Exploring Mathematics G7

The vision of the New National Curriculum is “every child is
prepared for life”. The weight of the short phrase is immense. The
vision can be accomplished with the help of everyone, including
teachers, parents, school community, society, media and everyone
Exploring
Mathematics7A
surrounded, as the emphasis of the New National Curriculum is
not only given on cognitive development, but also the spiritual and
behavioural development.
In the National Curriculum, out of eight main key learning areas,

Mathematics is one main area which intends to bring a change
Exploring Mathematics 7A
in the whole process of Mathematics teaching and learning. The
change is to be brought by obligating main pillars of the National
Curriculum, incorporating shared values, key competencies and
skills. At the same time, changing pedagogy from teacher centered
to learner centered education. In addition, using assessment for
learning as an assessment approach in the teaching and learning
process.
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Exploring Mathematics A
7
A joint publication of National Institute of Education, Maldives
and Cambridge University Press, India
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Strand: Numbers
1. Number Types 1
2. Four Operations 23
3. Fractions, Decimals and Percentages 45
4. Estimation69
5. Ratio and Proportion 85
6. Money103
7. Powers115
Strand: Measurement
8. Perimeter, Area and Volume 125

1 Number Types
You will Learn

3 recognise natural numbers as counting numbers, whole numbers and integers
3 comparing and ordering integers using the number line
3 absolute value of integers
3 operations on integers
3 verification of properties of integers
3 he natural (or counting) numbers are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. There are infinitely many
T
natural numbers.
3 The set of natural numbers, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...} is sometimes written as N.
3 The smallest natural number is 1.
3 he whole numbers are the natural numbers together with 0. Therefore, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 . . .
T
etc. are whole numbers. There are infinitely many whole numbers.
3 The set of whole numbers {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...} is written as W.
3 The smallest whole number is 0.
3 All natural numbers are whole numbers.
3 decimal number is a number that uses a decimal point followed by digits that show a
A
value smaller than one.
Making meaning
Proper understanding of numbers is important as it is the basic
foundation of mathematical concepts. For example, use of
integers in daily life and their meaning in different contexts, such

as positive integers, or whole numbers, are used in many
ways during daily life. Highway numbers are posted along with
roadway speed limits. Some examples of negative integer use
include the thermometer readings, altitude and banks.
What are Integers?

We know that the sum of two whole numbers is always a whole number.
For example, 0 + 9 = 9, 5 + 6 = 11; 0, 9, 5, 6 and 11 are all whole numbers.
Is the difference of two whole numbers always a whole number?
The answer is NO.

For example, 8 − 3 = 5 but 3 − 8 = −5, 5 is a whole number, but −5 is not.
All negative numbers, natural numbers and zero together are called integers.
…–4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4… are the integers.

The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4… are called positive integers. They lie on the right side of zero on
the number line.
The numbers –1, –2, –3, –4… are called negative integers. They lie on the left side of zero
on the number line.
Both positive and negative integers are also known as directed numbers since they indicate
the direction.
Zero is a neutral number which is neither positive nor negative.
Relationship between whole numbers, natural numbers and integers
♦ Every natural number is a whole number Integers:

and an integer. Positive and Negative
whole numbers … –3,
♦ Every whole number is an integer but
–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, …
vice versa is not true.

Application of negative numbers
• In some countries, during winter, temperature falls below zero on
the Celsius scale. Such a temperature is expressed using negative
numbers.
• The heights above sea level are shown using positive numbers,
while those below sea level can be shown by using negative
numbers.
• In many high-rise buildings, there are floors below
ground level also. The floors above the ground level
are represented by positive numbers, while those below
the ground level are represented by negative numbers.
Prime Numbers
Numbers that have just two factors, 1 and the number itself, are called prime numbers.
You can observe from the table that 11 and 13 have only two factors: 1 and the number
itself, while all other numbers have more than 2 factors.
Numbers Factors
10 1, 2, 5, 10
1 is not a prime number as it 11 1, 11
has only one factor, while prime
12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
numbers have exactly 2 factors.
13 1, 13
14 1, 2, 7, 14
15 1, 3, 5, 15
Sieve of Eratosthenes
Greek mathematician Eratosthenes developed a method to find out prime numbers. To find
all the prime numbers between 1 and 100 by this method, follow the steps given below:
Step 1: List all numbers from 1 to 100 in a table form.
Step 2: Encircle 2, as it is prime and cross out all the multiples of 2, i.e. 4, 6, 8, 10 and so on.
Step 3: Now, encircle the next prime number, i.e. 3 and cross out all the multiples of 3.
Step 4: The next prime number to encircle is 5, so encircle 5 and cross out all the
multiples of 5.
Step 5: Continue this process till all the numbers in the list are either encircled or crossed
out (except 1).

Therefore, all the encircled numbers are prime numbers. All the crossed out numbers are
composite numbers.
This method is called the Sieve of Eratosthenes because it “sieves out” prime numbers
from other numbers.
Square Numbers
When a number is multiplied by itself, the product obtained is called its square. For example,
1 1=1 2 2=4 3 3=9 4 4 = 16 5 5 = 25
Here, 1, 4, 9, 16 and 25 are called square numbers.
In symbol, we write as
22 = 4 32 = 9 52 = 25
Cube Numbers
When a number is multiplied by itself thrice, the product obtained is called its cube. For
example,
1 1 1=1 2 2 2=8 3 3 3 = 27 4 4 4 = 64 5 5 5 = 125
Here, 1, 8, 27, 64 and 125 are called cube numbers.
In symbol, we write cube numbers as
23 = 8 33 = 27 53 = 125

Comparison of Integers
For any two integers represented on the number line, the one on the right side is greater.
−3 < 0 6 > 1 4 > 1 2 > −5 0 > −6 5 > −4
Every negative integer is less than 0 and less than all positive integers.
Every positive integer is greater than 0 and greater than all negative integers.
Zero is greater than every negative integer.
Zero is less than every positive integer.
EXERCISE 1.1
( Write answers to all the questions on your notebook.)
1. Fill in the blanks.

a. The predecessor of −36 is ............................................ .
b. The successor of −12 is ............................................ .
c. An integer which is neither positive nor negative is ......................................... .
d. −1 lies between integers........................ and ....................... .
e. Number of integers that lie between −4 and 2 are ......................................... .
2. Write the opposite of the following.

a. 120 BCE …………………………….
b. Profit of MVR1,450 MVR …………………………
c. 50 km towards north …………………………
d. 300 m below the sea level …………………….
e. Temperature of −10 °C ……………………….
3. Compare the following pairs of numbers using the signs <, > or =.
a. 107 −108
b. −80 −24
c. 101 −99
d. 528 128
−94
e. 49

4. Find the answers of the following.
a. (+25) + (−15) = ………… f. (−14) − (+39) = …………
b. (−18) + (−32) = ………… g. (+20) − (−80) = …………
c. (−12) + (+47) = ………… h. (−11) − (−12) = …………
d. (+7) + 0 = ………… i. 0 − ( −63) = …………
e. (−53) + (+78) = ………… j. (+137) − (+137) = …………
5. In Buffalo, New York the temperature was −110 °F at 3:30 am. After some time the
temperature dropped by 50 °F. What would be the present temperature?
6. A submarine was situated 725 feet below the sea level. If it

ascends 300 feet towards the sea level, then what will be its
new position?
Ordering of Integers
The following table shows the temperatures in Celsius (°C) at different cities on a particular day:
City A B C D E
Temperature –12 °C –3 °C 10 °C 8 °C 0 °C
We can easily order integers by visualizing a number line.

We say that a > b, if a lies to the right of b
a < b, if a lies to the left of b
On arranging the integers in an ascending order of temperature, we get
–12 < –3 < 0 < 8 < 10
Hence, city A is the coldest and city C is the warmest.

On arranging the integers in descending order of temperatures, we get
10 > 8 > 0 > –3 > –12
Absolute Value of an Integer
The absolute value of an integer is its numerical value regardless of its sign. An absolute
value of an integer is always positive. The symbol ‘| |’ is used to represent the absolute
value of an integer.
For example, |–18| = 18; |+18| = 18
We use absolute value of an integer in various places. For example, to calculate the
distance travelled and money debited.
6

EXERCISE 1.2
1. Draw the number line and represent integers from –6 to 5 and answer the
following using the number line. How many integers are there between
a. −2 and 5 b. −4 and 4 c. 1 and 5 d. −6 and 5
2. Write all the integers between the given pair of integers in decreasing order.
a. −2 and 10 b. 0 and 8 c. −45 and −32
3. Which temperature is higher? Write it down.

a. −10 °C or −100 °C b. 45 °C or −45 °C c. −20 °C or 0 °C
4. Arrange the following integers in ascending and descending order:

−32, −102, 38, −10, 35, 27, 0, −19
5. The following are scores of different teams in football matches. Arrange

them in decreasing order:
3, −2, 0, 8, −19, 20, −4, −11
6. From the following figure arrange the temperatures (in °C) in ascending
order and name the city with highest and least temperatures.
A B C D E
–10 –5 0 5 10 15 20 25
7. The temperature this morning was –2 °C. For every hour the temperature
increases by 2 °C. What is the new temperature after four hours?
8. Find the absolute value of the following integers:

a. |−65| b. |12 − 18| c. |29| d. |−4 + (−6)|

Operations on Integers
Addition and subtraction of Integers
We have learned addition and subtraction of integers in previous grades.
Add the following integers.

a. 12 + (−12) b. (−43) + (−43) c. (−203) + 203
d. (−10) − 10 e. 6 – (−6)
Example 1 Add 5 + (−3) using a number line.

Answer
To add a positive integer, move to the right
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
To add a negative integer, move to the left
5–3=2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5
or 5 + (–3) = 2
Here green arrow represents 5 and red arrow represents –3.
Example 2 Find the value of 4 – 6 using the number line.

Answer
+4
–6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–6
4 – 6 = –2.
8

T
o add a positive integer using a number line, we move to right as many steps as the second integer
is to be added.
T
o add a negative integer using a number line, we move to left as many steps as the negative integer
is to be added.
T
o subtract a positive integer using a number line move left as many steps as the positive integer is to
be subtracted.
T
o subtract a negative integer move right from the position of minuend as many steps as the negative
integer is to be subtracted.
Example 3 Solve the following without using a number line.

a. 12 + (−18) b. (−43) + (−34) c. (−203) + 203
Answer a. 12 + (−18) = – (18 − 12 )

= − 6 (answer will have same sign as the sign of greater
number)
b. (− 43) + (− 34) = − (43 + 34)
= − 77 (sum of two negative integers is a negative
integer)
c. (−203) + 203 = (− 203 + 203)
= 0 ( sum of an integer
and its opposite Integer Sum of two integers
is always zero) with opposite signs
is either positive or
negative or 0.
W
hen the + and – signs are placed side by side without any number in between, the two opposite signs
give a – sign.
For example, − 6 + (− 10 ) = − 6 − 10; − 8 − ( +5 ) = − 8 − 5
W
hen there are two − signs are placed side by side with no numbers in between, the two like signs
give a + sign.
For example, − 9 − (− 4 ) = − 9 + 4

Properties of Integers
Closure property
We know that sum of two integers is always an integer.

For example, (−18) + 14 = −4 is an integer;
(−9) + (−15) = −24 is an integer.
Similarly, difference of two integers is always an integer.
Commutative property
Example Verify a + b = b + a, using a = –10 and b = –18.
Answer
a+b b+a
–10 + (–18) –18 + (–10)
= – 28 = – 28
a+b=b+a
Integers are commutative with respect to addition for all values of a and b.
Try yourself
Is commutative property applicable for subtraction also? Verify with your own examples.
Associative property of addition
Example Verify: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c using a = 8, b = −11 and c = −22.
Answer
a + (b + c) (a + b) + c
8 + (−11 + −22) (8 + −11) + −22
= 8 + (−33) = −3 + −22
= −25 = −25
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
All integers are associative with respect to addition for all values of a, b and c.
10

Is associative property applicable for subtraction also?
The answer will be obviously No.
a – (b – c) ≠ (a – b) – c for all values of a, b and c.
Additive identity
1 + 0 = 1
8 + 0 = 8
−5 + 0 = −5
When you add 0 to any number, it gives the same number. Hence, '0' is called additive identity.
Additive inverse
The number in each pair of integers (+1, −1), (+2, −2), (+3, −3) are opposites of each other,
since they are on the number line opposite to each other and at same distance from zero.
Also, 1 + (−1) = 0
2 + (−2) = 0
3 + (−3) = 0
–3 0 3
3 units 3 units
Always sum of opposites is zero.
If ‘a’ is an integer, then its opposite integer is −a and vice versa.

a + (−a) = (−a) + a = 0
−a is known as additive inverse of a and vice versa.
Example 1 Evaluate: a. (−21) + (+36) + (−15) + 4

Answer a. By arranging the negative integers and positive integers in different
brackets, we get
(36 + 4) + (−21 + −15)
= 40 + (−36)
= 4
11

b. 78 + (−54) + (−46) + 22 + (−16)
Answer b. By arranging the negative integers and positive integers in different
brackets, we get
(78 + 22) + (−54 + −46 + −16)
= 100 + −116
= −16
Example 2 a. Sara received gift cheques worth MVR 500 and MVR 225 on her birthday
from her grand parents and uncle. Find the total amount she received.
b. Sara bought fruits worth MVR 50 for the residents of an old age home,
she gave MVR 25 to her maid and remaining amount she deposited in
her bank account. Find how much she saved.
Answer a. MVR 500 + MVR 225 = MVR 725
Sara received a total of MVR 725.
Answer b. We need to take away the amount spend on fruits and the amount paid
to her maid.
Or add (–50) and (–25) to the total amount she received on her birth day.
Amount deposited by Sara in her bank account = 725 + (−50) + (−25)
= 725 + (−50 + −25)
= 725 + (−75)
= 650
EXERCISE 1.3
1. Solve by using the number line.

a. 6 + (−9) b. (−5) + (−3) c. 2+5 d. (−11) + 3
e. 10 – 5 f. 6 – (−3)
2. Fill in the blanks with suitable symbol <, = or >.

a. (−911) – (−382) ____ (−239) – (−118)
b. 468 – (−108) _____ (−195) – (−515)
c. 1,270 – (−1,918) _____ (−295) – (−3,495)
12

3. Find the value of
a. (−48) + (+2,090) + (−524) + (3,796) b. 5,490 – (−4,900) – (−575)
c. (−1,785) – (1,000) + (−1,005) – (−2,784) d. (−5) + 5 + (−5) + (−5) + 5
4. Verify the following statements and name the property.

a. (−697) + 293 = 293 + (−697)
b. (−786) + (−923) = (−923) + (−786)
c. (−121 + −139) + 245 = −121 + (−139 + 245)
d. 325 – (−225) = 225 + 325
e. 10,345 + (−10,345) = 0
5. Subtract the sum of 12,865 and −23,724 from the sum of 30,278 and −18,950.
6. The sum of two integers is −38,458. If one of them is −75,250, then find the other.
7. Subtract 428 from −345 and add the result to 1,000.
8. What should be added to −2,765 to get 929?
9. Difference of two integers is 25. If smaller integer is −49, then find the greater integer.
10. Find two integers whose sum is equal to −32. Are there more examples that you
can think of? Give at least 4 examples.
11. On Monday the mailman delivers 3 cheque leafs of MVR 250, MVR 375 and
MVR 410, electricity bill and telephone bill for MVR 275 each. If you had a starting
balance of MVR 158 in your bank, what is the balance after the payment of the bills?
12. Complete the following pyramid in which the sum of the integers in any two bricks
is equal to the integer in the brick directly above them.
5 –8
12 10 –18
13

Multiplication and Division of Integers
Multiplication of two positive integers
Observe the pattern of integers in the table given below.
5 times 6 6+6+6+6+6 5×6 30
6 times 13 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 + 13 6 × 13 78
When two integers with like signs are multiplied,

we actually multiply the numbers without the
signs and the product is always positive.
Multiplication of a positive integer by a negative integer
Observe the pattern of integers in the table given below.
3 times −4 (−4) + (−4) + (−4) 3 × (−4) −12
4 times −9 (−9) + (−9) + (−9) + (−9) 4 × (−9) −36
From the above pattern we can conclude that,
When a + (positive) integer and a − (negative)

integer are multiplied, we actually multiply the
numbers without the signs, and place a − sign
before the product obtained.
Multiplication of a negative integer with a positive integer
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
On multiplying by 2
–20 –18 –16 –14 –12 –10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
What do you observe in the above number lines?
14

When two integers with unlike signs
are multiplied, we actually multiply the
numbers without the signs and put a
negative sign to the product.
+ x + = +
Product of two positive integers is always a positive integer. – x – = +
Product of two negative integers is always a positive integer.
+ x – = –
Product of a positive and a negative integer is always a negative integer.
– x + = –
Division of two integers
The quotient of two integers involving two like signs is always positive.
(+) ÷ (+) = + ; (–) ÷ (–) = +
The quotient of two integers having opposite signs is negative.
(+) ÷ (–) = – ; (–) ÷ (+) = –
Properties of integers with respect to multiplication and division
Commutative property
Let us see whether commutative property hold true for integers. We can check this with the
help of the following example.
Example Verify a × b = b × a, using a = –8, b = 7.
Answer
a×b b×a
−8 × 7 7 × −8
= −56 = −56
a×b=b×a
Multiplication of integers is commutative.

Is commutative property holds true for division of integers also?
15

Example 12 ÷ 4 = 3
But 4 ÷ 12 ≠ 3
12 ÷ 4 ≠ 4 ÷ 12
Hence division of integers is not commutative.
Associative property
Example Verify a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c, taking a = −5, b = 4 and c = −10.
Answer
a × (b × c) (a × b) × c
(−5) × (4 × −10) (−5 × 4) × (−10)
= (−5) × (−40) = (−20) × (−10)
= 200 = 200
a × (b × c) = (a × b) × c
Multiplication of integers is associative.
Is this property applicable for division of integers?
No, division of integers is not associative for all integers.
Multiplication and division with zero
If ‘a’ is any integer then a × 0 = 0 = 0 × a.

For example, −29 × 0 = 0; 0 × 103 = 0.
Division with zero is not defined. We cannot divide any integer with zero but any integer
divides zero and quotient is zero.
For all integral values of ‘a’ except zero, it is always true to say that a ÷ 0 is not
possible and 0 ÷ a = 0.
Multiplicative identity
The product of any integral value ‘a’ and 1 is always 1 and vice versa.
a × 1 = a = 1 × a.
16

Distributive property
Example Verify a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c), using a = 18, b = –15, c = 20.
a × (b + c) (a × b) + (a × c)
18 × (−15 + 20) (18 × −15) + (18 × 20)
= 18 × 5 = (−270) + 360
= 90 = 90
a × (b + c) = (a × b) + (a × c)
Distributive property of multiplication for addition is true for integers.
Example 1 Verify the following statements and name the property used.
(i) 25 × 36 = 36 × 25
(ii) (42 × −12) × 25 = 42 × −12 × 25
(iii) −15 × (18 + 12) = (−15 × 18) + (−15 × 12)
(iv) −70 × 0 = 0
Answer
LHS RHS Conclusion Property

Commutative
(i) 25 × 36 = 900 36 × 25 = 900 LHS = RHS
property
(42 × −12) × 25 42 × (−12 × 25)
Associative
(ii) = −504 × 25 = 42 × (−300) LHS = RHS
property
= −12,600 = −12,600
−15 × (18 + 12) (−15 × 18) + (−15 × 12)
Distributive
(iii) = −15 × 30 = −270 + (−180) LHS = RHS
Property
= −450 = −450
(iv) −70 × 0 = 0 0 LHS = RHS Zero property
Example 2 S
uppose the temperature outside is dropping 3 degrees each hour. How
much will the temperature change in 8 hours?
Answer Given the temperature outside is dropping 3 degrees each hour.
Temperature change in 8 hours = 8 × (−3) = −24
So, temperature drop in 8 hours will be 24 degrees.
17

Example 3 Evaluate: a. (128 ÷ 8) ÷ 4 b. 128 ÷ (8 ÷ 4)
c. What do you notice from (i) and (ii) results.
Answer a. (128 ÷ 8) ÷ 4 = 16 ÷ 4 = 4
b. 128 ÷ (8 ÷ 4) = 128 ÷ 2 = 64
c. From the above two results we noticed integers are not associative with
respect to division. (128 ÷ 8) ÷ 4 ≠ 128 ÷ (8 ÷ 4)
Example 5 lisha and Yumna started business with equal
A
capitals. They decided to share the profit or loss
in equal shares. In the first year, they got profit of
MVR 2,480, in the second year, there was no profit,
in next two years there was loss of MVR 1,000 and
in the fifth year, there was profit of MVR 3,500. Find
their total profit or loss at the end of fifth year.
Year Profit Loss Alisha Yumna

First year 2,480
Second year ...........
Third year ...........
Fourth year –1,000
Fifth year 3,500
Answer s for their agreement at the beginning of the business they share loss or
A
profit equally. So we divide the profit or loss with two.
Year Profit Loss Alisha Yumna

First year 2,480 1,240 1,240
Second year ........... ........... ...........
Third year ........... ........... ...........
Fourth year –1,000 –500 –500
Fifth year 3,500 1,750 1,750
Total 5,980 –1,000 2,490 2,490
At the end of the transaction, they each got profit of MVR 2,490.
18

EXERCISE 1.4
1. Find the product.

a. 18 × 21 b. (−125) × 8 c. 39 × (−22)
d. (−101) × 0 e. (−205) × (−6) f. 0 × (−745)

a. 6 × (−45) × (−8) b. (−40) × (−50) × (−30)
c. (−11) × (−9) × 7 d. 25 × (15 × 14)
3. Copy and complete.
× −4 −6 8 10
12 −48 ? 96 ?
14 ? −84 ? 140
−16 ? ? ? ?
−18 72 108 ? ?
What do you observe from the table?
4. Simplify:
a. −403 × −198 × 0 × 1,010 × 59 = 0
b. −17 × 20 × −3 × 15 = 15300
c. −825 × −125 × −35 × 0 × 777 = 0
5. Compare the following.

a. (−25) × (−9) ______ 25 × 9
b. 7 × (−13) × 2 ______ (−7) × (−13) × 2
c. 15 × (−34) × 0 ______ 4 × 5 × 6
d. (−11) × (−12) × (−13) ______ (−11) × 12 × (−13)
6. Verify the following statements and name the property.

a. (−120) × (−60) = (−60) × (−120)
b. (−25) × (−40 × 39) = (−25 × −40) × 39
c. 156 × 289 + 156 × −89 = 156 × (289 – 89)
d. 1,005 × 1 = 1,005
19

7. Find the quotient.
a. (−108) ÷ 9 b. (−144) ÷ (−18) c. 249 ÷ (−3) d. 0 ÷ (−9)
8. Find the value.

a. |–105| ÷ 15 b. |–125 × –8 × –10| c. –240 ÷ |–12|
9. Verify that a ÷ (b + c) ≠ (a ÷ b) + (a ÷ c) if
a. a = 3, b = −2, c = −1 b. a = −8, b = 1, c = −1
10. The product of two integers is −1,080. If one of the integers is −18, then find the
other integer.
11. In a competitive exam +4 marks will be awarded for each correct answer and
−2 marks will be awarded for each wrong answer. Haleema answered all the
questions and scored 68 marks. If she attempted 25 questions correct then how
many of the questions Haleema attempetd were incorrect?
12. Sameena was palying game with her friend. The game rule is to climb up 5 stairs
every second and to climb down 3 stairs over the next second. How many
seconds will she takes to climb 80 stairs?
13. Mt. Everest has a height of 8,850m. It’s base

is at an elevation of 5,200m. The temperature
here drops at the rate of 2 degree per 100
metres. If the temperature at the base
is −4°C, what is the temperature at the top?
14. A man rows in upstream of water at the rate of −5m per second. At that rate, how
long would he take to reach −100m upstream of water?
15. Taman asked his sister follow his instructions and started giving the instructions
write −18, add −32 to it, subtract −20 from the result. Divide the result by 6 and
multiply the answer by −25. What do you get?
16. Waheed bought a new branded car for

MVR 120,000. The value of the car depreciate by
MVR 10,000 first year, MVR 15,000 for next two
years and after that MVR 25,000 each year. If Waheed
wants to sell his car after 5 years, how much he will
be getting?
20

t Self -Check
1. Find the value of the following:
a. |−250| + 1,250
b. |−4,532 + 2,899|
c. |−35 ×(−10) × 20|
2. Find the value:
a. |−105| ÷ 15
b. |−125 × −8 × −10|
c. −240 ÷ |−12|
3. Evaluate: (25 + 36) ÷ [−(12 + 15)]
4. The product of two integers is −1,080 and one of the integers is −18, then find the
other integer.
5. What should we multiply with 26 to get the product as −390?
6. State the sign of product of 5 positive integers and 9 negative integers.
7. State the sign of product of 11 positive integers and 24 negative integers.
8. State the sign of the quotient when the product of 5 negative integers is divided by
product of 3 positive integers.
21

Real-World Maths
Sixth year −4,500
Ali has just started a fishery Fifth year −3,500
business. The figure on the side 1,500 Fourth year
shows the variation in his total 1,700 Third year
profit/loss for the first 6 years.
Second year −1,500
(The amount mentioned inside
the box is in MVR.) 2,000 First year
–6,000 –3,000 0 3,000 6,000
Answer the following questions.

1. What is the difference in Ali’s total profit/loss between the first year and the second
year?
2. How much does Ali earn in six years?
3. Will his total change if his earning is MVR 5,000 in place of –MVR 3,500 in the sixth
year? What would be the new total?
4. What will be the total earning for six years if his yearly net profit is consistently
MVR 4,000 per year?
5. What will be the total earning for six years if his yearly net loss is consistently
MVR 1,000 per year?
22

2 Four Operations
You will Learn

solve problems using four operations
test for divisibility with 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11
factors and multiples of number
highest common factor of two or more numbers
least common multiple of two or more numbers
Finding HCF, LCM and solving related problem
squares of numbers
In addition, an augend and an addend are added to find a sum.

In subtraction, a subtrahend is subtracted from a minuend to find a difference.
In multiplication, a multiplicand and a multiplier are multiplied to find a product.
Sometimes the multiplicand and the multiplier are both called factors.
In division, a dividend is divided by a divisor to find a quotient. If there is an amount
left over, it is called the remainder.
If two or more numbers are being multiplied, then the order of numbers does not affect
the product.
Thinking critically and creatively

Mathematical operations are used for variety of purpose
consciously and unconsciously. For example, estimating the
speed of vehicles while crossing the road, identifying the amount
spent while shopping and use of four operations in cooking.
23

Order of operations
Example 1 Find the value of 76 43 35. The number sentence
has two different operations.
Answer 76 43 35 76 43 35 Which operation should
I do first?
(76 35) 43
33 35
111 43
68 68
The value is 68.
Example 2 Find the value of 45 28 14.
Answer 45 28 14
1,260 14
90
The value is 90.
When the number sentence has only the multiplication and division operations
(which are of the same priority), we work out the value from left to right.
Example 3 Find the value of 2,896 128 32
Answer 2,896 128 32 divide
2,896 4 add
2,900
The value is 2,900.
When the number sentence has two or more operations, do multiplication and
division first from left to right, before doing addition and subtraction from left
to right.
24

Example 4 Find the value of (324 356) 17.
Answer (324 356) 17 parenthesis
680 17 divide
40
The value is 40.
When there is parenthesis in a number sentence, we work out the answer in

the parenthesis first then we multiply and divide from left to right, before we add
and subtract from left to right.
Example 5 Find the value of 36 (256 56) 84.
Answer 36 (256 56) 84 parenthesis
36 200 84 multiplication
7,200 84 addition
7,284
The value is 7,284.
In order to simplify a mathematical expression involving various operations, we

follow the order as follows:
i. Parenthesis iii. Multiplication v. Subtraction
ii. Division iv. Addition
25

Example 7 Simplify: 38 19 260
Answer When division and multiplication operations are involved in a simplification,

then operate first the operation on the left most.
In this case we have division on the left most, so we first do division and
then multiplication to simplify.
38 19 260
2 260
520
Example 8 Simplify: 105 35 126 (2 3)
Answer 105 35 126 (2 3)
105 35 126 6 (simplifying parenthesis first)

3 126 6 (then, simplifying )
3 21
24
Recall the key words related to four operations.
Addition Subtraction
add(ed) to, altogether, both, combined, decreased by, difference, fewer than,
in all, increased by, more than, how many more, left, less, less than,
perimeter, plus, sum, total minus, remaining, take away
Multiplication Division
multiplied by, of, per, product of, rate, divided, half, how many each, out of,
times, triple, twice per cent, quarter, quotient of
Example 9 Ahmed and his friend planned for a get-together with their friends. They
bought items for breakfast and lunch for MVR 80 and MVR 275 per person.
They invited 75 people for the get-together. Among them, 15 came only for
lunch.
a. Find the total cost for breakfast and lunch.

b. If 20 came only for breakfast and not had lunch, in this case will bill be more or less,
and by how much?
26

We can interpret key words in word problems to determine which mathematical
operations to use in solving the problems.
Solution a. Total number of guests invited 75

Guests came for lunch 75
Guests came for breakfast 75 15
Cost for breakfast MVR 80 and lunch MVR 275
Total cost 80 (75 15) 75 275
80 60 75 275
4,800 20,625
25,425
Therefore, total cost for get-together MVR 25,425
b. Number of guest had breakfast 75

Number of guest had lunch 75 20
To find how much
Total cost 75 80 275 (75 20)
more or less amount
75 80 275 55 paid means, we have
6,000 15,125 to subtract.
21,125
EXERCISE 2.1
1. Simplify:
a. 4,587 3,458 895
b. 3,624 982 760 2,340
c. 2,484 12 35
d. 3,200 20 4
e. 2,025 45 9 54
f. 500 25 (348 87)
g. 1,000 (56 8 60) (124 12 31 68)
27

h. 925 857 2,400 3,570 1,145 3
i. 678 (286 15) 1,284 12 75
j. 2,842 (138 268) 7,804
2. Solve the following word problems.

a. ultana made a profit of MVR 124,850 in her business, spent MVR 25,358 in
S
house renovation and MVR 4,850 for her daughter’s school fee. She also repaid
her loan by paying MVR 35,400 to the bank. Find how much amount remained
with Sultana at the end.
b. ulaiman bought 3,245 fish. Of these 670 fish were rotten. He discarded
S
the spoiled fish and sold the remaining fish. He packed 25 fish in each pack.
If he sells each pack at the rate of MVR 125, how much money does he
receive?
Divisibility Rules
We use divisibility rule to check whether a number is divisible by a given number or not
without actual division.
Let’s look at some other tests for divisibility and examples of each.
Divisibility Tests Example
A number is divisible by 2 if the last digit is 0, • 1
68 is divisible by 2 since the last digit
2, 4, 6 or 8. is 8.
• 1
73 is not divisible by 2 as the last
digit is 3.
A number is divisible by 3 if the sum of the • 1
68 is divisible by 3 since the sum of
digits is divisible by 3. the digits is 15 (1 + 6 + 8 = 15), and 15
is divisible by 3.
• 142 is not divisible by 3 as the sum of
the digits is 7 (1 + 4 + 2 = 7), and 7 is
not divisible by 3.
A number is divisible by 4 if the number • 3
16 is divisible by 4 since 16 is
formed by the last two digits is divisible by 4. divisible by 4.
• 513 is not divisible by 4 since 13 is not
divisible by 4.
28

A number is divisible by 5 if the last digit is • 1
95 is divisible by 5 since the last digit
either 0 or 5. is 5.
• 2
37 is not divisible by 5 as the last digit
is 7.
A number is divisible by 6 if it is divisible by 2 • 1
68 is divisible by 6 since it is divisible
AND it is divisible by 3. by 2 AND it is divisible by 3.
• 1
70 is not divisible by 6 since
it is divisible by 2 BUT not divisible
by 3.
A number is divisible by 8 if the number • 7
,120 is divisible by 8 since 120 is
formed by the last three digits is divisible divisible by 8.
by 8. • 4
,132 is not divisible by 8 since 132 is
not divisible by 8.
A number is divisible by 9 if the sum of the • 5
49 is divisible by 9 since the sum of the
digits is divisible by 9. digits is 18 (5 + 4 + 9 = 18), and 18 is
divisible by 9.
• 1
39 is not divisible by 9 since the sum of
the digits is 13 (1 + 3 + 9 = 13), and 13
is not divisible by 9.
A number is divisible by 10 if the last digit is 0. • 1
,470 is divisible by 10 since the last
digit is 0.
• 5
64 is not divisible by 10 since the last
digit is 4 (not 0).
A number is divisible by 11 if the difference of • 4,059 is divisible by 11 since
the sum of the digits in odd places and sum of 4+5=9
the digits in even places is either 0 or divisible
0+9=9
by 11.
9–9=0
29

EXERCISE 2.2
1. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 2, 3, and 6?

a. 31,290 b. 97,656 c. 987,654 d. 778,126
e. 1,790,184 f. 800,552 g. 4,883 h. 973,212
2. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 5 and 10?

a. 452,250 b. 1,255 c. 1,000 d. 100,025 e. 243,590
Check whether the numbers are divisible by 2.
3. Write the largest and smallest 6-digit numbers using all the digits 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 then
check if the resultant numbers are divisible by 2, 3, 5 and 6.
4. Complete the table using divisibility test by 3 and 9.
Divisible by
Number Sum of the digits 3 9
216
1,098
4,678
79,890
988,974 9 8 8 9 7 4 45 Yes Yes
6. Determine which of the following numbers are divisible by 11.

a. 101,010 b. 900,900 c. 876,549 d. 361,289 e. 548,967
7. Write a digit in the blank of each of the following numbers so that the number
formed is divisible by 3.
a. __6,845 b. 722,__31 c. 341,2__5
8. Which of the following numbers are divisible by 4 and 8?

a. 28,048 b. 45,624 c. 780,728 d. 34,000 e. 364,204
Is it correct to say that the numbers divisible by 100 ends with 00? Justify your
answer with suitable examples.
30

FACTORS AND MULTIPLES
The numbers 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 are the multiples of 5.
The multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, etc.
The multiples of 15 are 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90.
Example Find the HCF and LCM of 24 and 60.
Answer Draw factor trees for 24 and 60.

24
60

2 12 2 30
2 6 2 15

2 3
3 5
24 = 2 2 2 3 60 = 2 2 3 5
Now put this information into a Venn diagram.
Definition
A Venn diagram is a visual way of representing information. A circle is used to represent

each set of information. If some information is in more than one set, the circles will overlap.
24 60
2 2 5 Multiply the
3
prime factors
that are in the
How can this be used to find the highest common factor? overlap
together to
The largest value that is a factor of 24 and 60 is found here:
find the HCF:
24 60
2 2 3 12
2
2 2 5
3
How can this be used to find the lowest common multiple?

31

The smallest value that is a multiple of 24 and 60 is found here:
24 60
Multiply all the prime
2 factors in the Venn
2 2 5 diagram together to
3
find the LCM:
2 2 2 3 5 120
HCF = 12
LCM = 120
Interesting fact!!
Factors of 6 are 1, 2, 3 and 6. Observe 1 2 3 6
Factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14 and 28. Observe 1 2 4 7 14 28
We noticed sum of the factors other than the number is number itself. We call such
numbers as perfect numbers.
Try to find next two perfect numbers.
EXERCISE 2.3
1. Write the first five multiples of the following numbers.

a. 6 b. 9 c. 11 d. 15 e. 24 f. 30
2. The 12th multiple of 28 is 336

a. Find the 11th multiple of 28. b. Find the 13th multiple of 28.
3. Write down first three common multiples of

a. 2 and 3 b. 5 and 6
4. Write the factors of the following numbers.

a. 36 b. 124 c. 72 d. 84 e. 60 f. 144
5. Aga khan invited about 90 guests for a party. In how many ways can he arrange the
chairs for guests? List out all the possible ways.
6. Akter was planning how to make the seating arrangements for the participants in a
workshop. There are 30 to 80 people expected to attend the workshop.
32

Akter observed that they could be seated with 8 people around a table with no seats
left empty. He also observed that there could be 10 people around a table with no
seats empty. How many people were attending the workshop?
7. a. Find the number less than 30 that has exactly eight factors.
Find the number less than 50 that has exactly ten factors. Find these two
b.
numbers and list of their common factors.
PRIME NUMBERS AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS

Look at the factors of the numbers 1 to 15 given in the table below.
Number Factors
1 1
2 1, 2
3 1, 3
4 1, 2, 4
5 1, 5
6 1, 2, 3, 6
7 1, 7
8 1, 2, 4, 8
9 1, 3, 9
10 1, 2, 5, 10
11 1, 11
12 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
13 1, 13
14 1, 2, 7, 14
15 1, 3, 5, 15
From the above table we observe that:

a. There is only one number with only one factor, which is 1.
b. 2, 3, 5, 7, 11 and 13 has only two factors, which is 1 and itself. Such numbers are
called prime numbers.
Definition
A number with two factors: 1 and the number itself is called a prime number.
c. The other numbers in the table 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 and 15, have factors other than
1 and themselves. Such numbers are called composite numbers.
33

Definition
Numbers which are not prime are called composite numbers. Or Numbers which have
factors other than 1 and themselves are called composite numbers.
d. Two numbers whose common factor is only 1 are called co-primes. Co-primes need
not necessarily be primes.
Examples: 2, 3; 3, 4; and 16, 25.
1 and any other number is always co-prime.
Two consecutive numbers are always co-primes.
Two prime numbers are always co-primes.
1 is neither prime nor composite.
Prime factorisation
Let us consider the number 18. We write the number as the product of prime numbers
as follows.
18 2 9 18 2 18
2 3 3 3 9
2 9 3 3
1
3 3
18 is represented as the product of prime numbers. This process is called

prime factorisation.
Definition
Prime factorisation is a process of expressing a given number as a product of prime

numbers.
Example 1 Find the prime factorisation of the following
a. 128 b. 63 c. 144 d. 36
34

Answer
a. 128 2 64
64 is a composite number, so we still need to factorise this
number to get prime factors
2 2 32
2 2 2 16 Continue the process of
2 2 2 2 8 finding prime factors
2 2 2 2 2 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
All prime numbers
b. 63 3 21 3 63
3 3 7 3 21
7
c. 144 144
12 12
2 6 2 6
2 3 2 3
2 2 2 2 3 3
EXERCISE 2.4
1. Find the prime factorisation of the following:

a. 60 b. 84 c. 112 d. 96
2. Write the greatest 3-digit number and express it in the form of its prime factors.
3. I am an even number. My value is less than 100. I have 2 and 5 as prime factors.
Can you find me?
4. Write two examples for co-primes.
5. Write the smallest 4-digit number and express it in the form of its prime factors.
35

Highest Common Factor (HCF)
Let us now see how to find HCF using prime factorisation method.
Step 1: Express each number as the product of prime factors.

Step 2: Find the product of common factors with least indices. This is the required HCF of
the given numbers.
Example 1 Find the HCF of 360 and 756 using prime factorisation method.
360 2 2 2 3 3 5 23 32 5
2 360 2 756
756 2 2 3 3 3 7 22 33 7 2 180 2 378
HCF (least index of 2) (least index of 3) 2 90 3 189
3 45 3 63
22 32
3 15 3 21
4 9 36 5 5 7 7
HCF of 360 and 756 = 36. 1 1
Least Common Multiple (LCM)

The LCM of two or more numbers is the smallest common multiple of the given numbers.
Example 1 Find the LCM of 6 and 9.
Solutions Multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, …………… etc.
Multiples of 9 are 9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, …………….etc.
The common multiples of 6 and 9 are 18, 36, 54………..etc.
We observe that the first common multiple of 6 and 9 is 18 and it is the
smallest multiple.
LCM of 6 and 9 is 18.
There are two methods of finding LCM of two or more numbers.
Method 1: Prime factorisation method

Example Find the LCM of 54 and 84 using prime factorisation.
Answer
2 54 2 84
Prime factorisation of 54 and 84
3 9 2 42
54 2 32 3 3 3 21
84 22 3 7 1 7 7
Here factors are 2, 3 and 7 1
36

LCM of 54 and 84 Product of all prime factors with highest indices
22 32 7
4 9 7
36 7
252
Method 2: Common Division method (short-cut method)
Example 1 Find the LCM of 12, 24, 36

and 54. Note: Divisors should be prime numbers.
Solution 2 12, 24, 36, 54

2 6, 12, 18, 27
LCM of 12, 24, 36 and 54
2 3, 6, 9, 27
2 2 2 2 3 3 3
2 3, 3, 9, 27
432 3 1, 1, 3, 9
3 1, 1, 1, 3
HCF is the greatest factor of all given numbers. It may be smaller than given numbers or equal to one
of the numbers. HCF divides exactly all the given numbers.
LCM is the least multiple of all given numbers. It may be greater than given numbers or equal to one
of the numbers. LCM is divisible by all the given numbers.
EXERCISE 2.5
1. Find the HCF of the following numbers using prime factorisation method.
a. 48, 72 and 216 b. 324, 512 c. 225, 425 and 625
d. 1,965 and 2,096 e. 918, 1,296 and 1,701
2. Find the LCM of the following numbers.

a. 21, 35 and 42 b. 84, 112 and 196 c. 45, 90, 132 and 165
c. 64, 72, 96 and 108
3. Find the least number divisible by 16, 21 and 35.
37

4. Find the least number divisible by 12, 15, 27 and 48.
5. Find the LCM of 200, 300 and 400.
Word Problems
Example 1 florist has 8 roses and 24 carnations. If the florist wants to create identical
A
bouquets without any leftover flowers, what is the highest number of
bouquets the florist can make? How many roses and carnation will be there
in each bouquet?
Answer he greatest common factor means the greatest whole number that is a
T
factor of each number.
Write each number in prime factorisation form:
8 2 2 2
24 2 2 2 3
Therefore, HCF 2 2 2 8
Therefore, the florist can make 8 bouquets such that each bouquet has one
rose and three carnations.
Areesha has 18 red bangles, 27 green bangles and 36 blue bangles.

Example 2
If she wants to make packets with same number of bangles without any bangle
be left over, what is the maximum number of packets she can make?
Answer HCF of 18, 27 and 36

18 2 3 3
27 3 3 3
36 2 2 3 3
Therefore, HCF 3 3 9
Therefore, she can pack 9 bangles in each packet.
So, she can make 2 red bangles pack, 3 green and 4 blue color
bangles pack.
38

EXERCISE 2.6
1. 616 students marched behind student council of 32 members

on sports day. The two groups are to march in the same
number of columns. What is the maximum number of columns
in which they can march?
2. A bookseller has 420 notebooks and 130 textbooks. He

wants to stack them in such a way that each stack has the
same number, and they take up the least area of the book rack.
What is the number of that can be placed in each stack for this
purpose?
3. There are 1,232 oranges and 1,617 mangoes. These fruits are
to be arranged in the baskets containing same number of same
fruits. Find the greatest number of fruits possible in each basket.
How many baskets are required to arrange the fruits?
4. Traffic signals at three different junctions have green signals

at intervals 15, 20 and 45 seconds respectively. They all have
green signal together at 7:00 am. At what time will they have
green signal together again.
5. Three measuring rods are 36 cm, 72 cm and 90 cm long,

respectively. Find the shortest length that can be measured
exactly by each one of these three rods.
6. Three friends step off from the same place. If their steps measure
28cm, 42cm and 49cm respectively, at what distance from the
starting point will they again step together?
7. A, B and C can make a greeting card in 18, 24 and 30 minutes

respectively. If they start together making the greeting cards at
9am, at what time will they again start together making greeting
cards?
8. Zahir bought three types switches of Type 1, Type 2 and Type

3 each at MVR 325, MVR 475 and MVR 600 pieces respectively. He want to pack
them in different boxes with maximum number of same type of switches. Find the
number of switches he can pack in each box of same type.
39

Square Numbers
Look at the following pattern:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1 2 2 4 3 3 9 4 4 16 5 5 25 6 6 36
1 1 1
2 2 4
3 3 9
4 4 16 ……………. etc.
The numbers 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, etc. are called square numbers.
Definition
Square numbers are the numbers which we can write as product of two same factors.
For example:
121 11 11 112 Remember 32 means
121 is a square number. 3 3, not 3 2.
EXERCISE 2.7
1. Write first ten square numbers.
2. Write first ten cube numbers.
3. Find the value of 162 and 1002.
40

4. Find the value of 82 122.
5. Find the missing square numbers

a. 32 42 ____ b. 122 52 _____
c. 262 102 ___ d. 202 162 _____
6. Which of the following numbers are square numbers?

300 2,025 1,000 1,331 512 10,000 625
7. Find: 8th square number; 15th square number and 20th square number.
Self -Check
1. Simplify:
a. 234 345 78 b. 25 40 8
2. Find the factors of the following numbers: 39 47 720 1,551 9,060
3. Find the HCF of the following numbers:
a. 360 and 480 b. 1,225 and 625 c. 225, 450 and 900
4. Find the LCM of the following numbers:
a. 42 and 49 b. 120 and 960 c. 39, 52 and 91
5. Two vessels contain 126 litres and 90 litres of oil, respectively. Find the measure of
a jar of maximum capacity which can be used to empty the oil in both the vessels
with exact number of times.
6. In a school, the duration of a period in primary section is 40 minutes, middle section
is 50 minutes and higher section is 60 minutes, respectively. If the first bell rings at
7:30 am, when will the three bells ring together again?
7. Write the square numbers more than 100 but less than 150.
8. Write the greatest 4-digit square number.
41

Real-Life Application
1. Mr. Nizar is interested in share market. Following table shows his 5 days
transactions.
Stock Name Company A
No of Cost Selling Total cost Total Selling Profit/
Date: Shares price Price price price Loss
1/4/2016 1,000 464 458 464,000 458,000 6,000
2/4/2016 1,000 458 466.35 466,350
3/4/2016 1,000 466.35 471 466,350
4/4/2016 1,000 471 473.5 473,500
5/4/2016 1,000 473.5 470.4
Total Profit/Loss
Answer the following questions using the above tabular form:

a. What is the total cost price and profit or loss on 2/4/2016 and 4/4/2016?
b. What is the total selling price on 3/4/2016?
c. Find in these five days transactions he lost or gained? By how much?
2. Saniya collected data on birth rate and death rate of her country. She observed
four years data.
Year Birth rate Death rate

2011 15,249 2,150
2012 16,508 3,459
2013 8,959 3,450
2014 10,000 2,012
From the table answer the following questions.

a. At the beginning of 2011, population of the country was 851,209. Find the
population in 2012.
b. Find the population in 2014.
42

Maths Lab Activity
Magic with operations
Materials required (per group):
• 2 sets of cards with numbers written on them (0 to 9)
• Two sets of operations and parenthesis cards
• Three dice
Step 1: Divide among yourselves in groups of four. Place the cards facing the
numbers up in two rows. Place the other cards in the center.
Step 2: One person rolls the 3 dice to get three numbers.
Step 3: Using the operations and parenthesis cards, work in pairs to frame a
number sentence with the numbered cards. Simplify and find the value of
that number sentence.
Step 4: Another person rolls the 3 dice to get another set of 3 numbers. Repeat
step 3.
Step 5: The pair that forms the number sentence with the close value to the first
pair gets one point.
Step 6: Take turns to roll the dice and repeat the steps from 2 to 5. The pair with
more points at the end of the game wins.
43

Fractions,
3 Decimals and
Percentages
You will Learn

3 to identify the types of fractions
3 carry out 4 operations in fractions and solve word problems
3 convert the fractions to decimal form and vice versa, and
3 recognise the relationship between fraction, decimal and percentage
a
3 A fraction is a number which can be written in the form , where both a and b are
b
natural numbers and the number a is called numerator and b is called the denominator
a
of the fraction .
b
3 fraction represents a part of a whole, where the denominator of the fraction represents
A
the number in which equal parts the whole is divided and the numerator shows the
number of equal parts taken.
3 A decimal number is a number that contains a decimal point.
3 A decimal or a decimal number may contain a whole number part and a decimal part.
3 Every fraction can be written in decimal form.
3 The term ‘percentage’ means ‘out of 100’ or ‘for every 100’. It is represented as %.
45

Relating to people
Percentages are an important part of our everyday lives. In
everyday life, fractions are used when people tell the time, cook,
shop, pay bills and split things up. Fractions are required any time
someone needs to work with the parts of something. Percentage is
a very handy way of writing fractions. Percentages are commonly
used in our assessments and tests in school. Shops advertise
discounts on products. These discounts are percentages.
Equivalent Fractions
Let us take a rectangular strip and divide it into two equal parts. Shade one portion as
1
shown in adjoining figure (i), which represents (one-half) of the strip. Again divide the
2
same strip into four equal parts, then
to shade half of this strip, we have to
shade two equal parts in adjoining figure
2 (i)
(ii), which represents (two-fourth).
4
Further, divide the same strip into eight
equal parts, then to shade half of this strip, (ii)
we have to shade four equal parts, which

4
represents (four-eighth). Observe that,
8 (iii)
1 1 2 4
fraction can be expressed as , ,
2 2 4 8
and so on.
Therefore,
1 2 4
....
2 4 8
Since, the above fractions represent the same part of the whole strip or represent the
same value, thus, they are equivalent fractions.
Definition
Two or more different fractions are called equivalent fractions, if they represent the
same value or same part of the whole.
46

To find equivalent fractions multiply or divide the numerator and the denominator by the
same number (except 0).
The value of a fraction does not change if the numerator and the denominator are
(i) multiplied by the same number (non-zero).
(ii) divided by the same non-zero number.
2 2 6 12 8 8 2 4
Example ;
3 3 6 18 12 12 2 6
Shaded parts in the following figures are same but they are represented by different fractions.
1 2 4
2 4 8
1 2 3
They are called equivalent fractions. We write as , etc.
2 4 6
To find equivalent fractions, we multiply or divide the numerator and the

denominator by the same whole number.
Example 1 Write three equivalent Example 2 Write three equivalent

3 12
fractions of . fractions of .
4 24
Answer Answer
4 4
3 3
2 2
3 6 9 12 12 6 4 3
4 8 12 16 24 12 8 6
2 2
3 3
4 4
12 6 4 3
3 6 9 12 So,
So, = . 24 12 8 6
4 8 12 16
47

Types of Fractions
Proper fraction
A proper fraction is a fraction with numerator smaller than the denominator.
5 4 23 4 42 21 110 10
Example , , , , ,, ,,and, are proper fractions.
6 7 64 7 75 59 912 12
Proper fractions are always less than one whole.
Improper fraction
An improper fractions is a fraction with numerator greater than the denominator.

7 73 310 1016 1612 12
Example , ,, , , , ,and , are improper fractions.
4 42 23 315 1512 12
Improper fractions are always more than or equal to one whole.
Mixed number
A mixed number is a fraction with a whole number part and a proper fraction. Every mixed
fraction can be expressed as an improper fraction and vice versa.
Example
(4 2) 3 11
2 3
4 4 4
Fraction Form to Mixed Form

23 5
3 6
6
Like fractions
Fractions with the same denominator are called like fractions.
Example 1, 3 , 2 , 5 and 10 are like fractions.

4 4 4 4 4
Unlike fractions
Fractions with different denominators are called unlike fractions.
5 35 73 117 1121 21 are unlike fractions.

Example , , , , , ,,and,
8 58 25 32 23 3 23
48

Comparison of the Fractions
To compare like fractions, we compare only the numerators. To compare unlike fractions, we
convert them to equivalent fractions with the same denominator, and then do the comparison.
Example 1 Which is greater, 3 or 5 ?

8 8
Answer Here denominators are same.

5 3
5 3
8 8
2 5
Example 2 Which is greater, or ?
3 6
Answer Given fractions have different denominators. Rewrite the fractions with the
same denominator.
2 4 8
3 4 12
5 2 10
6 2 12
10 8
10 8
Hence
12 12
EXERCISE 3.1
1. Write the denominators and the numerators of the following fractions.
a. 2 b. 9 c. 12
15 7 27
2. Which of the following are proper fractions and improper fractions?
a. 5 b. 7 c. 17 d. 6
13 3 21 5
3. Convert the following improper fractions to mixed numbers.
11 25 57 d. 13
a. b. c.
5 4 16 8
49

4. Convert the following mixed numbers to improper fractions.
3 9 10 2
a. 5 b. 2 c. 10 d. 8
11 25 11 3
5. Which of the following are like fractions?

2 2 2 1 2 4 8 10 15
a. , , b. , , c. , ,
11 15 13 5 5 5 13 18 21
6. Write ﬁve equivalent fractions for each of the following.

2 14 1 8
a. b. c. 3 d.
3 28 3 15
7. Compare the following fractions using , or .

12 10 30 5 1 4 3
a. b. 3 c. 3 d.
7 7 10 8 8 9 5
8. Write the following fractions in increasing order.
3 11 7 15 2 5 3 24 1 1 1 1
a. , , , b. , , , c. , , ,
8 8 8 8 3 6 9 36 5 4 7 11
Addition and Subtraction of Like Fractions

Let us observe the following figures
1 2 3
5 5 5
From the above figure, it is clear that
1 2 3 Like fractions have the same denominator.
5 5 5
To add like fractions, add the numerators and write the same denominator as
the denominator of the sum of the given like fractions.
5 3 2
9 9 9
50

From the above figure, it is clear that
5 3 2
9 9 9
To subtract like fractions, subtract the numerators and write the same
denominator as the denominator of the difference of the given like fractions.
Addition and Subtraction of Unlike Fractions

To add or subtract unlike fractions, we convert them to equivalent fractions with the
same denominator.
3 1
Example 1 Add and . Unlike fractions have different denominators.
4 8
Answer To find the same denominator for the given fractions, find the LCM of the
denominators.
Denominators of the fractions are 4 and 8 whose LCM is 8.
3 3 2 6
4 4 2 8
3 1 4
is not
3 1 6 1 6 1 7 4 8 12
4 8 8 8 8 8
Example 2 7 1
15 5
Answer 7 1
15 5
15 and 5 are different denominators. LCM of 15 and 5 is 15.

7 1 3
15 5 3
7 3
15 15
7 3 4
15 15
51

3 3
Example 3 Find the sum of 2 and 1 .
5 5
Answer To add the mixed numbers, convert those into improper fractions then add.
5 2 3 5 1 3
5 5
10 3 5 3
5 5
13 8 21 1
4
5 5 5 5
EXERCISE 3.2
1. Simplify.
2 4 4 2 13 10 19
a. b. c.
5 5 9 9 6 6 6
3 2 1 3 8
d. e. 1 2
7 7 4 4 4
2. Add the following.
2 3 7 5
a. 4 3 b. 9 2
5 10 8 6
1 1 3 1 5 5
c. 3 4 11 d. 1 2 6
3 5 10 24 12 6
3. Find the difference.
5 3 11 9 2 1 29 4
a. b. c. 5 2 d. 1
7 7 28 28 3 8 5 5
4. Simplify.
5 11 1 1 2 13 13 13
a. 4 3 3 b. 8 15 11 c.
12 16 24 4 5 15 30 90
a
Word problems on addition and subtraction of fractions

2 1
Example 1 Mariyam gave of her property to her son, of the property to charity and
3 8
remaining she gave to her daughter. Find the fraction of her property she
gave to her daughter.
52

Answer Consider Mariyam’s total property as 1.
2 1
Property given to her son and to charity
3 8
2 8 1 3
+ ( since denominators of the fractions are 3 and 8
3 8 8 3
whose LCM is 24)
16 3
24 24
16 3
24
19
24
To find the property given to her daughter, subtract the sum from 1.
19
Her daughter’s share 1
24
1 24 19
1 24 24
24 19 5
24 24 24
5
Mariyam gave th of her property to her daughter.
24
Example 4 Saniya went to her cousin’s house. She used two

5
types of transport. Her cousin’s place is 42 km
3 8
from her home. She travelled 24 km by dhoni and
4
remaining by taxi. Find the distance travelled by her
in the taxi.
5
Answer Total distance 42 km
8
3
Distance travelled by dhoni 24 km
4
53

5 3
Distance travelled by taxi 42 24
8 4
341 99
8 4
341 99 341 198 242 2
30 km
8 4 8 8 88 8
EXERCISE 3.3
5
1. Nazir was given of the fruit basket.
7
What fraction of the fruit basket was left over?
5 3
2. By how much is 11 more than 8 ?
8 4
2
3. By how much is 24 less than 36?
5
1 1
4. A piece of rod is coloured 1 m green, 2m white and m black. Find the length of
2 2
the coloured portions of the rod.
Green White Black
2 1
1
1 2m 1
5. Zaheer takes 12 minutes to solve a problem but his2friend took 2 minutes more.2
5 5
Find the time taken by his friend to solve the problem.
6. Three friends A, B and C started a business. If A invested 7 of the amount,

15
1
B invested of the amount, then find how much was invested by C.
3
7. Kabir painted 4 of area of a wall and his brother helped him to paint 1 of area of
9 3
wall. Find the area of wall painted.
4
8. Reshma bought two cloth materials of length 11 m
5
3
and 21 m to stich the sofa covers. Find the measure
5
of total length of both the materials.
54

1 3 1
9. Three bags weigh 18 kg, 13 kg and 16 kg, respectively. Find the total weight of
3 4 6
the three bags.
8 5 3 31
10. Subtract the sum of and from the sum of and .
7 3 2 28
Multiplication and Division of Fractions Groups

Multiplication of fraction by a whole number 1 2 3 4 5 6
Zeba bought 12 apples. From them she used 5 to

6
make apple juice. Find how many apples she used
to make apple juice.

Let us divide the apples into 6 groups and then 55
6
separate 5 groups of them to find how many apple 6
are used to make the juice.
5
of 12 is 10. So, we can write
6
5 5 12 60
12 10
6 6 6
Multiplication of a fraction with a fraction
Product of two or more fractions is equal to a fraction with numerator as product of

numerators of all fractions and denominator as product of all denominators.
Find the product:

Example
a. 2 5 b. 7 3 c. 3 5
3 7 9 14 10 8
Answer
2 5 2 5 10 7 3 1
7 1
3 1 3 5 3 5 3
a. b. c.
3 7 3 7 21 9 14 93 14 2 6 10 8 2
10 8 16
Reduce the fractions to lowest terms.
55

1 1
Example Find the product of 2 and 4 .
6 13
1 1
Answer 2 4
6 13
13 53
Convert mixed number into
6 13
improper fraction. Always write
53 5 the answer in the lowest form.
8
6 6
Division of fractions
To divide a fraction by another fraction, we follow the below given steps:
Step 1: Change the division sign to multiplication.

Step 2: Write the reciprocal of the fraction after division symbol.
Step 3: Simplify the problem.
Reciprocal of a fraction is obtained by interchanging its numerator and

denominator.
4 9
For example, reciprocal of is .
9 4
Division is opposite operation of multiplication hence we write the reciprocal form of
fraction after division symbol.
Simplify
Example
3 2 3 5 2 5
a. reciprocal of
is
5 5 5 2 5 2
3 2 3 5 2 5
3 reciprocal
1 of is
5 5 5 2 1 5 2
2 2
3 1
1
2 2
1 2
b. 4 3
1 2 3 8 3
4 3 12 12 8
56

In the first figure, one-fourth region is shaded, and in the second figure two-thirds
regions is shaded.
Both the figures are again divided into 12 equal parts since product of 4 and 3 is 12.
Then, the first square is rotated and overlapped on the second figure and above portion
gives us the quotient value.
EXERCISE 3.4

2 4 6 25 5 1 1 6 8 1
a. b. c. 1 2 d. 3 e. 6 1
3 9 5 36 11 10 3 7 9 31

2 4 3
a. 3 b. 8 c. 10
7 5 4
3. Simplify:
5 6 24 12 1 1 2 1 2 3
a. b. c. 5 3 d. 12 3 e. 8 2
12 35 28 7 2 7 3 6 5 5
4. Simplify the following with the help of a diagram.

1 4 1 1 1
a. b. 4 c.
2 5 5 4 2
Word problems based on multiplication and division of fractions

1
Example 1 Faisal’s age is 3 of his son’s age. His son is 18 years old.
3
Find the Faisal’s age.
1
Answer Faisal’s age is 3 of his son’s age.
3
His son’s age 18 years 18
1 Son’s age
Faisal’s age 3 18
3 18 18 18 6
10 Faisal’s
18
3 age
180 18 18 18 6
60 years
3 54 6
60 years
57

Example 2 Abdul Raheem bought a rope of length 63m and divided it into small pieces
3
of length 1 m each. Find the number of pieces he made out of it.
4
Answer Abdul Raheem divided the rope into small pieces. To find the number of
pieces, divide the length of rope with length of each piece.
Number of pieces 3
63 1
rope divided into 4
7
63 (mixed number changed into improper fraction)
4
4 7 4
63 reciprocal of is
7 4 7
36
3
Example 3 After travelling 48km, Salim found that of his journey was still left. Find the
5
total distance of his journey.
3
Answer Journey left
5
3
Journey covered 1 of total journey
5
Journey
2
of whole journey.
5 ? km
Journey covered 48km 48km
2
of whole jouney 48km
5
2 2 3
whole journey 48 km covered left
5 5 5
5 24 24 24 24 24
48
2
Total distance of the
120km
Hence, the length of his whole journey 24 5
journey is 120km. 120km
58

EXERCISE 3.5
2
1. A car uses 2 litres of fuel in an hour. How many litres of fuel
5
1
will be used in 6 hours?
2
3
2. What is the weight of 30 packs of frozen shrimp, if each pack weighs 1 kg?
4
3. If 11 of a number is 3,575, find the number.
13
4. Rashida was given 48 problems for homework. She has

7
worked out of them. How many more left unsolved?
12
3 5
5. Find the difference between of 125 and of 144.
5 8
2
6. Arshia spent of her money to buy a gift to her friend of worth
5
MVR 150. How much did she have initially?
7
7. A running track is 1 km long. How much distance will Rashid
8
cover in running around it 4 times?
1
8. If 2 of a land costs MVR 24,945, then find the cost of 1 of
3 3
same piece of land.
2 4
9. Find the area of a rectangle whose dimensions are 12 m and 9 m.
5 11
3
10. Find the side of a square whose side is 15 inches.
4
1
11. A fruit supplier supplied 286 fruits in a parcel. Out of those of
2
4
the fruits are oranges and the rest are apples. of the apples
13
3
are rotten. He sells good apples at MVR 5 each. How much
5
money does he receive on selling the good apples?
59

Decimal Representation of Fractions
Decimal Fractions
A fraction whose denominator is 10, 100, 1,000…etc. is called a decimal fraction.
27 4 90 18
, , , are decimal fractions.
10 100 1,000 10,000
The other way of representing a decimal fraction is by writing the numerator with a dot
(at proper place) and removing the denominator.
27
Example 2.7
10
Here dot is called a decimal point.
Numbers in the form 2.4, 0.378 and 21.7834 are known as decimal numbers or simply we
call them decimals.
In the decimal numbers, there are two parts. One is the whole number part and the other
is the decimal part.
For example, in 75.234, 75 is the whole number part and 234 is the decimal part.
The number of digits in the decimal part gives number of decimal places in the decimal.
An important property of the decimals is that adding zeroes after the last digit of
the decimal part of decimal number does not change the value of the decimal.
7.45, 7.450, 7.4500 all are same.

Example
Conversion of fractions into decimal form

Method 1: Express the given fraction in the decimal fraction form to express it in
the decimal form.
Fraction Converting to fraction with denominators multiples of 10 Decimal form
1 1 5 5 1 1 5 5
0.5 0.5 0.5
2 2 5 10 2 2 5 10
1 1 25 25 1 1 25 25
0.25 0.25 0.25
4 4 25 100 4 4 25 100
4 4 2 8 4 4 2 8
0.8; 0.8; 0.8
5 5 2 10 5 5 2 10
3 3 125 375 3 3 125 375
0.375 0.375 0.375
8 8 125 10008 8 125 1000
60

Observe that in the above patterns, the denominators are multiples of 10, i.e. 10, 100 or
1,000. But all numbers do not satisfy the same rule. So, it leads us to another method.
Method 2: Convert the fraction into decimal, by dividing the numerator with denominator.
Step 1: Divide the numerator with denominator.

Step 2: When the remainder is smaller than the denominator, then put decimal point next
to quotient and add zero to the remainder and continue the division process.
Follow the same steps.
Step 3: If remainder is zero, then the decimal so formed in the quotient is the decimal
form of the given fraction.
Example Express the following fractions in the decimal form
a. 124 b. 41 c. 1 d. 289
8 4 3 12
124 15.5
Answer a. 124 8
8 8 124
124 8
15.5 is called terminating decimal.
8 44
Here decimal is terminated after one place. 40
40
40
0
41
b. 41 4 10.25
4
41 4 41
10.25
4 4
The decimal 10.25 is also called as terminating 1

decimal. 0
10
8
20
20
0
61

1
c. 1 3 0.333
3 3 1
1 0
0.33333............ 0.3 is a non-terminating OR
3
10
recurring decimal.
9
289 10
d. 289 12
12 9
1
24.0833
289
12
24
49
48 289
24.0833 . 24.083 is a
10 12
00 non-terminating OR recurring decimal.
100
96
40
36
40
36
4
In the above examples notice that the decimal form of fraction is either terminating decimal
or non-terminating OR recurring decimal.
Example Express the following decimals in the fraction form.
a. 2.454 b. 3.025
2454 1227 227

Answer a. 2.454 2
1000 500 500
3025 521 1
b. 3.025 13
1000 40 40
62

EXERCISE 3.6
1. Express the following fractions in the deciaml form. And mention the type of
decimal formed.
a. 7 b. 2 c. 458 d. 1,250 e. 6
2 11
11 3 4 50 7
2. Express the following decimals in the fraction form.
a. 3.45 b. 0.02 c. 5.89
Relation between fraction, decimal and percentage

Percentage means per hundred. Its symbol is %.
To write the percentages using fractions, write the fraction in
decimal form and then multiply with 100.
Fraction
2
5
Decimal Percentage
0.4 40
63

7 70
Example
10 100
It means 70 per hundred, hence we can write it as 70%.
7
or 0.7 0.7 100 70.0 or 70%
10
Decimal Percentage Fraction

0.23 23 23 cannot 1
100 simplify! 0.5 50%
100 out of 100 2
can
simplify! 1
0.05 5 5 1 0.1 10%
100 20 10
100 out of 100
Percentage Decimal Fraction

7 0.07 7 cannot
100 simplify!
100 out of 100 can
simplify!
12 0.12 12 3
100 25
100 out of 100
Example 1 Express the following fractions as percentages.
7 1
a. b. 3
8 5
7 7 700 1 15 1 20
Answer a. 100 87.5% b. 3 100 16 20 320%
8 8 8 5 5
Example 2 Express the following in the fraction form.
a. 28%
28 7
Answer 28% (To remove the percentage symbol, we divide the
100 25
given number by 100 and simplify.)
b. 40%
40
Answer 40% 0.4
100
c. 125%
125
Answer 125% 1.25
100
64

Example 3 Express the following decimals in the percentage form.
a. 0.348
Answer 0.348 0.34 8 100 ( To convert into percentage, multiply the given
34.8% number by 100)
b. 0.005
Answer 0.005 0.00 5 100
0.5%
EXERCISE 3.7
1. Convert the following fractions into percentages.
a. 8 b. 12 c. 25 d. 9 e. 2
1
20 7 4 2 3
2. Convert the following decimals into percentages.
0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.02, 0.05, 0.25, 0.36, 0.12
3. Copy and complete the following table.
Fractions Decimals Percentages

1
10
0.2
1
4
30%
2
5
1 0.5 50%
2
65

Fractions Decimals Percentages
60%
0.7
75%
8
10
0.9
1
1
5. Express the following in decimals and percentages.

1 1 1
a. b. c.
4 8 16
66

Activity
Take 5 paper strips of equal lengths. Except the first strip, fold remaining strips in 2, 3,
4 and 5 equal parts. Take three such sets. Write fractions on one set, decimals on the
second set and percentages on the third set.
Fractions
Decimals
Stick them on the card boards. 1
1.00
Percentages
1 1
2 2 0.5
Use these models and answer the following
0.5 100 3
1 1 1
0.3
3 3 3 0.33
0.33 50
0.25 50
in the decimal and percentage form.
1 1 1 1
4 4 4 4 0.2 5 0.25
1 1 1 1 1
0.25 33. 3 33.3 0.20 33.3
0.20
5 5 5 5 5
0.20 0 0.20
0.225 25 250.16
2 1 25
1 1 1 1 1 1
0.16
i.
6 6 6 6 6 6 0.16
0.16 20 0.16 20
0.16
20
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 20
0.125 20
0.125 0.125
0.125 0.125
3 2
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0.125 0.125
16.6 16.6 16.6 16.6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.1 16.6
0.1 16.6
0.1
10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5
5 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 12.5
0.083 0.08 12.5
3 0.083 12.5
ii.
0.083 0.083 0.083
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 3 0.083 0.083
0.0830.083 103 0.08
0.08 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10
6 3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.3
iii. 3 1
4 2
You can create your own questions.
1. Do a study. Find how many girls and boys are there in Grade 7 in your school.
Answer the following questions based on your study.
a. What fraction of boys and girls are there in your school? Express your answer in
percentages.
b. Find the number of teachers for each subject and express the fraction and
percentage of teacher with respect to subjects.
c. Find the percentage of Grade 7 students with respect to whole school.
2. Visit your school garden and take the data of different types of plants in the garden
and express the number with respect to total number of plants in fraction form and
percentage.
3. Collect the information about total production of various types of fish in Maldives.
Then find the fraction of each type of fish to the total production. Also express the
values in percentages.
67

Self -Check
1. Add the following.
a. 2 and 4 b. 6 and 7 c. 5
and
7 d. 13 and 17
5 5 11 11 16 24 8 32
2. Subtract the following.
a. 3 from 5 b. 11 from 4 c. 12 from 4 d. 7 from 11

8 8 13 13 23 5 2 12
5 3 3
3. The sides of a triangular park are 18 m, 15 m and 12 m. Find the length of
8 4 8
binding wire used to make fencing around the triangular park.
13 33
4. From a rope 11m long, two pieces of lengths m and m are cut off. What is the
5 10
length of the remaining rope?
5. Multiply:
a. 15 6 b. 8 27 c. 3 48 d. 35 28
24 5 9 32 16 18 14 49
6. Divide:
a. 8 by 16 b. 1 3 by 7 c. 3 by 27 d. 11 14
3 4 8 5 50 30 15
1 5 3 4
7. Divide the sum of and with the difference of 2 and .
4 6 5 5
2 3
8. Find the product of sum and difference of 2 and 1 .
5 4
9. Salma stiches school uniforms. She got an order for stitching 150 uniforms. If one
1
school uniform needs 3 m cloth, how many metres of cloth does she need to buy?
2
3 1
10. The area of a rectangle is 145 square metre. If it is 17 metres long, find its width.
4 2
11. Write the following fractions in decimal and percentage form:
a. 5 b. 7 c. 3
12 8 15
68

4 Estimation
You will Learn

3 estimate the numbers, quantities, lengths to nearest tens, hundreds and thousands
3 estimate the decimals to nearest tenths, hundredths and thousandths
3 make approximations to estimate the nearest whole number
Understanding and managing self

Estimation is an important part of mathematics and a very handy
tool for everyday life. Get in the habit of estimating amounts
of money, lengths of time, distances, and many other physical
quantities would help in making quick and reasonable decisions
in daily life.
What is Estimation?
In our day-to-day life, we come across many situations, where we use estimation. For example,
• production of fish in a particular year,
• area of an island,
• number of passengers travelled in a ferry in a week
• number of guests who attended festival celebrations.
For these situations, we generally give the estimated numbers, rather than an exact value.
Estimate a Numbers to the Nearest Ten

If the given number ends with 1, 2, 3, or 4, (less than 5) then round down the number as
the digit at tens place remain same and the unit digit will be written as zero.
69

For example, estimate number 43 to the nearest ten. The unit digit is 3, which is less
than 5, so the digit at tens place, i.e, 4 will remain same and the unit digit will be written as
zero. Hence, 43 estimated to the nearest tens gives 40.
If the given number ends with 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, then round to the number as 1 is added to
the tens digit and the unit digit will zero.
For example, estimate 86 to the nearest ten. The unit digit is 6, which is greater than
5, so the tens digit will be 9 and the unit digit will be zero. Hence, 86 estimated to the
nearest tens gives 90.
Estimate 34, 55 and 99 to the nearest ten

Example
Answer
For 34, the last digit is 4, which is less than 5, so 34 estimated to nearest ten gives 30.
For 55, the last digit is 5, which is equal to 5, so 55 estimated to nearest ten gives 60.
For 99, the last digit is 9, which is greater than 5, so 99 estimated to nearest ten gives 100.
Rounding to the nearest hundred

When estimate a number to the nearest hundred, we will need to look the digit at tens place.
If the digit at tens place is less than 5, then round down the number as the digit at hundreds
place will remain same and all digits at the right side of hundreds place digit will be zero.
For example, estimate 549 to the nearest hundred. The tens digits is 4, which is less than
5, so the digit at hundreds place will remain same and all digits at the right side of hundreds
place digit will be zero. Hence, 549 estimated to nearest hundreds gives 500.
If the digit at tens place is greater than 5, then round to the number as the digit at hundreds
place will succeed by 1 and all digits at the right side of hundreds place digit will be zero.
For example, estimate 865 to the nearest hundred. The tens digits is 6, which is greater
than 5, so the digit at hundreds place will be succeeded by 1, i.e, 9 and all digits at the
right side of hundreds place digit will be zero. Hence, 865 estimated to nearest hundreds
gives 900.
Estimate 121, 950 and 371 to the nearest hundreds

Example
Answer
For 121, the tens digits is 2, which is less than 5, so 121 estimated to nearest hundreds
gives 100.
For 950, the tens digits is 5, which is equal to 5, so 950 estimated to nearest hundreds
gives 1,000.
For 371, the tens digits is 7, which is greater than 5, so 371 estimated to nearest hundreds
gives 400.
70

Rounding whole numbers to the nearest thousand
When estimate a number to the nearest thousand, we will need to look the digit at hundreds
place. If the digit at hundreds place is less than 5, then round down the number as the digit at
thousands place will remain same and all digits at the right side of thousands place digit will
be zero.
For example, estimate 5,249 to nearest thousands. The hundreds digits is 2, which is less
than 5, so the digit at thousands place will remain same and all digits at the right side of
thousands place digit will be zero. Hence, 5,249 estimated to nearest thousands gives 5,000.
If the digit at hundreds place is greater than 5, then round to the number as the digit at
thousands place will succeed by 1 and all digits at the right side of thousands place digit will
be zero.
For example, estimate 1,865 to the nearest thousands. The hundreds digits is 8, which
is greater than 5, so the digit at thousands place will be succeeded by 1, i.e, 2 and all
the remaining digits at the right side of thousands place digit will be zero. Hence, 1,865
estimated to nearest hundreds gives 2,000.
Example Estimate 1,121, 3,950, and 9,351
For 1,121, the hundreds digits is 1, which is less than 5, so 1,121 estimated to nearest
thousands gives 1,000.
For 3,950, the hundreds digits is 9, which is greater than 5, so 3,950 estimated to nearest
For 9,351, the hundreds digits is 3, which is less than 5, so 9,351 estimated to nearest
Example 1 Estimate 4,578 to the nearest hundreds.
Answer Here digit in the tens place is 7. So, the digit 5 in 100s place is estimated
above.
So, 4,578 is rounded up to 4,600.
Example 2 Estimate 12,567.
Answer Here specific place value is not mentioned to estimate the number. Hence
we estimate the value to its greatest place value.
So, 12,567 is estimated to 10,000.
71

REVIEW EXERCISE
1. Round off the following numbers to nearest indicated numbers in the bracket.
a. 78,639 (hundreds) b. 53,570 (tens) c. 11,285 (thousands)
d. 13,289 (hundreds) e. 78,928 (tens)
2. Round off 562,391 to

a. nearest tens b. nearest hundreds
c. nearest thousands d. nearest hundred thousands
3. The population of Maldives in 2005 was about 294,000. Maldives was in 169th
position in the population count among the 193 nations of the world. Round off the
population to nearest hundred thousands.
4. The total fish catch in 2003 weighed 155,415 tons. What

would be the approximate weight of the total quantity of
fish caught in thousands tons?
5. There are 1,190 islands in Maldives. What is the approximate number of islands in
Maldives nearest to thousands?
6. According to a survey, 736,593 tourists visited Maldives in one of the year. About how
many tourists visited Maldives in that particular year nearest to the hundred thousands?
Estimation of quantities
The actual distance and the estimated distance from Male to different places in the world
are given below:
Place Distance (km) Estimated distance (in thousands)
Kolkata 2,589 3,000
Islamabad 3,270 3,000
Los Angeles 15,598 16,000
Rome 7,327 7,000
Sydney 9,140 9,000
EXERCISE 4.1
1. A football season match was watched by 56,742 people. Estimate the

number nearest to
a. thousands ten thousands
b.
72

2. According to 2013 census, the exact count of population of Maldives was 345,023.
What would be the rough count of the population in 2013?
3. Estimate the following numbers to the nearest hundred thousands.

a. 851,689 b. 786,200 c. 6,532,289 d. 301,561
4. Write the length of each river rounded to the nearest hundred. The first one is done for you.
Estimated length rounded

River Length in km to nearest hundred
Severn 354 400
Thames 346
Trent 297
Wye 215
Dee 113
Estimation of decimals
We estimate the decimals either by rounding up the decimal places or the whole number.
We follow a rule to estimate decimals.

To estimate a decimal
• To the nearest whole number, look at the digit in tenths place.
• To the nearest decimal place, look at the digit next to it on right side.
Example 1 Ali bought a sandwich for MVR 2.75 and a small drink for MVR 1.25. About
how much change should he get back if he paid with a MVR 10 bill? Round
off the prices to nearest MVR.
Answer 2.75 estimated to 3.00 The digit in tenths place is 7

so estimate up. The 2 in the
units place becomes a 3.

1.00 The digit in tenths place is 2

1.25 estimated to
so estimate down. The 1 in
4.00
units place remains as 1.
Change of money MVR 10 MVR 4 MVR 6
Ali will get back about MVR 6.
73

Example 2 Ibrahim sold 56.985ℓ of juice on Ramadan festival. Find about how many
litres of juice he sold.
he digit in the tenths place

T
Answer 56.985 rounded to 57 is 9 so it is rounded up. So,
6 in units place rounded up
to 7.
Hence, Akbar sold about 57 litres of juice.
Example 3 Mansur bought a 3.869kg Tuna fish. Find the approximate weight of fish
he bought.
Answer 3.869 estimated to 4 (to the nearest whole number)
Hence, Mansur bought about 4kg fish.
Example 4 Length of a big whale found in the sea was 29.856m.

Find the approximate length of the whale?
Answer About 30 m
Estimating different types of decimals

In the previous chapter you have learnt the conversion of fractions into decimal places.
There are two types of decimals _ terminating decimals and non-terminating decimals.
Let us see how these decimals are rounded up or rounded down.
Example 1 Express the following fractions in the decimal form up to three decimal
2 48
places: a. b.
3 11
Answer a. 2 0.66666………… is a non-terminating decimal.

3
2 0.667 ′ ′ represents the
3 approximate symbol.
b. 48
4.272727 4.273
11
In non-terminating recurring decimals, decimal part never terminates. Hence,

we round up the decimal to required number of decimal places.
74

Example 2 The length and breadth of a rectangular field are 12 31 m and 6 51 m . Find the
area of the field to the nearest two decimal places.
1 37
Solution Length of the field 12 m m
3 3
1 31
Breadth of the field 6 m m
5 5

37 31 1,174
Therefore, area of the field square metres
3 5 15
1,174
76.466666...... 76.47 square metres.
15
Area of rectangular field is about 76.47 square metres.
EXERCISE 4.2
1. Round off the following decimals by rounding off to the given degree of accuracy.
a. 0.3584 to nearest 100ths b. 5.3621 to nearest 10ths
c. 11.925 to nearest whole number d. 21.0895 to nearest 1,000ths
e. 0.002615 to nearest 10,000ths
2. Approximate the following to two decimal places.

a. 4.0071 b. 0.0257821 c. 44.0019 d. 6.7135
3. The mass of a ship is given as about 47,384 tons. Are the following
statements correct?
a. The mass is less than 47,384.5 tons.
b. The mass is greater than 47,384.34 tons
4. Rashida says that her rabbit has a mass of 1,564 grams. Express this mass
correct to:
a. The nearest 100grams
b. The nearest 1,000grams
c. The nearest kg.
5. Express the following as decimals corrected to 2 decimal places.

7 2 29 1
a. b. 12 c. d.
8 3 7 9
75

6. In a school cafeteria, the menu was displayed with prices of various items.
Correct them to nearest MVR.
Item Cost in MVR Corrected to nearest MVR

Chicken sandwich 4.75
Chicken nuggets (3pc) 1.50
Veg burger 3.25
French fries 1.25
Soft drink 1.65
Coffee 2.45
Estimated sum and difference

Estimation is a good tool for making a rough calculation. Some uses of rounding are:
• Checking to see if you have enough money to buy what you want.
• Getting a rough idea of the correct answer to a problem, etc.
Example 1 Mariyam wants to buy a chicken sandwich for MVR 4.75 and soft drink for
MVR 1.65. She had exactly MVR 7.80. Does Mariyam have enough money?
Item Cost in MVR

Solution You do not need to know the
exact cost. Chicken sandwich 4.75
You only need to know if the Chicken nuggets(3pc) 1.50
total cost is less than Veg burger 3.25
MVR 7.80, So, you can French fries 1.25
estimate the sum. Soft drink 1.65
Coffee 2.45
Round off each addend to nearest MVR Round off each addend to nearest ten Laari
Then add the approximation then add the estimations.
4.75 rounded to 5.00 4.75 rounded to 4.80

1.65 rounded to 2.00 1.65 rounded to 1.70

•
7.00 6.50
Since both addends were rounded up. Since both the addends were rounded up, and
The actual cost will be less than 7.80 but sum of these numbers is less than 7.80 then
will be more or less than 7. you know that exact cost is also less than 7.80
76

Remember to round both numbers to the same place value when estimating a sum or a difference.
Try yourself
Salma had MVR 7. She wants to buy a veg burger, French fries and a coffee. Estimate
the cost of three items. Does she have enough money to buy? If so, about how much
change will she get back?
EXERCISE 4.3
1. Estimate each answer to nearest hundreds. Check if it is a reasonable

estimate.
a. 76,549 5,876 b. 873,200 27,562
c. 53,889 970,235 d. 351,761 292,873
2. Estimate each answer to nearest thousands. Check if it is a

reasonable estimate.
a. 9,521 6,435 b. 909,005 782,576
c. 403,200 92,065 d. 852,759 762,408
3. There are 983 boys and 1,059 girls in a school. Estimate the approximate number
of students in the school.
4. A fishery industry produced a total of 9,801 tons of fish in

a year. If they had 3,856 tons tuna fish already produced
how much remaining fish produced? Find the reasonable
estimate.
5. Farooq runs every morning before he goes to work. On Sunday, he

ran 0.54km, on Monday he ran 1.25km, on Tuesday he ran
1.50km, on Wednesday he ran 1.75km and on Thursday he ran
2.30km. His goal was to run 10km in these five days. Did Farooq
meet his goal? How long did he run? Estimate and find the solution.
77

6. The seating capacity of a football stadium is 22,076. If 19,345 tickets are sold out,
estimate the number of empty seats.
7. Abdul Rahman went to fish market to buy two types of fish. Cost of one type of
fish is MVR 95 per kg and the second type of fish costs MVR 120 per kg. Can he
buy two kilograms of each with MVR 800?
8. To celebrate the World Green Day, a school planted saplings at school for two
days. On the first day 1,536 saplings were planted. Another 480 saplings were
planted on the second day. Estimate the total number planted.
9. Ali wants to buy a boat. He went to market to buy where he

had two choices: either to buy a new boat that costs MVR
28,750 or to buy a used boat that costs MVR 22,685.
Estimate how much he will save when buying used boat.
10. The table shows the attendance of Day Attendance

audience at two football matches. About
Saturday 5,928
how many more audience attended on
Sunday 9,845
Sunday than on Saturday?
Estimated product and quotient

You can estimate the products by rounding to their greatest place values.
Example 1 Find the estimated product: 832 479
Answer Estimate each number to nearest 100s.
832 Rounded to 800 and 479 Rounded to 500
Therefore, estimated product 800 500

400,000
78

Example 2 Sara collected flood relief funds in her community. She collected MVR 28
each from 325 people. About how much amount did she collect?
Answer To find the product, round off 28 Rounded to 30

the numbers nearest to their
greatest place values.
Therefore, estimated product 30 300 325 Rounded to 300

9,000
Actual product 28 325 9,100

9,100 is very close to 9,000. Hence 9,000 is a reasonable estimation.
Hence, Sara collected about MVR 9,000 towards flood relief fund from 325 people.
Example 3 The dimensions of a port are 654 m 425 m. Find about how many square
units of area are covered by the port.
Solution Here we have to find the approximate area of the port.
Estimate both the dimensions to nearest 100s.
654 Rounded to 700 and 425 Rounded to 400
Therefore area 700 400 280,000 square units

Hence, port is occupied about 280,000 square units of area.
Example 4 Estimate the quotient: 891 298
Solution To find the estimated quotient, we follow the below given steps.
Step 1: Used basic facts and multiples of 10 to find a new divisor and dividend.
Step 2: Divide
289)891
289 Rounded to 300
300)900(3
891 Rounded to 900 900

0
Therefore, estimated quotient 900 300 3
79

Try yourself
Sanya is making 8 bracelets. She has 1,181 colored beads. About how
many beads can she use in each bracelet?
EXERCISE 4.4
1. Estimate the product of 367 and 231.
2. Estimate the product of 183 and 153.
3. About how many square units of area are there in the following.
a. a fish tank of dimensions 245 654
b. a rectangular prayer hall of dimensions 128 546
c. a football stadium of dimensions 765 898
4. Estimate the quotient in the following problems

a. 156 24 b. 235 48 c. 789 18
5. Omar wants to bake the buns. Each bun needs 38g dough. He want to bake
179 buns. About how much dough does he want to bake?
6. About 380 people visit every day to a fish market. About how many people visit in
29 days?
7. A boat company owns 242 boats. Each boat can carry 41 passengers and their
luggage. About how many passengers can travel in all?
8. Ali wants to serve water to guests in bottles. He was expecting

589 guests for the party. If bottles are available in the packs of
6. About how many packs of bottles does Ali need to buy for the
party?
9. Sara planned a small square flower bed in her backyard of length

25 5 cm. Find the approximate area covered by the flower bed.
7
80

10. Ahmed ordered dried fish for his store. His order was sent in
1,765 boxes. He wants to arrange them in groups of 90. About
how many groups he can arrange.
11. Aafreen had MVR 2,730. She went to buy clothes for her son.
She bought 2 pairs of pants at MVR 390 each, 5 shirts at
MVR 190 each. She wanted to buy shoes. The cost of shoes
is about MVR 1,000. Does she has enough money to buy all
the items?
Maths Lab Activity

Mapping estimates
Do a study on the below given points Google Map. Represent the data in a tabular form.
• Collect the data of population of minimum 5 major cities, towns or islands from
2010 to 2015.
• Collect the data on the area of the above selected cities.
• From the data you have collected answer the following questions:
1. Estimate the population of each city, town or island for each year that you have
collected.
2. Is there an increase or decrease in the population from 2010 to 2015?
Following table shows the total volume of aquatic species caught in the Maldives as
reported by FAO for all commercial, industrial, recreational and subsistence purposes.
Total catch
Year 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2006
Tonnes 13,000 37,273 38,624 78,733 118,963 184,158
81

Observe the data in the above table and answer the following questions:
a. What is the approximate production of aquatic species in the year 1980 and in
1990?
b. What would be the estimated sum of the production from 2000 to 2006?
c. In which year the production was about 10,000?
d. In which year the production was about 40,000?
e. What is the approximate increase in the production from the year 1990 to 2000?
Self -Check
1. Round off the following numbers to the nearest 1,000.
a. 1,102,893
b. 618,237
c. 138,920
d. 345,876
2. Estimate the sum to the nearest 100.
a. 4,785 187 2,345
b. 7,534 7,845 534
c. 34,789 90,876
d. 987,200 456,790
3. Estimate the difference to the nearest 1,000.
a. 925,215 407,084
b. 3,232,573 1,923,892
c. 8,787,878 877,887
d. 9,999,999 999,000
4. Estimate the product to the nearest 100s.
a. 88 56
b. 112 76
c. 322 98
d. 493 79
82

5. Estimate the quotient to the nearest 100’s.
a. 456 18
b. 798 46
c. 989 98
d. 526 49
6. Estimate to the nearest tenths.
a. 3.12
b. 12.98
c. 11.99
7. For the International Day parade in two consecutive years, 3,456 and 4,896 people
participated. About how many people participated in the parade in these two
consecutive years?
8. In 1995, there were 1,674 vessels, of which motorized vessels for coastal pole and
line tuna fishing accounted for 1,407 vessels. Find about how many vessels were
used for other purposes.
9. A rope of length 378cm was cut into 29 small pieces. Find the approximate length of
each rope.
10. A sheet of paper measures 38cm by 29cm. Find its approximate area.
3 4
11. The dimensions of a rectangular plot are 42 m and 35 m, respectively. Find the
5 7
length of fencing wire nearest to metre .
83

Ratio and
5 Proportion
You will Learn

3 meaning of the ratio, its notation and to find ratio of three quantities
3 find the equivalent ratios, simplify the ratios
3 solve problems using ratios and proportions
3 the relationship among fractions, decimals and percentages
• A ratio is a comparison of one quantity with respect to another quantity.

• The symbol of the ratio is ‘:’. If a and b are two same quantities of the same type, then
their ratio is written as a : b and read as a is to b.
•
a is called the first term or antecedent of the ratio and b is called the second term or
consequent of the ratio.
Practising Islam
Ratios are used in the real world when there is a need to compare
practical values. Ratios are used primarily to determine how much
of one object exists in comparison to another. In the Holy Qur'an
substantial information is given about the formation of rain, its
proportion and effects. This is an important phenomenon to sustain
life. Similarly, ratio and proportion is used for various purposes in life.
85

• Quantities written in a ratio must have same units.
• Ratio has no unit.
• The order of quantities in a ratio is very important. In the given example, 500 : 6 means 500 ml
of sugar syrup to 6 tablespoons of lemon juice. But, 6 : 500 will mean 6 ml of sugar syrup to 500
tablespoons of lemon juice.
a:b b:a
Simplification of the Ratio

We can simplify a ratio by reducing the terms into their lowest forms. This is done by
dividing both antecedent and consequent by the greatest common factor.
Example 1 Simplify 500 : 6
Answer T
he highest common factor of both 500 and 6 is 2. So, we have to divide
both the terms by 2.
500 : 6
Divide by 2 divide by 2 highest common factor of 500 and 6 is 2.
250 : 3
Therefore, 500 : 6 250 : 3
Example 2 Simplify 125: 450
125 : 450
Answer by 25 by 25 highest common factor of 125 and 450 is 25.
5 : 18
Therefore, 125 : 450 5 : 18
EXERCISE 5.1
1. Answer the following.

a. In a school, there are 486 boys and 348 girls. What is the ratio of number of
girls to number of boys?
86

b. resent ages of Nazma and Razia are 26 years and 30 years, respectively.
P
Find the ratio of their present ages and also the ratio of their ages 10 years
later. Is there any change in the ratio of their ages?
c. li sold tuna at the rate of MVR 180 per kg and salmon at the rate of
A
MVR 250 per kg. Find the cost of 6kg of each type of fish. Find the ratio
of cost of 1kg as well as 6kg of each type of fish. Do you find any difference
in the ratios? Justify your answer.
2. Express the following ratios in the lowest terms.

a. 81 : 108 b. 2km : 350cm
c. 2 hr 15 min : 1 hr 20 min d. 3litres : 750ml
3. Sana spent MVR 48 on books and MVR 76 on a bag. Find the ratio of cost of the
bag to cost of the books.
4. Umar has a fish farm. He cultured 2,480 fish in fresh water pond and 4,564 fish in
normal water pond. Find the ratio of number of fish with respect to fresh water pond
to normal water pond.
Ratios with fractions as the terms
If the terms of a ratio are fractions, then convert the terms to whole numbers by multiplying
each term by the LCM of the denominators of the fractions.
Example 1 In a recipe for cupcakes, for 2 stick of butter 5 cups of flour is used. Find the
3 4
ratio of the stick of butter to the number of cups of flour.
2 5
Answer Ratio of butter to flour in cupcake recipe :
3 4
Now, we express the ratio in the simplest form.
LCM of the denominators 3 and 4 is 12.
To rewrite the fraction with whole numbers as terms, we multiply each term
of the ratio by 12.
2:5
3 4
12 12
8 : 15
Therefore, ratio of butter to flour in cupcakes is 8 : 15.
87

Example 2 In the following figure some children are seen in the
field. Among them 1 are buys and 3 are girls. Find
4 4
the ratio of boys to girls in the field.
1 3
Answer Ratio : In case of like fractions, we compare
4 4
only the antecedents (first term).
1:3
Example 3 A flag pole was painted 4 1 feet with red color and 1 1 feet with white color.
2 8
Find the ratio of red and white color portions of the pole.
Answer Red color portion to white color portion of the pole 4 1 :1 1

2 8
In this ratio, the terms are mixed numbers.
Red portion: White portion:
1 2 4 1 1 8 1 1
4 1
2 2 8 8
9 9
2 8
LCM of 2 and 8 is 8.
1 1
4 :1
2 8
9:9
9 9 2 8
: 8 8
2 8
36 : 9
36 : 9
4 : 1 (reduced the terms to lowest terms by dividing the common factor 9).
When the terms of a ratio are mixed numbers, we convert them into improper
fractions and then bring them into their lowest terms.
Equivalent Ratios
Equivalent ratios are the ratios formed by multiplying or dividing the terms of the ratio by the
same number.
Look at the figures given below.
1:2 2:4 4:8

88

Here, the three figures represent the same quantity.
Another example:
1:6
100 100 Multiplied by 100
100 : 600
5 5 Divided by 5
20 : 120
4 4 Divided by 4
5 : 30
Here, 1 : 6; 100 : 600; 20 : 120 and 5 : 30 are equivalent ratios.
Example Reshmi used 3 : 5 ratio of butter and flour to bake a cake. If she had used
450 grams of butter, then find how many grams of flour she used for baking
the cake?
Solution Here, the ratio of butter to flour 3:5
She used 450 grams of butter.

Therefore, 3 : 5 450 : ?
3:5 (3 150) : ?
We observe that, here 3 is multiplied by 150 hence
multiply 5 also with 150 to find the quantity of flour
in the cake.
Therefore, 3 : 5 3 150 : 5 150 450 : 750
She used 750 grams of flour to bake the cake.
Comparison of more than two quantities
There are 39 novels, 42 magazines and 24 textbooks on a book rack. Find the ratio of three
types of books on a book rack.
Ratio 39 : 42 : 24
13 : 14 : 8 (reduced by dividing each term with common factor 3)
Example In a basket there are three varieties of fruits. These are apples, bananas
and oranges in the ratio 2: 3: 5. If there are 24 apples and 36 bananas, then
find the number of oranges.
89

Answer Ratio of fruits 2:3:5
Number of apples 24
Number of bananas 36
Number of oranges ?
2:3:5 24 : 36 : ?
Here 24 2 12 and 36 3 12
Therefore, number of oranges 5 12 60
There are 60 oranges in the basket.
To share the amount in a given ratio:

Step 1: Add the terms in the given ratio to find the total number of part
Step 2: Divide the amount to be shared by the total number of parts to
find the value of each part
Step 3: Use multiplication to find the value of each share.
Example 1 Abdul Rahman and Umar shared MVR 4,176 in the ratio 4 : 5. Find the
share of each.
Answer Step 1: Ratio of the shares 4:5
Sum of the terms of the ratio 4 5 9

4,176
Step 2: Each part 464
9
Step 3: Value of each share
So, Abdul Rahman’s share in MVR 4 464 MVR 1,856
And Umar’s share in MVR 5 464 MVR 2,320
Verification: 1,856 2,320 4,176
Example 2 Ahmed sold two types of fish. The ratio of their weights is 3 : 5. If the total
weight of these two types of fish is 248 kg, find the weight of each type of
fish sold by Ahmed.
Solution Ratio of weights of two types of fish 3:5
Number of parts 3 5 8
90

248
Each part 31
8
So, weight of type one fish 3 31 93kg
And type two fish 5 31 155kg
Verification:
93 155 248
Alternate method: Here sum of the terms in the
We can also express the ratio in
ratio 3 : 5 3 5 8
the form of fraction, to write the
It means the total quantity divided into 8 equal parts. ratio in the form of fraction, write
3 the first term in the numerator
So, weight of type one fish of whole weight
8 and the second term in the
3 a
248 denominator that a : b
8 b
3 31
93kg
5
And weight of type two fish of whole weight
8
5
248
8
5 31
155kg
Scaling
We use ratios to scale the drawings up or down (by multiplying or dividing), i.e. we can
enlarge or shrunk the figure using the suitable scale.
Scaling is used in creating the miniatures of big structures, to show the distances in the
maps and soon.
The width to length of Maldivian Flag is 2 : 3.

So, for every 2 (inches, feet, meters) of width there
should be 3 (inches, feet, meters) of length.
For example, if width 20inches, then
length 30inches.
91

Example In the given figure a horse image is drawn with respect to 1 : 10 ratio. In real
life, the height of the horse is 1,500mm and the length is 1,800mm. What
can be its dimensions in the drawing?
Solution The real size of the horse is 1,500mm in height and 1,800 mm in length.
1
Drawing drawn with respect to 1 : 10 ratio means th measure of original size.
10
Therefore, horse height in the drawing 1

1,500 150 mm
10
1
And horse length in the drawing 1,800 180mm
10
EXERCISE 5.2
1. Write 4 equivalent ratios of the following.

a. 5:8 b. 12 : 25 c. 7 : 10
2. Simplify the following ratios.

a. 1,250: 5,625 b. 375: 175
c. 720 : 3,600 d. 2m 30cm : 345cm
e. 8 months: 2 years 4 7
f. :
5 8
g. 1 2 3 1 1
3 :2 h. 1 : 2 :1
4 5 4 2 6
3. The ratio of length and breadth of a prayer hall in the mosque is 2 : 5. Complete
the following table which shows some possible dimensions of the hall.
Breadth of hall (in m) 10 12 18 40

Length of hall (in m) 25 30 15 40 150
92

4. Amir earns MVR 12,000 monthly, out of which he saves MVR 4,500. Find the
ratio of his
a. expenditure to his income,
b. savings to his income,
c. expenditure to savings
5. Sara sold her property and divided the amount among her three children. She
gave her first child MVR 284,000, second child MVR 368,000 and third child
MVR 480,000. Find the ratio of the shares of three children in the simplest form.
6. The sale in a fish market on three days are recorded as

follows:
First day – 2,345kg; second day – 3,600kg and third
day – 1,250kg.
Find the ratio of three days’ sales in the simplest form.
7. In one trip, 148 passengers can travel in a ferry. Find how

many passengers can travel in 5 such trips.
8. The ratio of boys to girls is 5 : 2. Find the number of boys if

there are 378 girls.
9. Salma used 3 eggs : 4 cups of flour to bake a cake. Find the

number of eggs if she had used 8 cups of flour.
10. From the figure, write the scaling used to enlarge the green
figure to red figure.
1.5
0.5
1 2 3 4
x
0.5
11. If Qasim reads 28 pages in 1 hr 15 minutes, then find how much time he takes to
read 728 pages.
12. Cost of 12 m of silk material is MVR 2,846. Find the cost of 3 more metres of silk
material.
93

13. There are 72 chairs in 6 rows. Find the number of chairs in 32 such rows.
14. In a school, the ratio of number of teacher to students

is 1 : 40. Find the number of teachers if there are 6,432
students in the school.
15. At one port, the ratio of number of ferry to boat is 2 : 5.

Find the number of boats if there are 12 ferries.
Ratio and Proportion

If a : b c : d, then a, b, c and d are said to be in proportion. If four numbers are in
proprtion, then product of the first term and the last term is equal to product of the second
and the third terms.
We write it as a : b :: c : d and read as a is to b is as to c is to d.
Here, the first and the last terms are called extremes and the second and the third terms
are called the means.
product of extremes product of means is the rule for proportionality.
If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then a d b c.
Example Prove that 12, 8, 9 and 6 are in proportion.

a c
If a : b c: d, then .
b d
Answer 12 6 72 8 9 Hence, ad bc.
Here, product of extremes product of means.
Therefore, 12, 8, 9 and 6 are in proportion.
If there is a change in the order of terms, they may or may not be in

proportion.
12, 9, 6 and 8 are not in proportion
Because 12 8 96 and 9 6 54, i.e. product of extremes is not equal
to product of means.
Remember, in proportion order of the terms is very important.
94

If three terms are given in a proportion, then we can find the missing term.
Example 1 If 42 : 12 :: 7 : , find the value of .
Solution 42, 12, 7 and are in proportion.
Therefore, 42 12 7
12 7
2
42
Example 2 An aeroplane covers a distance of 2,460km in 6 hours. How much distance
will it cover in 9 hours?
Solution Let the distance covered in 9 hours be km.
Then, ratio of distances covered ratio of time taken

2,460 : 6:9
Product of extremes Product of means
2,460 9 6
6 2,460 9
2,460 9
410 9 3,690km
6
Hence, the aeroplane covers 3,690km in 9 hours.
Note: If a, b, c and d are in proportion, then ad = bc.

‘d’ is called the fourth proportion to a, b and c.
EXERCISE 5.3
1. Check which of the following are in proportion.

a. 15, 25, 36 and 60
b. 24 bags : 16 bags MVR 480 : MVR 160
2. Set up all possible proportions from the numbers 8, 12, 20 and 30.
95

3. The first, second and third terms of proportion are 42, 36 and 35. Find the fourth
proportion term.
4. Find the value of in each of the following.

a. 45 : 36 :: 180 : b. : 16 :: 21 : 84
c. 16 : :: : 900 d. 18 : :: 48 : 72
5. Find the fourth proportion in each of the following.

a. 5, 8, 125
b. 19, 21, 57
c. 4 hrs 20 min, 48 min, 260 km
6. If 12 books cost MVR 180, what is the cost of 20 books?
7. A fishing net of length 7m weighs 14.7kg. How much does

the same net of length 18m weigh?
8. A distance of 64km is represented on the map by 1.6cm.

What distance is represented by 9.6cm on the same map?
9. A ferry is moving at a uniform speed. It covers a distance of

270km in 4 hrs 30 min. How much distance will it cover in
8 hours?
10. A boat can travel 45km on 12litres of gasoline. How much

gasoline will it need to go 98 km?
Relation between ratio, fraction and percentage
Zeba organized a get together on the occasion of Ramadan festival. She invited her close
relatives and friends for the gathering. Altogether 60 guests attended the party. Among them
were 36 female and 24 male guest.
Part to part
Here, ratio of female guest to male guest 36 : 24

3 : 2 (in simplified form)
Ration of female to male guests 3:2
Number of parts 3 2 5
The diagrammatic presentation of two genders in the gathering
96

36 females 24 males
1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5
0 12 24 36 48 60
Total (whole) is 60 guests
Part to whole
In fraction form, number of female to total number of guests 36 3

60 5
24 2
Number of male to total number of guests
60 5
The ratios can also be expressed in percent form as follows:

3
Female 100 60%
5
2
Male 100 40%
5
Ratio Fraction Percentage

3
3:5 60%
5
2
2:5 40%
5
Example 1 Represent 4 : 5 in the fraction and percent form.
4 4
Answer 4:5 100 80%
5 5
Example 2 Express the following ratios in fraction and percent form.

2 2 200 2
a 2:3 100 66 %
3 3 3 3
1 1
b 1: 5 100 20%
5 5
97

Answer Ratio Fraction Percentage
2 2
2:3 66
3 %
3
1
1:5 20%
5
EXERCISE 5.4
1. Express the following ratios in the fraction and percent form.

a. 4:5 b. 3:7 c. 12 : 13
2. Express the following in the ratios:

2 5
a. 45% b. 72% c. 2 d.
5 8
3. Farha went to school canteen to eat something. She spend money in 4 : 5 ratio on
fruit salad and chicken sandwich. Express the given ratio of money in fraction and
percentage form.
4. Look at the following figure, answer the following

questions and fill the table given below.
Square tiles Ratio Fraction Percentage
a. Blue to orange
b. Green to blue
c. Pink to purple
d. Purple to pink
e. Write the ratio of number of tiles of each color in the figure.
98

Self -Check
1. Write the following ratios in the simplest form:
a. 6 weeks : 30 days
b. 2ℓ 478 ml to 5ℓ
c. 3 hrs 45 min to 180 min
2. Write in the simplest form:
6 3 5 3 2 1
a. : b. 2 : 3 c. 5 : 3
11 22 7 4 5 15
3. Sara and Sana bought 20 pencils. Sara contributed MVR12 and Sana contributed
MVR18. They want to share the pencils with respect to their contribution. Find the
number of pencils Sana get?
4. Ali went to a vegetable market to buy tomatoes. One shopkeeper told him that the
cost of 5kg tomatoes is MVR 200. Another person was selling 6kg tomatoes at
MVR 228. Help Ali to decide from which store he should buy the tomatoes to get the
best price.
5. Divide a rope in the ratio 4 : 5 which measures 279cm.
6. Salim and Salman went for shopping. They spent the amount in the ratio 5 : 9. If
Salman spent MVR 1,040, then find how much Salim spent.
7. Coach of a football club at Malé ordered jerseys
for his team. There were 11 players in the team.
Total price for jerseys is MVR 1,078. Later he
realised he had 15 players in his team. Then find
how much more he need to pay for remaining
jerseys.
8. Alladin is a distributor of dry sea food. He sends the orders in sealed tins. If he
charges for 124 tins at the rate of MVR 11,780, find how many tins he needs to send
for MVR 42,750.
If the weight of 124 tins is 93kg, then find the weight of tins he send for MVR 42,750.
99

1. Maldives celebrate the country’s Independence Day on 26th July every year. This
national festival is celebrated by everybody.
For this occasion, a school prepare badges of Maldives national flags to wear. Make
200 badges. The ratio of the dimensions of the flag width to length is 2 : 3. Among
200 badges, 30 badges are for the teachers and remaining 170 badges for the
students. The measurement of both sizes should be in the following way.
i. Big size badges with width 6cm (for the teachers)
ii. Small size badges of length 6cm (for students)
Now, answer the following questions.
a. What are the dimensions of big size badges?
b. What are the dimensions of small size badges?
c. What are the dimensions of the chart paper they need to make big size badges?
d. What are the dimensions of the chart paper they need to make small size badges?
2. After the flag hoisting ceremony, teachers planned to give

away chocolate cookies to the students. The recipe to
make the chocolate cookies needed 25 grams of flour and
15 grams of choco chips for a cookie. Teachers planned to
distribute two cookies per student. There are 250 s tudents
in all.
a. Find the ratio of the ingredients.
b. Find the amount of ingredients required to make the
cookies to distribute the students.
100

Mathematicians in Focus
Michael Maestlin (1550–1631) was a German astronomer and
mathematician.
He was the first mathematician who gave the approximation
of the golden ratio as a decimal fraction. The value was first
published in 1597. The approximate value of golden ratio is
given as 1.6180339887…
Maths Lab Activity

Aim: Finding the relation between body parts with respect to your full size
photograph (post card size 4 inches by 6 inches) to your original body parts size.
Materials required:
• Post card size photograph of yours
• Measuring tape and ruler
• Papers, pen and pencil
Procedure:
Step 1: With the help of measuring tape measure
Head
your body parts and note them in a tabular
form.
Step 2: Repeat the same with your photograph Face
using the ruler find the required
Arms
measurements. And enter in the tabular
form.
Step 3: Find the ratio of respective body part with
respect to photograph to original body parts.
Body
Then answer the following questions:
Legs
a. Are all the ratio values same?
b. How many times each part of the body reduced in
the photograph to original size of the body part?
Foot
c. What is the scale?
101

6 Money
You will Learn

3 solve problems on household finance and other transactions
3 solve problems on currency exchange.
3 Maldivian Rufiyaa is represented by MVR.

3 Lower unit of money is Laari, and is represented by L.
3 100 L = 1 Rufiyaa
3 The denominations of Laari available as coins are 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50.
3 The denominations of Rufiyya
a. Coins of 1 and 2
b. Notes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500
Using sustainable practices

Use of money is required to fulfil all the daily needs of life. We need to be
careful in using money wisely. Hence proper planning of our expenditure
is required. Financial planning is not a practice of self-deprivation; it is an
intentional approach to making daily spending decisions according to priorities.
To convert Rufiyya into Laari, multiply by 100. To convert, Laari to Rufiyaa,

divide by 100.
Example MVR 2 2 100 200 Laari
75
Example 75 Laari MVR 0.75
100
103

Example Jamaal bought 20 eggs at the rate of MVR 22.71 per dozen and a loaf
of fresh white bread at the rate of MVR 23.67. He gave MVR 100 to the
shopkeeper. How much change did the shopkeeper return?
Answer
Cost of one dozen eggs MVR 22.71

One dozen 12
Therefore, cost of 1 egg Cost of 12 eggs
12
22.71
MVR
12
Cost of 20 eggs 22.71
20
12
MVR 37.85
Therefore, remaining amount 100 (37.85 23.67)
100 61.52
MVR 38.48
The shopkeeper returns MVR 38.48 as a change.
Note:
• To find the total cost of items purchased, add the cost of each item.
• If you know the cost of more than one similar item, then the cost of one item can be
found by dividing the total cost by number of items.
• Similarly, if the cost of one item is given, then to find the cost of similar items,
multiply the cost with number of similar items.
Loan
A loan is the amount of money that you take from a friend, banks or finance companies
in exchange for future repayment of the amount along with an extra amount known
as interest (riba). The amount borrowed is known as principal, and the interest is an
additional amount charged for getting the loan.
Budget
A budget can be prepared for household expenses, business, government work, country
economics or just about anything else that involves spending money.
104

There are two types of expenses. They are:
a. Fixed expenses — expenses that remains consistent weekly, monthly or yearly. For
example, in household budgeting — house rent, monthly loan instalments, etc.
b. Variable expenses - expenses that vary weekly, monthly or yearly. For example, food,
utilities, entertainment, shopping, electricity bills, etc.
The purpose of a budget is to help a person or a company to plan for spending and saving.
Example Abdul Kareem uses public transport every day to travel to his work place. It
was not convenient for him to do so every day, as his house is far away to
avail public transport. So, he decided to buy a scooter. He decided to take a
loan from a bank and pay the loan amount in equal instalments per month
from his monthly salary His monthly income is MVR 16,467.89. His monthly
expenses are as follows:
House rent MVR 5,450

Groceries MVR 2,500
Education MVR 524.45
Entertainment MVR 650.58
Transport MVR 1,200
Electricity bill MVR 550.42
Emergency savings MVR 1,000
Mobile bill MVR 300
Retirement savings MVR 1,750
Miscellaneous MVR 500
Health MVR 2,000
He approached a bank for loan. They approved loan amount MVR 24,000. The
amount should be repaid in equal instalments in 20 months plus interest (riba)
MVR 150.50 every month. Find how much amount did Abdul Kareem paid per
month? How much extra amount he need to spend on his monthly transport budget?
Answer Abdul Kareem’s monthly income MVR 16,467.89

Abdul Kareem’s monthly expenditure MVR 15,925.45
Abdul Kareem’s savings Income – Expenditure
16, 467.89 – 15,925.45
542.44
After his expenses he has MVR 542.44. Savings Income Expenditure
Monthly instalment for scooter 24,000 20 150.50

1,200 150.50
1,350.50
105

He has to pay MVR 1,350.50 as monthly instalment to the bank.
Actually his transport budget in monthly expenses is MVR 1,200 and he has MVR 542.44
balance from his monthly income.
So, he can use these two amounts to pay the instalment.
He has to pay MVR 150.50 extra as interest.
Comparing cost to determine best buy
When we go for shopping, sometimes we compare the prices of similar items or brands. To
get the best price, you must compare price as well as quality of the item to be purchased.
Example Which is the better deal 2 shirts for MVR 724.48 or 3 shirts for MVR 1,000?
Answer To find the better deal, you have to find the cost of 1 shirt in
both the cases by dividing the cost with the number of shirts.
First offer: MVR 724.48 2 MVR 362.24 per shirt

Second offer: MVR 1,000 3 MVR 333.33 per shirt
Here, with respect to price the second option is a better deal.
EXERCISE 6.1
1. Convert the following into Laari

a. MVR 12.28 b. MVR 87 c. MVR 75.48
2. Simplify:
a. MVR 204.12 MVR 34.68 – MVR 789
b. MVR 1,198.99 4,586 L MVR 3.56 78 L
c. MVR 578.12 – MVR 298.45 MVR 67.75
3. Najma went to market to buy some vegetables. She bought 4kg
tomatoes at MVR 36.67 per kg, 3 kg of onions at MVR 20.00
per kg, 1.5kg potatoes at MVR 27.50 per kg and two heads of
lettuce MVR 32.50 per head. Find total cost of the vegetables.
4. Qasim wants to join either the fitness club or the tennis club
for one hour on weekends. The monthly fee for fitness club
is MVR 814.29 and tennis court rent per hour on weekend
is MVR 375.00. His monthly budget for joining a club is
MVR 1,000.00. Which option is better for him?
106

5. Rashida went to a fruit shop to buy some fruits. There she
saw two different prices for apples – a pack of 2kg apples for
MVR 54.28 and a pack of apples for MVR 76.23. Which is a
better deal to buy apples? (Quality of the apples same)
6. Akram went to shopping. He bought two jeans on the offer

buy 1 and get 1 free. If he paid MVR 998.86. Find the cost of
one jean.
Household Finance
All financial activities that happen in a family comes under household finance. It includes
total income by the earning members of the family, all expenses (daily like grocery
shopping, monthly like electricity bill, yearly like property tax), savings at the end of a
month, investment by the family members, banking transactions, etc.
Example Shalin’s household monthly expenditure are as follows:
Item Expenditure (in MVR)

House rent 11,119.83
Grocery 5,400.38
Transport 600.00
Education 1,000.25
Is Shalin able to save any amount in a month after her expenditure

if her monthly salary is MVR 21,030? If so, by how much?
Answer Total expenditure 11,119.83 5, 400.38 600 1,000.25

MVR 18,120.46
Her expenditure is less than her salary. Hence Add to find the total
she can save some amount every month. expenditure
Saving 21,030 – 18,120.46
MVR 2,909.54
EXERCISE 6.2
1. Salma bought a dress for MVR 459.89 and spent MVR 50 for transport. In between,
she went to a grocery store and bought 1kg apples at MVR 45.60, 1kg banana at
107

MVR 60 and a water bottle (1.5ℓ ) at MVR 8. She had MVR 1,000 in her purse before
going to shopping. Find how much amount remained with her after the shopping.
2. Ali got his boat repaired. He went to a mechanic and asked

how much he charges to repair the boat. Mechanic suggested
him instead of repairing the boat, buy a new one which costs
MVR 68,750. Ali does not have sufficient money to buy a
new boat. Mechanic suggested him that if he sells the old
boat, he will get the amount MVR 24,500. So, he can pay it to
buy the boat and remaining amount he can pay in 20 equal
instalments. How much Ali pay as monthly instalment?
3. From the price list given below find the money each
person paid for purchase of the following items:
Items Price (in MVR)

1 summer dress 475
1 pair of jeans 515.72
1 pair of sports shoes 1,161.67
1 pair of leather shoes 1,390.80
1 pair of socks 54.75
a. Abdul Raheem bought a pair of jeans, 2 pairs of socks and a pair of sports shoes
b. Salman bought 2 pairs of leather shoes and 4 pairs of socks
c. Salma bought 2 summer dresses, one pair of sports shoes and 6 pairs
of socks.
Foreign Currency
Currencies of some countries and symbols

USA – US Dollar ( )
UK – Pound/Sterling ( )
China – Yuan ( )
India – Indian Rupee ( )
Sri Lanka – Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR)
Europe – Euro ( )
Malaysia – Malaysian Ringgit (MYR)
Saudi Arabia – Saudi Riyal (SAR)
108

The value of currency differ from country to country
For example,
MVR 1 $ 0.065 MVR 1 £ 0.045
MVR 1 ¥ 0.42 MVR 1 ₹ 4.35
MVR 1 LKR 9.55 MVR 1 MYR 0.26
Let us understand how to convert one currency to another with the help of the given
information:
Example 1 Saud bought 50 US dollars at MVR 15.42 per dollar. How much money did
he pay for the dollars?
Answer Exchange of one dollar to MVR is
Cost of 1 USD MVR 15.42

Cost of 50 USD MVR 15.42 50
MVR 771
Example 2 Ali lives in Malé, Maldives. His grandmother lives in Paris. For Ramadan, he
received £ 65 from his grandmother. How many MVR can he buy if
£ 1 MVR 22.22.
Answer The exchange value of UK pound to Maldivian Rufiyaa is
£1 MVR 22.22
So, £ 65 65 22.22 MVR
MVR 1,444.3
Example 3 Sri Lankan tourist came for vacation to one of the islands in Maldives. They
spent four days and three nights there. For that they paid LKR 83,562.50.
Convert the amount into Maldivian currency.
Answer The exchange value of Sri Lankan rupee to Maldivian Rufiyaa is
LKR 1 MVR 0.10 (MVR 1= LKR 9.55)

So, LKR 83,562.50 83,652.50 0.10
MVR 8,749.95
109

EXERCISE 6.3
1. Shafqa lives in Malé, Maldives. Her sister is going to Texas University, TX, USA
for higher studies. She has taken education loan of amount $ 4,500 from a bank.
Convert the loan amount amount into Maldivian currency.
2. Ali is fond of perfumes. He asked one of his uncles who lives

in New York City, USA to send some perfumes from there.
He deposited the total cost of all the perfumes in his uncle’s
account. If he deposited MVR 1,250, then find the cost of
perfumes his uncle bought.
(MVR 1 USD 0.065)
3. Ahmed bought a wrist watch worth ₤150. On that he got 25%
discount. How much dose he pay in MVR?
4. Sara accompanied her father who went to the market and

bought some groceries. The shopkeeper prepared the bill
and her father paid accordingly. The bill is given below:
Ahmed Stores
54, Malé
Memo No. 124 Date: 24.06.2016
Items Quantity Price (in MVR) Cost (in MVR)
per kg
Chicken 2kg 125 250.00
Onions 3kg 20 60.00
Salt 1kg 8 8.00
Cooking oil 5kg 85.24 426.20
Sugar 5kg 45.18 229.00
Tomatoes 2.5kg 36.64 91.60
Apples 1.5kg 45.60 68.40
Rice 10kg 27.60 276.00
Cheese 0.5kg 102.80 51.40
Total
Read the above bill and then answer the following questions?
a. What amount did the shopkeeper charge?
b. If Sara’s father pay the shopkeeper with MVR 1,000 and 500 notes, how much
change shopkeeper returns?
110

c. If Sara’s father bought 2 liters of milk at MVR 28.44 per liter and two bread loaves
at the rate of one loaf MVR 23.67. How much extra amount they have to pay?
d. If Sara’s father asked her to convert the bill to USD, is she able to give the
answer? If so how she will convert?
Self -Check
1. The price of a bicycle is MVR 2,280. Amir wants to buy the bicycle by paying in
instalment. The shopkeeper told him he has two offers -
a. 1st offer – pay MVR 500, then remaining amount in
equal instalments plus MVR 15 extra in 10 months.
b. 2nd offer – zero payment now but instalment to be paid
each month for 10 months is MVR 250.
Which is the better offer? Why?
2. Read the following menu and then answer the questions:
Type Quantity Cost (in MVR)
Shredded yellow fin 500grams 110.23
tuna in a savory broth
Canned tuna fillets in Can 50.12
olive oil (125grams)
Yellow fin tuna 250grams 145.24
processed in spicy broth
a. How much money would Akram pay for 2 cans of tuna fillets, 500 grams of yellow
fin tuna in a savory broth?
b. Ahmed bought 6 cans of fillets. How much money does she need to pay the bill?
3. Zaheer paid MVR 2,049.75 for 9 cane chairs. His brother bought in sale 5 cane
chairs for MVR 1,225. Who bought chairs for a cheaper price?
4. Shakeeb ordered a mobile phone online at $150. He needs to pay
2% of cost for s hipping. Find how much he spent altogether?
5. Sayed went to Male to on business. His company paid him
MYR 3,500. He realized after coming back his total expenses are
MVR 13,461.54. Check whether his expenses or more or equal to
the c ompany allowance.
111

Real-World Maths
Asir is a sport supervisor in the school. He planned for inter school meet for 4 days. To
organise the event, he planned the budget. He planned for four different sports for the
meet. Four sports are Football, Badminton, Tennis and cricket.
Your sport supervisor gave you an opportunity to prepare the planning and budget
for 4 days event. You will be the team leader in this project. So you have to plan the
following things:
a. Food and Hospitality (cost of food meals in a day and drinks)
Item Quantity price
Meals
Drinks
Water bottles
b. How many footballs, cricket bats, balls, badminton rackets, tennis tables, bats and
balls. (cost of sports items)
Item Quantity price
Footballs
Cricket bats
Cricket balls
Cricket kits
Badminton Rackets
Badminton shuttlecocks
Tennis Tables
Tennis Bats
Tennis Balls
c. Make an estimation of the initial investment to buy the sports items.
112

MMath
aths L Activity
abActivity
Lab
Monthly budget preparation:
Prepare your family monthly budget with respect to your parent’s Monthly Net
Income (amount of money received after all deductions).
Collect the data and fill all the details in the below given tables.
Housing Amount Food Amount Utilities Amount
Total Total Total
Savings Amount Transportation Amount Other Amount
Total Total Total
Note that in the below given table the others means expenses on shopping,
entertainment, etc.
Monthly budget
Monthly Net Income:
Percentage of
Expenses Cost
Monthly Net Income
Housing
Food
Utilities
Savings
Transportation
Others
Total expenses
113

From the above table answer the following questions:
1. Is the monthly net income more than the expenses?
2. What percent of your monthly net income is spent in house rent?
3. What do you think about medical expenses? Is it important to include in the
monthly budget or not?
4. Do you feel any of the expenses are can be controlled? If so what is your
decision about such expenses?
5. Is monthly budget useful to estimate the expenses?
Did You Know?

An ATM, or Automated Teller Machine, is a device
used by bank customers to process account
transactions, such as cash withdrawals, deposits,
and fund transfers, and to review account
statements and balances. Customers can do
all the above mentioned transactions on an ATM
24 × 7 without going to a bank.
The world’s first ATM was invented by John Shepherd-Barron of UK. It was
installed by Barclay’s Bank in North London on June 27, 1967. Unlike modern
ATMs, Shepherd-Barron’s did not use plastic cards. Instead, it used paper
vouchers printed with radioactive ink so that the machine could read them. The
customer entered an identification code and could withdraw a maximum of £10 at
a time.
Today, there are an estimated 3 million ATMs worldwide.
114

7 Powers
You will Learn

powers of integers
recognise exponential notation
express the value of positive and negative integers with powers
express very large and very small numbers in scientific notation
When a number is multiplied by itself twice or thrice, the product obtained is called the
square or cube of the number respectively.
We can write a number as product of its prime factors.
We can read, understand and compare large numbers.
Making meaning
Exponents, Powers, and Indices are used in lots of parts of our
modern world including technology, finance, demographics,
biology, economics, resources, electronics and many other areas.
It is of high importance to understand and interpret these figures
to effectively function in daily life.
115

Powers of Integers
Read the statement carefully.
A bucket of water has two amoebae in it. The amoebae double their population every
minute. What would be the total number of amoebae after 3 minutes?
Time Population
0 2
1 2 2 4
2 2 2 2 8
3 2 2 2 2 16
What is the volume of cube of side 3 cm? Microscopic image of an amoeba
Volume 3 3 3 cubic cm 27 cubic cm

The above statements are some several such situations in our real life, where we have to
multiply a number by itself several times. We express such multiplications in a special form,
called the exponential form.
The Exponential Form

We can also write the above table as given below.
Product Exponential form Read as
2 21 two raised to the power 1
2 2 22 two raised to the power 2
2 2 2 23 two raised to the power 3
2 2 2 2 24 two raised to the power 4
Thus, 24 means that 2 is multiplied by itself 4 times.
24 2 2 2 2 16
Here 2, the number that is multiplied, is called the base; and 4 the number of times it is
multiplied by itself, is called the exponent, index or power.
Base 24 Power
Power and Base

Similarly, in 25 2 2 2 2 2 32, the base is 2 and the exponent is 5.
21 means 2 multiplied by itself once. That is 21 2
Similarly, 31 3 and 41 4
Thus, any number raised to the power 1 gives the number itself.
116

Powers of Negative Integers
Consider the following:
( 1)1 1
2
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 1
3
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 1
4
( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 1
( 1)5 ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) 1
We observe that
( 1)odd positive integer 1
( 1)even positive integer 1
Again, consider the following example:
( 3)11 3
( 3)2 3
( 3)2 ( 3) ( 3) 9
( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 9
Similarly,
Similarly,
( b )33 ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) b 33
( b )4 ( b ) ( b ) ( b ) b 4
( )4 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 4
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
These examples help us to reach the following conclusions.
• A positive integer raised to an odd or even positive power, is always positive.

• A negative integer raised to an odd positive power is negative.
• A negative integer raised to an even positive power is positive.
Example 1 Represent the following in exponential form.
a. 5 5 52 b. 8 8 8 83
Example 2 Identify the power and base in the following numbers.
a. 106 base is 10, exponent or power is 6

b. 194 base is 19, exponent or power is 4
Example 3 Find the value of:
a. (−1)29 −1 (power is odd) b. (−1)22 1 (power is even)

c. 74 7 7 7 7 2,401 d. (−a)8 a8 (power is even)
117

Perfect Square and Cubes
Look at the following examples.
1 1 1 12 16 4 4 42
4 2 2 22 25 5 5 52
9 3 3 32 36 6 6 62
A number such as 1, 4, 16, 25, or 36 which can be expressed as the square of an integer is
called a perfect square.
Perfect squares can also be expressed as squares of negative numbers.
Example 1 (−1)2 or 4 (−2)2 or 9 (−3)2
Again, now look the given examples below

1 1 1 1 13 27 3 3 3 33
8 2 2 2 23 64 4 4 4 43
Such a number which can be expressed as the cube of an integer is called a perfect cube.
Some numbers can be both perfect squares or perfect cubes, for example
1, 64. Can you find more such numbers?
EXERCISE 7.1
1. Write the following using repeated multiplication.

a. 144 b. 256 c. 729 d. 225
2. Fill in the table.
Repeated multiplication Base Power or exponent Exponential form

8 8 8 8
19 19 19 19 19
32 32
100 100 100
3. Represent the following in exponential form.
a. 10 10 10 10 b. u u u
c. 4 4 b b b d. 2 2 3 3
118

4. Complete the chart.
Number Square Cube

15
22
30
47
5. Express the following in exponential form.
a. Seventeen squared
b. Twenty-four cubed
c. a cubed b squared
6. Evaluate each of the exponent.

a. 62 b. 92 c. 57 d. 108
Scientific Notation
Read the following sentences:
• The population of Asia in 2016 is 4,437,187,093.
• The mass of the Earth is 5,970,000,000,000,000,000,000,000kg.
• A human brain can make 20,000,000,000,000,000 calculations in a second.
Such large numbers are difficult to read, understand and compare. To make these
numbers easy to read, understand and compare, we use the scientific notation or the
standard form.
In scientific notation, a number is written in two parts:
• Number (with the decimal point placed after the first digit), multiplied by
• Power of 10
119

Digits Power of 10
5,326.6 5.3266 103

A number In scientific notation
In this example, 5,326.6 is written as 5.3266 103,

because 5,326.6 5.3266 1,000 5.3266 103
Study the following examples displayed in scientific notation.
1,234,567 1.234567 10 6
123,456.7 1.234567 105
12,345.67 1.234567 10 4
1,234.567 1.234567 103
123.4567 1.234567 102
12.34567 1.234567 101
1.234567 1.234567 100
To figure out the power of 10, think “how many places do I move the decimal point?”
When the number is 10 or greater, the decimal point has to move to the left, and the power of 10 is
positive.
When the number is smaller than 1, the decimal point has to move to the right, so the power of 10 is
negative.
Example Express the following in the scientific notation.
a. 3,875,000 3.875 1,000,000 3.875 106
b. 356.7069 3.567069 100 3.567069 102
Example Express 58,970,000 in the scientific notation.
Answer 58,970,000 can be written as 58,970,000.0

Decimal point has to be moved 7 places from right to left.
Therefore, 58,970,000 5.897 107
120

EXERCISE 7.2
1. Express each of the following in scientific notation.

a. 34,520,000 b. 6,590,087 c. 90,009
2. Express 370,000km in scientific notation.
3. Expand the following:

a. 5.67893 108
b. 2.5 108
c. 3.09 106
d. 1.0009 100
4. Express the following in the standard form.
a. 76,854,000 108 b. 0.000089 106
5. The speed of a jet plane is 1.084 102 km/hr. Express the

distance it would travel in 1 hour 30 minutes in scientific
notation.
6. A city has a population of 2.678 106. How much is this in

normal form?
7. The average distance between Sun and Venus is 160 million

kilometres. Express this is in scientific notation.
Self -Check
1. Express the following in exponential form.
a. 10 10 10 10
b. 4 4 4 4 4 4
c. m m m m m
2. Identify the power and the base in the following numbers.
a. 75 b. 113 c. 811
d. y
e. 8 5
f. 69
121

3. Express 80,050,000,000 in standard or scientific form.
4. Express the amounts in scientific notation.
a. The Earth has approximately 1,353,000,000 cubic km of sea water.
b. The universe is estimated to be about 12,000,000,000 years old.
Mathematician in Focus
The word exponent was first introduced by mathematician
Michael Stifel in his book Arithmetica Integra in 1544 CE.
The book contains a table of integers and powers of 2 that
some have considered to be an early version of a logarithmic
table. Stifel explicitly points out, that multiplication and division
operations in the (lower) geometric series can be mapped by
addition and subtraction in the (upper) arithmetic series.
Real-World Maths
The table below shows the size of the planet, how far it is from the sun and how long it
takes to complete a single orbit.
Name Diameter Distance from the Sun Orbit Period

Mercury 4,879km 57,909,227km 88 days
Venus 12,104km 108,209,475km 225 days
Earth 12,742km 149,598,262km 365.26 days
Mars 6,779km 227,943,824km 1.9 years
Jupiter 139,822km 778,340,821km 11.9 years
Saturn 116,464km 1,426,666,422km 29.5 years
Uranus 50,724km 2,870,658,186km 84.0 years
Neptune 49,244km 4,498,396,441km 164.8 years
Now, rewrite this table using scientific notation.
122

MATHS STORY
It is said that when the game of chess was
invented, the king was so impressed, that
he promised the inventor a reward, asking
him what he wanted. The inventor (being
a clever person) asked for the following.
Put one grain of rice on the first square of a
chessboard. Then two on the next, and four
on the next, and eight on the next, doubling
each time, right up to the 64th square. He
wanted that amount of rice as his reward for inventing the game. The king laughed
and agreed, saying that it was a reasonable request. It wasn’t of course!
By the end of the game, can you guess how many grains the inventor would
get in all?
There are not enough grains in the whole world to give the inventor the sum of
18,446,744,073,709,551,615 grains.
123

Perimeter, Area
8
and Volume
You will Learn

conversion of metric units
calculate perimeter and area of rectangle, square, parallelogram, trapezium, circle and
semicircle
analyse the changes in perimeter and area of the shape with respect to change in the
dimensions
calculate volume of cuboid and cube
analyse the change of volume of the solid with respect to change of its dimensions
Perimeter is defined as the length of a boundary of a closed figure.

The perimeter is measured usually in centimetres (cm), meteres (m) and kilometres (km).
Area is defined as the extent or measurement of a surface or a region enclosed by a
closed plane figure.
For measuring area, the units used are square units and this is determined by the
number of one unit squares occupied by the figure.
Area is expressed as square centimetres (cm2) or square metres (m2).
For larger areas such as areas of states or countries square kilometres (km2) is used as
the unit of area.
Surface area is the total area of the surface of a three-dimensional object.
Volume is defined as the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is
enclosed within a container.
Volume is related to 3-dimensional objects. It includes a third dimension.
125

Thinking critically and creatively
These measurement entities are required to calculate in various
daily life activities such as building a house, cooking, sewing clothes
and travelling and road map reading. These measurements need to
be computed at ease to save time, money and work efficiently.
Conversion of Units
Conversion of units of length
The conversion of units is important at various stages.
For example, Reshma and Ruksana bought dress materials of
lengths 2m 30cm and 356cm, respectively.
a. Compare the measures of their dress material. To convert metres to
b. By how much they differ? centimetres, we multiply by 100.
You know that the comparison of two quantities is 1m 100cm
done when they are in the same units.
Hence, we convert both the measures in the 1,000 100 10
same units as follows:
km m cm mm
2m 30cm 2m 30cm
1,000 100 10
Therefore, 2m 2 100cm 200cm
2m 30cm 200 30 230cm 10
10mm 1cm
a. 230cm 356cm
10
b. 356cm – 230cm 126cm 100
100cm 1m
Reshma’s dress material measures 126cm more than that of Ruksana. 100
1,000
We can measure the lengths using the units millimetre, centimetre,
1,000m 1km
metre and kilometre. To convert the units of length, we have to 1,000
remember the below given conversion figure.
Conversion of units for area

1m
Area is represented by square units, so we need to

find the square of all lengths. 1cm
1m 1m2
The rightmost diagram shows a square with side 1mm
1cm
1cm2
1mm 1mm2
1mm. The area of this square is, 1mm2.
126

The middle diagram shows a square with side 1cm. The area of this square is 1cm2.
The third diagram shows a square with side 1m. The area of this square is 1m2.
To convert between units of area you need to know the conversion factors:
1cm
Area of square with side 1cm
1cm Area of square with side 1 cm
1 cm 1cm1 cm 1cm
10 mm 10 mm
10mm 10mm 10mm
10 mm2
10mm 100mm2
Area of square with side 1m Similarly area of a square with side 1km
1m 1m 1km 1km
100cm 100cm 1, 000m 1, 000m
10,000cm2 1, 000, 000m2
1 cm2 100mm2 1,0002 1002 102

2 2
1m 10,000 cm
2 km2 m2 cm2 mm2
1 km 1,000,000m2
1,0002 1002 102
Conversion of units for volume

We know that
• Volume is the amount of space taken up by an object, while capacity
is the measure of an object’s ability to hold a substance, like a solid,
a liquid or a gas.
• Volume is measured in cubic units, while capacity can be
measured in liters.
1mm
Volume is represented by cubic units.
1cm
Cube A
1m Volume of bigger cube 1cm 1cm 1cm
(1m3)
1m 10 mm 10 mm 10 mm 1,000 mm3
1m
Volume of bigger cube 1m 1m 1m

100cm 100cm 100cm
1mm
1cm 1,000,000cm3
127

1 km3 1, 000, 000, 000m3 1,0003 1003 103
3 3
1m 1, 000, 000 cm
3 km3 m3 cm3 mm3
1 cm 1, 000mm3
1,0003 1003 103
Conversion of units of capacity

The volume of liquids and solids are usually measured as capacity.
1cm3 1ml 1,000 1,000

1,000 cm3 1litre
1m3 1,000 litres or 1 kilolitre kl l ml
(since 1m 3
1,000,000cm ) 3
1,000 1,000
Conversion of units for mass

1,000
We can measure the mass using milligram, gram, 1,000g 1kg
kilogram and tonne. To convert the units of mass, we
have to remember the below given conversion. 1,000
1,000
1,000kg 1t
1,000
1,000 1,000 1,000
1,000,000
tonne kg g mg 1,000,000g 1t
1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000,000
Example 1 Express 23g in terms of milligrams.
Answer 23g 23 1,000 (1g 1,000mg)

23,000mg
128

Example 2 A mat has area of 20cm2. What is the area of the mat in square millimetre?
Answer 20 100 2,000mm2 since,1cm2 100mm2
Example 3 Convert 3,485m2 to square centimetres unit.
Answer 3,485m2 3,485 10,000 (1m2 10,000cm2 )

34,850,000cm2
Example 4 Volume of a box is 725,000mm3. What is the volume of the box in cubic
centimetres?
Answer 725, 000mm3 725,000 1,000 (to convert mm3 to cm3 divide by 1,000.)
725cm3 (decimal moves towards left side three places)
Example 5 Convert 45,645cm3 to cubic metres.
Answer 45,645 cm3 45,645 1,000,000 (to convert cm3 to m3 divide by 1,000,000)
0.045645 (decimal moves towards left side six places)
Example 6 Convert 2,458ml to litres.
Answer 2,458ml 2,458 1,000 2.458litres
EXERCISE 8.1
1. Complete the following conversions:

a. 35cm2 ________ mm2 b. 2,500mm2 ______ cm2
c. 5m3 _______ cm3 d. 1km2 _________m2
e. 48,000cm2 ________m2 f. 1,000,000cm3 ______m3
g. 2kg 58g _______ g h. 425g _____ mg
i. 678,000 litres ________kilolitre j. 560cm3 ______ litre
2. ‘An area of 3.5m2 is the same as 350,000mm2.’ True or false. Justify your answer.
3. Sana and Sara bought soft drinks from a shop. Sana bought 250ml soft drink in a
pet bottle and Sara bought in a cubical carton of dimension 250cm3. Do they have
same capacity of soft drink or not?
129

Area and perimeter of rectangles and squares
When you consider a rectangle on a square grid, you
can find the area of rectangle by counting the number
of squares occupied by it. 4cm
Number of squares in the grid 28

Therefore, area of rectangle 28cm2 7cm
You can also find the area of the rectangle by multiplying

the length of rectangle with its breadth.
Area of the rectangle 7cm 4cm 4cm
28cm2
7cm
Area of rectangle length width

(Or) A l b
b
The perimeter of a closed figure is sum of the lengths of boundaries around it.
You can find the perimeter of region by adding the 7cm
lengths of all sides around it.
Perimeter of this rectangle is:
4cm 4cm
7 4 7 4 22cm
7cm
The formula for finding the perimeter of a rectangle is two times

sum of its length and breadth. Since in the rectangle opposite
sides are equal,
b
Perimeter 2 length 2 breadth

(Or) P 2l 2b
l
130

Area of a square 16cm2
You can also find the area of this square as shown
below.
Area 4 4 16cm2 4cm
Area length length

side side s2
Perimeter 4 4 4 4 16cm
4cm
Example 1 Masood wants to get carpeting done for his living room. The length and
width of the room are 8m and 6.5m, respectively. What is the area of the
carpet that he needs to buy to cover the floor of the entire living room?
Answer Length of room 8m

Width of room 6.5m
Area of the room area of rectangle
length width
8 6.5 52m2
Therefore, the required area 52m2
Example 2 Rabiya used rectangular sheets of dimensions 6cm by 3.5cm to make her
project. If she uses four such sheets to do her project, find the total area
and perimeter of the sheets.
Answer Area of one rectangular sheet 6cm 3.5cm

3.5cm
21cm2
area of four sheets 4 21 84cm2 6cm
Perimeter of one rectangular sheet 2 6cm 2 3.5cm

12 7
19cm
perimeter of four sheets 4 19 76cm
131

Example 3 Sana made four square flower beds of length 3m in her backyard. Find the
area of the four flower beds.
Answer Area of a flower bed area of the square

3 3 9m2
Therefore, area of 4 flower beds 4 9 36m2
EXERCISE 8.2
1. Write the possible dimensions of rectangle with area 36cm2.
2. What is the area of a square in cm2 of side 58mm?
3. What is the area of a rectangle of length 2.8km and width 900m in km2?
4. Area of rectangular field with length 42m is 1,197m2. Find its perimeter.
5. Perimeter of a rectangle with length 240cm is 860cm. Find its area.
6. Length of rectangle is thrice to its width. If its perimeter is 3,200m then find its length
and width.
7. Area of a square field is equal to perimeter of a rectangular field which is 450m long and
350m wide. Then find cost of leveling the square field at the rate of MVR 2.25 per m2.
8. Shabana designs bedsheets with embroidery and decorate

the bedsheets with beautiful laces. The dimensions of
bedsheet are 2.2m long and 2m wide. She used 5cm wide
lace to decorate the bedsheet. Find the area of bedsheet
after adding the border all around it.
9. The dimensions of a rectangle are doubled. Then find the ratio between perimeters
15m
and areas of original rectangle to new rectangle.
10. If each side of a square is reduced by 25% of

original length then find the decrease or increase 3m Lawn
percentage of its area and perimeter. 12m
Patio 8m
11. Mirza’s house looks as follows:
Find the area of lawn in front of the house.
132

Area and Perimeter of Triangle, Parallelogram and Trapezium
Area of a Triangle
Area of a triangle is half the

area of rectangle surrounding
height
it as shown in the figure.
You find the area of rectangle
by multiplying base by height. base
So, area of triangle will be
half the product of base and
height.
1
You can find the area of triangle using the formula: Area base heigth
2
1
Or A bh
2
Note that for measuring the area of a triangle, the height of the triangle must be
the perpendicular height, from the base to opposite vertex.
E A
h altitude
base of triangle B base C Altitude lies outside

the triangle
Perimeter of triangle B
Perimeter of a triangle Length of its sides

c a
AB BC CA
c a b
A b C
Or P a b c
133

Example
Find the area and perimeter of the given triangle.
1
Answer Area of triangle bh
2
10cm 10cm
Here, b 12 and h 8 8cm
1
A 12 8
2 12cm
48cm2
Perimeter 10 10 12 32cm
Area of a Parallelogram
You can find the area of a parallelogram with respect to the area of a rectangle. This can be
done as shown in the following steps.
h h
b b
1. Start with any 2. Cut to form a right 3. Move the traingle
parallelogram. triangle and a trapezoid. to form a rectangle.
So, area of the parallelogram is same as the area of the rectangle with same base and
height.
You can find the area of the parallelogram using the formula:
Area base height

A b h
Note that to find the area of a parallelogram, the height of the parallelogram must be the
perpendicular height.
Area of trapezium
You can find the area of trapezium with respect to area of
Trapezia is plural form
parallelogram. Look at the length of two parallel sides a and
of trapezium.
b of the trapezium.
Its perpendicular height is h.
134

Two trapezia can put together to form a parallelogram as follows:
h h
b a b
Parallelogram so formed is with base a b and perpendicular height h.

The area of parallelogram is:
Area base height
(a b) h
The area of one trapezium is equal to half the area of parallelogram.
Therefore, area of trapezium 1

a b h
2
Note that height of trapezium is its perpendicular height.
Example
Find the area of parallelogram and trapezium.
5cm
4cm 4cm
6cm 6cm
Solution Here parallelogram and trapeziums are drawn on square grid.

Area of parallelogram base height
Here, base 6 and height 4
Area 6 4 24 square units.
1
Area of trapezium a b h
2
Here, a 5, b 8, h 4
1 13 4
Area 5 8 4 26cm2
2 2
135

EXERCISE 8.3
1. Find the area of the following triangles:

a. b. c.
8cm 3.8m
3cm
12cm 5.8m
6cm
2. Find the area of the following parallelogram and trapezia:

a. b. 3m c. 22in.
5ft
8.5m 16in.
6ft
9m 13in.
3. The base of a parallelogram is 24cm and its height is half of its base. Find its area.
4. Ahmed said a rectangle and a parallelogram has same

length and width. So, they have same perimeter. Is Abdul
correct? Justify your answer with suitable figure. 9.5m 8m
5. Ahmed's backyard is in triangular shape as shown

below. Find the length of the fencing wire. 11m
R 5cm E
5cm 5cm
6. Find the area of trapezium:
N M
3cm S 5cm A 4cm
Area and Circumference of a Circle and Semicircle
The circumference of a circle is path of the points that are all the same distance from the
center of the circle. You can find the length of the circumference (perimeter) of a circle, with
the help of the formula:
C d where C is the circumference and d is the Use C d, when you know
diameter of the circle. the diameter of the circle.
You can also use: Use C 2 r, when you know

the radius of the circle.
C 2 r, where r is the radius of the circle.
136

Formula to find the area of a circle
You cut off a circle from sheet of paper. Divide the circle into using diameters. Cut along the
diameters to separate the parts. Arrange the parts to make a shape that approximates like
parallelogram
Height
Base
Here base of the parallelogram half the circumference of the circle

1
2 r
2
r r r2
Height radius of the circle r

Area r r r2
22
Use or 3.14
Remember area of a circle is A 7
r2
Semicircle is half the circle. Diameter of a circle divides it into two

se
m
equal parts called semicircles.
ici
rc
C le
Length of arc of semicircle
2 C/2
C
Perimeter d
2
Area of semicircle half the area of circle

d
1
r2
2
137

Example 1 Find the circumference and area of the circle with
a. diameter 14cm, b. radius 10.5cm.
Answer a. Given, d 14cm

22
Use unless mentioned
Circumference d 7
22
14 44cm
7
Area r2
22
7 7 (here diameter 14cm, so radius 7cm)
7
154 cm2
b. Given, r 10.5cm
Circumference 2 r
22
2 10.5 66cm
7
22
Area 10.5 10.5 346.5cm2
7
EXERCISE 8.4
1. Find the area and circumference of the circle and semicircle (use 3.14).
a. Diameter 12cm b. Radius 6cm
c. Diameter 6.4m d. Radius 4m
2. Find the perimeter and area of semicircle

a. Diameter 21mm b. Radius 8.4cm
c. Diameter 0.7m d. Radius 280cm
3. Complete the following table:
Radius (cm) Diameter (cm) Circumference (cm) Area (cm2)

6.5
9
58
140
290
72
138

4. Salman dig a circular pit in his backyard to build a fish
tank. The radius of circular tank is 7m. He built supporting
wall around the surface of the pit and now the surface r
radius is 14cm more than the actual radius. Find the
difference between the actual surface area to new surface
area of the circular pit.
5. The figure shows semicircle and a quarter of a circle.

a. Read what Ahmed says.
Area of this semicircle is

3.4cm
greater than area of this
5.2cm
quarter circle.
Is he correct? Justify your answer by

Quarter of a circle is one
showing workout.
fourth of the circle.
b. Read what Arusha says.
The perimeter of this

semicircle is greater
than perimeter of this 15m 10m
quarter circle.
Is she correct? Justify your answer by showing workout.
139

Areas of combined shapes 8
To find the areas of combined shapes, you have

4
to recognize the shapes of figure and apply the
suitable formulae to find the solution.
3
Example 1 Find the area of the following 2
figures. 2
Answer The figure is the combination of four shapes.
Area of the figure area of a triangle area of a rectangle

area of a square area of a semicircle
1 1 2
bh bh l l r
2 2
1 1 22
3 4 8 4 2 2 2 2
2 2 7
44
6 32 4
7
44
42
7
2
42 6
7
2
48
7
Example 2 Find the area of the shaded region.
Solution In the given figure shaded region is bounded between

two circles. So, to find the shade region area, find the 14cm 7cm
difference between areas of outer (bigger) circle and

inner (smaller) circle.
Area of the shaded region Outer circle area – Inner circle area
R2 – r2
14 2 – 72
(14 2 7 2 ) ( is taken out as a common factor)
22
196 49 The region bounded between
7
two circles is called ring.
22
147 Area R2 r2
7
462cm2 Here R outer circle radius
r inner circle radius
140

Example 3 Janah made a wooden structure whose base looks like as follows. Find
the area occupied by it on the floor.
Solution Area occupied by the structure 7m
area of rectangle A area of B area

A 12m
of C
17m B 6m
Therefore, area (13 7) (12 6) (12 4)
91 72 48 C
2
211m 12m
EXERCISE 8.5
1. Find the areas of the following figures:

a. b.
7cm
6cm 5cm
4cm
5cm 7cm
b. c.
5cm
1cm 2cm
10cm
4cm 5cm
5cm 7cm
2. Find the area of the following shapes:

a. 5m b. 5cm
7cm
4m
7m 12cm
8cm
3.5m
9m 16cm
141

3. Ahmed made a toy rocket using paper. Find the area of the rocket.
4cm
10cm
3cm
2cm
5cm
4. Riyaz made a poster in the following shape. Find the area of the material used
to make it.
7m
3m
5m
3m
5. Amina takes cutout two right triangles from a cardboard of length 24cm and
18cm. Find the area of the remaining cardboard.
B C
18cm 12cm 12cm
A 16cm E 5cm D
24cm
Volume of cube and cuboid

Cube has same length, width and height.
For example, consider a cube with 1cm length, 1cm width and
1cm
1cm height.
1cm
You observe its volume as 1 cubic centimeter (1cm3). 1cm
142

You can find the volume of cube, using formula:
Volume side side side
V (side)3
Cuboid has three dimensions:
length, breadth and height. 2cm 2cm
3cm 3cm
For example, consider a cuboid 4cm 4cm
which is 4cm long, 3cm breadth
and 2cm high.
If we divide the cuboid into cm cubes it looks like as shown in the figure. You can see there
are 12 cm cubes in each layer and there are 24 cm cubes altogether.
We divided the cuboid into centimetre cubes
So, you can say volume of the cuboid is 24cm3.
You can find the volume of a cuboid, using formula:

h
Volume length breadth height
b
V l b h l
If the measures of the dimensions of cuboid are in millimeter then its volume will be in cubic
millimeters (mm3).
If the measures of the dimensions of cuboid are in meters then its volume will be in cubic
meter (m3).
Example 1 Asra packed her winter cloths in the cuboidal box of 25cm long, 13.5cm
wide and 11.8cm high. Find the volume of the box.
Answer Volume of box volume of cuboid

l b h
Here, l 25cm, b 13.5cm, h 11.8cm
Therefore volume of box 25 13.5 11.8
3,982.5cm3
143

Example 2 Sara and Salma bought bangles and hairbands. Sara packed her bangles
and hairbands in a cubical box of side 15cm and Salma packed her bangles
and hairbands in cuboidal box of dimensions 18cm long, 12cm wide and
8cm height. Salma told that her box is bigger than Sara’s box. Is she
correct? Justify your answer showing workout.
Solution Volume of Sara’s box volume of cube

15 15 15
3,375cm3
Volume of Salma’s box volume of cuboid
18 12 8
1,728cm3
Salma was not correct. Her box size is smaller than Sara box.
EXERCISE 8.6
1. Find the volume of the following:

a. 2cm b. 3cm c. 1cm
4cm 6cm
7cm 6cm 9cm
5cm
2. Find the volume of the following:
a. b. 8mm
2m
3mm
2m
3m 15mm
Express your answers in terms of cm . 3
144

3. Meher manufactures fabric storage boxes and supplies
to the stores in packs of 6 baskets.
Given volume of these six boxes is 107,520cm3. If the basket
is 32cm long and 28cm wide, find the height of the basket.
4. This is part of the homework done by Alim. He got the
solution wrong. Help him to correct the mistake.
Question A cuboid is 12.5cm long, 8cm wide and 45mm high.
What is the volume of the cuboid?
Solution Volume of cuboid l b h

Here, l 12.5cm, b 8cm, h 45mm
Therefore, V 12.5 8 45
4,500 cm3
Explain the mistake that Alim had made and find the correct answer for him.
5. Muhsin bought 24inches cardboard to make

24in
an open box. He used the card board as
shown in the figure. Find the volume of box.
24in
If he cover the box with another piece of same
cardboard, then is there any change in the
volume of the box?
Real-World Maths
school
1. Mariyam noticed the following sign boards while going to school. She zone
estimated height of the sign board as 48cm, width as 25cm and height of
rectangular part as 24cm. Find the area of sign board.
2. Visit your school canteen and observe the juice cartons.
IRE IRE
And their packs. Qty. 10 OFFW Qty. 40 OFFW
Find the sizes of juice cartons available in your canteen

and find the suitable dimensions to make the cartons to hold 10 juice cartons and 40
juice cartons.
145

Self -Check
1. Write the suitable value in the following.
a. 12cm2 ______ mm2
b. 225,000,000cm2 ______ m2
c. 8,000mm3 ______ cm3
d. 5m3 ___________ cm3
e. 1,000cm3 ______ liter
f. 34,560mg _____kg
2. The area of square field is 48m2. The length of field is 8m. Find the breadth and
perimeter of the field.
3. Perimeter of a square is equal to perimeter of a rectangle of length 3.8mm and
breadth 2.2mm. Find the area of the square.
4. What is the area in m2 of a rectangle of length 4.5m and breadth 225cm?
5. Parallel sides of a trapezium are 12cm and 18cm have area 135cm2. Find the
height of the trapezium.
22
6. Find the area and circumference of a circle with (Take or 3.14)
7
a. diameter 10.5cm
b. radius 70mm
c. diameter 8.4m
7. Sana made a hand fan using cardboard in semicircular shape with radius 14.7cm.
Find the area of the cardboard used to make a fan. If she want to make 10 such
fans then find the area of cardboard required. (Take 3.14)
8. Find the area of the following figures:
a. 7cm b. 8cm
2cm 5cm
5cm
4cm 14cm
c. 9cm d.
4cm 10cm
3cm 5cm
12cm
146

9. Find the area of shaded regions in the following figures:
a. 3cm b. c.
5cm 9cm 4cm 7cm
2cm 6cm
5cm 9cm
8cm 12cm
10. Rasheed is a carpenter. He bought a cuboidal 2.5m
wooden block to make some furniture. He cut the 3.8m
block into wooden planks of same width and height
7.1cm
with 5cm of thickness. Find how many planks he can
cut from the block also find the volume of the plank.
Maths Lab Activity

Ali’s vegetable garden
Farmer Ali has land with dimensions 600m long and
520m wide. He wants fence off an area for vegetable
garden. Each fence will have three strand of wire, and
needs to have standard fence posts at 20m or less
intervals between the corner posts. He needs 25cm of
tie-wire to connect each strand of wire to a corner post
and 15cm of tie-wire to connect each strand of wire to
a standard fence post. Costs are MVR 12 for corner
posts, MVR 8 for standard fence posts, and MVR 2.25 per metre for fencing wire, and
MVR 1.75 per metre for tie-wire.
1. Draw two vegetable gardens, showing their dimensions. Make one a square and
the other a rectangle.
2. Find the perimeter of each garden.
3. If Ali is to fence off the gardens you have designed, find the quantities of material
required for each.
4. Find the total cost for fencing each garden.
5. Which of the two gardens do you think Ali should choose? Explain why would you
always choose that shape?
147

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The vision of the New National Curriculum is “every child is

In the National Curriculum, out of eight main key learning areas,

Email: schools@cambridge.org ISBN 978-1-316-63984-9

© Cambridge University Press

ISBN 978-1-108-74096-8 eBook

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press

© Cambridge University Press

You will Learn

© Cambridge University Press

What are Integers?

Is the difference of two whole numbers always a whole number?

The answer is NO.

…–4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4… are the integers.

Relationship between whole numbers, natural numbers and integers

♦ Every natural number is a whole number Integers:

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−3 < 0 6 > 1 4 > 1 2 > −5 0 > −6 5 > −4

( Write answers to all the questions on your notebook.)

1. Fill in the blanks.

2. Write the opposite of the following.

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6. A submarine was situated 725 feet below the sea level. If it

We can easily order integers by visualizing a number line.

Hence, city A is the coldest and city C is the warmest.

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3. Which temperature is higher? Write it down.

4. Arrange the following integers in ascending and descending order:

5. The following are scores of different teams in football matches. Arrange

8. Find the absolute value of the following integers:

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We have learned addition and subtraction of integers in previous grades.

Add the following integers.

Example 1 Add 5 + (−3) using a number line.

To add a positive integer, move to the right

To add a negative integer, move to the left

Here green arrow represents 5 and red arrow represents –3.

Example 2 Find the value of 4 – 6 using the number line.

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Example 3 Solve the following without using a number line.

Answer a. 12 + (−18) = – (18 − 12 )

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We know that sum of two integers is always an integer.

Example Verify a + b = b + a, using a = –10 and b = –18.

Associative property of addition

Example Verify: a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c using a = 8, b = −11 and c = −22.

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Always sum of opposites is zero.

If ‘a’ is an integer, then its opposite integer is −a and vice versa.

Example 1 Evaluate: a. (−21) + (+36) + (−15) + 4

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1. Solve by using the number line.

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable symbol <, = or >.

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4. Verify the following statements and name the property.

7. Subtract 428 from −345 and add the result to 1,000.

8. What should be added to −2,765 to get 929?

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Observe the pattern of integers in the table given below.

5 times 6 6+6+6+6+6 5×6 30

When two integers with like signs are multiplied,