equipment, and cosmetics must be CDSCO-
registered.
• Promote good clinical practises; all medical devices
to be labelled in Hindi and English; ban on the sale of
cosmetics that contain harmful ingredients.

Other provisions
• Creates a central licensing authority; National
Pharmacovigilance Program; Medical Devices
Advisory Council.

Conclusion
• The Drugs, Medical Devices, and Cosmetics Bill,
2022, intends to improve drug quality, safety, and
efficacy in India. The bill will affect the Indian
healthcare business and safeguard customers from
harmful and ineffective products.

PANDEMIC TREATY
The Pandemic Treaty would improve pandemic
prevention, preparedness, and response globally. The
194 WHO member states are negotiating the treaty.

Provisions of Pandemic Treaty

• The treaty would require countries to strengthen
their early warning and detection systems for
pandemic threats.
• Risk Assessment and Management; treaty would
require countries to cooperate with each other to
prevent, prepare for, and respond to pandemics.

Benefits of the Pandemic Treaty

• Increased coordination; Improved early warning;
and Increased access to vaccines and treatments.

Challenges Faced by Pandemic Treaty

• Lack of Political Will; Difficult negotiations; and
Implementation challenges.

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Despite difficulties, the Pandemic Treaty is worthwhile.
The deal could save lives and livelihoods. Maintaining
treaty negotiations and execution is crucial.
MUSCAT MANIFESTO
Countries and organisations signed the Muscat
Manifesto to expedite AMR action. In November 2022,
the Third Global Ministerial Conference on AMR in
Muscat, Oman, adopted it.
Goals
• Reducing the total amount of antimicrobials;
Preserving critically important antimicrobials for
human medicine; Strengthening surveillance and
monitoring systems for AMR; Investing in research
and development; Promoting One Health
approaches to AMR.
Importance of the Muscat Manifesto
• AMR is a global health emergency; We need to act
now to address AMR; Work together; Invest in
research and development, and promote one health
approach.
• The Muscat Manifesto urges nations and
organisations to collaborate on AMR. It pledges to
expedite AMR action and ensure everyone has
access to safe and effective antimicrobials.
Additional Information
• The Global Action Plan on AMR and the Global
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System are
two WHO programmes addressing AMR globally.
• The National Action Plan on AMR in India
emphasises surveillance, infection prevention, and
judicious antibiotic usage in human and animal
health.
• The Indian Council of Medical Research
Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Network
tracks antibiotic resistance and informs policy.
• The FSSAI has issued directives to reduce the trans-
fat content in food products.
o Industrially manufactured trans-fat cannot
exceed 2% of food fat by mass.
o A food product with 100 grams of fat can have
no more than 2 grams of industrially
manufactured trans-fat.
o Foods with more than 0.5 grammes of
industrially produced trans-fat per 100
grammes of fat must be labelled "Contains
industrially produced trans-fat."
India's public health benefits from the FSSAI's trans-fat
recommendations. These guidelines will prevent heart
disease and other health issues among Indian
consumers.
Additional Information
• "WHO calls on governments to use the REPLACE
action package to eliminate industrially-produced
trans-fatty acids from the food supply.
• REPLACE strategy by WHO proposes six key
strategies to eliminate industrially-produced trans
fats from the food supply quickly, completely, and
sustainably.
Student’s Note:

TRANS FATS
Trans fats are solid unsaturated fats. Hydrogenating
liquid vegetable oils creates them. Trans fats improve
texture, shelf life, and flavour in processed goods.

About Trans Fats

• Trans fats, which are solid at room temperature, are
harmful and are utilised in processed foods to
improve texture and shelf life.
• They diminish HDL and boost LDL. Heart disease,
stroke, and type 2 diabetes may increase.
• The WHO recommends 2 grams of trans fat per day.

Types of trans fats

• Naturally occurring : Found in small amounts in
some animal products.
• Industrially produced : Most harmful to health

Government Initiatives
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 PRAHAAR ReDEFINED 3.0 SUMMARY: SCIENCE AND TECH
6. MISCELLANEOUS
HYPERLOOP
A pod travels through a low-pressure tube in a
hyperloop. The linear motor-powered pod can reach 760
mph (1,223 km/h).
Working of Hyperloop
• A linear motor, pod, and low-pressure tube make up
a Hyperloop. The pod may travel fast because the
tube is evacuated to a near-vacuum.
• A linear motor moves the pod along the tube using
electromagnetic fields.
Benefits of Hyperloop
• High speed; more efficiency; Sustainability; and
greater safety.
Challenges of Hyperloop
• High cost; no concrete regulation; hindrance to
public acceptance; technological feasibility; and
lacking infrastructure.
Future of Hyperloop
• High-Speed Transportation; Sustainable
Infrastructure; Increased Efficiency; Regional
Connectivity; Economic Opportunities;
Technological Advancements; and Regulatory and
Safety Considerations.
Hyperloop's future is bright. Its high-speed, low-friction
travel could revolutionise transport systems and
commuter habits, providing efficient and ecological
mobility.
ONE HEALTH
The Action plan's participatory development produced a
comprehensive set of activities to improve collaboration,
communication, capacity building, and coordination
across all sectors addressing health issues affecting
humans, animals, plants, and the environment. The
2022–2026 strategy addresses global, regional, and
national health issues.
Focus Areas of the Action Plan
• One Health capacity for health systems; Emerging
and re-emerging zoonotic epidemics; Endemic
zoonotic diseases; Neglected tropical and vector-
borne diseases Antimicrobial resistance and the
environment; Food safety risks.
One Health Concept
• Human, animal, and environmental health are
interconnected under One Health.
• The tripartite-plus alliance—FAO, OIE, and others—
agreed on One Health.
29
• Holistic approaches that acknowledge health's
interconnection aim to improve, protect, and defend
all species' well-being.
Importance of One Health
• Due to population growth and exploration,
humans and animals are more likely to come into
touch, increasing disease transmission.
• Zoonotic diseases are important since over 65%
of human infectious diseases are animal-borne.
• Environmental and habitat disruptions allow
illnesses to spread from animals to humans,
threatening public health. Over 1.7 million viruses
circulate in wildlife, many of which can infect
humans.
• India could see more pandemics in the future if
zoonotic illnesses are not monitored and prevented.
Way Forward
• India should use "One Health" for infectious disease
management nationwide.
• To combat zoonotic illnesses, international research
partnerships should be formed.
• Informal markets and slaughterhouses should follow
best practices for inspections and disease
prevalence.
Traditional Medicine
• Traditional medicine refers to healing practises,
knowledge, and approaches that have been passed
down through generations within various cultures.
• It encompasses a broad range of therapies, including
herbal medicine, acupuncture, Ayurveda, and
indigenous healing practises.
• Traditional medicine often incorporates natural
remedies derived from plants, animals, and
minerals, as well as techniques that focus on holistic
health and balance.
• Traditional medicine is increasingly gaining
recognition and respect globally, despite efforts to
integrate it into mainstream healthcare systems.
• Challenges associated with Traditional
Medicines: Lack of scientific validation and
standardisation; Limited regulation and quality
control; Potential risks and side effects; Limited
integration with modern healthcare systems;
Cultural and geographical barriers to access and
dissemination.
BRAHMOS
The IAF's SU-30MKI fighter jet fired BrahMos ER. These
dual-role missiles will boost the Indian Navy fleet's
operating capability.
BrahMos Missile
• India-Russia's BrahMos missile has a range of 290
km and is the world's fastest cruise missile at Mach
2.8.
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• The Brahmaputra and Moskva rivers symbolise the
two nations' cooperation.
• The missile's two-stage propulsion system uses solid
propellant and liquid ramjet engines.
• BrahMos can be launched from land, air, and marine
platforms.
Recent Developments
Recent Anti- In April 2022, the Indian Navy and
Ship Test Andaman and Nicobar Command
successfully tested an anti-ship
BrahMos supersonic cruise missile.
Extended The stealth guided missile destroyer
Range Sea-to- INS Visakhapatnam tested an
Sea Test extended-range BrahMos missile.
Self-Guided The BrahMos missile can be fired and
Capability forgotten.
Autonomous After launch, the missile uses advanced
Navigation autonomous navigation technologies to
hit its target without any guidance.
Target The missile's sensors and systems
Acquisition enable autonomous target acquisition,
improving operating efficiency.
Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDM)
• Missiles and hypersonic vehicles use SFDR
propulsion.
• Its solid rocket motor and ramjet engine give it
speed and maneuverability.
• Solid fuel grains replace liquid fuel storage and
sophisticated fuel injection systems in SFDR.
• SFDR's ramjet mode uses air to compress and
combust solid fuel for high-speed propulsion.
• SFDR is simpler and more flexible than liquid-fueled
ramjets.
PROJECT 75- INS VAGIR
Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Ltd. in Mumbai gave the
Indian Navy Vagir, the sixth Scorpène-class conventional
submarine. Indian Navy Project-75 created it.
Vagir
• Vagir is Project-75's fifth Scorpène-class
conventional submarine.
• A Kalvari-class diesel-electric attack submarine.
• Vagir began sea trials on February 1, 2022, after
being launched on November 12, 2020.
• Vagir completed all key trials, including weapon and
sensor trials, faster than previous submarines.
Air-independent propulsion (AIP)
• AIP lets non-nuclear submarines function without
surfacing or snorkelling for air oxygen. It
supplements diesel-electric propulsion to increase
submarine endurance and reduce air dependence.
Benefits and Advancements of AIP in Submarine
30
• Increased Underwater Endurance; Non-Reliance on
Atmospheric Oxygen; Improved Stealth; Various AIP
Technologies; Reduced Thermal and Acoustic
Signatures; Enhanced Operational flexibility; and
easy deployment and advancement.
DRONES
The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan and Drone Rules 2021
support India becoming a drone hub. Drones can
transform national defence, agriculture, law
enforcement, and mapping.
About Drones
• Unmanned aircraft (UA) are drones. Drones are now
used in civilian applications. Drones are safer and
more efficient than planes.
• Drone autonomy ranges from remote piloting to
advanced autonomy using sensors and LIDAR
detectors for movement computations.
Applications
• Surveying and Mapping; Agriculture and Crop
Monitoring; Search and Rescue Operations;
Infrastructure Inspection; Environmental
Monitoring; Delivery and Logistics; Disaster
Response; Security and Surveillance.
Way Forward
• Training programmes; Balancing Security and
Benefits; Developing an anti-Drone System;
Increasing investments
Indian Drone Policy
• Categorization: Nano, Micro, Small, Medium, and
Large drones are categorised by weight and
capability.
• Registration: The Digital Sky gateway must register
all drones except Nanos.
• Operator Permit: Micro, Small, Medium, and Large
drone operators need DGCA operator permits.
• No-Fly Zones: Airports, international boundaries,
strategic places, and others are no-fly zones for
drones.
• Remote Pilot Licence: The DGCA requires RPLs for
Small, Medium, and Large drone pilots.
• Flight Guidelines: Safe drone operations include
maximum height, distance from people and
structures, and daylight-only activities.
NATIONAL ANTI-DOPING ACT, 2022 (NADA)
On March 23, 2022, the Indian Parliament passed the
National Anti-Doping Act (NADA). The Act prohibits
sports performance-enhancing drugs to ensure fair play
and athlete health.
Objective
• To create a sports anti-doping agency (NADA); to
implement the UNESCO International Convention
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against sports doping and to prevent sports drug
usage promotes fair play and athlete wellness.
Powers of NADA
• Conduct Tests; impose sanctions on athletes who are
found to be guilty; educate athletes and
sportspersons and work with other organizations to
promote fair play.
Structure of NADA
• Headed by a Director General and will have a Board
of Directors which will be responsible for the overall
functioning.
The ground-breaking NADA will protect Indian athletes'
health and equalise the playing field. The Act advances
India's doping fight.
JAGADISH CHANDRA BOSE
Jagadish Chandra Bose, an Indian polymath born in
Kolkata on November 30, 1858, contributed to physics,
botany, and radio science. He is known as the "father of
radio science" in India.
Career and achievements J C Bose
• After Presidency College in Kolkata, Bose attended
Cambridge University in England. He taught in
Presidency College in India after graduating from
Cambridge.
• Bose initially studied plant physics. He invented
several plant growth and movement tools. He
demonstrated that plants respond to electrical and
magnetic forces.
• Bose devised the crescograph in 1894 to measure
plant development. The crescograph revolutionised
plant physiology.
• Radio science benefited from Bose. He created a
lightning-detection radio receiver in 1895. He also
demonstrated long-distance radio signal
transmission.
Radio science pioneer Bose was bright. He is regarded as
one of India's most influential scientists.
NOBEL PRIZES 2022
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022
• Swedish geneticist Svante Paabo was honoured for
his groundbreaking research on extinct hominin
genomes and human evolution.
• He sequenced the Neanderthal genome, a human
ancestor.
• He also found that gene transfer happened between
these extinct hominids and Homo sapiens after the
migration out of Africa 70,000 years ago.
Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2022
• Click Chemistry was founded by K. Barry Sharpless
and Morten Meldal. To avoid carbon atom reactions,
31
click chemistry employs smaller molecules with
entire carbon frameworks.
• Medicinal chemistry uses the copper-catalyzed
azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction.
Carolyn Bertozzi pioneered bioorthogonal processes
to map glycans, mysterious biomolecules in living
organisms.
• These reactions are non-disruptive.
• Click chemistry has produced enzyme inhibitors,
receptor ligands, medicines (including anticancer
and antimicrobials), herbicides, and
photostabilizers.
Nobel Prize in Physics 2022
• Alain Aspect (France), John F. Clauser (USA), and
Anton Zeilinger (Austria) received the prize for their
pioneering studies with entangled photons and
quantum information science, particularly in
proving Bell inequalities violated.
• Entangled particles, such as electrons or photons,
can be studied and controlled. Without
communicating, they might quickly determine the
outcome of an equivalent measurement on the other
particle by measuring one particle.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS (IPR)
• Intellectual property rights (IPR) safeguard
inventions, artwork, and business symbols.
• IPR comes from Article 27 of the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights, which protects
moral and material interests from scientific, literary,
and creative creation.
• The Paris Convention for the Protection of
Industrial Property (1883) and the Berne
Convention for the Protection of Literary and
Artistic Works (1886) recognised the importance of
intellectual property.
• WIPO, a global organisation that protects and
enforces intellectual property rights, oversees both
accords.
Intellectual property rights encompass two primary
domains
• Copyright and Related Rights, like rights of
authors, creators, and artists in their literary and
artistic works, and Industrial Property Rights like
Trademarks; Geographical Indications, Industrial
Designs, and Trade Secrets.
Importance of Intellectual Property Rights
• Encourages innovation, promotes Economic growth,
Safeguards the Rights of creators, Promotes
Innovation and creativity, Ensures Ease of Doing
business, and Facilitates Technology Transfer.
National IPR Policy 2016
• The National Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Policy 2016, adopted in May 2016, aims to guide the
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development of IPRs in India. Its clarion call is • Seamless Communication between Chains;
"Creative India; Innovative India." Encouraging Interoperability; Establishing
• CIPAM, operating under the auspices of DIPP, serves Regulation; Building a National Blockchain
as the central point of reference for implementing Ecosystem; and Leveraging Layer-2 Solutions.
the objectives of the National IPR Policy.
Conclusion
Key Objectives of the National IPR Policy 2016 • Blockchain technology could transform several
• IPR Awareness; Legal and Legislative businesses. Interoperability, scalability, consensus
Framework; Administration and Management; methods, and vulnerability detection research can
Commercialization of IPRs; Enforcement and help blockchain technology overcome its
Adjudication; Generation of IPRs; and Human constraints.
Capital Development.

Accomplishments under the National IPR Policy Student’s Note:

• Enhanced Global Innovation Index Ranking;
Strengthened Institutional Mechanism; Reduction in
IP Application Backlog; built Technology and
Innovation Support Centres; Streamlined Processes
and Promoting IPR Awareness.

Conclusion
• India has improved its IPR policy, lowering patent
issuing time and encouraging innovation. R&D and
TRIPS have enhanced the country's Global
Innovation Index rating.

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY
• Blockchains are computer networked, decentralised
databases. It stores electronic data.
• Blockchains are most often used in cryptocurrency
systems like Bitcoin to protect and transparently
record transactions.
• Blockchain technology establishes trust among
participants by ensuring data integrity and security
without a central authority or middleman.
• Blockchains enable decentralised and trustworthy
information recording and verification.

Global Adoption
Estonia uses blockchain to validate and process e-
governance services.
China developed the BSN to efficiently deploy
blockchain apps on the cloud.
Britain The National Digital Twin program promotes
collaboration between built environment
digital twin owners and developers, improving
efficiency and creativity.
Brazil Brazilian Blockchain Network promotes public
good blockchain adoption.

Applications
• Decentralised Finance; use in IoT; preventing money
laundering by providing a permanent trail of
unalterable records; Advertising on the Blockchain;
can be used to create secure and transparent voting
systems; and Identity management

India and Blockchain Technology

32 TELEGRAM | WEBSITE
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