“Analysis Pragmatics In Debating Of Precident Candidates”

Arranged to fulfill the Assignment for the Pragmatics

Supporting Lecturer
Rani Fairuz, M.Hum.
A
R
R
A
N
G
E
D
M. Aidyl Fahri (0304212084)
Nadhira Afifah (0304213034)
Khoiriah (0304213031)
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING
ISLAMIC STATE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH SUMATRA
MEDAN
2023
 INTRODUCTION

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language and the context that underlies the
explanation of the meaning or understanding of language. This view shows that there are three
important aspects in the study of pragmatics, namely language, context, and understanding. In
recent times, the implementation of Pragmatics has extended to the world of television, particularly
in the context of variety shows. This paper will establish several research questions, namely, What
are the aspects of the Pragmatics in delivering arguments in debating of precident candidates. In
this discussion, we will delve into specific aspects of Pragmatics include Maxim Manner, Maxim
Quantity And Deixis observed during the show, including respectful communication, fair debates,
and professional behavior. Additionally, we will explore the impact of complying with these
principles on the overall tone and atmosphere of the program. So in this paper we will analyze
pragmatics in the presidential candidate debate and look for statements related to maxim manner,
maxim quantity and deixis from the debate on December 12,2023. Additionally, we will explore
the impact of complying with these principles on the overall tone and atmosphere of the program.
By analyzing the implementation of Pragmatics the context of debating precident candidates we
can gain a deeper understanding of how these principles influence the dynamics of a national show,
particularly in a setting that involves intellectual discussions and debates. Furthermore, this
examination allows us to appreciate the importance of upholding respectful behavior and ethics in
the world of television programming.
 LITERATURE REVIEW

• Maxim Manner

Grice (1975) proposed that the maxims of Manner were different from the other types of maxims
as they concerned how a statement was made (i.e. in a timely and contingent manner) rather than
concerning what was said. The maxim of manner is flouted when a speaker deliberately fails to
observe the maxim by not being brief, using obscure language, not being orderly or using
ambiguity.the maxim of manner instructs speakers to express themselves in an orderly way. Grice
lists four specific ones in his original work:

1. Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid language which is difficult to understand, such as because
it contains words that the listener doesn’t know.

2. Avoid ambiguity. Avoid ambiguous language which can be interpreted in multiple ways, and
which therefore makes it difficult for your recipient to understand what exactly you’re trying to
say.

3. Be brief. Provide information in a concise manner that allows your recipient to focus on the key
details.

4. Be orderly. Provide information in an order that makes sense, and makes it easy for your
recipient to process it.

Note that, unlike the previous maxims, which have to do primarily with what is said, the maxims
of manner have to do with how what is said is said.

• Deixis

In pragmatics, deixis refers to the use of words or phrases to indicate the time, place, or situation
in which a speaker is speaking in a pragmatic context. According to Bambang Kaswanti Purwo in
his book "Pragmatics and Language Teaching" (1984:17), words such as "I", "here", "now" are
examples of deictic words. Words like these have no fixed reference. In contrast, words like
“chair”, “house”, “paper” have a fixed referent, wherever and whenever they are uttered. However,
the reference in the words "I", "here", "now" can only be known if we know who said them, where
and when the words were said.In order to understand deixis, we need to pay attention to the context
of communication, including information about the speaker, location, and time. In this case, deictic
words help in direct reference to the ongoing situation and context.

This is an important concept in linguistics that helps determine the meaning and interpretation of
language. Simile expressions such as pronouns, adverbs, and demonstratives are used to refer to
specific entities or locations within a specific context. Understanding dexis in pragmatics is critical
to effective communication because it allows speakers to rely on shared knowledge and contextual
cues to convey information.

Deixis in pragmatic linguistics refers to the use of linguistic expressions that rely on context and
shared knowledge for interpretation. According to Yule, there are three main types of deixis:
person deixis, time deixis, and place deixis :

1. Personal deixis

Personal deixis involves the use of pronouns, such as "I," "you," "he," or "she," to refer to specific
individuals. These pronouns depend on the speaker and the listener's roles and positions in the
conversation.

2. Temporal deixis

Temporal deixis refers to the use of language to refer to the time in which an event takes place. It
involves the use of temporal expressions such as "now", "then", "yesterday", "tomorrow", "last
week", "next month", and so on.

3. Spatial deixis

Spatial deixis involves the use of expressions that refer to specific locations in the communication
context. This can include words like "here," "there," "this," or "that" to indicate proximity or
distance.
Understanding deixis is crucial for effective communication, as it allows speakers to convey
precise information by relying on shared knowledge and contextual cues.

• Maxim Quantity

The Maxim of Quantity revolves around the idea that speakers aim to provide the right amount of
information needed for a conversation, neither too much nor too little. It involves balancing the
amount of information to ensure clarity and effectiveness in communication.

Understanding:

1. As Informative as Required

Speakers should offer enough information to convey their intended meaning and enable the listener
to comprehend without ambiguity. This principle highlights the necessity of being adequately
informative.

2. Avoid Over-Informing

Speakers shouldn't flood the conversation with excessive or unnecessary details that might
confuse or distract the listener. It's about sharing relevant and essential information without
overwhelming the listener.

In essence, this maxim quantity communicators to strike a balance. It encourages clarity without
sacrificing conciseness or drowning the listener in unnecessary details, promoting effective and
efficient communication.

METHOD

As the descriptive study conducted, this paper uses qualitative research to examine Pragmatics in
a Debating Of precident Candidates.According to Sugiyono (2016:9) the qualitative descriptive
method is a research method based on the philosophy of postpositivism used to research the
conditions of natural objects (as opposed to experiments) where the researcher is the key
instrument. Data collection techniques are carried out using triangulation (combination), data
analysis. is inductive/qualitative, and the results of qualitative research emphasize meaning rather
than generalization. Qualitative descriptive research aims to describe, depict, explain, explain and
answer in more detail the problems to be studied by studying as closely as possible an individual,
a group or an event. Based on the understanding of several experts, it can be concluded that
qualitative descriptive research is a series of activities to obtain data that is as it is without being
in certain conditions, the results of which emphasize meaning. This research uses primary data and
secondary data. Therefore, this study emphasizes the use of descriptive data and words as the basis
for analysis in qualitative research. They also emphasize the need for reflection, flexibility, and
rigor in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting data. In general, qualitative research focuses on case
studies, participant observation, in-depth interviews, document analysis, or content analysis. The
aim of qualitative research is to understand the social, cultural and individual context in order to
gain in-depth insight into the phenomenon under study.

DISCUSSION

• Here the transcription of violation of maxim of manner in debate of precident candidates:

Ganjar Pranowo :

Pak prabowo ada 12 kasus pelanggaran berat dan saya ingatkan pada tahun 2009 dpr sedang
mengeluarkan 4 rekomendasi pada saat itu kepada presiden pertanyaan saya dua kalau bapak
ada disitu apakah akan membuat pengadilan ham dan membereskan rekomendasi dpr dan
pertanyaan kedua diluar sana banyak ibu ibu menunggu apakah bapak bisa membantu dimana
kuburnya yang hilang agar mereka bisa berziarah

Prabowo Subianto :

pak ganjar tadi justru anda sebut tahun 2009 sekian tahun lalu dan masalah ini justru ditangani
oleh wakil presiden anda, bapak tahu data ga bapak tanyak ke kapolda tahun ini berapa orang
hilang di DKI ada mayat ditemukan beberapa hari lalu dan sebagainya jadi mas ganjar yang
sangat keras membela ham adalah saya jadi masala ham jangan di politisasi.

• And here the transcription of correctly structured maxim

 Ganjar pranowo

apakah saya dapat menyimpulkan bapak dalam posisi yang oposisi dan menolak ikn untuk
dilanjutkan6
Anis Baswedan

inilah salah satu contoh produk hukum yang tidak mengikuti proses dialog publik yang
lengkap sehingga dan ketika dialognya sudah jadi undang undang siapapun yang kritis
dianggap oposisi dan yang pro dianggap pro pemerintah kenapa?kami melihat ada
kebutuhan'' urgent yang dibangun oleh rakyat kalo hari ini kita belum bisa menyiapkan
pupuk yang lengkap tapi pada saat yang sama kita membangun sebuah istana untuk
presiden dimana rasa keadilan kita

• Here the transcription of deixis in debate of President candidates :

a) Personal deixis
Anies Baswedan :
Ketika saya memimpin Jakarta, saya berhasil mengatasi berbagai masalah urban.
b) Temporal deixis
Anies Baswedan :
Saat saya di jabatan sebelumnya, saya telah mengimplementasikan program
pendidikan yang sukses.
c) Spatial deixis
Anies Baswedan :
Di Jakarta, saya telah membangun infrastruktur yang mensejahterakan warga kota.

This analysis provides an overview of how each candidate uses deixis in speaking, utilizing it to
achieve certain communicative effects in accordance with their campaign objectives.
 Anies Baswedan:

Visi Misi yang di Sampaikan Anies Baswedan ialah

•Negara hukum harus menempatkan hukum sebagai rujukan utama untuk memastikan hadir
keadilan, kebermanfaatan, dan kepastian

•Perubahan untuk menegakkan hukum, Indonesia negara hukum bukan negara kekuasaan

•Mengembalikan marwah negara yang menempatkan hukum ke tempat tertinggi

•tentang hukum sekarang yg tumpul ke atas tajam ke bawah

"Maxim quantity is about time efficiency in conveying the amount and quality of information.
Quantity refers to the amount, while quality refers to the quality. If we talk about quantity, it means
conveying information without taking much time, meaning effective and efficient use of time. It is
important not to talk too much or too little, but according to the need.

For example, Candidate 1 almost made good use of maximun quantity. In the first 4-minute
orientation, he managed to deliver the orientation well. In the later rounds, arguments, answers,
or rebuttals to questions were delivered appropriately and efficiently, without taking too much or
too fast to convey information."
 REFERENCES

Effectiviology.com. (2023). Grice’s Maxims of Conversation: The Principles of Effective

Communication. Diakses pada 29 November 2023

https://effectiviology.com/principles-of-effective-communication/#:~:text=In%20his%20book
%2C%20Grice%20uses,rather%20than%20two%20or%20six.%E2%80%9DC

https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjll

Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

https://sg.docworkspace.com/d/sIKzHy_9NhvWLrAY?sa=e1&st=0