ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION: COMMUNICATIVE

COMPETENCE USED IN THE MAZE RUNNER MOVIE (2014)

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for Getting Bachelor Degree
in Department of English Education

Proposed by
NINDA ALFIA
A320190212

SCHOOL OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF SURAKARTA
2022

1
 APPROVAL

ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION: COMMUNICATIVE

COMPETENCE USED IN THE MAZE RUNNER MOVIE (2014)

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Proposed by
NINDA ALFIA
A320190212

Approved by Consultant

Dr. Dwi Haryanti, M.Hum.

NIDN: 0629026001

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 TABLE OF CONTENT
COVER
APPROVAL
TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE
A. Background of the Study……………………………………………………….4
B. Previous Study………………………………………………………………….6
C. Limitation of the Study…………………………………………………………9
D. Focus of the Study……………………………………………………………...9
E. Objective of the Study………………………………………………………….9
F. Benefit of the Study…………………………………………………………….9
G. Underlying Theory…………………………………………………………….10
1. Theoretical Review………………………………………………………. 10
a. Ethnography of Communication………………………………………10
b. Communicative Competence………………………………………….11
c. Hymes’ SPEAKING GRID……………………………………………12
d. The Maze Runner Movie………………………………………………
14
2. Theoretical Framework……………………………………………………14
H. Research Method………………………………………………………………15
1. Type of Research…………………………………………………………. 15
2. Object of Research………………………………………………………...15
3. Data and Data Source……………………………………………………...15
4. Technique of Collecting
Data……………………………………………...15
5. Data Validity………………………………………………………………16
6. Technique of Analyzing…………………………………………………...16
I. Research Paper Organization………………………………………………….16
BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………...17
APPENDIX
Appendix 1: Data Source
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 Appendix 2: References

ETHNOGRAPHY OF COMMUNICATION: COMMUNICATIVE

COMPETENCE USED IN THE MAZE RUNNER MOVIE (2014)

A. Background of the Study

Communication is a crucial part of the language, in which people communicate
and socializes with others around them. People prefer not to be isolated from others
because we are social beings who desire to help others. When individuals
communicate with one another, they either directly convey their goal or express it
clearly. Secondly, they speak platonically, expressing only what they wish to say, or
expressing the message directly. It’s important that the conversationalist must
understand the message being conveyed.
Communicative competence includes knowledge for when one can or cannot
talk in particular situations, when to be silent or when to speak up, how one should
address people who belong to different social classes, especially with a significant
difference in status or role, to whom one is allowed to speak to, what body language
and other nonverbal communication is appropriate for the situation, how to request
and provide information, how to decline and offer help. The proper use usage of
language and other forms of verbal and nonverbal communication in various social
situations. Communication has a very important role in human life as social beings,
because people tend to interacts with each other to achieve teamwork for common
goals and friendly relationships in general.
Ethnography of Communication is related to language and it is affected by
culture and communities that are inside it. It is also a qualitative technique of the 21st
century in communication and cultural anthropology. It has been defined as a version
for reading language use and conversation techniques. Hymes (1972), a prominent
linguist, stressed that its origins lie inside the ethnographic evaluation of human
communicative behaviour. Therefore, this is considered a prevalent fact of in-depth
investigation. Ethnography seeks to understand human conduct in its social context.
Hymes (1972) developed the SPEAKING model, which has the following features:
Setting and Scene (S) which are setting is referring to the time and place when
conversation is taking place, while scene refers to the overall situation; Participants
(P) refer to all the members partaking in conversation with each other. These consist
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of several combinations such as speaker-listener, addressor-addressee, or sender-
receiver; Ends (E) is referring to the outcomes of the event or personal goals would
like to achieve; Act Sequence (A) is referring to a message’s subject and structure;
Key (K) refers to the attitude and the way they speak to others; Instrumentalities (I)
refer to the way how the message is brought across; Norms refer to particular
behaviours and traits inherent in speaking; Genre (G) refers to the different versions
of utterances such as riddles, poems, proverbs, etc.
There are many other researchers investigate the ethnography of
communication. Therefore, this study analyzes The Maze Runner movie for several
reasons. First, the movie is impressive and meaningful. It is about Thomas and the
other teenagers being put into a maze for an experiment. The whole experiment ends
when the girl Theresa shows up and claims to be the last. After many attempts to
adjust and defeat monsters that live in the maze, Thomas and a few others manage to
escape the maze. Second, the language used in the movie has different cultures and
varieties in which these elements influence social life.
In The Maze Runner movie, there is an example of utterances found containing
of the SPEAKING model:
NEWT: “It’s a lot easier said than done. Listen. Hear that? It's the maze, changing. It
changes every night.”
THOMAS: “How is that even possible?”
NEWT: “You can ask the people who put us in here, if you ever meet the bastards.
Listen the truth is... The Runners are the only ones who really know what's out there.
They are the strongest and the fastest of us all. And it's a good thing, too... Because if
they don't make it back before those doors close... Then they are stuck out there for
the night, and no one has ever survived a night in the maze.”
Newt says the utterance and the setting is in the glade, a place that is
surrounded by the circular maze. The setting of time is in the night. The participant is
Newt as the sender and Thomas as the receiver who gets information about the maze.
The end is Newt provides information to Thomas about the runners, they are the
fastest among others. The act sequence on the dialogue represents a situation of
feeling fear. Newt says with fall-rise intonation and there is an expression. The keys
used in this dialogue are vigilance because Newt is using low then high intonation.
The instrument is verbal communication because Newt has conversation with
Thomas. The genre is dialogue because Newt has an interlocutor.
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 Inspired by the utterances mentioned before, the researcher is interested in
observing the case and conducting a study entitled “Ethnography of Communication:
Communicative Competence Used in The Maze Runner Movie (2014)”.

B. Previous Study
Some researchers have conducted research about Ethnography of
Communication. The researcher presents previous research related to the chosen topic
to show the authenticity of this research. There are six researches taken from journal
articles.
Dawson-Ahmoah (2017) conducted a study entitled “Analysis of The Speech
Events in an M-Net African Drama Series- Tinsel”. The study’s objectives were to
conduct an ethnographic study of conversation in the first season’s first episode of
Tinsel also, to directly analyze the language used in the context of a situation and to
look at repeated communicative habits. The method applied in the study is called
“Qualitative Descriptive Research”. The writer utilized the dialogues in the first
episode of the drama series as a data source when conducting research. The data were
analyzed by identifying repetitive communicative habits. It concludes how certain
people in Nigeria speak in a specific way among each other. This study showed
several recurring speech events. The events that most often occurred in friendly
relationships were celebrating with friends, helping one another, and giving advice to
each other. It has been proven that Hymes' ethnography of communication gives a
formula for a research method's foundation for investigating how language is
ingrained and reinforced through conversation. Based on research analysis, the
Hymes’ SPEAKING grid produced speech factors that affected various speech
events.
Marlianingsih (2018) conducted a study entitled “Communicative Practices in
Mata Najwa “Bara Jelang 2019” (Ethnography of Communication Study)”. The
study's objective was to investigate into the ethnography of communication in Mata
Najwa's "Bara Jelang 2019" TV show. The writer applied the descriptive qualitative
research method. In conducting the investigation, the data were acquired from the
verbal exchange between presenter Najwa Shihab, agents, and eyewitnesses of Car
Free Day intimidation that joined Mata Najwa Talk show. Information was gathered
through YouTube recording and observation of the video clip. The following
procedures have been used to examine the information: Data analysis & option;
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Identification & data collection; Data classification; Interpretation & clarification for
the meaning of data. The result showed the communicative situation between the host
and speakers in the talk show were verbal and nonverbal conversations. They were all
spoke formal, or sometimes informal to be more friendly, polite and respectful. The
host used repetitive speech strategy, and asked many questions to get honest answers
from informants. The speakers, meanwhile, gave the best answers. The speech
schemes consisted of the opening, the main topic of current political issues, and
conclusion.
Herman et al (2019) conducted a study entitled “Ethnography of
Communication Analysis in the Short Story of Romeo and Juliet”. The study's goals
were to describe the components for ethnography of communication from the Hymes
model’s perspective and the interpretation of the usage from the aspects for
ethnography of communication. A descriptive qualitative approach is the method used
in this research. William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet is the source of the data
used. The following steps are used to collect data: 1) Choosing the tale to be
described as data, 2) Finding Romeo and Juliet's narrative on the internet, 3) Reading
the tale to learn about the ethnography of communication elements. This study was
conducted by reading the complete short narrative and identifying all ethnography of
communication features within it. After analyzing the story of Romeo and Juliet, it
was found that there are 4 settings and scenes in the story, the participants consist of
12 people, has entertaining or amusing ends, 13 act sequences and 17 keys in the
story. The instrumentalities found in the story was that verbal with casual speech
styles, the norms are about loving someone truly, and the genre is a narrative with a
romance and tragedy style.
Widiastuti et al (2020) conducted a study entitled “Ethnography of
Communication: The Analysis of Dell Hymes’s Speaking in Balinese Wedding
Proposal”. The study's goal was to use Dell Hymes' SPEAKING mnemonic to
examine this wedding ceremony. The descriptive qualitative approach was employed
in this study. This wedding and the proposal day served as the study's data. The data
was gathered through participating at the activity and taking field notes. The collected
information was subsequently evaluated in ethnographic research through Dell
Hymes' SPEAKING. The researchers drew the conclusions that the wedding proposal
took place in Bale Dangin (setting) and that the families were sitting in a semi-circle
(participants) to approve the marriage (ends). The proposal started with the proposer's
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openings ceremony, then the proposee's followed the opening (act sequence). It was
in a critical scenario (key) when code-mixing in speech delivery (instrumentalities)
was used to ensure they were committed to live together (norms). The genre found
was a serious claim of action reasoning.
Taramen (2020) conduted a study entitled “Hymes’ S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G Analysis
on the Expressions Used in Kabasaran Dance”. The study's aims were to recognize
and describe the aspects of Dell Hymes' S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G analysis observed in
Kabasaran Dance. The writer employed the descriptive qualitative approach in this
study. The body language and emotions utilized by Kabasaran Dancers served as the
research's data source. The writer collected the data by interviewing the informant,
and taking note of the meaning for the expressions. Then, the writer used
S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G model by Dell Hymes (1974) in analyzing the data. The results
revealed that the Kabasaran Dance expressions comprise of 24 words, each with a
particular meaning and generally referring to the instructions provided by the dance
leader of Kabasaran. The information provided above can help the reader learn more
about the Kabasaran Dance. As a result, language learners, particularly students, are
urged to grasp objects and sources of data in order to evaluate speech utilizing Dell
Hymes' S.P.E.A.K.I.N.G analysis.
Sukiani & Hadijaya (2020) conduted a study entitled “The Elements of
Ethnography “Speaking” in Fist Fight Movies (2017)”. The study's aims were to
examine the ethnography of communication as well as the number of scenes
discovered in Fist Fight movies. The descriptive qualitative method was utilized in
this study. The utterances used in Fist Fight movies served as the study's data source.
The researchers gathered data by watching the movie wherein they recorded the
information for discussion based on the variety of themes. The researchers employed
Hymes SPEAKING in data to assess the ethnography of communication in Fist Fight
movies. The researchers, then, described some points and outcomes that found
throughout the cycle of analysis. The researcher used the Hymes components of
ethnography of communication to complete the research description. After analyzing
the Fist Fight movie, the researchers found that there were eight elements in
ethnography of communication as follows: setting, participants, ends, act, key,
instrument, norms, and genre, in which every dialogue was analyzed differently. The
researchers gathered thirty-two scenes in the film which were suitable to be analyzed
with Dell Hymes theory. The researchers, however, only choose 10 movie scenes to
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 be described in this research.
The researcher utilized previous study to obtain the references related to
research that has been done before. There are similarities in this research with
previous research, namely in an opinion about the ethnographic elements
SPEAKING. On the other hand, this research also has differences which focus on the
communicative competence used in The Maze Runner movie (2014). This research
uses the theory of ethnography of communication from Hymes.

C. Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on the communicative competence used in The Maze
Runner movie (2014). The data source is taken from the script of The Maze Runner.
The writer will apply the theory of Hymes (1972) for communicative competence and
Hymes (1974) for ethnography of communication. There are four aspects of
communicative competence such as possible, feasibility, appropriateness, and
performed. Moreover, the SPEAKING model is used for coding the various elements
of ethnography of communication. Then, the writer can analyze and learn more about
communicative competence of ethnography of communication from utterances made
by the characters in The Maze Runner movie.

D. Focus of the Study

The following research questions can be formulated based on the study's
context and limitations:
1. What are aspects of communicative competence in The Maze Runner movie?
2. What are the elements of ethnography “SPEAKING” in The Maze Runner movie?

E. Objective of the Study

The study's aims are as follows, based on the above-mentioned research
problems:
1. To explain the aspects of communicative competence in The Maze Runner movie.
2. To find out the elements of ethnography “SPEAKING” in The Maze Runner
movie.

F. Benefit of the Study

1. Theoretical Benefit
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 The research’s result gives a solution to know the aspects of
communicative competence and the elements of ethnogrsphy “SPEAKING”.
2. Practical Benefit
This research may be beneficial for other researchers because it provides
additional data to those who wish to conduct a similar study in the same field as
well as learn more about the elements of ethnography “SPEAKING” and the
aspects of communicative competence.

G. Underlying Theory
1. Theoretical Review
a. Ethnography of Communication
The ethnography of communication, according to Hymes (1986), deals
with contexts and use, functions and patterns of speech as an activity by
itself. Both linguists and anthropologists, according to Hymes, were missing
a major field of human communication. Anthropologists are solely
concerned with aspects of distinct culture, namely the kinship structure and
indigenous perspectives on treatment and healing. Linguists have focused on
language like an abstract framework for understanding sentence
constructions that some language speakers must not forget grammatical. The
ethnography of communication shall close the space, add any topic to the
possible list of themes for said anthropologist's ethnographic meaning, and
broaden linguistics to the point where the study for an abstract structure is
just a single element of linguistics.
The ethnography of communication is a discourse approach that is
largely based upon anthropology & linguistics. It concerns a broader range
of communication activities, the forms & purposes of which might reflect
diverse lifestyles. This technique tries to explore patterns of communication
practices, which are an important component of what a person is aware of
and does as a member of a certain culture. Hymes (1974) became a linguist
who was a pivotal player in the creation of ethnography of communication.
His analytical ideas and methodologies are founded on two diverse areas:
anthropology & linguistics. According to him, communication is important
in both anthropology and linguistics. Language is the most crucial instrument
for mutual communication in everyday life. Understanding communication is
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 an important objective for both linguists and anthropologists because it is a
cultural repertoire of engaging with words.
Language is regarded as a communication system, which norms and
standards, like all other conceptualizations & conducts, are an intrinsic
element of culture (kinship, politics, etc.).  In other words, culture includes
both conduct and information. However, not every piece from culture and
knowledge wants to just be shared (known) by every member. Cultural
individuals may have different forms or competencies of their
communication repertoire. In other words, every individual has the potential
to do a certain conduct not because it gets shared, however because he has
obtained it in social life.
Linguists, according to Hymes (1986), have overlooked the study of
communication patterns & language usage systems. These linguists have
avoided performance analysis in favor of concentrating on competence: the
implicit mastery of abstract linguistic rules. Rather than focusing on
linguistic competence, Hymes proposes focusing on communicative
competence such as expertise in guiding proper grammar usage.
Communicative competence should involve the capacity to utilize language
in everyday settings such as shopping, interviewing or being interviewed for
a job, praying, joking, arguing, taunt, warning, and even knowing when to
remain quiet (Hymes, 1981; Schiffrin, 1999).
b. Communicative Competence
Sometimes the concept of communicative competence can be used to
express how language is utilized in a culturally acceptable manner. Hymes
(1972) offered this theory as a counter to Chomsky's
communicative competence. Hymes expanded Chomsky's theory of
communicative competence (whether a statement is a possible structure of
grammar in a language, or if systematic potential knowledge) to include a
comprehension of appropriateness (if and how suitable it is), incidence (if
and how accurate something is performed), and feasibility (if it is possible
and to what extent under certain conditions).

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 In ethnography of communication, communicative competence applies
primarily towards the communicative understanding & competence held by
the language community, yet these (like other cultural characteristics) vary
across its individual members. As articulated by von Humboldt, the social
yet personal aspect of competence represents the importance of language in
and of itself (1836):
While languages are in the ambiguous sense of the word . . . creations of
nations, they still remain personal and individual creations of individuals.
This follows because they can be produced in each individual, yet only in such
a manner that each individual assumes a priori the comprehension of all
people and that all people, furthermore, satisfy such expectation.
The communicative competence of non-native users of the language is
well-known to differ significantly from that of native speakers seeing as how
the exact content of what individuals would like to recognize as well as their
abilities, they ought to possess is primarily dependent on the social context in
which they could practice the language as well as their goals for using that
language. The remainder focuses on why the idea of "best speaker-hearer in
a relatively homogenous speech community" (Chomsky 1965) doesn't quite
fit the standards of anthropological objectives. Furthermore, multilingual
speakers' communicative competence should include an understanding of the
system for selecting the appropriate language and switching between
languages, given specific contexts as well as communicative functions, and
also the possibility of intralingual shifts in style and register.
c. Hymes’ SPEAKING Grid
Hymes (1974) offered an ethnographic paradigm that takes into
consideration the numerous aspects involved in speaking. An ethnography
of communication event is a summary of every aspect that is important in
comprehending how a certain communicative event accomplishes its aims.
To help ethnographers frame their investigations of speech events, Hymes
proposed the mnemonic set of the SPEAKING grid as a heuristic. The
following are the 8 elements of SPEAKING:
Setting, scene (S) is referring to the place and time, or the tangible
physical events wherein conversation takes place. The term "scene" is
referring to the general setting psychologically with or without the cultural
12
meaning of the event. A certain element of speech may truly help to identify
a scene, while another piece of speech may be considered unnecessary in
ideal settings. Members are allowed to trade scenes in a specific setting since
they vary the formality’s level or the sort of action they are concerned about.
The participants (P) are several combinations of a speaker, a listener, an
addressor, the addressee, or the sender and receiver. They typically fulfil
certain social roles. A -individual conversing with someone consists of a
speaker and a listener whose roles alternate; a 'dressing down' consists of a
speaker and a listener who do not exchange positions; a political speech
consists of an addressor as well as addressees (the listeners); and a cellphone
message consists of a sender and a receiver.
Ends (E) is generally referring to recognized and expectations of a deal,
including an individual’s wants and what members are looking for to
accomplish on specified occasions. A trial in court does have a recognizable
societal lead to view, but many members, that is, the judge, as well as the
jury, prosecution, defense, accused, and witnesses, each have their own
private ambitions. Similarly, a marriage rite fulfills a certain societal purpose
or aspirations in getting married.
Act sequence (A) relates to the content and actual form of what’s being
said: the words utilized, implementation, including the link of what is spoken
for the main topic. Linguists, particularly those interested in discourse and
conversation, have long been interested in this aspect of speech. Open
lectures, chitchat, and beach party banter are all exceptional types of
speaking, with each action highlighting a distinct style of language and
subject matter.
Key (K) is referring to the mood, style, or attitude where a certain
message is conveyed: lighthearted, serious, specific, mocking, etc. It can be
communicated nonverbally using gestures, postures, or behaviors. While
there is a confusion between what someone is saying and what is significant,
listeners are more interested in the key than in the actual content material.
Instrumentalities (I) relate to the channel used, such as oral, written,
signed, as well as telegraphic, and also the real forms of speech used,
including the language, code, dialect, or sign.
Interaction and interpretation norms (N) relate to the specific actions
13
 and things associated with speaking, including how they might be taken by
somebody who differs in them (such as loudness, silence, stare back, and
etc.).
Genre (G) is referring to clearly defined modes of expression, like
poetry, proverbs, lectures, riddles. Compared to casual speech, these indicate
differently. As an example, sermons are included in church services: we will
ask someone to stop ‘preaching’; this is, we are able to recognize style of a
sermon hen something similar to an event happens out of regular setting.
d. The Maze Runner Movie
The Maze Runner (2014) with Wes Ball as director is based on the series
of dystopian science fiction novels written by James Dashner. This movie is
about Thomas, a teen who woke up in the maze with no memory of his past,
until realizing he was put into a maze with the other teenagers for an
experiment. The whole experiment ends when the girl Theresa shows up and
claims to be the last. After many attempts to adjust and defeat monsters that
show up every night, Thomas and a few others manage to get out of the
maze.
2. Theoretical Framework
Based on the theories above, the writer will use theory from Hymes (1972)
to explain the communicative competence. According to Hymes, there are four
aspects of communicative competence such as possible, feasibility,
appropriateness, and performed.
The researcher will use the theory of Hymes (1974) to analyze the elements
of ethnography “SPEAKING” in The Maze Runner movie. According to Hymes
(1972), “SPEAKING” grid is mnemonic device that is used to place the analysis
in some kind of order as follows: S (Setting and Scene), P (Participants), E
(Ends), A (Act Sequence), K (Key); I (Instrumentalities), N (Norms), and G
(Genre).
This study will use data from the major characters' statements in the film The
Maze Runner. Then, the writer will explain the communicative competence by
using the theory of Hymes (1972) and the ethnography of SPEAKING using the
theory of Hymes (1974). After analyzing the data, the writer will draw
conclusions about the components of "SPEAKING" in the main characters of the
movie.
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 Ethnography of Hymes Theory of
Communication Communicative
Competence

Hymes theory of Hymes’

Ethnography of SPEAKING
Communication elements

H. Research Method
1. Type of Research
A descriptive qualitative method was used by the researcher. This research
technique is a comprehension inquiry procedure based on a separate methodical
style of inquiry that investigated a sociological or human issue (Creswell on
Herdiansyah, 2010:8). The writer used this methodology because descriptive
qualitative research uses no statistical analysis and the collets data through
observation and then use theory to explain the data. (fauziati, 2016:162).
2. Object of Research
The ethnography of communication employed by the major characters in the
Maze Runner film is the primary focus of the study.
3. Data and Data Source
This study’s data sources are locational and substantial. Locational data is
the direct item of the study and substantial is the content material of the analyzed
data. Its locational information is The Maze Runner movie and its substantial
data is utterances that denote Hymes SPEAKING factors.
4. Method/Technique of Collecting Data
To get the data, the writer utilized the following methods of collecting.
a. Observation
The writer applied the non-participant observational method because the
writer is not a direct participant in collecting data. According to Sudaryanto
(1993), the non-participant observational technique (SBLC), refers to the
writer not participating or engaging in conversation during observation. The
application of this method is realized through downloading technique and
note taking technique.
b. Recording
15
 The Maze Runner recordings are used by the writer to acquire
comprehensive data. Then, the researcher denotes all speech events that take
place in all plies and places.
5. Data Validity
In this research, the analyst used triangulation to acquire quantifiable
information through observation and recording in order to re-evaluate the data's
validity. After collecting notes on the speech occurrences, the researcher double-
checks the data out from the recordings. To summarize, data triangulation has
been the most effective strategy for ensuring that a hypothesis is evaluated using
many methods, increasing the possibility that negative instances will be solved.
6. Method/Technique of Analyzing Data
After data collection, the next step is data analysis which is as follows:
a. Data Transcription
The data acquired from the Maze Runner movie recordings are
transcribed using a phonemic system as used in sociolinguistics.
b. Data Classification
The next step is to sort it out with the intention to facilitate the data
analysis process. Then classify the data according to the order of the
problems and research objectives.
c. Data Analysis
After all the above processes are carried out, the next strategy is data
analysis. First, the writer identifies the utterances or conversations which
then associated with the SPEAKING components initiated by Hymes (1972).
In data analysis, the data is narrated with stages such as reviewing the data,
giving opinions, as well as interpreting the data equipped with expert
opinions.
I. Research Paper Organization
It will be organized into five chapters as follows:

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
B. Limitation of the Study
C. Problem Statement
D. Objective of the Study

16
 E. Benefit of the Study
CHAPTER II: UNDERLYING THEORY
A. Theoretical Review
1. Ethnography of Communication
2. Communicative Competence
3. Hymes’ SPEAKING Grid
4. The Maze Runner Movie
B. Theoretical Framework
C. Previous Study
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHOD
A. Type of Research
B. Object of Research
C. Data and Data Source
D. Method/T of Collecting Data
E. Data Validity
F. Method/T of Data Analysis
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDING AND DISCUSSION
A. Research Finding.
1. Aspects of Communicative Competence
2. Elements of Ethnography “SPEAKING”
B. Discussion
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion
B. Suggestion
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Fauziati, E. (2016). Applied Linguistics: Principles of Foreign Language Teaching,
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Herman, Sinurat, B., & Sitio, T. I. (2019). Ethnography of Communication Analysis in
17
 the Short Story of Romeo and Juliet. Education Journal, 41-50.
doi:10.31058/j.edu.2019.23002
Marlianingsih , N. (2018). Communicative Practices in Mata Najwa "Bara Jelang 2019"
(Ethnography of Communication Study). International Journal of English
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Saville-Troike, M. (2003). The Ethnography of Communication: An Introduction, Third
Edition. Malden, Mass: Blackwell Publishing. doi:10.1002/9780470758373.ch1
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