Professional Documents
Culture Documents
No. of Units: 3
She completed her Masters in Business Administration at Baliuag University in 2017. Until recently,
she is the Internal Auditor for Bela Star Distribution Systems Inc., one of the leading commodities
trading companies in North Central Luzon.
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Contact Information:
Facebook Account: FIDELIZ ARCA VIDAL
Email Address: fcvidal@nu-baliwag.edu.ph
Contact Number: 0917-125-7539 (globe)
Topics:
Module 8: Fraud
1. Classification of Fraud
2. Types of Management Fraud
3. Types of Employee Fraud
4. Fraud Triangle
5. Special Consideration for Fraud
DISLAIMER: The information content provided in this course material is designed to provide helpful
information on the subjects discussed. Some information’s are compiled from different materials and
summarized from different books. Some information’s are based on contributors' perspective and
understanding. References are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute
endorsement of websites or other sources. Readers should be aware that the websites/electronic
references listed in this course material may change. Hence, the contributors do not claim any
information presented in the materials and do not reflect their own work.
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MODULE 7:
FRAUD
I. Activity:
III. Content:
FRAUD is the intentional act involving the use of deception that results in a material misstatement of
the financial statements
THE FRAUD TRIANGLE hypothesizes that if all three components are present — unshareable
financial need, perceived opportunity and rationalization — a person is highly likely to pursue
fraudulent activities.
Categories of Fraud
o External organizational fraud - This includes fraud committed against an organization from
the outside, such as vendors who lie about the work they did, demand bribes from employees
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and rig costs. But customers sometimes defraud organizations, such as when they submit bad
checks or try to return knock-off or stolen products. And increasingly, technology threatens
organizations with theft of intellectual property or customer information.
FRAUD CLASSIFICATION
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A. FINANCIAL STATEMENT FRAUD is the deliberate misrepresentation of the financial
condition of an enterprise accomplished through the intentional misstatement or omission of
amounts or disclosures in the financial statements to deceive financial statement users.
Some of the more obvious opportunities for the existence of fraud are:
Absence of a board of directors or audit committee
Improper or lack of oversight or other neglectful behavior by the board of directors or
audit committee
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Weak or nonexistent internal controls, including an ineffective internal audit staff and
a lack of external audits
Unusual or complex transactions (an understanding of the transactions, their
component parts, and their effect on financial statements is paramount to fraud
deterrence)
Financial estimates that require significant subjective judgment by management
Fictitious revenues
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a. Premature Revenue Recognition
b. Sales with Conditions
c. Long-Term Contracts
d. Multiple Deliverables
e. Channel Stuffing
f. Recording Expenses in the Wrong Period
What Red Flags Are Associated with Timing Differences (Including Improper
Revenue Recognition)?
With the exception of certain securities, asset values are generally not increased to
reflect current market value. It is often necessary to use estimates in accounting.
Improper asset valuations usually take the form of one of the following
classifications:
• Inventory valuation
• Accounts receivable
• Business combinations
• Fixed assets
Understating liabilities and expenses is one of the ways financial statements can
be manipulated to make a company appear more profitable than it actually is.
Because pre-tax income will increase by the full amount of the expense or liability
not recorded, this financial statement fraud method can significantly affect
reported earnings with relatively little effort by the fraudster. It is much easier to
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commit this scheme than to falsify sales transactions. Missing transactions can also
be harder for auditors to detect than improperly recorded ones since the missing
transactions leave no audit trail.
There are three common methods for concealing liabilities and expenses:
• Liability/expense omissions
• Improperly capitalizing costs rather than expensing them
• Failure to disclose warranty costs and product-return liabilities
What Red Flags Are Associated with Concealed Liabilities and Expenses?
• Recurring negative cash flows from operations or an inability to generate
positive cash flows from operations while reporting earnings and earnings
growth
• Assets, liabilities, revenues, or expenses based on significant estimates that
involve subjective judgments or uncertainties that are difficult to support
• Nonfinancial management’s excessive participation in or preoccupation
with the selection of accounting principles or the determination of
significant estimates
• Unusual increase in gross margin or margin in excess of industry peers
• Allowances/provisions for sales returns, warranty claims, etc., that are
shrinking in percentage terms or are otherwise out of line with industry
peers
• Unusual reduction in the number of days’ purchases in accounts payable
ratio
• Reducing accounts payable while competitors are stretching out payments
to vendors
Improper Disclosures
Accounting principles require that financial statements include all the information
necessary to prevent a reasonably discerning user of the financial statements from
being misled. Clearly, this principle is subject to the professional judgment of the
accountants and management preparing the financial statements. Events,
transactions, and policy changes that are likely to have a material impact on the
entity’s financial position must be disclosed. The financial statement notes should
include narrative disclosures, supporting schedules, and any other information
required to avoid misleading potential investors, creditors, or any other users of
the financial statements.
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What Red Flags Are Associated with Improper Disclosures?
CASH
i. CASH RECEIPTS
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a. Skimming - is the theft of cash that has not yet been recorded in the
accounting system. Employees who skim from their companies steal sales
or receivables before they are recorded in the company books. Skimming
schemes are known as off-book frauds, meaning cash is stolen before it is
recorded in the victim organization’s accounts. This aspect of skimming
schemes means they leave no direct audit trail. Because the stolen funds
are never recorded, the victim organization might not be aware that the
cash was ever received. Consequently, it can be difficult to detect that the
cash has been stolen. This is the primary advantage of a skimming scheme
to the fraudster.
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f. Understated Sales - Understated sales work differently
because the transaction in question is posted to the books
but for a lower amount than what the perpetrator actually
collected.
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mail and post the payments to the accounting system but
steal the checks.
b. Fictitious Voids - Fictitious voids are similar to refund schemes in that they
make fraudulent disbursements from the register appear to be legitimate.
When a sale is voided on a register, a copy of the customer’s receipt is
usually attached to a void slip, along with the signature or initials of a
manager indicating that the transaction has been approved
B. THEFT - Though the misuse of company property might be a problem, the theft of
company property is obviously of greater concern. Losses resulting from larceny of
company assets can run into the millions of dollars. Most schemes where inventory and
other noncash assets are stolen fall into one of four categories: larceny schemes, asset
requisition and transfer schemes, purchasing and receiving schemes, and false shipment
schemes.
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a. Larceny Schemes - the term larceny is meant to refer to the most basic type of
inventory theft: the schemes in which an employee simply takes inventory from
the company premises without attempting to conceal the theft in the books and
records. In other fraud schemes, employees might create false documentation to
justify the shipment of merchandise or tamper with inventory records to conceal
missing assets. Larceny schemes are more blunt. The culprit in these crimes takes
company assets without trying to justify their absence.
b. Asset Requisitions and Transfers - Asset requisitions and other documents that
allow noncash assets to be moved from one location in a company to another can
be used to facilitate the theft of those assets. Employees use internal transfer
paperwork to gain access to merchandise that they otherwise might not be able to
handle without raising suspicion. These documents do not account for missing
merchandise the way false sales do, but they allow a person to move the assets
from one location to another. In the process of this movement, the thief steals the
merchandise.
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C. BRIBERY & CORRUPTION - Corruption is a term used to describe various types of
wrongful acts designed to cause an unfair advantage. It can take on many forms, including
bribery, kickbacks, illegal gratuities, economic extortion, and collusion. Generally, it involves
the wrongful use of influence to procure a benefit for the actor or another person, contrary to
the duty or the rights of others. The various forms of corruption are often used in combination,
which reinforces the schemes’ potency and makes them more difficult to combat.
Bribery may be defined as the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of corrupt payments
(i.e., items of value paid to procure a benefit contrary to the rights of others) to influence an
official act or business decision.
b. Economic Extortion - An extortion case is often the other side of a bribery case.
Extortion is defined as the obtaining of property from another, with the other
party’s consent induced by wrongful use of actual or threatened force or fear.
Economic extortion is present when an employee or official, through the wrongful
use of actual or threatened force or fear, demands money or some other
consideration to make a particular business decision. That is, economic extortion
cases are the “Pay up or else ... ” corruption schemes.
To constitute extortion, the threat must be the controlling reason that the victim
gives up a right or property. The following types of threats can constitute
extortion:
• Physical harm
• Property damage
• Accusing a person of a crime
• Disgracing a person
• Public exposure
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c. Collusion - Collusion refers to an agreement between two or more individuals to
commit an act designed to deceive or gain an unfair advantage. Typically,
collusion involves some sort of kickback, which can result in fraudulent billing or
inferior goods.
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− Undisclosed interests in a company or business owned by an
employee
− Family ties with an employee
• Does not relate well to competitors
• Has an address or telephone number that matches an employee’s address, the
address of an employee’s outside business, or an employee’s relative’s address
• Provides an incomplete address (e.g., a PO Box, no telephone number, or no
street address)
• Provides multiple addresses
• Has a reputation for corruption or works in an industry or country with a
reputation for corruption
• Works as an independent sales representative, consultant, or other intermediary
who does not have the reporting and internal control requirements of their larger,
publicly held competitors
V. Evaluation
VI. References
Cabrera, M. E. (2021). Corporate Governance, Business Ethics, Risk Management and Internal
Control. Manila, Philippines: GIC Enterprises & co., Inc.
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