New Zealand Journal of Botany

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Plectania rhytidia (Pezizales, Pezizomycotina) in

Brazil: notes on its distribution and typification
status

João Henrique S. Fernandes & Felipe Wartchow

To cite this article: João Henrique S. Fernandes & Felipe Wartchow (20 Jan 2024): Plectania
rhytidia (Pezizales, Pezizomycotina) in Brazil: notes on its distribution and typification status,
New Zealand Journal of Botany, DOI: 10.1080/0028825X.2023.2295436

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NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY
https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2023.2295436

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Plectania rhytidia (Pezizales, Pezizomycotina) in Brazil: notes

on its distribution and typification status
João Henrique S. Fernandes and Felipe Wartchow
Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia/CCEN, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Plectania rhytidia is an uncommon discomycete now detected in Received 16 September 2023
Brazil. It is characterised by having a black ascomata, and Accepted 12 December 2023
transversally ribbed on one side ascospores measuring 19.6–27.4
HANDLING EDITOR
(–29.4) × (6.9–) 7.8–12.3 μm. This species has been briefly referred Nattawut Boonyuen
to from Rio Grande do Sul without a detailed description and
discussion. Studies on the genus Plectania in this country are KEYWORDS
scarce, and only P. chilensis, P.camplyspora, and P. milleri were Ascomycota; Neotropics;
cited. Previously, members of the genus have been mostly Pezizomycota;
reported from temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, Pezizomycetes; taxonomy
and in Australia and New Zealand. In this report, an interesting
species of Plectania, found for the first time in the State of
Paraiba, Brazil, is presented and comprehensively described. We
also address the typification status of Peziza rhytidia, Urnula
platensis, and U. torrendii.

Introduction
The genus Plectania Fuckel belongs to phylum Ascomycota, subphylum Pezizomycotina,
order Pezizales (Wijayawardene et al. 2017), and family Sarcosomataceae (Carbone et al.
2013). Species of this genus are characterised by having black or dark-brown calyx-
shaped ascomata bearing a pseudostipe; microscopically they present suboperculate
asci and pale elliptically shaped ascospores (Carbone et al. 2013, 2021; Mou and Bao
2021). In addition, the ectal excipulum exhibits a darkly pigmented wall, while the
hyphae of the medullar excipulum are characterised by an intricate texture (Carbone
et al. 2013). Another peculiar characteristic is the release of a green pigment when in
contact with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and a yellow pigment upon exposure to
water (Carbone et al. 2010, 2013).
The genus Plectania is still little known, with only ca.20 described taxa occurring
mostly in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere (Wijayawardene et al. 2017),
and some few in Australia and New Zealand (e.g. Wijayawardene et al. 2017). In
Brazil, only P. rhytidia (Paden 1983), P. camplyspora (Berk.) Nannf. (Guerrero and
Homrich 1999), P. milleri Paden & Tylutki (Rodrigues et al. 2014), and P. chilensis
(Mont.) Gamundí (Costa-Rezende et al. 2021) are merely cited, which reinforce the
importance of the discovery presented here.

CONTACT Felipe Wartchow fwartchow@yahoo.com.br

Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/0028825X.2023.2295436.
© 2023 The Royal Society of New Zealand
2 J. H. S. FERNANDES AND F. WARTCHOW

In our continuing studies of the macrofungi of Paraíba, Brazil, an interesting cup-

fungus was detected in an Atlantic Forest fragment of this state. This species is
thoroughly described, illustrated and discussed herein, along with a detailed examination
of the typification status of all its type specimens.

Material and methods

Plectania ascomata were collected in an Atlantic Forest fragment within the ‘Reserva Bio­
lógica (REBio) Guaribas’, located in the municipality of Mamanguape, state of Paraíba.
Detailed information about this area can be found in Barbosa-Silva et al. (2017).
Colour codes and names used in this study follow Kelly (1965). The microscopic obser­
vations were conducted partially in accordance with the methods described by Quijada
et al. (2020). Specimens in a dried state were sectioned by hand, rehydrated with water
and 3% KOH, and then stained with Congo red solution to enhance wall contrast. We
also employed Melzer’s reagent to test for amyloidity. The prepared samples were
mounted on slides with coverslips for observation. Microstructural observations and
measurements were conducted using a microscope equipped with an eyepiece lens fea­
turing a millimetre ruler. Photomicrographs were captured using a camera and ZEN
Microscopy Software™, connected to a Primo Star Zeiss™ microscope. The synonyms
utilised in this study were derived from the findings of Carbone et al. (2010). The exsic­
cate is deposited in the herbarium JPB (Herbário Lauro Pires Xavier, Departamento de
Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba), and additional herbaria acro­
nyms follow Thiers (continuously updated).

Results
Comments on typification
Peziza rhytidia Berk. 1855

Lectotype (designed by Le Gal 1953, p. 226 – Fig. 101, 229): New Zealand, Bay of Island,
on the ground, leg. J.D. Hooker ex herb. M.J. Berkeley (K 194721).

Observation: When Berkeley (1855) described Peziza rhytidia, no indication of type

specimen was provided. In the prologue he cited collected material from two different
places: Bay of Island collected by Hooker, and Banks of Kawatu collected by Colenso.
During our search for the type material of P. rhytidia, we received an image of the orig­
inal material deposited in Kew Fungarium with an annotation by J.A. Nannfeldt inform­
ing that this the exsiccate contains at least one syntype. However, there are two different
sheets containing specimens in this exsiccate without informing the origin of each one,
but we can suppose that they correspond to the same collection (L. Davis, pers. corresp.).
An additional syntype (Berkeley 1855) collected by William Colenso was later checked by
Rifai (1968), who initially suspected its correspondence to Colenso’s collection. This
specimen is currently housed in PDD herbarium under the collection number ‘WC
2554’ (https://scd.landcareresearch.co.nz/Specimen/PDD_39959). The listed locality for
this collection is ‘Kawhatau River, Rangitikei’. A published catalogue of Colenso’s
 NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY 3

expeditions reported this collector number with the description ‘Curious Fungus,
ground, banks of R. Kawatau, interior’ (St George 2009, p. 254). We checked the
works of Massee (1896), Le Gal (1953), and Rifai (1968), which included revisions of
the type specimens. Notably, only Le Gal (1953, p. 101) and Rifai (1968) referred to
the two supposed syntypes as outlined in Turland et al. (2018, Art. 9.6). According to
these sources, the exsiccate housed in the Kew Herbarium has been clearly designated
as the lectotype of P. rhytidia, as detailed by Le Gal (1953) and further supported in
Turland et al. (2018, Art. 7.11).

Urnula platensis Speg. 1898

Holoype: Argentina, La Plata, on humous soil and rotten branches of Eucalyptus globulus
Labill., 18.viii.1898, unknown collector (LPS 1160).

Observation: Although Malençon (1939), Le Gal (1947), Rifai (1968), and Donadini
(1984) performed taxonomic studies on specimens with the epithet platensis, only
Carbone et al. (2010) presented a detailed study of the type material. Although Spegazzini
(1898) did not explicitly designate it as type, the images of exsiccate LPS 1160 provided by
the herbarium manager of the Instituto de Botánica C. Spegazzini (LPS) align clearly with
the specimens Spegazzini used in his original description of the species. Therefore, this
exsiccate is considered the holotype of U. platensis, as per the guidelines in Turland et al.
(2018, Art. 9.1b).

Urnula torrendii Boud. 1911

Holoype: Portugal, Lisbon, on rotten branches and fruits of Eucalyptus sp., 1908-3, 1909-
2, leg. C. Torrend (PC 0086105).

Observation: During our consultation to Herbarium PC webpage, we found in the virtual

collection (http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/pc/pc0086105) and discovered
information about an exsiccate from the Herbier E. Boudier’s collection. Malençon
(1939, p. 50–55) provided a detailed discussion on this specimen and indicated that he ana­
lysed the type material. Based on this information, we conclude that the material deposited
in the Herbarium PC is the holotype of U. torrendi (Turland et al. 2018 Art. 9.1b).

Description of the new collection

Plectania rhytidia (Berk.) Nannf. & Korf in Korf, Mycologia 49: 110. 1957.
Figures 1–3
≡ Peziza rhytidia Berk. in Hooker, The botany of the Antarctic voyage … 2: 200. 1855.
≡ Urnula rhytidia (Berk.) Cooke, in Saccardo, Syll. Fung. 8: 548. 1889.
≡ Sarcosoma rhytidium (Berk.) Le Gal [as ‘rhytidia’], Discomyc. Madagascar (Paris):
224. 1953.
= Urnula platensis Speg., Anal. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. B. Aires 6: 310. 1899.
= Plectania platensis (Speg.) Rifai, Verh. K. Ned. Akad. Wet., tweede sect. 57: 29. 1968.
= Urnula torrendii Boud., in Bourdier & Torrend Bull. Soc. Mycol. Fr. 27: 129. 1911.
4 J. H. S. FERNANDES AND F. WARTCHOW

Figure 1. Plecania rhytidia. A–D, Ascomata ex situ. A–B, View of the outer surface. C–D, View of the
hymenium. Scale Bar = 5 mm.

Apothecia 20 mm tall, calyx-shaped, with cups up to 20 mm in diam. and 10 mm tall.

Hymenium black (267.black), dull, smooth, glabrous. Receptacle blackish brown (65. bs
blood), outer surface strongly rugulose or veined towards apex, covered thoroughly by small
hairs only seen in 10× lens; margin of the cup wrinkled, with many veined branches; context
to 2 mm thick, blackish, shiny. Pseudostipe 10 mm high and individually up to 2.5 mm wide
each, concolorous to receptacle, clearly tapering\subacute downward; subcaespitose with two
stipes arising from the same point and adhered, with a combined width of 5 mm wide.
Ascospores 19.6–27.4 (–29.4) × (6.9–) 7.8–12.3 μm (av. = 23 × 10.4 μm, n = 36), ellip­
tical-fusiform, hyaline, transversally grooved in one side, with a large guttule. Asci 235.2–
392 × 14.7–29.4 μm (x = 240 × 15 μm, n = 28), longstipitate, cylindrical, colourless, subo­
perculate, 8-spored, monoseriate. Paraphyses 2.4–4.6 μm (x = 3.4 μm, n = 20) wide, abun­
dant among the asci, filiform, septate. Subhymenium composed of gelatinised cells of
textura intricata with interwoven hyphae 4–6 μm wide; medullar excipulum 1–2 mm
thick, composed of plentiful, intensely interwoven arranged thin-walled hyphae of
textura intricata 4–7 μm wide. Ectal excipulum composed of tightly arranged cells of
textura globulosa-angularis; outer layer of receptacle with hair-like hyphae 32–188 ×
6.3–8 μm with brown walls 1 µm thick.
Material examined: Brazil, Paraíba, Mamanguape, REBio Guaribas, SEMA II, S 6°44.23
e W 35°08.23, 02.viii.2019, E.S. Fernandes & F. Wartchow FW 47/2019 (JPB 66979).
Habit and habitat: growing as a small subcaespitose cluster of two ascomata on an uni­
dentified decayed log in an Atlantic Forest fragment of Paraíba, Brazil.
Known distribution: in Brazil, Plectania rhytidia was mentioned by Paden (1983) but
without any accompanying information about the voucher specimen, as illustrated in Figure
 NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY 5

Figure 2. Plecania rhytidia. A, General aspect of the medullary excipulum, hymenium and subhyme­
nium, paraphyses and asci, ascospore under 4% KOH mount. B, Texture globuloso-angularis hyphae of
the ectal excipulum. C, Textura intricata of the medullary excipulum stained with 4% KOH plus Congo
red. D, Hairy hyphae arising from the ectal excipulum under 4% KOH. E, Asci with ascospores and
paraphyses under 4% KOH.
6 J. H. S. FERNANDES AND F. WARTCHOW

Figure 3. Plecania rhytidia. A–B, Asci, paraphyses and ascospores stained with 4% KOH plus Congo
red. C, Broken ascus and ascospores stained with 4% KOH plus Congo red. D, Asci, paraphyses and
ascospores presenting their transversal grooves under Melzer’s reagent. Scale Bar = 5 mm.

4. The type specimen was collected from New Zealand (Berkeley 1855; Massee 1896; Rifai 1968),
and the species was later reported from Argentina (Spegazzini 1898; Romero and Gamundi
1986), Morocco (Maire 1917; Malençon 1939), Portugal (Boudier and Torrend 1911;
Calonge and Sequeira 2003 – Ilha da Madeira, Melo and Cardoso 2008), Madagascar (Le
Gal 1953), France (Berthet 1963), Mexico (Medel and Chacón 2000), Costa Rica (Calonge
et al. 2003), Spain (Korf and Zhuang 1991 – Islas Canária, Palácios et al. 1991; Galán and
Moreno 1996; Chacón and Ormad 2009), Italy (Carbone et al. 2010), and Türkiye (Akata
et al. 2012). Paden (1983) extended the known distribution of P. rhytidia within the Neotropics
by documenting examined specimens from Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Colombia, Cuba,
Jamaica, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the United States (Hawaii and California) (Supplement 1).
The type species of P. sect. Plicosporae, P. cyttarioides (Rehm) Korf, was originally
described by Durand (1903) as Sarcosoma cyttarioides Rehm and later by Korf (1957),
hails from North Carolina in the United States. This species is suspected to be synon­
ymous with P. rhytidia (see Carbone et al. 2010), and we continue to adhere to this taxo­
nomic concept pending further studies.

Discussion
Originally described from New Zealand (Berkeley 1855), Plectania rhytidia is macro­
scopically characterised by its small, calyx-shaped to discoid apothecia. These typical
 NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF BOTANY 7

Figure 4. Map showing the distribution of Plectania rhytidia in Brazil (Paden 1983, this study).

features also include a diminutive pseudostipe and the blackish hymenium and outer
surface. Microscopically, Plectania rhytidia is characterised by its 8-spored asci and ellip­
soid ascospores, with transversal grooves on one side. Under light microscope, these
ascospores measure between 19.6–27.4 (–29.4) × (6.9–) 7.8–12.3 μm further aiding in
species identification. More recent phylogenetic studies by Carbone et al. (2013) have
concluded that this species is the only representative of the Plicosporae-group.
Carbone et al. (2010) performed extensive type studies on U. platensis, the basionym
of Plectania platensis, and also provided a well-based interpretation of U. torrendi. The
specimens referred to by Spegazzini (1898) as U. platensis were collected from soil and
rotten leaves of E. globulus Labill. in La Plata, Argentina (Spegazzini 1898). In contrast,
U. torrendii was found on rotten branch and fruits of an unidentified Eucalyptus L’Hér in
Portugal (Boudier and Torrend 1911). It is important to note that Eucalyptus is an Aus­
tralian tree (Brooker 2000) exported to several countries including Argentina (Villegas
and Rivera 2002) and Portugal (Tomé et al. 2007).
8 J. H. S. FERNANDES AND F. WARTCHOW

Phylogeny analysis conducted by Carbone et al. (2013) revealed that sequences of Ple­
cania rhytidia from New Zealand cluster into a single branch within the clade of the
genus Plectania. This study concluded that the specimens of Plectania rhytidia collected
on hosts such as Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Erica arborea L. or Quercus ilex L./
Quercus suber L. all correspond to the same species (Carbone et al. 2013). The widespread
distribution of P. rhytidia, found in the Mediterranean regions of Africa, Europe and
South America, suggest that this fungus was dispersed alongside Eucalyptus trees
imported from Australia to these regions. On the other hand, our specimens of
P. rhytidia were found on an unidentified log in an Atlantic Forest fragment of the
state of Paraíba. This finding is particularly notable given the unlikely presence of Euca­
lyptus in this environment, as indicated by the floristic studies of Barbosa et al. (2011).
The ascomata of the material described in this report were likely not fully mature, as
indicated by the predominance of ascospores observed within the asci. However, this
developmental stage did not impede the observation of the characteristic transversal
grooves in the ascospores walls, a defining feature of this species.

Acknowledgements
The authors express their sincere gratitude to Dr Rivete S. Lima (‘Laboratório de Anatomia
Vegetal’ – UFPB) for facilitating the acquisition of microstructure photographs. We also thank
Dr Maria Cecilia Tranchida (Instituto de Botánica C. Spegazzini, La Plata, Argentina) and Lee
Davies (Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England) for kindly sending information and photographies
about the type material of U. platensis and Peziza rhytidia, respectively; and Elfie S. Fernandes for
help in the collection of this material.

Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Funding
‘Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico’ (CNPq) is acknowledged for
funding the project through support for the ‘Programa de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade’ (PPBio
Proc. 60/2009) and the projects ‘Fungos agaricoides em áreas de Mata Atlântica e Caatinga no
Estado da Paraíba’ (Edital Universal Proc. 420.448/2016-0) and ‘Produtividade em Pesquisa’ Grant
for FW (Proc. 307922/2014-6, Proc. 307947/2017-3 and Proc. 309652/2020-0). We also thank the
‘Universidade Federal da Paraíba’, recognised for funding this project through the ‘Chamada
Interna Produtividade em Pesquisa’ (PROPESQ/UFPB N° 06/2021 Cód. PVA13212-2020). Fundação
de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado da Paraíba (FAPESQ) is gratefully for BLD-IC scholarship to JHSF.

ORCID
João Henrique S. Fernandes http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5869-0601
Felipe Wartchow http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4930-565X

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