Beam

Md. Farhad Hossain

B.Sc. in Civil Engineering Civil
Mentors
Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology
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Reference Book Civil
Mentors

Design of Concrete Structures

by
•Arthur H. Nilson
•Nadim Hossain
Reinforce Concrete Civil
Mentors

Important Topics:
• Ultimate Moment Capacity
• Amount of Steel required
• Ultimate Load Capacity
Singly Reinforced Beam (WSD) Civil
Mentors
Singly Reinforced Beam (WSD) Civil
Mentors

1
C= 𝑓 𝑘𝑏𝑑
2 𝑐

T = As fs
1
Mc = C×jd = 𝑓𝑐 𝑗𝑘𝑏𝑑2
2

Ms = T×jd= As fs jd
If Mc>Ms, Steel stress controls.
If Ms>Mc , Concrete stress controls
 Singly Reinforced Beam (WSD Design) Civil
Mentors

Design Steps:
1. Assume: width, b = 10ʺ-12ʺ and, Total depth, h = (L)ʺ
2. Load Calculation: Total working load, WT= Self-weight + DL + LL
𝑊𝐿2
3. Maximum Moment Calculation: Working Moment, M= (Simply supported)
8
𝑊𝐿2
= (Cantilever)
2

𝑀 1
4. Depth Check: dreq= where, R= 𝑓𝑐 𝑗𝑘 ; (If dreq< deff , Singly reinforced beam confirmed)
𝑅𝑏 2

𝑀
5. Steel Area calculation: As=
𝑓𝑠𝑗𝑑
 Singly Reinforced Beam (WSD Analysis) Civil
Mentors

Analysis Steps:
1. Reinforcement ratio,
2. Central axis co-efficient,
3. Liver arm co-efficient,
1
4. Mcc = 1 𝑓𝑐𝑐 𝑗𝑘𝑏𝑑22
22

5. Mss = Ass fss jd

If Mcc>Mss, Steel stress controls. Mn=Ms
M n = Ms
If Mss>Mcc, Concrete stress controls.
controls Mn= Mc
Singly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors
Singly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

C = 0.85𝑓𝑐ʹ𝑎𝑏 where, a = cβ1

T = As fy
Mc= C × (d-β𝑐)=
𝑎
Ms= T × (d-β𝑐)= As fy (d- )
2

Mu=
Singly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

⏀=0.567+66.7∈t

⏀=0.483+83.3∈t
Singly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors
Singly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors
Singly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Balanced Steel Ratio:

Maximum Steel ratio:

Maximum Steel ratio (flexure member):

 Singly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Singly Reinforced Beam: requires steels in tension zone only. (when, ⍴<⍴max)
Doubly Reinforced Beam: requires Steel in both compression and tension zone.
(When, ⍴>⍴max)
Under Reinforced Beam: Steel yields before concrete crushing. (when, ⍴<⍴b)
Balanced Reinforced Beam: Steel yields and concrete crushes at the same time.
(when, ⍴=⍴b)
Over Reinforced Beam: Concrete crushes before steel yielding. (when, ⍴>⍴b)
 Singly Reinforced Beam (USD Design) Civil
Mentors

Design Steps:
1. Load Calculation: Total Ultimate load, Wu= 1.2(Self-weight + DL) + 1.6LL
𝑊𝐿2
2. Maximum Moment Calculation: Ultimate Moment, Mu= (Simply supported)
8

𝑊𝐿2
= (Cantilever)
2

3. Depth Check: (If dreq< deff, Singly reinforced beam confirmed)

𝑀𝑢
4. Steel Area calculation: As= 𝑎
⏀fy (d− 2 )
 Singly Reinforced Beam (USD Analysis) Civil
Mentors

Analysis Steps:
1.
2.

3. If, ⍴<⍴b ; It is under reinforced beam If, ⍴>⍴b ; It is over reinforced beam
𝑎 𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
4. Mn= As fy (d- ) 4. Mn= As fs (d- ); where fs=Es∈t=Es∈u( ) ≤ fy
2 2 𝑐
5. Mu=⏀Mn where,⏀=0.483+83.3∈t C=T
≤ 0.005 0.85𝑓𝑐ʹ𝑎𝑏 = As fs => c= ?
Doubly Reinforced Beam (WSD) Civil
Mentors
 Doubly Reinforced Beam (WSD Design) Civil
Mentors

Design Steps:
𝑀 1
1. Depth Check: dreq= where, R= 𝑓𝑐 𝑗𝑘 ; (If dreq> deff , Doubly reinforced beam confirmed)
𝑅𝑏 2

1
2. M1 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑗𝑘𝑏𝑑2
2

3. M2 = M-M1
𝑀1
4. As1 =
𝑓𝑠𝑗𝑑

𝑀2
5. As2 = 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )

6. Tensile Reinforcement, As = As1+ As2

𝑑′
𝑀2 𝑘−
5. Compression Reinforcement, Asʹ = 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑−𝑑 ′ )
′ where, fs’=2fs 1−𝑘
𝑑
≤ fs
Doubly Reinforced Beam (WSD Analysis) Civil
Mentors

Analysis Steps:
1. As and Asʹ
1
2. M1 = 𝑓𝑐 𝑗𝑘𝑏𝑑2
2

𝑀1
3. As1 =
𝑓𝑠𝑗𝑑

4. As2 = As - As1
5. M2 = As2 𝑓𝑠 𝑑 − 𝑑 ′
𝑑′
𝑘−
M2 =As′𝑓𝑠′(𝑑 − 𝑑 ′ ) where, fs’=2fs 𝑑
≤ fs
1−𝑘

6. M = M1 + M2 (lower value of M2)

Doubly Reinforced Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors
 Doubly Reinforced Beam (USD Design) Civil
Mentors

Design Steps:
1. Load Calculation: Total ultimate load, Wu= 1.2(Self-weight + DL) + 1.6LL
𝑊𝐿2 𝑊𝐿2
2. Maximum Moment Calculation: Ultimate Moment, Mu= (Simply supported) = (Cantilever)
8 2

3. Depth Check: (If dreq > deff, Doubly reinforced beam confirmed)
𝑎
4. Mn= As fy (d- ) where, As= ⍴bd
2

𝑀𝑢
5. M1= - Mn
⏀
′
𝑀1 𝑐−𝑑
6. Steel Area calculation: Compression Steel, Asʹ = where, fs’=Es∈s’=Es∈u( ) ≤ fy
fs ′(d− d′) 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 ′ fs ′
Tension Steel, As = As +
𝑓𝑦
 Doubly Reinforced Beam (USD Analysis) Civil
Mentors

Analysis Steps: ′
𝐴𝑠 𝐴
1. ⍴= 𝑏𝑑 and ⍴’= 𝑠
𝑏𝑑

2.

3. If, ⍴<⍴max ; It is doubly reinforced beam

4. ≤ 0.005
5. If > ⍴ , Compression steel will not yield
5. If < ⍴ , Compression steel will yield
𝑑−𝑐
6. 6. Mn1= where fs’=Es ∈u( )≤fy
𝑐

where,⏀=0.483+83.3∈t Mn2 =
7. Mu=⏀Mn where, (T=C) => => c=?
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Generally, reinforced concrete floor system consist

of beams and slab which are constructed
monolithically. As a result, the part of the slab
around the upper part of the beam work together to
carry loads. In effect, the beams have extra width at
the top part which are termed as flanges. The beam
is called T-beam.
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Isolated T Beams:
𝑏𝑤
hf ≥
2

be ≤ 4bw
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Interior T Beams:
bf = bw+16hf
𝐿
bf =
4

bf = c/c distance of beams

The smallest of the above mentioned values must be used.
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Exterior T Beams:
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑛
bf ≤ bw+
12

bf ≤ bw+ 6hf
Sw
bf = 0.5× Sw
The smallest of the above mentioned values must be used.
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Case-1: When, a>hf acts as a T beam

T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Case-1: When, a>hf acts as a T beam

T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Case-1: When, a>hf acts as a T beam

hf
T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Case-1: When, a>hf acts as a T beam

T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Case-2: When, a<hf acts as a rectangular beam

T Beam (USD) Civil
Mentors

Case-2: When, a<hf acts as a rectangular beam

T Beam (USD Analysis) Civil
Mentors

Analysis Steps:
1. Determination of effective Flange width, bf
𝐴𝑠
2. ⍴ =
𝑏𝑓𝑑
3.
4. If a > hf , T-beam analysis is required. 4. If a < hf , Rectangular beam analysis required.

5. where, 5. where,
6.
6. where,
7.
8. Mu =⏀Mn
 T Beam (USD Design) Civil
Mentors

Design Steps:
1. Determination of effective Flange width, bf
2. Load Calculation: Total ultimate load, Wu= 1.2(Self-weight + DL) + 1.6LL
𝑊𝐿2 𝑊𝐿2
3. Ultimate Moment Calculation, Mu= (Simply supported) = (Cantilever)
8 2
4.
5.
6.
4. If a < hf , Rectangular beam Design required.
7. If a > hf , T-beam Design is required.
5.
8. where,
9.
10. where, 12.
T Beam (WSD) Civil
Mentors
T Beam (WSD) Civil
Mentors

C=

T=

T=C
T Beam (WSD Analysis) Civil
Mentors

Analysis Steps:
1. Determination of effective flange width, b
𝐴𝑠
2. ⍴ =
𝑏𝑑
3.
4. If kd > hf , T beam Analysis is confirmed.
5.
6. 7. Checking concrete extreme fiber Stress:

< fc (OK)
T Beam (WSD Design) Civil
Mentors

Design Steps:
1. Determination of effective flange width, b
𝑀
2. As = 𝑡
𝑓𝑠(𝑑− )
2
𝐴𝑠
3. ⍴ =
𝑏𝑑
4.
5. If kd > hf , T beam Design is confirmed.
6.
7.
8. Checking concrete extreme fiber Stress: <
 Civil
Mentors