TODAY’S THEME IS ABOUT

SYNTAX
BY ; Kurnia Arum, Melia Lusianti, Rahmah Wahiddah
 SYNTAX

OVERVIEW
1 2 3
SYNTAX EXPLANATION SYNTACTIC RULES ; DEEP & SURFACE STRUCTURE ;
A GENERATIVE GRAMMAR STRUCTURAL AMBIGUITY
SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS

4 5 6
PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES LEXICAL RULES TREE DIAGRAMS
 SYNTAX

WHAT IS SYNTAX ??
SYNTAX is the study of the ordering of component in phrase and sentences. SYNTAX is one
of the most important fields of study because it is syntax that allows us to combine words
into phrases and sentences in unique ways, and that's something that's pretty darn unique
about human language.
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SYNTACTIC
RULES
Syntactic rules are the rules that dictate
how words can be combined to form
grammatically correct sentences.
A GENERATIVE
GRAMMAR
A small and finite set of rules is
sometimes decribed as A GENERATIVE
GRAMMAR because It can be used to
“generate” or produce sentence structures
and not only just decribe them.
 SYNTAX

DEEP AND SURFACE STRUCTURE

SURFACE STRUCTURE DEEP STRUCTURE

can be defined as the syntactic form they It is defined as an abstract level of
take as actual sentences. In the other structural organization in which all the
words, it is forms of sentences resulted elements determining structural
from modification/ transformation. interpretation are represented.
STRUCTURAL SYNTAX

AMBIGUITY
a situation in which a sentence or phrase can be interpreted
in more than one way due to its grammatical structure.

EXAMPLE ;
or is it someone/something else that is
ready to eat the cow?

" The cow is ready to eat. "

Is it the cow that is ready to eat ?

The ambiguity
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SYNTATIC ANALYSIS
In syntatic analysis we use some convensional abbreviations for the parts of speech,
Examples are; N ( = noun), Art (= article), Adj (= adjective), and V (=verb). We also use
abbreviations for phrase, such as : NP (= Noun Phrase), and VP (= Verb Phrase)
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SYNTATIC ANALYSIS
EXAMPLE ;

NP VP
NP = ART - N
( the dog )
V NP
NP = ART (ADJ) N
( the big dog )
John saw the big dog
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SYNTATIC ANALYSIS
Another common symbol is in the form of curly brackets {}. These indicate that only one of
the elements enclosed within the curly brackets must be selected

NP –> Art { adj } N

NP –> Pro NP–> { Art ( adj ) N, Pro, PN }
NP –> PN
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PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES

The first rule in the following set of simple ( and necessary incomplete ) phrase
structure rules capture a very general rule of English sentence structure.

S –> NP VP
NP –> { ART ( ADJ ) N, PRO, PN
VP –> V NP
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LEXICAL RULES
Phrase structurenrules generate structure. In order to turn those
structures into recognizableEnglish, we also need LEXICAL RULES to
specify words.

PN –> { JOHN, MARY } ART –> { A, THE }

N –> { GIRL, DOG, BOY } ADJ –> { BIG, SMALL }

V –> { FOLLOWED, HELPED, SAW } PRO –> { IT, YOU }

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NP

TREE
DIAGRAM ART N

One of the best way to create a

visual representation of
A DOG
underlying syntatic structure is
trough TREE DIAGRAM.

NOUN PHRASE
 VERB PHRASE

SYNTAX

VP

TREE V NP

DIAGRAM
One of the best way to create a FOLLOWED ART N
visual representation of
underlying syntatic structure is
trough TREE DIAGRAM.

THE BOY
 SYNTAX
S
ENGLISH SENTENCES
TREE DIAGRAM OF

NP VP

P V NP
N

SAW ART DOG

JOHN ADJ

BIG
THE
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THANK YOU

BY ; Kurnia Arum, Melia Lusianti, Rahmah Wahiddah