DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.

Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING

PROGRAM

Instructional Module in
NSTP-CWTS 2
Civic Welfare and
Training Service 2

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Student’s Name

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Course & Section

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Department

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Complete Address

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Contact Number & Email Address
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Civic Welfare Training Service Program 2

Introduction

The Civic Welfare Training Service Program (CWTSP) is a program

component of the National Service Training Program (NSTP) under the Republic Act
9163 known as the National Service Training Program Act of 2001 which refers to
"programs of activities contributory to the general welfare and betterment of life for
the members of the community or the enhancement of its facilities, especially those
devoted to improving health, education, environment, entrepreneurship, safety,
recreation and moral of the citizenry (Section 3, d)."

The Civic Welfare Training Service Program II (CWTSP II) is a second

semester course which consists of projects and activities designed to encourage the
students to contribute in the improvement of the general welfare and the quality of
life for the local community and its various institutional components, more
particularly in terms of "improving health, education, environment,
entrepreneurship, safety, recreation and moral of the citizenry (Section 3, d.)." It
includes lectures, community immersions/exposures and civic community project/s
implementation. The students are given the opportunity to do actual
civic/community service under the supervision of the teacher- facilitator. Through
the different projects planned, implemented and evaluated by the students
themselves, they are expected to become civic/community minded and socially
responsible.

DCCP- Laoag City recognizes a fertile ground and a greater manpower for
civic/community service involvement in the CWTSP. It is therefore the goal of
DCCPian through the CWTSP to form the students to become civic/community
conscious, responsive and be involved in civic welfare activities.
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Module 1
Concepts of Community

Introduction

A community is a social unit (a group of living things) with commonality

such as norms, religion, values, customs, or identity. Communities may share a
sense of place situated in a given geographical area (e.g. a country, village, town,
or neighbourhood) or in virtual space through communication platforms. Durable
relations that extend beyond immediate genealogical ties also define a sense of
community, important to their identity, practice, and roles in social institutions such
as family, home, work, government, society, or humanity at large. Although
communities are usually small relative to personal social ties, "community" may
also refer to large group affiliations such as national communities, international
communities, and virtual communities.
The English-language word "community" derives from the Old
French comuneté (currently "Communauté"), which comes from
the Latin communitas "community", "public spirit" (from Latin communis,
"common").
Human communities may have intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs,
and risks in common, affecting the identity of the participants and their degree of
cohesiveness.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the module, the learners must have:

1. Understood the concept of community
2. Understood the concept of migration

Discussion

There are many ways to think about community. We will explore four of the most
relevant, each of which provides different insights into the process of community
engagement.

Systems Perspective

From a systems perspective, a community is similar to a living creature,

comprising different parts that represent specialized functions, activities, or
interests, each operating within specific boundaries to meet community needs. For
example, schools focus on education, the transportation sector focuses on moving
people and products, economic entities focus on enterprise and employment, faith
organizations focus on the spiritual and physical well-being of people, and health
care agencies focus on the prevention and treatment of diseases and injuries
(Henry, 2011). For the community to function well, each part has to effectively
carry out its role in relation to the whole organism. A healthy community has well-

connected, interdependent sectors that share responsibility for recognizing and

resolving problems and enhancing its well-being. Successfully addressing a
community’s complex problems requires integration, collaboration, and coordination
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

of resources from all parts (Thompson et al., 1990). From a systems perspective,
then, collaboration is a logical approach to health improvement.

Social Perspective

A community can also be defined by describing the social and political

networks that link individuals, community organizations, and leaders.
Understanding these networks is critical to planning efforts in engagement. For
example, tracing social ties among individuals may help engagement leaders to
identify a community’s leadership, understand its behavior patterns, identify its
high-risk groups, and strengthen its networks (Minkler et al., 1997).

Virtual Perspective

Some communities map onto geographically defined areas, but today,

individuals rely more and more on computer-mediated communications to access
information, meet people, and make decisions that affect their lives (Kozinets,
2002). Examples of computer-mediated forms of communication include email,
instant or text messaging, e-chat rooms, and social networking sites such as
Facebook, YouTube, and Twitter (Flavian et al., 2005). Social groups or groups with
a common interest that interact in an organized fashion on the Internet are
considered “virtual communities” (Rheingold, 2000; Ridings et al., 2002). Without
question, these virtual communities are potential partners for community-engaged
health promotion and research.

Individual Perspective

Individuals have their own sense of community membership that is beyond

the definitions of community applied by researchers and engagement leaders.
Moreover, they may have a sense of belonging to more than one community. In
addition, their sense of membership can change over time and may affect their
participation in community activities (Minkler et al., 2004).

The philosopher and psychologist William James shed light on this issue in his
writings. James thought it important to consider two perspectives on identity: the
“I,” or how a person thinks about himself or herself, and the “me,” or how others
see and think about that person. Sometimes these two views agree and result in a
shared sense of an identity, but other times they do not. People should not make
assumptions about identity based on appearance, language, or cultural origin; nor
should they make assumptions about an individual’s perspective based on his or her
identity (James, 1890). Today, the multiple communities that might be relevant for
any individual — including families, workplace, and social, religious, and political
associations — suggest that individuals are thinking about themselves in more
complex ways than was the norm in years past.
The eligibility criteria that scientists, policy makers, and others develop for
social programs and research projects reflect one way that people perceive a group
of proposed participants, but how much those criteria reflect the participants’ actual
view of themselves is uncertain. Practitioners of community engagement need to
learn how individuals understand their identity and connections, enter into
relationships, and form communities.
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Community
According to Arlien Johnson, a noted community development specialist, a
community is a collective of people with similar interests and goals whether living
in the same geographic locality or not.

“A COMMUNITY is a place where people: Work, Play and Live”

Types of Community

Three types of communities are:

 Urban - a large community with many people and large buildings, a city
 Suburb - a medium-sized community near a large city, houses are close
together, you may see parks and malls

 Rural - a community where houses are far apart, there are a smaller
number of people, and you may see farms and forests
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Rural Culture Urban Culture

• Formal belief system • Urban culture is described to be
• Animistic belief usually as large, with people
• Fiestas engaged in varied occupations

Types of community by the purpose that brings them together.

1. Interest. Communities of people who share the same interest or passion.
2. Action. Communities of people trying to bring about change.
3. Place. Communities of people brought together by geographic boundaries.
4. Practice. Communities of people in the same profession or undertake the
same activities.
5. Circumstance. Communities of people brought together by external
events/situations.

A Community can be Geographical and Functional

Geographical community is defined in the purview of group of persons
living in the same geographical location like a certain village, town, district, area or
territory.

Functional community is defined as the aggregate of people though not

necessarily based on living in the same geographical location, is bounded by a
common end such as fighting for the same cause, having the same interests and
goals.

Elements of a Community
The important elements are the following:

1. Demographics – includes population distribution and density

2. History – events of the past that contributed to the development of the
community
3. Culture – ways of living of the people
4. Economy – income level and occupation of people
5. Structures – physical, political and social structures in the community

Rural-Urban Migration
Rural-urban migration is both a socioeconomic phenomenon and a spatial
process involving the movement of people from rural areas into cities, either
permanently or semipermanently.
At present, it occurs mainly in developing countries as they undergo rapid
urbanization. Job opportunities created by industrialization attract the surplus rural
labor to the cities to seek higher salaries through employment in the industrial
sector.
Rural-urban migration is widely considered an inevitable component of the
development process, though it has a broad range of consequences and
implications (https://www.slideshare.net/davidgeo3eso/rural-urban-migration-
40483719).

PUSH FACTORS
Push factor is something that can force or encourage people to move away
from an area. They are the bad conditions that drive people out of their homes.
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Push factors may also include famine (as in Ethiopia in the 1980s), drought,
flooding (as in Bangladesh, were people are becoming climate change refugees and
having to move to Dhaka), lack of employment opportunities, population growth
and over population, and civil war (as in Darfur at the moment).

PULL FACTORS
• Pull factors may also include the ff.:
- chance of a better job
- better access to education and services
- higher standard of living
• Pull factor encourages people to move to an area. They are the good
conditions that attract people to come to live in that area.
• These factors have contributed to millions of people in LEDCs moving to cities
in LEDCs, creating mass URBANIZATION.

Why Migration happen in a community?

• Migration is often a rational and dynamic effort to seek new opportunities in
life
• Movement is economically motivated due to lack of employment, livelihood
and economic opportunities in their locality
• Education as a critical factor in migration decision (mismatch with
educational attainment and available economic activities in the area of origin
pushes migrants to the cities)
• Perceived availability of better income and opportunities in the city (i.e. as
illustrated in media or conveyed by people who have been in the city)
• Migration decisions are facilitated by existing social support and network in
the destination area
• Individuals decide to move when they have relatives or friends in the
area of destination
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

• Successful migrants then invite and support their family or friends to

the city
• Political factors
• Population transfer agreement between LGUs (e.g. relocation or
human settlement sites some institutional conditions)
• Some LGUs prefer influx of migrants to their cities to increase market
and labor force for their economic activities

Other expressed reasons for migration

• Some people moved because of marital arrangements
• Internally displaced due to environmental disasters (e.g. typhoon Yolanda)
and armed conflicts
• Older migrants return to the rural area due to:
• Failure of achieving migration objectives and expectations
• High cost of living in the city
• Retirement
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Assessment

Name
Course and Section

What does community mean to you?

Discuss by describing your community in a 2 or 3 paragraph (culture, family,

tradition, ways of life, everything).

Why people are moving out of your community? Enumerate the push and pull
factors why are they moving out?
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Enrichment Activity/ies

Name
Course and Section

Activity 1. Collages are a tremendous way to enjoy your most-loved photos and
present a bigger picture of some memorable event. Put and describe the Photo
Collage of your Community here
 DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte

Enrichment Activity/ies

Name
Course and Section

Activity 2. Using any art materials, make an ideal community. Be creative.

DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte
DATA CENTER COLLEGE OF THE PHILIPPINES, INC.
Laoag City, Ilocos Norte