Anirban Civil Govt. (AE) Job Preparation Environmental Engineering ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Anirban Academy House: 519/A, Road: 01, Dhanmondi, Dhaka-1205 E-mail: team.anirban.ce@gmail.com, Mobile: 01710099355 Page 343 of 536ind atmospheric pollution. Furthermore it is concerned with engineering the field of public health, such as control of diseases, the elimination of industri al hazards, and the provision of adequate sanitation in urban, rural and recreation ar S, the effect of technological advances in the environment”, ___ Importance of Environmental Engincering: protection of the environment as well as the he: represents three ways environmental eni word. Environmental engineers are essential to the ath and safety of humankind, The fol gineering works to serve humanity and protec Water Is Life: Water is essential to our existence, for drinking, for sustaining wildlife and for supporting the ec that water supplies are clean from contaminants, for people and farms, for eating, for watering ‘osystem. Environmental engineers hel + protected from pollution and readily avail Creating Sanitation: In order to help keep people safe from diseases, effectively. This requires environmental engineers to determine how Properly handle waste at treatment and away from clean water ‘sources. waste must b to reduce wa gray water processing facilities and how to Reduce Air pollution: Environmental engineers pay a key role in managit Working to reduce the dangerous chemicals and gasses that are produced with in and manufacturing. Limiting greenhouse gasses and reducing further dam: change is also an area of focus. 1 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355: 4 Page 344 of 536Water Quantity Estimation atity Estimation: The quantity of water re quired for i r Paoply scheme has tobe Gaal gney eat municipal uses for which s following data: |, Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in liters ulation to be served. perce beady years. The average per capita water of 3. Population growth rate 2% and FP +r)" 1-w _ 3x50 x500x(1+0.02)5 1-02 L = 1035076 —— day mn = 103.5076 7 (Ans) population of a city was 124000 in the 1960s and 156000 in the 1970s. (a) - annual rate of increase (b) what will be the probable population in the 1980s. [Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 0171009355. Page 345 of 536156000 (1 + 0.0232)" = 196214 (Ans) Problem: The population of the town was 180000 in 1980 and 220000 in the 19: will be the population in 2005s? Solution: R=R (tr => 220000 = 180000 (1 +r)" = (ltr) =122 > r= 002 (r = Paoos = Fp (1 +r)" > Pooos = 220000 x (1 + 0.02)" = 297268 (Ans) Problem: Predict the population for the years 1981, 1991, 1994 from the foll figures of a town. Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 Population (Thousands) | © | 6 | 6 | 2 | a 3 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation, Contact 01710099355, Page 346 of 536pato* phat” 1066 geometric Progression Method: average pereentage increased per decades = 10,66 Lyn PAF Fo0 hs n= 1981-1971 =l0y = 1 decade E ion for 1981 = Populati Lyn ‘= Population for opulation 1971 x (1+ <0) = 120 x (1 + 10.66/100), i= 10.66,n=1 = 120 x 110.66/ 100 = 132.8 thousands (Ans) n=1991- 1971 =20y =2decades lation for 1991 = Population 1971 x (1+ >)" = 120 x (1 + 10.66/100)?, i = 10.66,n =2 F120 x 1.2245 = 146.95 thousands (Ans) 1994~1991 =3 M= 1994-197) =By =23 decades tion for 1994 = Population 1971 x (1+ 95)" = 120 x (1 + 10.66/100)?3, i = 10.66,.n = 2 4 Anitban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 347 of 536= 120 x 1.2623 = 151.48 thousands (Ans) Question: Write down the factors affecting per capita demand, (BUET MSc. ~2017) _ “Answer: Factors affecting per capita water demand are as follows: . Size of the city . Number of inhabitants . Characteristics of the people |. Climate condition 5. Nature of supply . Pressure of water . Quality of water . Sewerage facility ). Commerce and industries 10. Water cost and metering 11. Availability of private supply 12. Effecting of the management Ser AVewneWater Distribution Systems ‘of Water Supply System ‘e Supply water in an adequate quantity to drink. ‘e Supply safe and wholesome water to the consumers. ‘e Make water easily available to the consumers, ‘show the diagram of the Water Supply System. (35 BCS, BPDB - 2018, 2017, DESCO-2019, BIFPCL-2021) \ f i. i Soy | [Cotesia men ee layouts of roads. There are, in general, four different types of pipe networks; any hich either singly or in combinations, can be used for a particular place. They are: 1d End System Iron System System al System Dead End System... “It is suitable for old towns and cities haying no. definite pattern of roads. Dead End or Tree System Cut off Valves. “Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 3490536Grid Iron System. “It is suitable for cities with rectangular layout, where the water mains and branches are laid in rectangles. Sub Mains ‘ut off Valves Advantage: Water can be supplied to any point from at least two directions. Ring System : Main Pipe : Branch ‘Sub Mains ¢ 2 Cut off Valves Radial System = Bisubuion © Risrbane Advantages: lt gives quick service, *Calculation of pipe sizes is easy. 7 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 350 of 536 = 60m, r= x103= 0, D-d=3 >d=40-3=37m pe nxn egy k= ~Gomary a Ips = 092 FP (Ans) soil in the water bearing stratum is 0.30 mm. 20% and the comresponding coefficient of permeability is 1260 gpd/sh. The is assumed to be 1000 ft. What is the probable state of discharge of the Solution: Given,2.3416 1260 x (1002~ 902) 1036 (2 = 187481653 gpd 187481653 = SE x Ep _ JPM = 1301.96 gpm ~ 1300 gpm two similar wells drawing water from the same aquifer situated at wells apart, their rate ge shall be Ww = spring of two wells what rate could water be pumped from two wells 24 inch diameter each, static ter, 200 ft and drawdown 30ft. if both wells are being pumped together at a distance ssume k = 0.099 7, R= 1025 ft D=200ft, r = 2 =12inch=1ft, d=200-30= Page 355 of 536Rainwater Estimation Rainwater Availability: The available rainwater can be estimated by ~ Q=CIA Where, , m @ = total quantity of rainwater, C= Coefficient of runoff m I= Intensity of rainfall, A= Catchment Area,m? Catchment Area: = @e A= 0365 © = 0.203 qn Where, A= Minimum Catchment Area 4 = Supplied water, iped ( per capita water consumption) N = Number of people € = Coefficient of runoff = 0.75 1 = Intensity of rainfall = = Storage Tant Volume of storage rainwater tank, v = 0365 fan = 0.146 qn Where, Ff = fraction of total available rainwater required to be store 13 | Anirban Govt Job Preparation, Contact 01710099355, Page 356 of 53.time of concentration in minutes F = factor of proportionality = 58.5 when A in km? = 99,7 when A in hectares 1 = Mainstream length km A= Catchment Area S= Mainstream stope (7) F =a factor of proportionality .278 when A in km? and | in — Sec = 0.00278 when A in hectares and I in m = 1when A inm? and I in — sec C = coef ficient of Runoff = Rainfall intensity A= Area of catchment \m? in the central region alculate the rai ‘ aroof area of 20: leulate the rainwater for a family having eae ‘sh, where rainfall intensity is 2.0m per year. Assume a runo|=30 7 (Ans Q=ciA =0.75 x2 x20=305- (ns) ] i is 24 = and the runoff coeffic Problem: The average rainfall intensity in Bangladesh is 2.4 >> and the runoff coefficient 0.70. Cateutate the minimum catchment area required for a family of 7 persons to be supp 70, Cateul with 15 Iped of water. (BPDB - 16) q= 1S ped 0.70 x2.4 = 228m? (Ans) Problem: The surface of a country of which the land use pattem is classified as follows: 25% of area consists of roof (C=0.80) (i) 25% of area is paved (C = 0.85) (iii) 15% of area is macadamized road (C = 0.32) (iv) 10% of area is gravel road (C = 0.20) (¥) 20% of area is unpaved streets (C = .15) ‘The rest ofthe area is occupied by laws and gardens for which the value of C is 0.2 the value of C for the entire district. Solution: C for entire district = ARG+ BX CRACK C+D X Cy +E ¥ Cpe FXG, A+B+C+D+E4F 15 J Anirban Govt.Job Preparation, Contact 01710099355. Page 358 of 536 bee oe.of the storage tank for il a family et linens is 2.5 ms app he 40% ofthe inwater must be stored fee en il ‘ored for uninterrupted water 7 calculate the minimum catchment area required when the ‘ = 16.69m? (Ans) ‘problem: Calculate the per capita water available and the capacity of the storage tank required. rea fanily of 6 persons having a roof area of 20 m? witha runoff coefficient of 08. The family ina part of Bangladesh having a yearly rainfall of 2.5m. The distribution demands 240% requirement for fall utilization of rainwater. Solution: Available rainwater, Q = CIA > Q = 08x25 x 20 = 40 40x1000 ilable rainwater per capita per day = “Ea G5 = 18.26 Iped (Ans) 0 city of storage tank = 40 x => = 16m? (Ans)Pump Design Horsepower Required: 1H fey ae 1) Water horsepower (WHP)= 7; Hg +E H+m 3 Me , ~ 273 5 QH = Sonn’ m, H — ft 3960°2 7 oP" ft WwHP 2) Shaft/ Brake Horse Power (BHP)= —— Where, Q = Discharge limt H = total <7 of the pump Problem: Design a suitable set of pumping units to deliver 450000 gph from an intake well the river bank to the treatment plant. Total length of the rising main from the intake well to treatment plant is 800 ft and the static head is 60 ft. Design also the com iron main, Given efficiency = 70%, velocity of water = 12 fps, friction factor = 0.0075 Solution: Q = S20 = 7500 gpm in 0 = 450000 fe Again. = ex 74g = 16.71 = 2 $a = 1.39 fe ra 3g? =139 = d= 133 ft = 16 inch Head loss due to friction, hy = “WY _ 4x0.0075xB00x12? 29d axazaxiss 40 2 122 292x322 Velocity head, hy = 24 Ft Now, Total head = hy + hy +h, = 604.40 +2.24 = 102.24F¢ 17 | Anirban Govt. job Preparation, Contact: 01710099355, Page 360 of 536sopplied fom 20 impound: : ast iron main is eds aye spe tailes to 2 service seserwoir near v ie tie ss lead sas ieartaion cpa ene cast ron pipe w eon 2x322x300 afl 4x01 e 7 = 4.06 [1 mile = 5280, 2 eee ie arte OE wd 5 16 x (657.5)? @ = ae mw? x 4.06 d=1115 ft ~i2ft (Ans) iter from an intake well 10 the nig 120 ft and that of raising Velocity of flow = 6 fps, ; al a pumping unit capable of lighting 5 med of wa! ae against a static head of 60 ft. Length of suction mail #00 ft. The pump will work in two shift of eight hours each. tflcieney = 75%, Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 361 of 536120 = s20ft Tength, 1 = 400-4 Solution: Here, Total 5x 108 x10 f ry ees Q=Smgd = hrs Total pumping time = 8 x 2 = 1677, 660x108 _ we We know, Pumping capacity= SSO = 41778 7 fee = 11.60 = S7ft = 19 inch = Gd = 1934 sd= [-— 2 jy = fle? _ 40.01 x 520 x 6 =7aft 0 29d 2x 322x157 2 v =57 = 056ft 3g = O56 Total head= hs + hy + hy = 60 +7..4 + 0.56 = 67.96ft sx1o® Again, Q = 222° ~ 5208 gpm QH _ 5208 x 67.96 WHP 3060 = 3560 = 894 WHP 894 89 BHP =——= O75 = 119.2 (Ans) Problem: Design the transmission main and the pumping unit from the following Water supply rate = 40 gped, population = 85,000, ground velocity through. Pumping time = 10 hrs/day, Total length of pipe = 3500 ft, function factor 65%, Ground R. L= atthe pump house = 102.5 ft. Treatment Plant R. L= Solution; Total water required= (49 x 85000) = 3400000 gpa 19 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation” Contact: 01710099355, Page 362 of 53g= 300000 TAR = 455 x 10% hrs 21055 ag time = 1° day pum ate = = 455 x 108 pi 3 = 12,63 5 ste 4x0.10%3000%02 _ = "yazan 6ft h Vase OF 25 Tx agaa = 09938ft Total head, H = hy + hy + hy = 90.50 + 98 + 0.9938 ~ 189 ft = 3400000 coy “10x60 — ae _QH _ 5667 x 1.89 wae = S960 erascO mee ue 0S pup = WEP _ 2705 _ 41631 (Ans) & 0.65 ‘A pump lifts 95000 liters of water per hour against a total head of 23m. Ifthe pump ciency of 75%, compute the horse power shaft horse power. ban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 91710099355. Page 363 of 536Q = 95000 lit = 26.39 — s H=23m E = 75% = 0.75 4 =f Solution: WHP = S% _ 2639%23 ~ 76 =7.98 WHP SHP a Er = 10.64 (Ans)3 Water Onality Paraiietory Two tine ob Heated Geated Te tidy seal WA Ueattog tl fii alias clustead ata ehenities is toi P pgyates a Wl ce taunt thse Mba fothatitetich OE Watch ak Head UP eated coyseat Chad tebe tides ayons WUE quel! 4, Physical gla jrataiiveliet = Vetiyenatiins, Chali Taebtlitey Gusti Heat 4, ent ality potaieler = Vital elite, Tatahiows, Chlietiig, BE gals, . Aiuin, Ateotiteg Lovie, Claggaot adel lieattti be: 4, Aiokwygteal ually poakamtetet = OL) Cittiiintitteatl Ge pont Metitiell E = CUB (Chetiteal Wich pent denial) 4, Bactetiobyjtical qutalily jyanaiietey TOU (ivetet ia Cath, Pethet elit Cathy = THOL CT Nett etteall sey Meine py p isn tent taser te exfiiess the Hatenstiy GP tet anil athe tine eel ih Ft atta pis sto HH) Soitveet Cup, Cody) Cosi Most Natal Waler Slandardl: 6.5 ~ 8.3 (1d), WHO) jee: PY is inypottant Rab evalu, Uistittettons water setteniing abl Cette Signi - Contiol. Dissolved niatler eatise Hite colon” Sontee: Colured orate stibstaiiees Blandlardl: 13 PL Cu. nit or Hazen anit, (8th, WHO) Sigtatinee: Not accepied dite tu destlvetie tease VE AN expressivit uF vertiltt Hipht scatter cane Vel abut titi prapenty: af water - Buttes Sugpenided vlay, sift, finely livieted! onaite aie int gatitte nets Siantavds 1 NTU (ad), 5 NTO WHO) - Blynatines Gliectionabe tw eonitners, eis the sw Ah ab tetSource: Inorganic, salts, organic matters. Standard: 1,000 mg/l (Bd) —900 ™, poor 9 4 Good 300 — —600 34, Fair 600 Poor 900 Excellent < 300 1200 Peirce > 120074 Corrosion, Irrigation problem, Laxative and Re Significance: Taste, Hardness, effect on health. Alkalinity: The alkalinity of water is a measure of ts capacity to neutralize acids. Source: Salts of weak acid and strong base. Significance: Excessive or insufficient alkalinity interferes with water trea (coagulation). Hardness: Hardness is that property of water that requires a considerable amount of soap to produce foam, Source: Multivalent metallic cautions Ca**, Mg**, Na** Standard: 200 — 500 ae as CaCo3 (Bd), 500 re (WHO) Significance: - produce scale to hot water pipe ~ Staining of containers - TC ~ Ferment lactose in culture @ 30% including E. Coli > FC Ferment lactose in culture @ 45.5%. Source: Normally inhabits the intestinal tract of man/others warm blooded ani exerted in large numbers with the faces. Standarg; Toomi Significance: Water bome discharge, 23 { Anirban Govt. job Preparation. Contack 01710099365 Page 366 of 536water Standard pt Mse ~ 2013, 2017, GTCL, PGCB, PDB, BWDB (Several years), TITAS.2018 B20!) y Bangladesh Water Quality Parameter “nina WHO Gulde Line 7) “Arsene 0.05 dor BOD 5 Days, 20°C 02 = __ [Boron 0.005 0.003 - [Caleium B os Chioride 150-600 = Ghiorine (Residual) 02 CoD 7 : [Colour 15 Hazen, : - | Copper 1 2 DO 6 = | Blecric Conductivity Sas - Forde Mt 13 | Hardness as CaCO3 200-500 = on 03-10 7 odorless : 6585 wo : 10 - 20-30C TONTU © 3 - R-The Environment Conservation Rules (ELBL-2022) irban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 91710099355. Page 367 of 536Maths related to P™ Problem: prove that, P" + POH = 14 Proof: we know, H20 = Ht + OH- at 25°C, ky = HHO 30-4 and (H,0] = 1 = = [H*)[0H-] = 10-* > log [it*] + log [OH] = tog 10-* = —log [H*] — log [0H7] =-log 10-* =P" + Po = 14 (Proved) Problem: If a water sample after analysis found as H* ions concentration of 10-85 mole Comments about the alkalinity of water or acidity of water? If OH™ is 107° find P Solution: 2 PH = —tog (H*) = —log (10-85) = 85 (alkaline) Again P°” = —1og (OH~) log (10-5) = 9.5 = 14-95-45 (acide) (Ans) Problem: Calculate the OH- containing x 10-20 te p+ Goncentration in grams of OH- per liter, of 3 Solution: {OH -][H +] = 19-4 {oH ~] = 10-14 = yq-10 _ 10-4 mele MW of (OH |= 1641 = 17-2 25 | Anirban Govt. job Preparation: Contact: 01710099355, Page 368 of 536x10 = poise (ns) 2 = 40+ (1641) x2 22ca(oH) contain 2m O11- WF ieee z e e scal0ie contain = mole OH- =7%4 = 0.027 mole OH- jou] = 0027 M pte — log log [OH~] = 1.57 phe l4— 1.57 = 12.43 (Ans) sem: Determine P", when [OH~] = 2 x 10-32 em: Determine (OH-] = 2x 10° 2 (pPDC-2014) [#+]0H -] = 10-* [4] = 10-4 +2 x 10-5 = 5x 10-10 PH = — log [H*] = —log [5 x 10-*°] = 9.30 (Ans) Total Hardness and Alkalinity Maths e Hardness: Carbonate hardness (CH) associated with the anions HCO nate Hardness: Non-carbonate hardness (NCG) associated with other anions and HCO . 7 Itis a measure of buffering capacity of water and is define as the quality of ions twill react to neutralize the H* ions. Hal Alkalinity = HCO; + CO3” + OH” +H* 3 2+ ardness (TH) = Cone. Of Ca®* + Cone. of Mg?* + Conc.of Sr 355. | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099:a ‘miltieg me 2+, Express its Problem: A sample of groundwater has 100 of Ca**and 10 1 of Mg?*. Expres s ee, ng hardness in units of “4 and "2 as caco,. Solution: TH = Cone. of Ca?* + Conc.of Mg?* Conc.of ca*™2 — concof Mg?+™2. pate ti len IES Ye Bw of carmen” Bwof mg BE Again, TH = Conc. of Ca**+ + Conc.of Mg?* (cmscnye cach) —_,- x 5022 Ew of Cat*e Ew of moe re Meq 100 | 10) = GP+8) xs0ascaco, = 290 “ as CaCO (Ans) Problem: A sample of water at P* 10 has 32m of CO3- and 56 me of Find the total alkalinity as Caco. 3 Solution: P#? = —log [H*] = [H+] = 19-10 moles = 19-10 es 5 1 ‘mole 27 | Anirban Govt. job Preparation, Contact 01710099355, Page 370 of 536= 10729 = 49 01087 = 19-7 ]x10H = 107 = [0H] = 10° moles ay 7 = 10-1 MM 7 0 i mote = 17% 10-* me WwW me -~ salinity = HCOx + CO37 + OH-+H* mo 2-m ; ol NO _ Conc.of COF ie z Conc.of OH~ Conc.of H+ ™2 aS i ar conc.of H* 7 a( sot COs tea Of COS Freq Bw Of OM worn t) 2 as CaCOs Oe {= =| ppazeiexs * 4 16xs 1 a = 104 ™! = 104 77 as Cac05 (Ans) vroplem: The Ca extent of a water sample is 26 mg/L. What is the Ca hardness asCaC05. - problet auton: Ca hardness = 35% 50 = 65 Mas CaC0s (Ans) ‘Problem: The sample of water contains 24 me magnesium. Express the Mg hardness as sution: Mg hardness = 24x 50 = 100 ora as CaCO, (Ans) : ion (2) (BUET ‘An analysis of a sample of water found the following concentration (2) (BU! sions ht 037 = 201 nee HCO; = 165 Natt = 72 | cs ‘Non-Carbonate hardnesS ‘Total alkalinity a8 Calculate the total hardness, Carbonate hardness,Solution: 1. TH =Conc.of Ca?* + Conc. of Mg?* concop ca*™2 concof er) x50 2 as cacy fay (comeeicaay ae pe = (prop caret * aw ol ta es ™ =(Rt +3)x 50= 3252s cacos 20 © 12) 2. CH = Conc.of HCOs + Conc.CO}~ ye) Conc.of cof fr)» 50 22 as aco, Ew of COR Fer 165 0 mg = \ Teas texs rele +29 aca, T z 3. TH=CH+NCH = NCH = TH — CH = 325 — 135.24 = 189.76 as CaCO; 4, TA = HCO; + CO + OH- + Ht 135.24+0+0+0 = 135.242 as Caco; 5. TDS = Sum ofall cations and anions = 80 +30 +72 +6 + 100 +201 + 165 = 654 ™ (Ans) total dissolved solids. TDS = TS — TSS ‘TSS: The material which retains by the filter is the total suspended solids. 29 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 372 of 536Cations Kte7 a2 Mas caC03 => Bx 50 = 1002 a 2+ as CaCO; = 12 x 50 = 41.6702 [cane of Ma cone. of na? 2 os Calo; == x50 = 22x78 Iga. of K* 2 as CaCO, = 2x 50 = 8.972 (me. of CI“? as CaCO, exh0= 5.4972 lune of S032 as CaCOs = sastace 50 = 702 fas CaCOs = TEs x50 = 90.16% (Cone. of HCOS cations = 5 Anions => 100 + 41.67 + 2.2x + 8.97 = 15.49 + 70 + 90.16 m 2x=11479 as Caco, (Ans) TH = Conc. of Ca?* + Conc.of Mg?* = 141.67 mg/las CaCO; CH = Conc.of HCOz + Conc. CO} = 90.16 + 0 = 90.16 mg/Las CaCO; NCH =TH — CH = 51.51 mg/l as CaCO; (Ans) 40 Anirban Govt, Job Preparation. contacts 1710099355: E pana 373 of 536Wie: and why? (BEPZ42016, 2 D ope is greater 2 ses, DESCO-2019, PGCB-2020, BIFPCL2821. DNC. Oxygen Demand (COD): ‘The amount of oxygen required'by a strong chemical oxidation agent to owidize 1 mmatter in acid condition is known as COD. Bd 57:0.4 “2 oO, met 5279 C5Hz206 + 02 K2Cr,0;,KNO, + CO, +H20+ Energy = 45+ Sree BOD of any water represents the biodegradable organic content only but COD covers tota organic content. That means, BOD is a fraction of COD. So, COD is greater than BOD. Question: Why is BOD calculated? > Determination of the size of waste treatment facilities > Measurement of the efficiency of some treatment processes. Question: What is nBOD? Answer: The amount of oxygen required to oxidize the nitrogenous matter of waste. called Nitrogenous BOD. Nils +202 + NOs +H,0 + H* Theoretical NBOD = $4 = Question: What isBOD;? Why is it required? BOD;: The amount of oxygen re condition for 5 days at 20°C temy quired by bacteria to oxidize the organic perature is calledBODs. 5 ays BOD is required because, ultimate O, demand is considerably hi 31 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation, Contact: 01710099355, Page 374 of 536BODs = [(DO)iniiat ~ (DO) nas] x DF yny does the BOD generally calculate after Sdays? jon ee 0 (Dissolved Oxygen) is maximum at Sdays, L me 195% decomposition at Sdays, 2 pacteral process happens within 5 days, ston: Figure ot 8 relation between BODs and strength of sewage. Meroe Strength of Sewage 5 day BOD in ppm or mg/L Strong sewage 450 to 550 Average sewage 350 Weak sewage 250 Standard litter effluent 20 Very good litter effluent 5t010 2 Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 375 of 536cterial growth. (BWDB-2016, RRI-2015, BUET Question: Draw the four phases of ba 2018) MSc-2013, 2018) er of viable bacterial cells are placed in a closed oe contain ere acl ea ly ina suitable environment, conditions are established in which rely eth takes place. However, growth of an organism does not go on. Mareieolier characteristics size is reached, the cell divides due to hereditary i , pees j imilar to as shown ij and internal limitations. The growth rate may follow a pattern si : figure. @ Blationary phase: @ Peath or (@ boa phas : decline phase: eponental 2 pateaunmmber 2 | incense thing bacterial exponential § | innumber cels; ae of ell decrease a =| ctiving Gisionand death numberof B | vactera roughly equal fvng acter e| cats cells E 3. £ & Lag phase: & Oo tunber of rg batter cls, Time Lag phase: The time required for bacteria to acclimate to their new environment. Log phase: - Maximum growth has occurred. - Rate of reproduction is exponential. Stationary Phase: The reproduction of new cellular materials is roughly offset by death endogenous respiration. Death phase: The production of new cells and biomass decreases exponentially and approaches zero asymptotically after a very long time, Question: Draw a typical flow diagram of Activated Sludge Process. Activated Sludge Process: municipal wastewater tre: ‘The most common suspended growth process used f ‘atment is the activated sludge process as shown in 33 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation, Contach 01710099355, Page 376 of 536Acsivaed sh cseton Wee ie raw waste ///—{— Bf scfpens ast ‘i aay, Pump Bg Digester avis sion: Draw a flow diagram of Conventional Activated Sludge Process. (PGCL — Air me r recycle { activated sludge waste activated to sludge treatment sludge and disposal Question: Define- Stabilization Pond. (32th BCS, DNCC-2022) ion Ponds: stabilization ponds are open flow through basins specially designed and tructed to treat sewage and biodegradable industrial wastes. They provide long : ‘ention periods extending from a few to several days. Systems, in which oxygen is provided through mechanical a Photosynthesis, are called aerated lagoons. ly loaded ponds used as a tertiary step in waste treatment for p aty effluents and removal of bacteria are called maturation ponds. ration rather than lishing of irban Govt. job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 377 of 536Pe stabilization pond, i bacteria in waste . stualism diagram of algae Question: Draw mu y Xe W Pa Shy es ee Gn (NEW CELLS SUNUGHT 1! ‘ Problem: Design an oxidation pond for treating séwage from a cool climate residential colo having a population about 5000. The contribution of sewage is at a rate of 120 Iped and BOD is 300 mg/L? L ‘Solution: Quantity of sewage treated= 5000 x 120 = 6 x 1° sS “BOD content = 30072 x 6 x ws kg L Bs 6 5 = 300x10°¢ Px 6x 10° = 180 ay Assume, organic loading = 300 kg/hector/day. + Surface area = 22° 0.6 ha = 600m? > Lx B = 6000[L = 23) => 2B x B= 6000 “B= 55m,L = 110m Assume depth=1.2 m + Capacity of pond = 110 x 55x12 = 7260m3 (Ans) 35 | Anirban Govt Job Preparation, Contace 01710099355. Page 378 of 536BOD Maths svat is the dilution factor if you add a 0.1 mL aliquot of a specimen to 9.9 mL of Ey pe? i x yot volume + diluent volume = (0.1+9.9) mL=10.0 mL align Vp _ 10.0 mi brat uM 100 pave diluted the sample by a factor of 100 nyin factor is often used as the denominator ofa fraction seeanple,a DF of 100 means a 1:100 dilution. roblem: A sample of wastewater has an ultimate BOD of 2802 and a 5 day BOD of 02, Calculate 20 day BOD of this sample. rtcalculate K using given data Ls = Lo(1— eS) 240 = 280(1 —e~**5) k =0.23d" Lyq = 280(1 — 072920) m ine 27782 irban Govt. job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 379 of 536days and its BOD was found to be 200; i for? was incubated for OD, assuming that the rate constant Problem: A sample of sewage f at s eaene of 20 degree C. Compute its 5 day Oia slution: pee (base ¢) pop = Lo(1 — e~**); K (base 10) = K F393 Substituting given values, then ultimate BOD will be: 200 =e = 5419 ppm bo = Gaq9-07) pp Thus, BODs = 541.9(1 — 10-5) = 370.53 ppm (Ans) ce Problem: If the BOD; is 165 Sy and k(base e) = 7 at 20°c temperature. Determi ultimate BOD. (BIFPCL-2015, BCIC-2016, RPGCL 2022) Solution: 3 BODs = Lo(1— et) Substituting given values, then ultimate BOD will be: Problem: BOD; of waste water is 822 and k(base e) = 2 Determine the ultimate BOD. (BWDB-2018, Combined Bank-2 2020)” Solution: BODs = Lo(1—e-*t) Substituting given values, then the ultimate BOD will be. Lo = = 122 Gens = 122 9 37 | Anirban Govt job Preparation. Contact O1TI0050055° Page 380 of 536sgemine the 5 day BOD for a 15 ml sample that is dituted with ; De the initial Di ion is 8! Aa of 300 ml when the initial DO concentration is 878 and afte dilution water toa 5 days, has been solu ‘nd, (BB-2021, PGCB-2021) eb 7 i— wo BOD; = (8 — 2) +20 = 120 mg/L fy from Rangwala: Fora 5 day B.O.D test, a sample of sewage was diluted with water with a dilution vw of 100. Ifthe contents of dissolved oxygen in the beginning and at the end of the test are sively 13 p_p.m and 8 p.p.m, calculate the Sday B.O.D. Remark on the nature of sewage. tion: 5 days B.0.D = loss of oxygen in p.p.m x dilution ratio = (13-8) x 100 =500p.p.m kesewoge is strong and it requires heavy treatment before disposal. .O.D of the unseeded sample of Given the following data, calculate the 5 day B. Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 91710099355- Page 381 of 536300) _ pitution ratio = (=) = 59 mi ey ‘. 5 day B.0.D = loss of oxygenin 7x dilution ratio n, = (9-5) x50 = 20072 “i 3, 4 Problem: Determine the ultimate B.O.D for a sewage having S day B.O.D 2t 20°C 25200 ppm. Assume Roo = 0.1 per day. Solution: Ls = L(1 — 107%) = L(1— 10-54) 200 = L(A — 0.3162) L = 292.50 p.p.mor = Problem: Determine 1 day B.O.D in the above problem. Solution: 1, = LQ — 107-8) Ly = 292.50(1 - 10-°*2) = 60.10 p.p.mor 7 Problem: A sample of sewage has 4 day 20°C B.0.D, value of 80% of the final. Fi rate constant per day. Solution: L4=L(.— 107%) bye -4R P= 1-10 L 10-4" =1-7=1-0.80=0.20 ~4Rlogy9 =log log 0.20 39 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 017100953557 Page 382 of 536~4R ~0.70 R= 0.175 per day “ind ont the rate constant ata temperature of350¢ yoo Fin Assume R=0.1 per day at we: Rr = Ryo(1.0477 — 29) Ras = 0.1(1,04735-20) = 0.2 per day publ: Fora domestic storage having S day B.O.D of 200 at 20°C caleulate the oat | and S days at12°C. Assume the rule of R as 0.18 oad at 20°C. solution: L, = LQ — 10-Ft) 200 = L(4 — 1972285) 1-228 mg/l Rr = Roo(1.0477-7) Ryz = 0.18(1.04712-20) Ryz = 0.125 per day Pattdaysat 12 degree temperature Ly = 228.8(1 — 10-4754) Ly = 57 mg/l PB#tS days at 12 degree temperature Mi te =10- 1078) Lg = 228.8(1 — 10-0125) Ls =175mg/l 7 i “irban Govt. job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355: Page 383 of 536Problem: ‘The analysis of an industrial waste indicates its ultimateB.0.D as 6007 with value of R as 0.15 per day at20°C. Calculate its Sday B.0.D. What would be its 5 day if the value of R dropped to 0.10 per day? ‘Solution: In the given problem, R=0.15 per day t= 60072 Now, L; = L(1—10-8") Ls = 600(1 — 10-15*5) Ls = 492 ™ Now, the value of R dropped to 0.10 per day. Ls = 600(1 — 10-0105) =H0 7 Problem: If 90% of B.O.D is satisfied in 5 days, calculate the rate constant R. Solut : Lp = L(1— 107") Ls = L(1— 10-**S) ok — 10758 0.90 = 1-10-58 10-88 = 0.1 = 10-1gol exerted Waste Water ina river at S599 = ~ BOD of. : day Of waste water j Poo jie total amount of BOD exerted in the river? a i, whet git | otal BOD = 550001000130 {4yq3 = 10002] = 7150000000 7 ko ps0 gy (Ans) an waste water of 5 =, is discharged into a river flow of 5o= ® The ultimate BOD asevier 620052 The river hasBOD of 3 72 phwast BOD Qm = BOD Qy + BODsQg 200x5+3x50 BOD, 50+5 20.9172 (4ns) {ioblem: IF treatment plant is treating the waste water to remove 70% BOD, what is the unt of BOD exerted now? (GTCL-16) {aation: 30% (Ans) Pe ee Contact: 01710099355: uirban Govt. Job Preparal Page 385 of 536ont 3. Water Treatment ayrite down te most common methods of water treatment. , er treatment: Be. ends of water on mentation with coagulation in ed jmentatio” ter sonenine arsenic removal eration : Act ated carbon application i * pisinfection mineralization | ection: Define- Sedimentation. What are the purposes of ‘Sedimentation? in fluid, such as dust and pollen or solutions of settle out of the fluid and come to rest against a forces, centrifugal acceleration or station: When particles suspended ecules like proteins and peptides, ‘This action is in response to gravitational of Sedimentation: > To remove coarse dispersed phase. To remove coagulated and flocculated impurities. To remove precipitated impurities after chemical treatment. stl the sludge (biomass) after activated sludge process/tsckling filters. iralizing charge on the particles colloidal suspensions. The coagtl cean be used as preli oe ize rocosses rocesses like fil treatment PICommon Coagulants: © Aluminium Sulphate Al(SO3)s.nH:0 fe Ferric Sulphate —_-Fes(SOs)3.9H:0 © Ferric Chloride FeCh.611:0 © Ferrous Sulphate FeSOs © Sodium Aluminate Naz0.AlOs Flocculation: Flocculation is stimulation by mechanical means to agglomerate destabil i agitation results particles into compact, fast settable particles (oF flocs). Flocculation or gentle agitation results from velocity differences ot gradients in the coagulated water, which causes the fine movi destabilized particles to come into contact and become large, readily settleable flocs. It is a common practice to provide an initial rapid (or) flash mix for the dispersal of the coagulant or other chemicals into the water. Slow mixing is then done, during which the growth of the fic takes place. > Question: Write down the differences between Plain Sedimentation and Sedimentatiot with Coagulation. Plain Sedimentation Sedimentation with coagulation Large practice settlement Colloidal particle settlement ‘No use of chemical ‘Use of Iron and Aluminum coagulates. ‘No change of taste. Taste changes because of the chemicals, _| Low cost and easy More costly than plain sedimentation ‘Need much time for sedimentation ‘Need less time than sedimentation. Terminal/Setting velocity: The heavier particle will move more quickly to the botton accelerated velocity unless drag force equals the gravitational force. After that, the move with a constant velocity which is known as setting or terminal velocity. Factors affecting setting velocity: > Horizontal flow velocity of mater, > Shape and size of the particle. > Sp. gr. Of the particle > Viscosity of water > Temperature of water 45 | Anirban Govt. job Preparation. Contact O17 10000355. Page 388 of 536Sedimentation Tai sedimentation Tank: its al vetiow Rate (SORYSurfaee Coating, sor=2- (0.20 to1 2) __Volume of tank T= Flow per unit time + (1 to 5 hrs) = Bue Bie Height,H | yeni tis | 15-2.0m | . volume of tank V = QT Grcular V = D?(0.011D + 0.786H] Where, y= volume of circular tank in ft? D=Dia.of the tank ft H=Vertical depth ft Tblem: Design a rectangular sedimentation tank to treat 24 million liters of raw water per The detention period may be assumed to be 3 hours. Sustion: Raw water flow per day is2.4 x 108 liters. detention period is 3h. 3 Volume of tank = Flow x Detention period = 24 10° X9q = 300m? 3p? = 100m" i.e.B = > =58x3= 174m L=3B ct: 91710099355 6 Anirban Govt, Job Preparation. Conta Page 389 of 536Problem: Ifthe flow for water supply is 1000 tank for a detention period of 2hr. Assume B:L Solution: Here, m3 m = 1000 = 41.67 @= 100077, ia T=2hr H-2m B2 a3 = L=15B We know, Yotume Cie Time LB 4167 = Pe ese. 7 x2 = B= 27.78 B= 527m 2B 55m 15 x 5.5 = 8.25m Now, surface overloading rate, SOR = = _ 4167 5.5% 8.25 = 0.922 [Which is between 0.2~ + Slze of the tank = (8.25m x 5.5m) (Ans) 47 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation, Contact 01710099355, Page 390 of 536PO ee, | illic illons of water per d; one million gal Per day (1mgd) passes thr i ir wide, 50 ft long and 10 ft deep. Find a) Detention ae for 2 Sedimentation tank joi the basin c) If the su: ‘ ‘the basin b) (vet ow through the basin ispended solids ¢ ) Average 73 eh of dry Solid will be deposited every 24 hours wer of tH Water average 40 ce overflow rate. 'mINg 75% removal in the ‘ i =a gator = 76 ion SEE Volere |) detention 812 = Fox permits _ 20x50 xho Ixigy _*24 “Ta = 18 hrs (1x108) ; yf ee 1) velocity, Ys = 4 = Doxtoxzaxconeo t = 0.00772 s Total solid deposited = “2° x 8.34 x 0.75 [1 gallon = 83416] 4 = 25022 = 2505 5 = @_ 1x108 _ apa @) Over flow rate = = <7; = 100088 (Ans) lem: A rectangular sedimentation tank is to treat 400000gpd of flow water. The detention od is 4 hrs. The velocity of flow 5 inch/minute and the depth of water and sediment is 14 fan allowance of 4 ft for sediment is made, what should be the length and width of the Bun 4= 2228.16 L=15x245 =365ft (Ans) Page 391 of 536standard mechanical sludge removal equi ae o ‘ith Problem: A cirular sedimentation tank Wilt perio i 4 hrs and the depth of theta If the dete is to handle 750000 gpd of raw vwinise is to be 102. What should be the diameter of the tank? Q= 750000 grd 750000 4x 7.48 fe = 4177815 Solution: H = 10 ft T= 3V = QT =417781x4 = 16710 cft = D?(0.011D + 0.785 x 10) By trial and error D =45 ft (Ans) Problem: A settling tank 3m deep, 60m long. What is the flow velocity of the particle havin size 0.025m at 25°C Sp. gr.2.65 and kinematic viscosity of water,r = 0.01m*sec. Solution: m g= 9815 S$=265, 4 =0.01m?sec L=60m 9 9.81 ¥, = 2 (2.65 - 1)a? = 65 — 2 Tap 295 — Dd? = Fe (2.65 1) x (0.028) h=3~-05(freeboard) = 25m 2M; = 0.056 see VoL Now =F 60 m v= x056 =1357% 7g*056 =135 (ans) 49 | Anirban Govt. job Preparation, Contact: 01710090355. Page 392 of 536e ioular flow of radial circular sedimentation tank fora few of 15000 ac esis je pilization pond. ee ty a tention time,T = 2hrs we oon = 2a * m for waste 00-407 oh? 7 si 15000 F we inow,sor = 2 34a = 600m? 2 Fd? = 600 $d =2764m Qr 15000 x2 aharaey 2H == Fx 600 = 208m (Ans) jem; One million (mgd) per day water passes through a sedimentation tank of far x10’. Find detention time. dition: ~ 50 20x 10 133.69 x 102 .0748 days *18hr (ans) 13 Gon job Preparation Contact OTHOHEISS Page 393 of 536Filtration Types of Filter: Slow Sand Fitter: They consist of fine sand, supported by gravel. They capture particles the surface of the bed and are usually cleaned by scraping away the top layer of sand th contains the particles. apid Sand Filter: They consist of large sand grains supported by gravel and capture pan throughout the bed. They are cleaned by backwashing water through the bed ‘lit out part Question: Write the difference between SSF aid RSF. (30" BCS) © Base material: In SSF it in RSF it varies from 3 90cm, Filter Sand: In SSF the effe coefficient between 1.8 to 2: 0.55 and uniformity coeffici Rate of filtration: In SSF it RSF itis large, such as 3004 varies from 3 to 65 mm in size and 30 to 75 em in depth while to 40 mm in size and its depth is slightly more, i. is small, such as 100 t0 200 /h/sq.m. of filter area whil 10 to 6000 L/h/sq.m . of filter area, “ible for meeting variation in demand whereas RSF are q flexible for meeting reasonable variations in demand. Posttreatment required: Almost pure water is obtained from be disinfected slightly to make it completely sae, Disinfection is a must after R rapping and removing of the top 1.5 to 3 cm thick layer: ‘an RSF, sand is agitated and backwashed with or SSF. However, water m compressed air. © Loss of head: In case of SSF approx. 10cm is the intial loss and 0.8 to 12m is the fi limit when cleaning is required, For RSF 0.3m is the initial loss, and 2.5 to 3.5m: final limit when cleaning is required, 51 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contacts O17 100503557 Page 394 of 536* i ation M aths: pid sand filter is t be designed for a capacity of 27000 m: AM size of the units. Calculate the percentage of filter wate be pacity of wash water tank. Length of the filter run» 4 10 min for resettlement of sand bed. */day. What should be requited to wash the sore 24hrs including 5 min ashing am! ier Rate of filtration = 5 : hr cs Rate of washing = 35. at ir «. Filtration period = 24hrs — 1Smins = 23,75hrs 2 Filtration rate = 5 x 23.75 = 118,75 rm day 27000 . filter Area, Types 227.37? filter Area, A =F = 227.37m' .04,/Q = 0.04V27000 = 6.57 ~ 7 Nof (Ans) 227.37 :. Area of each unit = = 32.42m? let, L=15W ob XW = 32.42 = 15W? = 32.42 3 W = 4.66m 2L=15% 4.66 = 7m (Ans) Area provided = (7 x 4.66) X 7 = 228.34m? > 227.37m? i 5 m3 Wash water required = 35 x <> x 228.34 = 6667, (Ans) Minimum capacity of waste water tank = 666m° (Ans) S65 x 190 = 2.47% (Ans) 27000 10099355. Page 395 0f 536.Lengths of Ster macs 14 fs ieiucing $ min few washing LY i Sehation: Filtration perind = 24 brs — (10 +5) Filtration rate = 2x 2375 x 60 = 2850 108 Filter Area required = 2% = 2100f0 2850 No.0f wit =27./9 =27V6 =7 NoS (Ans) + Area of each unit =2m = 300ft? +. Size of eachunit =20'x15' (Ans) Wash water required = 15 x5 x 2100 = 157500 & a + Capacity of wash water tank = 157500 gallon (Ans) Percentage of filtered water required: Be? «100 = 2.63% (Ans) = (27.48) Problem: A filter bed has an area of 360sq.ft. If the washing for 5 min at Wie min is contemplated, how much wash water will be required? Solution: Rate of washing = 15 2 «wash water required = 15 x 5 x 360 = 27000 gallo 53 | Anirban Govt, Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 396 of 536 ms= 2x 23.75 x 60 = 2850 Jallon da Ft Capacity of plant = 2850 x 350 = 997500 eels lay gallon day Wash water required = 15 x 5 x 350 = 26250 : 26250 percent of filtered water required = == x 100 = 2.63% (Ans) ganisms are destroyed or deactivated, resulting in termination of growth and ‘on, When microorganisms are not removed from drinking water, drinking water will cause people to fall ill. chemical disinfection of water the following disinfectants can be used: ling water - Ultraviolet _ Disinfection using chlorine Filtration stry ded to the water supply in two ways. It is most often added as a gas, Cl,(9)- also can be added as a salt, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaCI) or bleach.Clayaqy + 20 + HOCL+H* + Cl Hypochlorous acid is a weak acid that dissociates to from hypochlorite ion(OCI-). noct + 0c + Ht Questi Why is Chlorine used for disinfection? Chlorine is one of the most versatile chemicals used in water and wastewater treatment, powerful oxidizing agent is used for, Available in Liquid, Powder and Gas Removal of ammonia. Control of taste and odor Disinfection control of microorganisms Destruction of organic matter Cheap and Easy to use Question: Discuss the breakpoint of Chlorination with a curve. ‘When excess free chlorine is added beyond the 1:1 initial m removed as follows jolar ration, monochloramine is 2NH,Cl + HOCL -» Novy) + 3H + 3Cl-+H20 ‘The formation of chloramines and the breakpoint reaction create a unique relationship between chlorine does and the amount and form of chlorine as illustrated below. Destruction of —_Formationot Destruction of Chlorine residual —chloro-organic _chloramines and byreducing —_andchioramine _chloro-organie compounds. ‘compounds compounds Formation of ree. chlorine and presence hloro-organie ¢o Chiorine residuals, mg/L. a 8. Aer Chiorine dose, mg/L. 55 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation, Contact: 01710099355, Page 398 of 536Bleaching powder having Cl of 25 disinfected. And 25% available chlorine pe, 2019) mg/L. If S00 kg. Find the 4) = ke = (5000 x 1000 <=) x (2.5 x 10 sts) kg =125— 5 Gay For 25 kg Cla,required Ca(ocl)Ct = 100kg F 7 100x125 _ kg ,, required Ca(ocl)Cl = —~—— = 59 =2 For 25 kg Cla,requi ‘a(ocl) me 50gay (Answer) er: Iti required to disinfect 500000 gpd of water with 0.3 "of chlorine. Irbleaching der is used (which contains 33.33 percent of available chlorine) how many pounds of bing powder are needed to treat that daily flow of water? a: Available chlorine in the bleaching powder is 33.33% chlorine is available in 31bs of bleaching powder 7 of chlorine = 8.34 lbs of chlorine per million gallons of water tof bleaching powder required per million gallons = 3 x 8.34 = 25.02 lbs 500000 = 3.75 tbs (1.71kg) (A Zo00000 * 5 lbs (1.71kg) (Ans) 03= ven water demand is 90 Iped. Chlorine content of 0.5 “is to be added in water. How ine? (GTCL-2016,Again, Proas = Pzozs(1 +r)" = 19500(1 + 0.06)? = 34922 34922 x 90 x 0.5 = 157kg 1000 x 1000 Chlorine required = 157 x 100 =7.85kg (Ans) 20 Y Bleaching powder required Problem: 24 mld wastewater can be treated which contains 0.5 ppm Clz. If bleaching poy Contains 25% Clz find out the amount of bleaching powder in kg. (BWDB-2018, BIFP 2021) Solution: Water demand = 24 x 108 24x 10° x 0.5 108 12x 100 Amount of bleaching powder required = ae 48kg (Ans) Amount of chlorine required = =12kg Problem: Water to be disinfection by bleaching powder Ca(OCI)CI having Ck of 2.3 m If the 5000 m*/day Ca(OCI)CI pow ‘der is required 25% of Clz per kg, find out the amount of Ca(OCI)Cl required per day? f Assume, residual chlorine= 0.2, Total Cl, demand = 2.3 +0.2=25 ™ Solution: 1 kg of chlorine = 3.79 kg of chlorine per million gallon of water * Amount of bleaching powder per million gallons= 3.79 x 4 = 15.16 kg :. Amount of bleaching powder = 15.16 x FE X25 (1 gallon =3.78 liter) kg = 50.13 7, (Ans) Problem: The population of 2005 and 2015 are 124000 and 156000 respectively . water demand of 2025 if water demand is 90 Iped. Chlorine content of 0.5 Mois in the water, how much bleaching powder is needed? (20% chlorine is bleaching : ale 0 [56000 ution: r = "| — jass000 eae i T2s00 fx =F. +r)” = 156000(1 + 0.0232) = 24600 0.0232 57 | Anirb: ’an Govt. Job Preparation, Contact: 01710099355, Page 400 of 536248000 = 22140000— = 22.14 mittion Mer day day 5 kg bleaching powder = 3.79 kg of chlorine per million gallons of water seaching powder required per million gallons= 3.79 x 5 = 185kg , of bleaching powder = 18.95 x (22.14 x 0.264) x 0.5 = 55.384 Ans Arotal of €0 kg Ca(OCI)CL is used for 50 million liter (ML) of water. Find .ssume 33% available chlorine in Ca(OCI)CI. 1 kg of Cly available in 3.33 kg bleaching. jeizow, 1 = of chlorine = 3.79 kg of chlorine per million gallons of water. jnount of bleaching powder required per million gallons = 3.79 x 3.33 = 12.62 kg E .. Amount of bleaching powder = 12.62 x (50 x 0.264) x CL,dose ; = 60 = 12.62 x (50 x 0.264) x CL2 dose = Cl; dose = 03678 mg Assume residualCl, = 0.2 "2 tal Cly demand 0.36 + 0.2 = 0.56 a (Ans) ‘Aslow sand filter produces 1 million liter of water per day. How much bleaching er with 28% available chlorine will be required per week to treat this water with brine of 0.5 ad B Here, 1 ky of Cl, is available in 3.57 kg of bleaching powder Cl, mg 179 = 2a T Of Cle = 3.79 kg of ri gallons of water a Nitot bleaching powder required/million gallons= 3.87 x 3.79 = 13.54 kg : S ‘Amount of bleaching powder = 1354(1 x 0.264) X0S = 1787«For Lweek = (7 x 1.78) = 125 kg week (Ans);nfection eg Maths is pe 1 = Flog tog a _e,1= Disinfection period in killing microorganism (sec) where, initial no. of microorganisms Jos. of microorganisms at time t k=1.6x107/sec (for free residuals) =15x105/sec (for combined residuals) 1»; Compare the contact period necessary to kill E-Coli of 99; 99 nos. in water with (a) Mk rine residuals of 0.2 mg/L and (b) combined chlorine residu: als of | mg/L, k values Pinisec and 10°7se° respectively, es foution: Given, No=100 nos. N= 100 - 99.99 nos. = 0.01 nos. Veknow, Tine required in disinfecting, t? = 2 log log % (For free residuals, k = 102/sec +t = 28.28 sec (Ans.) (or combined residuals, k = 105/sec Now, t? = or, ¢ = 8x108 + = 894 sec (Ans) Job Preparation. Contact: 0171009935! Page 403 of 536Wastewater Treatment Wastewater/Sewage: It is the liquid waste conveyed by a sewer and may include domestic industrial and stormwater. Sewer: It is the pipe or conduit generally closed but normally not flowing full which carries sewage. Sewerage: It refers to the entire system of collection, treatment and disposal of sewage, Sullage: Its the liquid discharge from kitchens, wash basins ete and excludes discharge f water closet and urinals. Question: Why circular sewer section is preferable? Answer: Circular sewer section is preferable because of- a) Cross sectional area is greater b) Fabrication is convenient, ©) Stable in shape. 4) Good hydraulic quality 61 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355, Page 404 of 536jitation Systems. (30" BCS) the facts whether the waste is stored, treated lisposal, sar eee re fallowing two categories: into 1, onsite systems “3. offsite systems codon the methods of collect b> ction and conveyance, sanitati ot lion systems are of the followir ng +4, Dry systems 2, Wet system Waste is collected, treat ted and disposed Examples are — latrines and septic tank ae aecamaay system:describe some low-cost Sanitation Technologies. Question: Briefly Answer: Low-cost sanitation technologies: 1, Pit Latrine 7 2, Pour-fhush latrines (where a water seal is flushing) maintained with low-volume of Pit Latrine The major types of pit latrines include: ple or “Home-made” pit latrines. > Ventilated Improved Pit (VIP) Latrines. > Read Odorless Earth Closet (ROEC) Simple Pit Latrine ‘Most common and simplest form of excreta disposal in developing countries consists of a manually dug or bored hole into the ground, an appropriate seat or squatting slab and a shielding superstructure, VIP Pit Latrine: Families that use solid materials like newspaper, stone, ete for anal cleansing are recommended using poor-flush latrines as water seal is likely to become blocked or broken improved pit (VIP) may be a good solution. Types of ventilated pit latrines: 1. Single Pit VIP Latrine. 2. Twin pit VIP Latrine. Water Seal (Pour Flash): > A further improvement to the pit latrine can be obtained with a water seal. > The pour-flush latrine has three major components: (a) the superstructure (b) Th pan with its integral water seal and (c) a single or altering twin leach pits. > Water-seal is a U-pipe filled with water, attached below the completely Prevents passage of flies and odors. 63 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation. Contact: 01710099355. Page 406 of 5Pit ate i fe Ee pions se hem V=CPN=1.33 CPN (to consume clear space) C = solid accumulation mm 04 Gerson for wet pits. yr ae 0.06 person for dry pits. yr P = Number of person using the latrine N = Design life in years Ef fective depth = vit [A = X~ sectional Area] Total depth of pit = Ef fective depth x 05 Design of pour flash leach pit Iatrine: ‘The side wall area required for infiltration, ne Ai=7 Fora circular pit of dia D, 1 en? pth viz 7D my. Al = = q@——~— = 195m ae Ao 4x (1.25)? pit size = Dia 1.25m x Depth 1.95 m For rectangular sectioi Assume, size L x B = 1.25m x 1.25m. Vv 4 +: Depth of pit, h =~ An Tas xiag = P54 (Ans) Problem: Design a VIP latrine for a family of 8 members, The family uses water for anal cleansing. The GWT is only 2m below the ground surface. Design life 3 years, Solution: V = CPN = 0.06 x 8X 3 = 1.44m3 Let, pit size = 1m x 1.2m 1x12— :. Depth of pit = Im Let a free space of 0.5m Total depth = 1+ 0.5 = 1.5 m (Ans) 65 | Anirban Govt. Job Preparation, Contact: 01710099365, Page 408 of 536