.

THE ANALYSIS OF TURN-TAKING STRATEGY IN PBS

NEWSHOUR LIVE “THE FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE
BETWEEN HILLARY CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON
CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS NEWSHOUR

A THESIS

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL TO THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE

OF SARJANA SASTRA

BY :

ASBARUDDIN
22.101.013

ADVISOR :

Dr. AFDALENI M.Pd. M.Pd

SCHOOL OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE HAJI AGUS SALIM

(STBA HAS)

BUKITTINGGI
.

2023

TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
1.2 Identification of the problem
1.3 Limitation of the problem
1.4 Research question
1.5 Purpose of the research
1.6 Method of the research
1.6.1 Colecting the data
1.6.2 Analysis the data
1.6.3 Presenting the result of analysis
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Previous Studies
2.2 Definition of key terms
2.3 Theoretical Framework
2.3.1 Pragmatics
2.3.2 Conversation analysis
.

2.3.3 Contexts
2.3.3 Turn-taking
2.4 Conceptual Framework

BIBLIOGRAPHY
.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
The speaking is one of the ways a person communicates and socializes with other people, so it is

necessary for everyone to be able to speak correctly and precisely, in linguistics, especially

English in pragmatics lessons. According to Yule (1996:3), pragmatis is the study of meaning

in relation to the context or contextual meaning in which a person is speaking or writing.

When we speaking and conversation, it may have intended meaning and it can be analyzed by

using pragmatis theory.

Conversation is forms of spoken interaction and commonication that is use by two or more

people. According to Yule (1996:71), the structure of the talk or basic pattern of talk is ‘I

speak – you – I speak – you speak’ , Will derive the fundamental of interaction. In

conversation, it Will be seen how people organize their conversation to interact each other.

Therefore, it is important to understand about conversation analysis, to know how people take

and manage their turns in conversation.

In conversation there are number of rules in which we ca signal we have to take turn or to

end. It may use falling intonation or pausing. Sometimes when we talk each other in

communication it can be misunderstanding in delivering the messages. Moreover, to avoid

the presence of misunderstanding, we must know about the rules in communication to take

the conversation run cleary and go smootly. We can analyzed with turn-taking the rules about

turn of speak.

Turn-taking is turn to speak as the right to speak in conversation. Levinson (1983: 296)

states “that conversation is characterized by turn-taking: one participan, A, talk, stop, another,
.

B, starts, talk, stop; and so we obtain an A-B-A-B-A-B distribution of talk across two

participants” It is like the speaker or participant take their turn to speak from the previously

speaker. Yule (1996: 72) states theory about turn-taking strategies such as pauses, overlap

and backchannels. Example of turn-taking is allocating in meeting between doctor and

patient, servicing customer at business, interviewing in talk show, debates, conversation, etc.

in conversation and turn taking strategies are also closely related to context, the context in

conversation can influence the meaning or intent of what someone says, for example whose

cell phone is this, this word can mean asking and can mean accusing someone depending on

the context.

In debates and everyday conversations, the conditions are certainly different, in debates

a person aims to show that he is right, whereas in everyday conversations it is only for

communicating.

In this study, we will discuss about “ THE FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE

BETWEEN HILLARY CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE

PBS NEWSHOUR. Which debate is very important for the United States of America because

of the determination of who will be the president who will lead them, Donald Trump is a

person with a lot of controversy who has a unique background, and is no less interesting than

Hillary Clintion is a woman and educated, of course not as important as a prestigious host

with Holt, this is what made me interested in discussing it in this thesis, especially about the

turn-taking between the host and the candidate, and this topic is trending in the United

States .

1.2 Identification of the Problem

Based on the background of the study above, the prolems that can be identified are:
.

1. There are turn-taking strategy between host and guest in PBS NEWSHOUR LIVE

EVENT “ THE FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN HILLARY

CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS

NEWSHOUR

2. There are some maxims of the cooperative principle in PBS NEWSHOUR LIVE

EVENT “ THE FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN HILLARY

CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS

NEWSHOUR

1.3 Limitation of the problem

Based on the Identification of the problem above the researcher limit the discussion on

turn-taking strategy in PBS NEWSHOUR LIVE EVENT “ THE FULL FIRST

PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN HILLARY CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP”

ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS NEWSHOUR

1.4 Research Question

Based on the Limitation of the problem above the research question are:

1. What are the turn-taking strategy between host and guest in PBS NEWSHOUR LIVE

EVENT “ THE FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN HILLARY

CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS

NEWSHOUR?

1.5 Purpose of The Research

Base on the research question above the purpose of the research is :

.

To analyze the turn-taking strategy between host and guest in PBS NEWSHOUR LIVE

EVENT “ THE FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN HILLARY

CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS NEWSHOUR

1.6 Method of the Research

This research category in descriptive qualitative research. According to be Berg (1989:3) a

qualitative research is type of research which tries to describe an object. Qualitative research

this research refers to the meaning, concepts, definition,characteristic, metaphors, symbols

and description of thing or object. There are several steps that will be done in this research

surch as collecting the data, analyzing the data and presenting the result of analysis.

1.6.1 Collecting The Data

The researcher uses observasional method ( metode simak) to collect the data.

According to Sudaryanto (1993:133-135), “ metode simak atau penyimakan karena berupa

penyimakan: dilakukan dengan menyimak, yaitu menyimak pengguna bahasa”. THE data

where collected by observing the use of language surch as observe people in talking

(listening). Then this research supported by non-participant observasional method (simak

bebas lihat cakap) with note-taking technic (teknik catat). Participant observasional method

(simak bebas libat cakap) is “sipeneliti tidak terlibat dalam dialog, konversasi, atau imbal

bicara; so, tidak ikut serta dalam proses pembicaraan orang – orang yang saling berbicara”.

The researcher get the data with download the video so, the data can be noted by using

implementation of note-taking technic. Note-taking technic (teknik catat), makes a note about

point that we need to analysed or based on the object.

There are several steps to collect the data:

.

1. finding and downloading the video PBS NEWSHOUS LIVE EVENT “ THE FULL

FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN HILLARY CLINTON AND

DONAL TRUM” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS NEWSHOUR from yutube.

2. watching the video, making the transcrips of conversation.

3. cheking and indetifying the tur-taking strategis in conversation.

1.6.2 Analysis The Data

To analyze the data, the researcher uses correlation method (metode padam) with diving-

key-factor technic (pilih unsur penentu/PUP) and pragmatic competence-in-dividing

(pragmatis). According to Sudaryanto (1993:21-25) correlation method (metode padan) is

method to correlated every element in language, the tool determiner is outside the language.

The technic used to support this method is diving-key-factors technic (pilah unsur

penentu/PUP). “teknik pilih unsur penentu atau PUP, adapun alatnya ialah daya pilah yang

bersifat mental yang miliki oleh penelitinya”. Researcher classifing the data by using the

theory of turn-taking strategies and the type of violation of the turn-taking rule. The

pragmatic competence-in-dividing (pragmatis) is “ dengan daya pilah sebagai pembeda reaksi

kadar keterangan. Adapun mitra bicara dapat dibedakan adanya reaksi yang bermacam-

macam dari keterdengaran olehnya”. The speaker is a determiner. Based on metode padan the

researcher analyzes the data with some steps: first, find the turn-taking strategies in PBS

NEWSHOUR LIVE EVENT “ THE FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN

HILLARY CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE PBS

NEWSHOUR. Second, classify the data into the theory turn-taking strategies, Third, analyze

and explain the data to answer the research question about turn-taking strategies.

1.6.3 Presenting the Result of analysis

.

The result of analysis can be presenter by two ways; formal method and informal method

by Sudaryanto (1993:145). In this research the researcher used informal method. According

to Sudaryanto informal method is “ perumusan dengan kata – kata biasa walaupun dengan

terminolgi yang teknis sifatnya, Informal method is formulation or description of the

world/sentence. In this method, the researcher presents the result of data analysis by

description or explain by word. The data were presenter by turn-taking strategies according

Yule’s theory and identify the type violation of the turn-taking rules according Coates’s

theory.
.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Previous Studies

There are some previous researches related too this research. First, Tiono ,and Ansori

(2005) entitle “ Turn-Taking Irregularities by African American Characters in the Movie “

why Do Fools Fall in love”. They used descriptive qualitative method with the data in the

conversation among the four main African American character in the movie “ Why Do Fools

Fall in Love”. They finding and show the turn-taking irregularities in conversation by the

character in the movie use Wardaugh’s theory and theory and Cook’s theory. They found the

turn-taking irregularities African American characters and tended to overlap and interruption

in the conversation. They showed the reason of the overlap and interaction, the most

frequently reason in the conversation in the movie was clarifiation.

Second, Napitupulu and Siahaan (2014) entitle “Turn-taking of Conversation ( A Case

Study of Marhata in tradisional wedding ceremony of Batak Toba)”. They used descriptive

qualitative method of the research. They explain how the pattern of turn-taking of

conversation in tradisional wedding ceremony in three speech situations. They find and

showed the tree rules of turn alloccation are applicable in the conversation 0f Batak Toba

tradisional wedding ceremony and the first rules was more dominant in every speech

situation. The overlapping and interruption is do not exist in Marhata.

Third, Soepriatmadji and Primastuti ( 2015 ) entitle “ Turn – Taking organized by the

Host and Guests in “ Let Them Speak” talk show broadcast on first channel Russian TV in
.

5th Desember 2014”. The aim construct the turn-taking system that is organized by host and

quest in that talk show with quantitative method. They found some results that indicate the

speaker tend to employ the turns in term of sentence. They found the speaker managed their

turn by selecting a different speaker, continuing one’s own turn and selecting the next

speaker. There are some respect to turn-taking strategi that founded, clean start,

uptake,link,alert,meta-comment and new start. They analyzed data by using some theories.

They apply of sack,et al, Nofsinger and stentrom’s theory.

Fourth, Mutiara (2006) entitled "The Turn-taking Strategies and The Dominant Speaker

Between the Main Characters Based On Gender in "Pretty Woman". She used Stenstrom's

theory in turn-taking strategies and Tannen's theory. She wants to know the dominate

speakers between main character based on gender by using the turn-taking strategies. She

used qualitative and quantitative research method to support the final result of her research

and the source the main conversation between main characters. She finds out that taking the

turn is the highest strategy that occurs between the main characters in Pretty Woman. The

dominant speaker among the main characters is a female. The dominated speakers give

respond by using high intonation, so it tends to interrupt the male speakers.

Fifth, Nugraheni and Suharsono (2016) entitled "Turn-Taking Strategies in Maclean's

National Leaders Debate 2015". This research analyses the reason of the turn-taking during

the debate and the way participants are constructed by the debate through the turn-taking

strategies. To analyses that problem, they was uses some theories from Yule, Cook, Coates

and Wardhough. They analyses the conversation in debate with descriptive qualitative

method. They found all the participants use the turn-taking strategies consist of overlap and

interruption and each of strategy have their own reason. Such as signaling annoyance,

correction, completing, reminding, responding, questioning, taking turn and informing.

.

Based on previous researches above, the researcher discusses on the same context that

is turn-taking with the differences in this research is the source data, theory and method of

this research. The source data of the researcher is from watch the full first presidential debate

between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. Theory that apply are strategy turn-taking by

Yule (1996) such as pauses, overlap and backchannels, Method of this research is Simak

Bebas Libat Cakap (SBLC) by Sudaryanto (1993).

2.2 Definition of key terms

1. Turn-taking is one participant talks and another participant stops,starts, talks, stops

and we obtain an A-B-A-B-A-B distribution oftalk

across two participants in conversation.

2. Turn taking strategy is the strategy same one to speaking or to star speaking in

Conversation.

3. PBS NEWSHOUR is a name in Chanel yutube which broadcast the first presidential

debate between Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, which will show how the debate between

Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton was hosted by Holt.

4. Yutube is platpond in android, we can wach the movie etc.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

2.3.1 Pragmatics

Pragmatic is the study of speaker meaning. According to Yule (1996:3), pragmatics is

the study of meaning in relation to the context or contextual meaning in which a person is
.

speaking or writing. Yule (2010:127) states "The study of what speakers mean, or "speaker

meaning," is Pragmatic has an invisible meaning or have an intended meaning and we can

assume or expect the meaning based on the context. We can use pragmatic to analyze the

conversation. In pragmatic is call conversation analysis.

The discussion in this thesis is related to pragmatic, because it examines someone's

debate with another person, of course here someone has a way of speaking and turn taking

speaking, here an in-depth analysis is needed to get good results.

2.3.2 Conversation Analysis

Conversation are forms of spoken interaction and communication that is used by two or

more people. Conversation is the way for human to construction their relation, social contact,

communication each other. In conversation have how people organized their conversation to

interaction each other. To know how people, take and manage their turns in conversation that

is conversation analysis. According to Hutchby and Wooffitt (1998:13) conversation analysis

is the systematic analysis of the talk produced in everyday situation of human interaction :

talk in interaction.

Sometimes in conversation there are two or more people who take their turn in

conversation. According to Yule (2010:146), the most part in conversation is participant wait

one speaker finishes their talk, usually by signaling. Speakers can mark their turns in a way:

by asking a question, or by pausing at the end of conversation with a completed syntactic

structure like a phrase or sentence.

2.3.3 Turn-taking

Turn-taking is the time one speaker speak and the other speaker keep silent until they

turn to speak follow the order to speak and change recurs. It can be a right to speak when we
.

turn to speak. To follow the order to speak can be no gap and no overlap. According to Yule

(1996:72), Turn-taking is turn to speak as the right to speak and have control of the speak.

Turn-taking operates by a local management system is a set of convention for getting turns,

keeping them, or giving them away. This system can be changed in who has the turn in

conversation. The change possible change-of-turn point

is called a Transition Relevance Place (TRP).

There has been a lot of discussion about turn taking a conversation, here it focuses on

how to turn taking strategy someone's speech, especially in a debate, someone wants to

convince another person and of course there is a way. Here we will examine three ways to

take a , namely: pause,overlap,and backchannels.

2.3.3.1 Turn-taking strategies

When people speak in conversation, there are two or more people who get their turn in

the same time. It can be overlap in conversation.

According to Yule (1996: 72), most of the conversation involve two or more participants who

take they turn and only one party speaking at any time. Yule (1996) states theory about turn-

taking strategies such as pauses, overlap and backchannels:

a. Pause

Pauses is silence between turns or the speaker have a silene in second (not longer silence).

The speaker when their turn keep silence in a few second or minute or the transitions with

silence for a moment. The symbol for transcription of pauses is a dash (-) to short pause and

longer pause become silences. When someone have a pauses it can be simple hesitations,
.

thingking or Silences. The speaker fill each of pause with 'um' or 'uh' in inside of

conversation.

b. Overlap

The normal expectation in conversation is one speaker speak at a time. So, overlaps is both

speaker or more than one speaker talking at the same time in conversation. The symbol for

transcription is double dash (//) at the beginning of the overlapping talk. Typically of overlaps

when both speakers attempt to initiate talk. The overlaps may be due to unfamiliar

conversation, expression of solidarity or closeness. The overlapping can be treated as an

interruption and make a comment with a comment with louder voice (in transcription shown

by the capital letters). The solves of overlap is one speaker get or draws attention to be

allowed until the current speaker finish the speak.

C. Backchannels

Backchannels is one way of signaling we are listening the speaker speak. Ways of

indicating we are listening to the speakers in conversation is head nods, smiles, and other

facial expression and gestures, but vocal indications are called backchannel signal or simply

backchannels, such as 'uh-uh', 'yeah', 'mmm', 'oh', 'ah-ha". Backchannels can be indicating the

listener is following, received the message and not objecting to what the speaker says.

2.3.3.2 Rule for turn taking

To make the conversation run clearly and go smoothly there are some rules for turn-

taking. Rule to governing turn constructing to minimize gab and overlap. Sacks, et al (1974)

state about rules for turn-taking:

"1. For any turn, at the initial transition-relevance place of an

.

initial turn-constructional unit a) if the turn-so-far is so constructed as to involve the use of a

'current speaker selects next technique, then the party so selected has the right and is obliged

to take next turn to speak; no other have such right or obligations, and transfer occurs at that

place. b) if the turn-so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a 'current speaker

select next' technique, then self-selection for next speakership may, but need not, be

instituted, first starter acquires rights to turn, and transfer occurs at that place. c) if the turn-

so-far is so constructed as not to involve the use of a 'current speaker selects next' technique,

then current speaker may, but need not continue, unless another self-select'. 2. If, at the initial

transition-relevance place of an initial turn-constructional unit, neither la nor lb has operated,

and, following the provision of 1c, current speaker has continued, then the rule-set a-c re-

applies at the next transition-relevance place, and recursively at each next transition-

relevance place, until transfer is affected "

From quotation above it can be summarized that rules la, lb, and Ic are to be used in

analysis of the operational rules applied in conversation and rules for Turn-taking, they are:

a. current speaker selects next speaker, when the part selected has the right and is obliged to

take next turn to speak, no other have to speak and transfer occurs at that place.

b. next speaker self-selects, when participant becomes next speaker, but nothing in the

previous talk has selected this person to be next speaker.

c. current speaker continues This technique can be used when there is no other party take the

turn.

2.4 Contexs

Context is discussed at length by many linguists, philosophers and

anthropologists.Malinowski emphasizes that language is understood in relation to the
.

context of situation and the broader context of culture in which it was used. Malinowski‟s
Phatic Communion concept is referring to primitive language of Trobriand islanders that
the meaning of words depends on their context. The words: „wood‟, „paddle‟, and
„place‟ for instance, had to be translated in the free interpretation in order to show their
real meaning. The meaning of the expression „ We arrive near the village of our
destination‟ literally: „ We paddle in place‟ is determined only by taking it in the context
of the whole utterance (Malinowski in Widdowson 2007:93). The idea shows that the
study of any language spoken by people under conditions different from our own and
possess a different culture, must be carried out in conjunction with the study of their
culture and environment (Widdowson: 2007: 94). The point of Malinowski‟s context of
situation lies in the fact that speech, consisting of technical terms referring directly to
environment, varies and changes based on behaviors that is closely related to social
relationship.
Closely related to Malinowski‟s context of situation is the one proposes by Firth. He
stated four kinds of context, as follows: (1) Participants or speaker and hearer with their
status and roles; (2) Acts or all actions they perform, verbally and non-verbally; (3)
Relevant characteristics including surrounding events having connection with the course
of present action; and (4) The impacts the speech acts give on interlocutors or the changes
of events as the consequence of speech acts (Firth 1968). In later years, this idea inspires
Hymes (1972) to conceptualize the context in speech situation, comprising of eight
components acronimally called SPEAKING, they are: (1) S stands for Setting and Scene;
(2) P stands for Participants; (3) E stands for Ends; (4) A stands for Act sequences; (5) K
stands for Key; (6) I stands for Instrumentalities, (7) N stands for Norms and (8) G stands
for Genres.
Context is realized in implicatures, references and presuppositions. In the case of
implicature, an utterance can implicate proposition not as part of related utterance. The
implied proposition is called implicature (Grice 1975). As implicature does not always
come from the utterance, the relationship between implicature and utterance is not a direct
consequence of each other. An utterance produced by a hearer in response to the
speaker‟s utterance is based on context. As there is no semantic relation between an
utterance and the one being implicated, an utterance may elicit a large number of
implicatures, depending on context or mutual background understanding between the
speaker and the hearer. The sentence: “Whose motorcycle is this?”, may elicit different
implicatures depending on various different contexts. In a situation where the motorcycle
gets in the way of other‟s, or being parked in front of other motorcycle, the implicature
might be “Move your motorcycle”. In a context where someone looks at it thoroughly as
if shows admiration, the implicature could be “Oh, no, that motorcycle hasn‟t been new
for a long time”. In a situation where a friend seems to expect a ride, the implicature
could be “Oke, you can go with me”.
Context and Pragmatics are two influentially interrelated concepts, that context is
required to realize language use in pragmatic perspective. Context, as a dynamic
environment enables interlocutors to interact in accordance to both persons‟ socio-
cultural background. In addition, context helps understand factors in producing, and
interpreting speech oriented in users. In other words, the relationship of context and
Pragmatics is analogically between species and genus.
.

Context is very important in discourse analysis because essentially what is studied in

discourse analysis is the meaning of words in context. Namely, analyzing how parts of
meaning can be explained through knowledge of the physical and social world, as well as
socio-psychological factors that influence communication. Apart from that, knowledge
about the setting of the place and time when the words were spoken or written is also part
of the analysis (Peccei 1999; Yule 1996 in Cutting 2002). This means that context has a
very essential role in interpreting the meaning contained in both spoken and written
discourse. In line with the opinion above, Mey (2001: 39) also believes that context is a
dynamic concept and not a static concept. Therefore, context is understood as an ever-
changing situation, which allows participants in the communication process to interact
and with the context the language expressions they use in interaction can be understood.
Hymes (1972) stated that the context in discourse is formed from eight elements as
found in every language communication. The eight elements are (1) setting 'background',
which refers to place or space, time and other physical conditions; (2) participants
'participants', which refers to participants involved in communication, for example
speakers and speakers or writers and readers; (3) ends 'results', which refers to the goals
and results of communication; (4) act sequences (messages), which refer to the form and
content of the message; (5) keys 'manner', which refers to the way in which
communication is carried out, for example communication is carried out in a serious,
relaxed manner, etc.; (6) instrumentalities 'means', which refer to the means used in using
language, which include (a) the form of language, namely spoken or written and (b) the
type of speech, namely whether in standard language or in a certain dialect; (7) norms
‘norms’, which refer to participants' behavior in interaction; and (8) 'type' genre, which
refers to text types such as fairy tales, advertisements and others (in Renkema, 1993: 44).
.

2.5 Conceptual Framework

TURN-TAKING ANALYSIS IN PBS NEWSHOUR LIVE “THE

FULL FIRST PRESIDENTIAL DEBATE BETWEEN HILLARY
CLINTON AND DONALD TRUMP” ON CHANNEL YOUTUBE
PBS NEWSHOUR

PRAGMATICS

TURN-TAKING
.

BACKCHANNEL
PUSE OVERLAP

FINDING

The researcher uses pragmatic as a point of view of this research. The researcher uses
theory about turn taking, and focus to discussions about turn taking strategy in conversation, To
Analysis the data the researcher uses with turn taking strategy by Yule surch as puse, overlap and
backchannels. With that Is theory the researcher finds the result of Analysis of the data.
.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Berg, Bruce L. 2001. Qualitative Research Method for The Social Sciences
(4thed). United Stade: Allyn &Bacon
https://www.acadehttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/
264634773_Conversation_Analysis_by_Ian_Hutchby_and_Robin_Wooffitt_An_Introduction_to_Conv
ersation_Analysis_by_Anthony_J_Liddicoat_Sequence_Organization_in_Interaction_A_Primer_in_Co
nversation_Analysis_by_Emanuemia.edu/21764598/
Qualitative_research_methods_for_the_social_sciences_bruce_l_berg_2001

Coates, Jennifer. 2004. Women, Men and Language: A Sociolinguistic Account

of Gender Differences in Language (3rd ed). London: Pearson Education
Limited
https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/_/wKW1rNoWd3IC?hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjK5Z-
X5LODAxVeT2wGHQqkDz0Q7_IDKAF6BAgMEAQ

Hutchby, lan and Robin, Wooffitt. 1998. Conversation Analysis,

Cambridge:Polity Press
nt/file_66468/content&hl=id&sa=X&ei=mEmOZaPrDciz6rQPk9Si0A4&scisig=AFWwaeY1vD-
GJTz8AKvQ5J1E5Auq&oi=scholarr

Full first presidential debate between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump
https://www.politico.com/story/2016/09/full-transcript-first-2016-presidential-
debate-228761
Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University

Press https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Pragmatics.html?

hl=id&id=hTTzAgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y

Mutiara, Nency. 2006. The Turn-taking Strategies and The Dominant Speaker
Between the Main Characters Based On Gender in "Pretty Woman". Thesis,
Petra Christian University
Napitupulu, Selviana, and Sanggam Siahaan,. 2014. Turn Taking of
Conversation
(A Case Study of Marhata in Traditional Wedding Ceremony of Batak
Toba). IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 19, Issue 5, Ver. VI, PP 36-43
.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
314827916_Turn_Taking_of_Conversation_A_Case_Study_of_Marhata_in_Traditional_Wedding_Ce
remony_of_Batak_Toba

Nugraheni, Arifa, and Suharsono. 2016. Turn-Taking Strategies in MacLean's

National Leaders Debate 2015. Language Horizon. Volume 04 No 03, 89-100
https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/language-horizon/article/download/16291/14797/

Paltridge, Brian. 2006. Discourse Analysis. London. MPG Books Ltd.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
240450323_Brian_Paltridge_Discourse_analysis_An_introduction_Continuum_London_2006_ISBN_9
780826485571_pp_220_Hardback_0-8264-8557-X_Paperback_US_14000_3995_NZ_22200_5999

Sacks, Harvey, Emanuel A. Schegloff and Gail Jefferson. 1974. A Simplest

Systematics for the Organization of Turn-Taking for Conversation. Language
Voll. 50, No. 4, Part 1, 696-735
https://www.jstor.org/stable/412243

Soepmanmadji, Lilliek, and Allifa Amyndia A. R Primastuti. 2015. Turn-

Taking Organized by the Host and Guests in "Let Them Speak Talkshow
Broadcast on First Channel Rusia TV in 5th December 2014. Dinamika Bahasa
& Timu Budaya Vol. 10 No. 1
https://www.unisbank.ac.id/ojs/index.php/fbib1/article/view/3745/1010

Sudaryanto 1993. Metode dan Aneka Teknik Analisis Bahasa Yogyakarta: Duta
Wacana University Press
Wacana University Press
https://books.google.co.id/books/about/Metode_dan_aneka_teknik_analisis_bahasa.html?
hl=id&id=uy5iAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y

Tiono, Nami I and Jennyfer Ansori. 2005. Turn-Taking Irregularities by

African American Characters in the Movie "Why Do Fools Fall in Love".
Volume 7, Number 2, 104-115
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44200004_TURN-
TAKING_IRREGULARITIES_BY_AFRICAN_AMERICAN_CHARACTERS_IN_THE_MOVIE_WHY_DO_FOOLS
_FALL_IN_LOVE

Yule, George. 2010. The Study of Language (4th ed). New York: Cambridge
University Press.
https://books.google.co.id/books/about/The_Study_of_Language.html?hl=id&id=EYIwL-

Gr0XIC&redir_esc=y

Yule, George. 1996. Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press

.