Improvement in Harmonic Reduction of Zigzag
Autoconnected Transformer Based 12-pulse Diode Bridge
Rectifier by Current Injection at DC Side
Vidyasagar V S R Kalpana
Department of Electrical and Electronics Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering Engineering
NITK Surathkal, Manglore, India NITK Surathkal, Manglore, India
vidyasagarsheelvant@gmail.com dr.kalpana.nitk@gmail.com
Abstract - To improve the harmonic reduction ability in input
line current of 12-pulse diode bridge rectifier (DBR) using zigzag
autoconnected transformer with a dc side current injection
technique is presented in this paper. Conventional 12-pulse
rectifier does not meet the IEEE-519 standard and therefore
current injection technique at dc side is used to shape the system
current waveform to minimize the harmonic distortion in the
input line current. The proposed configuration uses zigzag
autoconnected transformer with inherent ability of blocking
zero-sequence components which eliminate the requirement of
zero sequence blocking transformer (ZSBT). The current
injection circuit with interphase reactor (IPR) enables to alter dc
current at the rectifier output which further shapes input line
currents to near sinewave. The proposed configuration is
designed, simulated and analyzed in MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Simulation results of proposed configuration for variation in
current injection and load on input line current harmonic
suppression, power quality parameters are presented in this
paper.
Keywords: Multipulse converter, interphase reactor, diode
bridge rectifier, harmonic suppressing resistor, harmonic power.
І. INTRODUCTION
With the advancement in power electronics, dc power
application has gained more importance. In most dc power
application, diode bridge rectifiers (DBRs) are extensively
used as front-end power converters which are interfaced to the
electric utility. Due to the nonlinear characteristics of DBRs,
they inject significant harmonics into the utility which leads to
harmonic distortion of voltage at common coupling point
resulting poor power quality [1]. Therefore, reducing the
harmonic injection is research goal in ac-dc converters. High
harmonic distortion and poor power factor are primitive issues
with nonlinear loads such as adjustable speed drives, electro-
chemical processes, induction heating system, UPS system
and aircraft converters where rectifiers are used as front-end
converters [2]. Though rectifiers are interfaced between load
and utility supply, these converters behave as a nonlinear load
on the utility supply. Since, ac-dc converters are directly
interfaced to the utility hence improving the power quality of
ac-dc converters is most prominent.
Multipulse converter (MPC) is one of the popular, simple
and cost effective method for the harmonic mitigation both on
ac and dc side of ac-dc converters [3]. By increasing pulse
number, it effectively reduce the harmonic content in input
line current and the output ripple voltage and hence improve
978-1-4673-8888-7/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE
Bhim Singh
Department of Electrical Engineering
IIT Delhi, India
bsingh@ee.iitd.ac.in
the power quality. MPCs are extensively used in high power
ac-dc conversion because of its lower harmonic distortion,
low output ripple voltage, simple configuration, high
robustness and inherent power factor correction [4]. In MPCs
not only lower order harmonics are eliminated but also the
magnitudes of higher order harmonics are reduced. Typical
total harmonic distortion (THD) of input line current of 12,
18, 24, 30 pulse MPCs are 15.2%, 10.1%, 7.5%, 6.1%
respectively [5]. MPCs are broadly classified based on
isolation, controlled or uncontrolled, bridge or full wave, and
pulse number. Most of the MPCs use autotransformer for
phase staggering due to reduce weight, losses and about 82%
reduction in magnetic rating compared to two winding
transformer. Increasing pulse number is main objective in the
design of MPCs for power quality improvement. However, it
leads to increase the design complexity, the magnetic rating of
autotransformer and the components number.
Among all MPCs, 12-pulse ac-dc converter is most widely
employed in practical due to simple autotransformer design,
effective harmonic reduction capability and high power
density [6]. It can eliminate 5th and 7th harmonics from line
current and the THD value is about 15% theoretically and
contain only 12n±1 harmonics, where (n=1,2,3…). However,
the THD of input line current of the conventional 12-pulse
rectifier without any filter does not meet the IEEE-519 and
IEC 1000-3 standards.
To improve the harmonic reduction capability and to meet
the standard, the concept of 3rd harmonic injection has been
first proposed in [7], which has been later modified and used
to reduce the line current harmonics in [8]. It is also known as
pulse multiplication in general and pulse doubling or dc side
ripple re-injection in MPCs. The pulse multiplication
technique improves power quality both input ac and output dc
side of ac-dc converters with reduced cost, complexity and
magnetic rating. However, limitation like double increase of
amplitude high order harmonics and difficulty to determine
turn ratio for multi-tapped IPR which affect the harmonic
suppression remarkably [9]. Reducing harmonic content of
input line current by current injection technique at dc side,
with simple configuration and considerable harmonic
suppression ability has gained more attention in the recent
years. This technique employs current injection circuit at
secondary of IPR which effectively shapes input almost unity
power factor.
 In an autotransformer based MPC, an electrical isolation
between the parallel DBR units is necessary for normal
operation of rectifier with current injection technique. Due to
the instantaneous voltage difference between the outputs of
DBR units results in flow of interbridge currents which lead to
unwanted conduction of diodes in rectifier units [10]. But for
waveshaping of rectifier output currents, there should not be
flow of interbridge current i.e. two DBR units has to operate
independently. Independent operation of DBR units is
essential to freely circulate injected current and hence to
modify the rectifier output currents. Zero sequence blocking
transformer is widely used to ensure independent operation of
rectifier units. ZSBT blocks zero-sequence components by
offering high impedance path and prevent interbridge currents
with kVA rating about 8% of load. In nonisolated MPC,
double-active IPRs are employed for independent operation of
DBR units in place of ZSBT and the kVA rating of which is
about 15% of load power [11].
The IPR with secondary winding enable to inject current at
dc side with insertion of current injection circuit. The current
injection circuit can inject desired current waveform to shape
the line current to near sinewave. Therefore, current injection
circuit behave as a sink for the line current harmonics. The
reduction in input line harmonics is due to the harmonic
power consumption at secondary of IPR [12].
In this paper, 12-pulse zigzag autoconnected transformer
based diode bridge rectifier with current injection technique at
dc side is presented. The proposed configuration uses zigzag
autoconnected transformer which eliminate the requirement of
ZSBT. The effect of injection of current at secondary of IPR
on input line current THD and power quality indices are
analyzed with proposed configuration and its harmonics
suppression ability is also analyzed for load variation.
ІІ. PROPOSED SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Fig. 1 shows the proposed 12-pulse DBR with current
injection circuit at dc side. The proposed topology uses zigzag
autoconnected transformer for phase staggering from 3-phase
source to feed two 3-phase DBR units. Zigzag autoconnected
transformer has inherent zero sequence blocking capability
which eliminate the requirement of ZSBT. The output of
rectifiers units are interfaced through IPR which ensure equal
current sharing between the two DBR units. The load is
connected between center tapped IPR and the negative bus as
shown in Fig. 1. The modified interphase reactor has
additional secondary winding across which current injection
circuit is connected. By injecting triangular current at
secondary of IPR, output current of each DBR units are
Fig. 1. Schematic circuit diagram of proposed 12-pulse diode bridge rectifier
with current injection at dc side.
modified which finally shapes input line current to near
sinusoidal. The THD of input current is improved by
suppressing the harmonics through waveshaping of rectifier
output currents.
ІІІ. THEORETICAL DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
The theoretical design and analysis of the proposed
configuration assumes the followings
1) Source is balanced and source inductance is neglected.
2) The leakage inductance and resistance of winding is
neglected.
3) The diodes are ideal.
4) Load current is ripple free.
A. Zigzag Autoconnected Transformer
Fig. 2 shows the phasor and winding configuration of
zigzag autoconnected transformer for 12-pulse DBR. The
design procedure for zigzag autoconnected transformer is
followed as in [13]. The phasor diagram of the two set of three
phase output voltages of zigzag autoconnected transformer are
shown in Fig. 2(a). Zigzag autoconnected transformer
produces two set of three phase voltages which are phase
shifted by -15º and +15º with respect to source voltages. The
phase shift between the two set of three phase voltages is 30º
which is required for 12-pulse operation. The exact turns
number for the winding is required for the desired phase shift
which makes the difficulty of transformer design and attaining
magnetic symmetry for higher pulse operation.
From Fig. 2(a), the phasor equations of phase shifted
voltages for phase “a” are written as
Va1 = k1 (Vab − Vca ) + k2Vbc (1)
Va 2 = k1 (Vab − Vca ) − k2Vbc (2)
Similarly, other phase voltage equations are expressed.
From (1) and (2), constant k1 and k2 are determined as a
fraction of turns of the winding of input phase voltage. The
value of k1 and k2 are 0.5573 and 0.2679 respectively for 12-
pulse, these values are used to calculate number of turns for
each winding for the design of zigzag autoconnected
transformer.
In Fig. 2(b), from Kirchhoff’s current for phase “a” of
autotransformer under balanced condition, the equation is
derived as follows
ia = ia1 + ia 2 + i1 (3)
(a) (b)
Fig. 2. (a) Phasor diagram of zigzag autoconnected transformer. (b) Winding
configuration of zigzag autoconnected transformer.
B. Inter Phase Reactor input line current. The current injection technique only
modify the system current characteristics but does not alter the
In Fig. 3(a), from magnetomotive force (MMF) balance law voltage characteristics [11].
following equation is written
D. Rectifier Output Voltage Analysis
N p ( id 1 − id 2 ) = N s I h (4)
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law at the load terminal in Fig. Voltages Vd1 and Vd2 are the output voltages of DBRs as
3(b), load current Id can be written as shown in Fig. 1. Due to phase shift between the DBRs output
voltage which results in symmetrical triangular ac voltage Vp
I d = id 1 + id 2 (5)
across the IPR winding and the output load voltage Vd
Solving (4) and (5), id1 and id2 are written as follows contains 12-pulses in one cycle of source voltage as shown in
Fig. 5. The dc side voltages expressions in fourier series are
1 N  derived as in [9] follows
id 1 =  I d + s I h  (6)
2  N p 
6 π ∞
2 nπ  π 
Vd 1 = 2V 'L − L sin 1 −  cos cos n  ω t −   (8)
1 N  π 6  n = 6,12,18.. n 2 − 1 6  12  
id 2 =  I d − s I h  (7)
2  N p 
6 π ∞
2 nπ  π 
where ih is current flowing through secondary winding of IPR Vd 2 = 2V 'L − L sin 1 −  cos cos n  ωt +   (9)
π 6  n = 6,12,18.. n 2 − 1 6  12  
due to current injection circuit. Current ip is flowing through
primary winding due to current ih which does not flow through
the load theoretically, it circulates in closed path within 6 π ∞
−4 nπ nπ 
primary winding of IPR as shown in the Fig. 3(b) and hence
Vp = 2V 'L − L sin   cos sin nωt sin  (10)
π 6  n = 6,12,18.. n 2 − 1 6 12 
referred as circulating current.
From (10) the rms value of Vp is computed as
C. System Currents Waveshaping due to Circulating Current
Circulating current ip flows through the primary winding Vp _ rms = 0.1098V ' L − L (11)
of IPR which is responsible for the shaping of system Output average dc voltage of 12-pulse MPCs is calculated as
currents. Therefore, circulating current determines the
harmonics suppression ability in input line currents. The π /12
12
circulating current theoretically analyzed for accurately
shaping of input line current to ideally sinewave and an
Vd =
2π π

− /12
2V 'L − L cos θ dθ = 1.3981V ' L − L (12)

approximate applicable circulating current waveform is 2

derived in [12]. The characteristics of applicable circulating  π 
V ' L − L = 1 +  tan  = 1.035VL − L (13)
current ip are symmetrical triangular of 300Hz frequency in  12 
phase with voltage across secondary of IPR and the peak where voltage VL-L and V'L-L are line to line rms source
magnitude equal to half of load current. voltage and phase shifted voltage respectively.
The circulating ac current ip is superimposed on DBR
output dc current to shape the DBR output currents to unipolar
triangular in nature. The modified DBR output current results
in double hamped shape of DBR input currents and finally
shapes the line current to approximately sinewave resulting
THD less than 1% [10]. The theoretical construction of input
line current of phase ‘a’ is depicted in Fig. 4. If circulating
current does not satisfy the characteristics of applicable
circulating current, harmonics are not suppressed effectively
from input line currents and system may operate in
discontinuous mode resulting high harmonic distortion in the

(a) (b) Fig. 4. Theoretical current waveforms for proposed configuration (a)
Fig. 3. (a) Winding configuration of IPR (b) Equivalent circuit of IPR with Circulating current (b) Output current of two DBRs. (c) Input currents of two
current injection circuit. DBRs. (d) Input line currents.
 rms current through nth winding of zigzag autoconnected
transformer. The kVA rating is about 30% of load power as
estimated.
Similarly kVA rating of IPR is calculated in terms of load
parameters as follows
VA Rating of IPR= 0.5 V p ( id 1 − id 2 ) + Vh I h (18)
Expressing (18) in terms of load parameters we get
VA Rating of IPR = 0.0340Vd I d (19)
VA Rating of current injection circuit = V h _ rm s I h _ rm s (20)
From equations (11) & (14),
Fig. 5. Theoretical waveforms (a) Output voltage waveform of two DBRs.
(b) Voltage across primary winding of IPR. (c) Load voltage waveform. VA Rating of current injection circuit= 0.0227Vd I d (21)
The kVA rating of current injection circuit for the
E. Current Injection Circuit Parameters proposed configuration is only about 2.27% of load power
which is an auxiliary circuit and has excellent feature to
Voltage across the current injection circuit is same as suppress the line current harmonics. Since, the harmonic
voltage across the secondary of IPR which act as source for power is consumed from system, for higher converter
current injection circuit. The injected current ih at secondary efficiency an active circuit can be interfaced which feeds the
of IPR must satisfy characteristics of applicable circulating harmonics power back to the system.
current, as injected current is equal to the circulating current at
secondary of IPR as turns ratio of IPR assumed to be one i.e ІV. SIMULATION RESULTS
(Np/Ns=1). Therefore, the peak of current ih should be half of The proposed system configuration is simulated for
average load current Id i.e. 0.5Id and the rms value of injected resistive load under rated parameter and the values are given
current is in Appendix. The construction of input line current ia
I  waveform under rated load with current injection at secondary
I h = 0.5  d  (14)
 3 of IPR can be seen from Fig. 6. The shape of input line current
Equivalent impedance at input terminal of current simulated is smoother sinewave compared to theoretical
injection circuit is calculated as the ratio of voltage and waveform shown in Fig. 4 due the leakage reactance of the
current. Since the current ih has to be in phase with Vh, the system. The harmonic spectrum of input line current of phase
circuit behaves like pure resistive in nature. Therefore, the “a” is shown in Fig. 7 with THD of less than 1%. The phase
equivalent resistance at input terminal is calculated as follows “a” voltage output of zigzag autoconnected transformer
contains triplen harmonic as shown in Fig. 8. However, they
Vh _ rms
Rh = (15) get cancel out in line voltages.
I h _ rms
By substituting (11) and (14) in (15) we get
V
Rh = 0.2720 d (16)
Id
Current injection circuit of pure resistive nature is
connected at terminals of secondary winding of IPR as shown
in Fig.1, which responsible for suppression of harmonics in
input line current hence referred as harmonic suppression
resistance. Load current is the main parameter which affects
the value of Rh for constant voltage source. By controlling the
magnitude of circulating current ip flowing through the
primary winding of IPR, input line current harmonics can be
minimized. Due to resistive nature of current injection circuit,
it absorb active power which comes from input line current
harmonics hence referred as active harmonic power. The
construction of input line current ia waveform under rated load
is shown in Fig. 4.

F. Components Rating
The equivalent kVA rating of zigzag autoconnected
transformer can be calculated by mathematical expression as
follows
VA rating= 0.5(VnIn ) (17)
th
where, Vn is the rms voltage across of n winding and In is the Fig. 6. Simulated waveform of construction of input line current phase “a”.
 current modify the rectifier input currents first which finally
shape line current to near sinusoidal sinewave. The harmonic
spectrum of input line current of phase ‘a’ is shown in Fig.
9(c).
TABLE І
SIMULATION RESULTS ON VARIATION OF CURRENT
INJECTION IN TERMS OF POWER QUALITY INDICES
Rh Ih (peak) THD
(A) DPF DF PF Vd (V)
(Ω) (%)
0 9.1037 11.74 0.9945 0.9932 0.9877 574.4
Fig. 7. Simulated line current phase ‘a’ waveform and harmonic spectrum 5 8.1909 8.95 0.9983 0.9960 0.9943 566.4
7 7.6886 7.31 0.9989 0.9974 0.9962 563.6
13 5.8734 1.69 0.9996 0.9998 0.9994 559.9
14 5.5131 0.90 0.9996 1.0000 0.9996 559
15 5.1719 0.84 0.9997 0.9999 0.9996 559
19 4.1188 3.12 0.9997 0.9995 0.9992 558.9
21 3.7378 4.09 0.9997 0.9991 0.9988 558.9
25 3.1541 5.57 0.9998 0.9984 0.9982 558.9

Fig. 8. Simulated phase ‘a’ voltage across zigzag autoconnected transformer

and the harmonic spectrum.

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Effect of Injection of Current on Input Line Current
The proposed system is simulated for variation in
magnitude of injected current on the line current harmonic
suppression under rated load. The variation in magnitude of
injected current is achieved by varying harmonic suppression
resistor Rh. The input line current THD, displacement power (a)
factor (DPF), distortion factor (DF) and power factor (PF) are
presented for the same in Table І.
For the rated load, the peak of circulating current is about
ia ia1
5.5A which corresponds to the Rh about 14Ω and has the ia2
THD about 0.9% and about unity power factor as depicted in
Table Ι. The value of Rh corresponding to minimum line
current THD and unity power factor can be obtained from (16)
which is approximately equal to simulated values given in
Table Ι under rated load. Consider a case when peak of
circulating current is 8.19A, corresponding to Rh of 5Ω and
has input line THD and PF of 8.9% and 0.9943 respectively
under rated load from Table І. Under this condition,
circulating current has not appropriately shaped the line
currents due to which the harmonics are not suppressed (b)
effectively. Therefore, for the effective harmonic suppression,
circulating current should meet the conditions of applicable
circulating current. When the secondary of IPR is open, it
operate as conventional 12-pulse rectifier with eliminating 5th
and 7th harmonics from the input line current.
A prototype of proposed system configuration is developed
in the laboratory and test were conducted at reduced voltage
for resistive load. For a source voltage of 150V (L-L), the
output load voltage and currents are about 200V and 19.28A
respectively. The injected current Ih is of magnitude 4.4A and
peak is about 7.6A as shown in Fig. 9 (a). The modified DBRs
input currents and input line current of phase ‘a’ is shown in (c)
Fig. 9(b).The peak of circulating current is about 8.7A due to Fig. 9. Test results (a) Injected current Ih (b) Input line current ia and DBRs
IPR transformation ratio (1:1.14), which is near to half of load input currents ia1& ia2 (c) Harmonic spectrum of input line current ia.
 TABLE ІІ VІІ. APPENDIX
EFFECT OF LOAD VARIATION ON POWER QUALITY INDICES
3 phase source voltage 400 V(line-line rms),50 Hz
Load Id Vd Ih THD
DPF DF PF
(%) (A) (V) (A) (%) Transformer Winding resistance (r) 0.002 p.u.
20 2.287 571.7 1.000 11.68 0.9995 0.9932 0.9928 Transformer Winding leakage 0.02 p.u.
40 4.530 566.3 1.856 9.12 0.9995 0.9958 0.9953 inductance (Le)
Transformer Core magnetizing 500 p.u., 500 p.u.
60 6.749 562.4 2.522 6.34 0.9996 0.9979 0.9976 inductance (Lm) and resistance (Rm)
80 8.960 560 2.979 3.51 0.9996 0.9993 0.9989 Autotransformer winding turns(N1, 134 ,62 turns
N2 )
100 11.18 559 3.19 0.90 0.9996 0.9999 0.9995
IPR primary and secondary winding 50, 50 turns
turns

B. Effect of Load Variation on Ability of Harmonic Average load voltage (Vd) 559V
Suppression Load power (Po) 6.25 kW

For a rated load, the corresponding harmonic suppressor

resistor Rh is evaluated using (16) which also correspond to
peak of circulating current equal to half of load current. The
proposed system is simulated for load variation with constant
harmonic suppressor resistance Rh and power quality indices
of input line current are listed in Table ІІ. The variation in
output voltage from 20% of rated load to full load is about
2.27% due to system voltage drop. The power quality indices,
DF and DPF have negligible change on load variation from
Table ΙΙ. As the load varies from 20% to full load, THD of
input line current decreases by 10.78% and it is less than 1%
at full load. Though the value of Rh is kept constant
corresponds to rated load condition, Ih injected current varies
as Vh varies due voltage drop in the system. Due to the
passive nature of current injection circuit, the auxiliary circuit
cannot inject the required magnitude of circulating current as
the load varies for effective waveshaping of DBRs output
currents. For specific magnitude of load current, required
magnitude of circulating current need to injected and
corresponding harmonic power need to be absorbed from
system for reducing harmonic content in input line current.
Therefore, an active current injection circuit is need to be
interfaced at IPR which inject the required magnitude of
circulating current even under load variation to modulate dc
side currents which finally shapes input line currents to near
sine wave.
VІ. CONCLUSION
The current injection technique at dc side for the proposed
12-pulse diode bridge rectifier configuration is analyzed in
terms of harmonic reduction ability in the input line current
under the variation in magnitude of circulating current and
load. The proposed configuration uses zigzag autoconnected
transformer which eliminates the requirement of ZSBT,
reduce the overall magnetic components and rating. The
purpose of zigzag autoconnected transformer is twofold
firstly, it provide phase displaced three phase voltage sources
and secondly, ensures independent operation of two DBR
units by blocking zero-sequence components. The input line
current harmonics can be suppressed by injecting symmetrical
triangular current of required magnitude at dc side which
shapes input line currents to near sinewave. The proposed
configuration has been designed, simulated and analyzed in
MATLAB environment. Some of tested hardware results on
prototype of the configuration are presented to validate the
theoretical and simulation results.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Lee, J. Hahn, P. N. Enjeti and I. J. Pitel, “A robust three-phase active
power-factor-correction and harmonic reduction scheme for high
power,” in IEEE Transaction on Industrial Electronics., vol. 46, no. 3,
pp. 483–494, Jun. 1999.
[2] Sewan Choi, P. N. Enjeti and I. J. Pitel, "Polyphase transformer
arrangements with reduced kVA capacities for harmonic current
reduction in rectifier type utility interface," in IEEE Transaction on
Power Electronics, vol.11, no.5, pp. 680-690, Sept.1996.
[3] Singh, S. Gairola, B. N. Singh, A. Chandra and K. Al-Haddad,
“Multipulse AC-DC converters for improving power quality: A review,”
in IEEE Transaction on Power Electronics, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 260–281,
Jan. 2008.
[4] F. Meng, L. Gao, S. Yang and W. Yang, "Effect of Single-Phasing on
Multipulse Rectifier With Active Interphase Reactor,"in IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2549-2555, May
2015.
[5] Ming Wang and Fanghua Zhang, "12-pulse auto-transformer rectifier
with harmonic current injection for non-grid-connected wind power
applications," in World Non-Grid-Connected Wind Power and Energy
Conference, WNWEC 2009, pp.1-5, Sept. 2009.
[6] Fangang Meng, Wei Yang, Yi Zhu, Lei gao and Shiyan Yang, "Load
Adaptability of Active Harmonic Reduction for 12-Pulse Diode Bridge
Rectifier With Active Interphase Reactor," in IEEE Transactions
on Power Electronics, vol.30, no.12, pp.7170-7180, Dec. 2015.
[7] L. R. Blake, "The Double 3-Phase Rectifier with Inter-Phase Reactor
excited from a Frequency Tripler," in Proceedings of the IEE - Part II:
Power Engineering, vol. 100, no. 75, pp. 310-314, June 1953.
[8] M. E. Villablanca, J. I. Nadal and M. A. Bravo, "A 12-Pulse AC–DC
Rectifier With High-Quality Input/Output Waveforms," in IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 1875-1881, Sept.
2007.
[9] J. Wang, S. Yang and W. Yang, "Harmonic reduction for 12-pulse four
star thyristor rectifier with active auxiliary circuit," 2015 IEEE 11th
International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems,
Sydney, NSW, pp. 301-306, 2015.
[10] S. Choi, P. N. Enjeti, H. H. Lee, and I. J. Pitel, “A new active interphase
reactor for 12-pulse rectifiers provides clean power utility interface,”in
IEEE Transaction on Industrial Application., vol.32, no.6, pp.1304–
1311, Nov./Dec.1996.
[11] Fangang Meng, Wei Yang, Shiyan Yang, and Lei Gao, “Active
Harmonic Reduction for 12-Pulse Diode Bridge Rectifier at DC Side
With Two-Stage Auxiliary Circuit,” in IEEE Transaction on Industrial
Informatics, vol.11, no.1, pp.64-73, February 2015.
[12] Meng F G, Yang W and Yang S Y. “Active harmonic suppression of
paralleled 12-pulse rectifier at Dc side,” Sci china Tech Sci, vol.54,
no.12, pp. 3320-3331, December 2011.
[13] B. Singh, S. Gairola, A. Chandra and K. Al-Haddad, "Zigzag Connected
Autotransformer Based Controlled AC-DC Converter for Pulse
Multiplication," 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Industrial
Electronics, Vigo, pp. 889-894, 2007.