Easy Access To Metallic Copper Nanoparticles

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Article
Easy Access to Metallic Copper Nanoparticles
with High Activity and Stability for CO Oxidation
Renato Vitalino Gonçalves, Robert Wojcieszak, Heberton Wender, Carlos Sato B. Dias,
Lucas L.R. Vono, Dario Eberhardt, Sergio Ribeiro Teixeira, and Liane Marcia Rossi
ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, Just Accepted Manuscript • Publication Date (Web): 27 Mar 2015
Downloaded from http://pubs.acs.org on March 29, 2015
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Page 1 of 34 ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
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Easy Access to Metallic Copper Nanoparticles with
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12 High Activity and Stability for CO Oxidation
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17 Renato V. Gonçalves,*†# Robert Wojcieszak,€ ‡ Heberton Wender,§ Carlos Sato B. Dias,⊥
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Lucas L. R. Vono,† Dario Eberhardt,£ Sergio R. Teixeira¥ and Liane M. Rossi*†
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24 Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes
25 748, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brasil.
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27 Present Address: Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, CP 369, São Carlos 13560-970, SP,
28 Brazil.
29 €
30 Unité de Catalyse et Chimie du Solide, UCCS, UMR CNRS 8181, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
31 ‡
Univ. Lille Nord de France, F-59000, Lille, France.
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33 Instituto de Física, UFMS, CP 549, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil.
34 ⊥Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron (LNLS), CP 6192, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brasil.
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36 £
Universidade de Caxias do Sul, Bento Gonçalves 95700-000, RS, Brasil.
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38 Instituto de Física, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brasil.
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41 KEYWORDS: Magnetron sputtering deposition, copper nanoparticles, catalysis, carbon monoxide, CO oxidation
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43 ABSTRACT: Copper catalysts are very promising, affordable alternatives for noble metals in
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46 CO oxidation; however, the nature of the active species remains unclear and differs throughout
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48 previous reports. Here, we report the preparation of 8 nm copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs), with
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50 high metallic content, directly deposited onto the surface of silica nanopowders by magnetron
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53 sputtering deposition. The as-prepared Cu/SiO2 contains 85% Cu0 and 15% Cu2+ and was
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55 enriched in the Cu0 phase by H2 soft pretreatment (96% Cu0 and 4% Cu2+) or further oxidized
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after treatment with O2 (33% Cu0 and 67% Cu2+). These catalysts were studied in the catalytic
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oxidation of CO under dry and humid conditions. Higher activity was observed for the sample
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6 previously reduced with H2, suggesting that the presence of Cu-metal species enhances CO
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8 oxidation performance. Inversely, a poorer performance was observed for the sample previously
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oxidized with O2. The presence of water vapor caused only a small increase in the temperature
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13 require for the reaction to reach 100% conversion. Under dry conditions, the Cu NP catalyst was
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15 able to maintain full conversion for up to 45 h at 350 °C, but it deactivated with time on stream
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18 in the presence of water vapor.
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22 INTRODUCTION
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26 Problems associated with the exhaust emissions (NOx, CO, CO2, SO2 and hydrocarbons)
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28 from fossil fuels used in vehicles have attracted much attention due to their strong environmental
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impact, especially in urban areas where they are seriously impacting human health.1 Among the
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33 various types of catalytic converters developed in the 1970s, the noble metals (Pt, Pd, Rh) are
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35 well-known to have a high activity for abatement of CO in exhaust emissions.2-3 Two serious
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38 disadvantages of this kind of catalyst are their very high cost and their limited availability.3 Over
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40 the past several decades, the development of new catalytic nanomaterials for CO oxidation based
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42 on transition metals oxides have attracted much interest.4-5 Among them, increasing attention has
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45 been devoted to copper due to its abundance, low cost and unique physical and chemical
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47 properties.
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In the last 30 years, Cu-based materials with bulk, nano and micro dimensions
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52 have attracted interest for catalytic CO oxidation.6-9 However, both the Cu(I) and Cu(II)
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54 oxide species have been suggested as the most active sites for CO oxidation at relatively
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low temperatures.6, 10 White et al. prepared Cu2O nanoparticles via thermal decomposition
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reaction, which exhibited 99.5% conversion of CO to CO2 at temperatures lower than 250
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6 °C.10 Wu et al. prepared partially oxidized copper nanoparticles supported on titania (Cu–
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8 Cu2O/TiO2) using a photodeposition method, which exhibited remarkably high activity and good
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stability for CO oxidation.11 Huang et al. prepared CuO nanoparticles supported on titania
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13 (CuO/TiO2) using a deposition–precipitation method, which was also found to be active for CO
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15 oxidation.12 Huang and Tsai studied CO oxidation in Cu, Cu2O and CuO. 7 They concluded that
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18 Cu2O exhibits higher activities for CO oxidation than the other two copper species. Conversely,
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20 Wang et al showed that very active copper-ceria catalysts contain Cu(II) as the solely active state
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22 present in O2-pretreated catalysts and, in the case of H2-pretreated sample, mixed Cu(II)/Cu(I)
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25 phases were present, with Cu(II) being the dominant state.13 Thus, the question of which states
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27 are the true active sites still remains unanswered either because there is more than one active
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species or the species are not being properly identified by the techniques used in the catalyst
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32 characterization. Moreover, in all of these examples, the synthetic procedures varied;
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34 consequently, different species may have been adsorbed on the surface of the NPs. In some
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37 cases, a proper characterization of surface composition was not provided. The ideal methodology
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39 should result in metallic catalyst surfaces that are “as clean as possible”.
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41 Recently, we have demonstrated that, in addition to thin films, the magnetron sputtering
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44 deposition method is emerging as one of the most important and powerful forms of technology
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46 used to produce metal NPs in liquids14-17 and powder support.18-20 Since no stabilizing and
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48 reducing agents are required, the NP surfaces are free of contaminants. The method is promising
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51 for preparing metallic and/or metallic oxide NPs on the surface of a powder support. The
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53 sputtering deposition method involves ejecting atoms and/or atomic clusters from highly pure
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targets (99.99%) onto a substrate. The growth mechanism of thin film through sputtering has
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been extensively studied and it involves atoms/clusters nucleation, island growth, impingement
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6 and coalescence of the islands.21 For the case in which NPs are sputtered onto liquids, the
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8 mechanism is not well understood and it seems to depend on several parameters such as liquid
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surface composition, surface tension, viscosity, surface coordination ability, discharge voltage
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13 and current, working pressure and distance and the gas used for the process.14 However, the
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15 mechanism for sputtered NPs onto powders is not yet known. It is expected to be strongly
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18 affected by the interaction between the substrate surface and the incoming sputtered atoms.22
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20 In this present study, Cu NPs were directly deposited onto the surface of silica
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22 nanopowders using magnetron sputtering deposition. The sputtering sample holder was
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25 especially adapted for the deposition of metal NPs onto powder supports by using a mechanical
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27 agitation inside the vacuum chamber. Different NP compositions can be obtaining by properly
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choosing the sputtering target. The catalytic properties of the Cu NPs/SiO2 prepared by
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32 magnetron sputtering were, for the first time, investigated in the CO oxidation reaction.
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37 EXPERIMENTAL SECTION
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39 General considerations. All the solvents and reagents were of analytical grade and were
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41 used as received. Copper sputtering target (2 inches, 99.99%) was purchased from
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44 Goodfellow Corporation (Coraopolis, PA, USA); tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 99.99%)
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46 and ethanol (99.99%) were purchased from Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA); and
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48 ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was purchased from Vetec Quimica (Brazil).
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51 Preparation of the silica nanospheres. Silica nanospheres were prepared by a
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53 modification of the Stöber method.23 Tetraethyl orthosilicate (1.3 mL) was premixed with
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ethanol (3.7 mL) and then added to a solution containing ammonium hydroxide (3.0 mL,
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29% aqueous solution), water (3 mL) and ethanol (19 mL). After 1 h under stirring at
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6 room temperature, the SiO2 nanospheres were separated by centrifugation (7000 rpm, 20
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8 min.) and washed with ethanol (3x) and distilled water (1x). The obtained white powder
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was calcined in air for 2 h at 500 °C in order to remove any organic residue.
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13 Preparation of the Cu NPs. Cu nanoparticles (Cu NPs) were directly deposited onto
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15 SiO2 powders using a sputtering deposition system (Intercovamex-H5) with a specially-
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18 designed mechanical resonant agitator placed inside the vacuum chamber, as previously
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20 reported.18-19 This permits the SiO2 powders to vibrate during Cu sputtering deposition in
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22 order to be homogeneously covered by the sputtered NPs. For the sputtering deposition,
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25 100 mg of SiO2 powder was placed into a glass support connected to the mechanical
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27 resonant agitator. Before sputtering, the vacuum chamber was pumped down 2.10-7 mbar
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for 24 h. In each experiment, sputtering was performed using the following conditions:
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32 150 W, 2.10-3 mbar of working pressure, deposition time of 10 minutes and a target-to-
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34 substrate distance of 5.0 cm. A vibration frequency of 50 Hz was maintained by a
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37 sinusoidal wave generation supplied during deposition. The deposited Cu mass was
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39 quantified using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS).
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41 Microscopy analysis. The morphology of the prepared SiO2 supports was investigated
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44 with an FEI Inspect F50 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM),
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46 operated at 10 kV and 30 kV with a secondary electron detector. A High-Resolution
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48 Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM, model JEOL JEM 3010) operated at 300
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51 KV was used to investigate both the morphologic and crystalline features of the Cu NPs.
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53 The samples were prepared by dispersing the Cu/SiO2 powder in ethanol at room
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temperature and then depositing them onto a 400 mesh carbon-coated Cu grid. The
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histograms of the nanoparticle size distribution, assuming a spherical shape (in the case of
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6 SiO2) were obtained from measurements of more than 200 particles found in arbitrarily-
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8 chosen regions of the grid. The histograms of the Cu-based NPs were fitted considering a
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lognormal distribution.
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13 X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD pattern of the samples was recorded with a Rigaku
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15 Miniflex diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation (λ = 1.54 Å) at 2 theta = 25°–90° with a
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18 0.02° step size. Rietveld profile refinement was performed with FullProf software.24
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20 Flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS). FAAS analysis to determine the
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22 concentration of Cu on Cu/SiO2 was performed using a Shimadzu AA-6300 Atomic
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25 Absorption Spectrophotometer. The sample was digested in aqua regia (HNO3/HCl 1:3)
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27 before analysis. Initially, 10 mg of Cu/SiO2 was added to a beaker with 5.0 mL of aqua
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regia solution and maintained at 110 °C for 3 h. After complete digestion, 5 mL of
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32 distilled water was added and the digestive solution was centrifuged at 7000 rpm (20 min)
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34 for complete separation of the remaining SiO2 support. The volume of the supernatant
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37 was adjusted up to 10 mL for analysis. The spectrophotometer was calibrated with
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39 standard copper (II) solutions (0.5 ppm, 1.0 ppm and 2.0 ppm) using distilled water as a
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41 blank.
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44 X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) study. XANES experiments were
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46 performed at the Cu K-edge (8979 eV) in the XAFS1 beamline at the Brazilian
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48 Synchrotron Light Laboratory (LNLS) (proposal XAFS1-15295). The spectra were
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51 collected in situ (during H2 treatment) at different temperatures ranging from room
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53 temperature up to 500 °C, by using a channel-cut Si (111) crystal monochromator and
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three ionization chambers to detect incident and transmitted photon fluxes. During data
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collection, the XANES spectrum of a Cu foil was simultaneously measured and the
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6 energy calibrated by aligning the respective absorption edges. The data edge-step
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8 normalization was performed after a linear pre-edge subtraction and the regression of a
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quadratic polynomial beyond the edge, using ATHENA software.25 The Cu and CuO
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13 spectra standards were collected in the same experimental condition and position of the
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15 sample in order to investigate the presence of CuO in the NPs; the data were further used
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18 for linear combination fittings for all temperature ranges.
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20 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS spectra were obtained using conventional
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22 equipment with a high-performance hemispheric analyser (VG Escalab 220 XL spectrometer)
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25 with monochromatic Al Kα (hν=1486.6 eV) radiation as the excitation source. The operating
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27 pressure in the ultra-high vacuum chamber (UHV) during the analysis was 10−9 Pa. Energy steps
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of 50 eV and 20 eV were used for the survey and single-element spectra, respectively. Peak
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32 decomposition was performed using a 70% Gaussian type curve and a 30% Lorentzian type
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34 curve, and a Tougaard nonlinear sigmoid-type baseline. The following peaks were used for the
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37 quantitative analysis: O1s, C1s, Cu2p, Cu LVV and Si2p. Moreover, the Si2p and C1s peaks
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39 were also monitored to check for charge stability as a function of time. Molar fractions were
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41 calculated using peak areas normalized on the basis of the acquisition parameters after a
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44 background subtraction, and they were corrected with the experimental sensitivity and
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46 transmission factors provided by the manufacturer. The C-(C, H) component of the C1s peak of
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48 adventitious carbon was fixed at 284.8 eV to set the binding energy scale, and the data treatment
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51 was performed using CasaXPS software (Casa Software Ltd., UK).
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53 An XPS spectrometer coupled with a pre-preparation chamber was used in order to
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determine the active species present on the surface of the materials after treatment under catalytic
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test conditions. Contrary to the standard XPS analysis, this configuration permits in situ
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6 observation of active species. The samples were placed in the preparation chamber under
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8 reaction stream (H2, CO, O2) under controlled pressure and temperature; they were then
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transferred in situ into the analysis chamber of the spectrometer. The catalyst can be submitted to
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13 a reduction process with hydrogen (or an oxidation process with O2) inside of the XPS
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15 spectrometer, avoiding contact of the sample with air. The samples were treated with hydrogen
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18 or oxygen at 200 °C for 2 h. After that, the sample was cooled down and the XPS analysis was
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20 performed as described above.
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22 Catalytic CO oxidation. The CO oxidation activity measurements were performed using
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25 20 mg of Cu/SiO2 powder placed in a quartz tube reactor (length: 20 mm, width: 5 mm).
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27 A continuous flow of the reactant mixture containing 1.75 vol% CO, 15 vol% O2 and Ar
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balance was passed through the reactor with a total flow rate of 100 mL min-1. The CO
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32 oxidation reaction under humid condition was conducted by passing the Ar stream
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34 through a thermostated saturator for adding water vapor to the carrier gas (1 and 5 vol%).
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37 The reaction was performed on an Integrated Microreactor-MS system equipped with a
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39 CATLAB-PCS Module and a QIC-20 MS Module (Hiden Analytical, UK). The samples
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41 were used as-prepared or treated with H2 (5 vol% and Ar balance) or O2 (50 vol% and Ar
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44 balance) before the catalytic tests.
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46 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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48 Cu NPs prepared by the sputtering deposition method. In order to allow the sputtering
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51 deposition of atoms/clusters on a powder support, a mechanical resonant system was specifically
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53 developed and placed inside the sputtering chamber, as reported elsewhere.18-19 A schematic
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representation of the mechanical resonant sputtering system and a suggested mechanism of Cu
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NPs formation on the surface of a SiO2 nanopowder are shown in Figure 1. Initially, in the
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6 physical regime adopted for sputtering in our experiments, Cu atoms/clusters were ejected from
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8 the sputter target and deposited onto the surface of the SiO2 nanopowders that were continuously
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being mechanically agitated. In terms of the growth mechanism, a discrete nucleation of
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13 atoms/clusters may occur on the surface of the SiO2 support. The islands that have already
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15 formed can grow in size, thereby forming metallic nanoparticles similar to what is proposed for
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18 thin films. In contrast to the static flat substrates, herein the nucleation occurs at a spherical
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20 surface that is under continuous agitation. It strongly diminishes the kinetics of nucleation and
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22 growth since the atoms/clusters are deposited in different regions on the surface of the support,
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25 avoiding the growth of islands very close to each other and, consequently, the complete coverage
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27 of the support by a thin film.
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46 Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the process of copper nanoparticle formation by magnetron
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48 sputtering in a nanopowder support.
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51 The SiO2 nanopowder used as support for the sputtering deposition of the Cu NPs
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54 catalyst was prepared by a modification of the Stöber method.23 The morphology of the SiO2
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56 nanopowder was examined by TEM (Figure 2a). The sample contains spherical particles and
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Gaussian size distribution with a mean diameter of 207 ± 20 nm (Figure 2b), as also corroborated
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6 by SEM analysis (see ESI, Figure S1). The morphology and size of the sputtering deposited Cu
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8 NPs catalyst was examined by TEM (Figure 2c and e) and HRTEM (Figure 2f) images. The size
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distribution histogram presented in Figure 2d revealed spherical NPs with a lognormal size
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13 distribution and a mean diameter of 8.8 ± 2.7 nm. The interplanar distance, obtained by applying
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15 a fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm in the HRTEM image shown in Figure 1f (the zone of
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18 analysis is indicated by a white arrow in Figure 2e), suggested the presence of a mixture of Cu
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20 and CuO. The observed distances of 1.90 Å, 2.27 Å, 2.37 Å and 2.63 Å are in agreement with the
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22 (200) plane of metallic Cu (ICSD 00-004-0836) and with the (200), (111) and (002) planes of
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25 CuO (ICSD 00-044-0706), respectively. The Cu content in the sample was determined as 1.2
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27 wt% by FAAS (10 min of sputtering deposition).
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Figure 2. (a) STEM image of SiO2 nanospheres; (b) Size distribution histogram of SiO2
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6 nanospheres fitted to a Gaussian function; (c) TEM image of Cu NPs sputtering deposited onto
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8 the SiO2 support; (d) Size distribution histogram of Cu NPs fitted to a lognormal function; (e)
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and (f) HRTEM images of Cu NPs and the Fourier transform obtained using Gatan software.
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15 XRD and XANES studies. The crystalline structure of the Cu NPs was analysed by X-ray
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18 diffraction (XRD) in combination with Rietveld refinement, and the results are shown in Figure
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20 3. As seen in Figure 3, the XRD patterns of the Cu NPs shortly after synthesis showed only the
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22 metallic phase of Cu (JPCDS file 4-836) with a cubic structure. The applied Rietveld refinements
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25 showed that the refined cell parameters are 4.0851 Å and the grain size of the Cu is about 8 nm
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27 with a preferred orientation in the (111) direction. The results obtained by XRD suggest the
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presence of the Cu(0) phase; however, this does not exclude the presence of oxidized species on
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Figure 3. XRD pattern and Rietveld refinement of the Cu NPs sputter-deposited onto SiO2.
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6 Other techniques were applied to better describe the material obtained by magnetron
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8 sputtering. X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) is one of the most powerful
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techniques used to obtain detailed electronic and structural information about the composition of
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13 materials. Herein, XANES measurements were used to characterize the Cu NPs soon after
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15 sputtering deposition and after H2 and O2 pre-treatment (Figure 4). The percentage compositions
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18 of the copper species in the as-prepared samples and the samples after H2 and O2 pre-treatments
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20 were quantified using a linear combination fitting of the XANES spectra. Figure 4a shows the
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22 XANES spectra of the as-prepared Cu NPs. The XANES spectrum indicates that the Cu NPs are
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25 predominantly metallic. Linear combination fittings of the XANES spectra using standard Cu0
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27 and Cu2+ spectra revealed that the as-prepared Cu/SiO2 nanocomposite had a mixture of 85% and
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15% of Cu0 and Cu2+, respectively (at 25°C). Copper NPs tend to oxidize quickly when exposed
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32 to air, which explains the presence of the Cu2+ detected by XANES. However, the Cu oxide
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34 phase can be reduced to Cu metal under H2 treatment at 200 °C for 2 h (soft pretreatment). The
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37 linear combination of the XANES spectra of the sample after H2 treatment showed a chemical
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39 composition of 96% and 4% of Cu0 and Cu2+, respectively (Figure 4b). On the other hand, when
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41 the catalyst was pre-treated under O2 at 200 °C for 2 h (soft pretreatment), the Cu0 phase is
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44 oxidized to Cu2+ (CuO). Linear combination fittings of the XANES spectra revealed a mixture of
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46 33% and 67% of Cu0 and Cu2+, respectively, after O2 treatment (Figure 4c).
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55 Figure 4. XANES spectra of the Cu NPs catalyst: (a) as-prepared catalyst, (b) after H2 treatment
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58 (200 °C, 2 h) and (c) after O2 treatment (200 °C, 2 h).
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6 XPS studies. An XPS study determines the chemical state of the species present on the
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8 catalyst surface. The results are given in Table 1 and Figure 5. XPS molar concentrations and Cu
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2p binding energies for all the samples confirmed the presence of different copper species on the
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13 surface of the catalysts. The peak at the lowest binding energy, in the Cu 2p region, at about
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15 932.2 eV of the H2 pre-treated samples, can be assigned either to Cu0 or Cu+ (Figure 5b). These
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18 Cu species are not easily distinguished from analysis of the Cu 2p region only.26 However,
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20 analysis of the CuLVV Auger peak can help distinguish them. The sample that was reduced with
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22 H2 at 200 °C showed a sharp peak at about KE=918 eV (see ESI, Figure S2), which should be
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25 assigned to the Cu0 species.26 In contrast, the as-prepared sample showed one broad peak at
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27 about 917 eV that originated from CuO.
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55 Figure 5. XPS spectra of the Cu 2p region for Cu/SiO2: (a) as-prepared catalyst, (b) after H2
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57 treatment (200 °C, 2h) and (c) after O2 treatment (200 °C, 2h).
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6 In the case of the as-prepared sample, two additional broad peaks, at about BE=934.2
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8 and 943 eV, were observed and this confirmed the presence of the Cu2+ phase (the 2p3/2
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contribution and the Cu2+ satellite peak, respectively) (Figure 5a). As expected, higher
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13 Cu0 content was found for the H2 reduced sample (Figure 5b). The molar ratio confirmed
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15 that more than 86% of the copper atoms on the surface were Cu0. Only 11% of the surface
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18 atoms were Cu0 in the case of the as-prepared sample. These results are in agreement with
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20 the results obtained by XANES and the TEM analysis. Indeed, the XANES results
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22 showed that 15% of the Cu atoms were in the Cu2+ state. Those Cu2+ ions were localized
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25 essentially on the surface of the Cu NPs, as shown from the XPS analysis (89% of Cu2+).
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27 The O2 pre-treated sample was completely oxidized and it contains only the Cu2+ phase
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(Figure 5c). The low carbon contamination that was observed for the spent sample (Table
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32 1) confirmed that there is no carbon deposition on the catalyst after the catalytic cycle.
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34 Table 1. Chemical composition and XPS molar ratios.
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38
Catalyst Cu [%] O Si C
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40 Cu0 Cu2+ [%] [%] [%]
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42 as-prepared 0.7 5.7 55.3 20.5 17.8
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45 H2 pretreateda 4.5 0.7 60.0 29.4 5.3
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47 O2 pretreateda - 5.7 57.8 26.8 4.8
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49 spent sampleb - 2.8 60.8 27.4 9.0
50 a
51 samples pretreated at 200 °C, b catalyst after reaction
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55
CO oxidation activity. The catalytic activity of the Cu/SiO2 NP catalyst prepared by
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57 magnetron sputtering deposition was tested in the CO oxidation reaction and the results
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are shown in Figure 6 and summarized in Table 2. The SiO2 nanopowder is an inert
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6 support and does not participate in the catalytic reaction.27 The CO oxidation reaction was
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8 performed without and with pretreatment of the samples using different atmospheres (H2
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or O2) in order to investigate the influence that the species present in the catalyst surface
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13 had on the catalytic activity. Wan et al. found that thermal treatment before a catalytic test
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15 could promote the activity of Cu catalysts. The dispersed Cu+ species that originated from
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18 the incomplete reduction of the dispersed Cu2+ played a significant role in low
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20 temperature CO oxidation.28 The as-sputtered Cu NPs samples, without pretreatment, start
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22 the CO oxidation at a temperature near 150 °C and exhibit total conversion of CO to CO2
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25 at temperatures lower than 345 °C, and it was maintained until 500 °C. In the temperature
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27 range of 150–215 °C (∆t = 65 °C) a rapid increase of activity up to 90% of conversion
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was observed.
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32 Although the XRD pattern (Figure 3) showed that the as-prepared Cu/SiO2 NPs had a
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34 metallic phase, the surface was partially oxidized. The XAS and XPS techniques showed that the
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37 Cu0 and Cu2+ phases are present in the samples. The XANES spectra of the as-prepared Cu NPs
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39 (Figure 4) revealed that the major component is the Cu0 phase (85% and 15% of Cu0 and Cu2+,
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41 respectively). In order to investigate the influence of the surface composition on the catalytic
42
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44 activity, the sample was pretreated using different atmospheres (H2 to reduce Cu2+ to Cu0 and O2
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46 to oxidize Cu0 to Cu2+). The activity of the samples subjected to H2 pretreatment at 200 °C for 2
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48 h (soft pretreatment) before the CO oxidation reaction was improved (Figure 6).
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53 Figure 6. Catalytic conversion of CO to CO2 on Cu/SiO2 as a function of catalyst pretreatment
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55 (a) in dry conditions and (b) in humid conditions (addition of 1 and 5 vol% of water vapor).
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The temperature at the beginning of the CO oxidation reaction decreased from 150 °C
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6 to 110 °C (∆t=40 °C), as compared with the as-prepared sample. The temperature of total
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8 conversion (100%) decreased from 345 °C to 240 °C (∆t=105 °C). The XANES spectra
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11
showed that the pre-treated sample at soft conditions (200 °C for 2 h in H2) increases the
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13 Cu0 concentration from 85% to 96%. The sample subjected to O2 pretreatment at 200 °C
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15 for 2 h, showed a lower catalytic activity than the as-prepared sample (without treatment)
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18 or the sample with the pretreatment of H2 at 200 °C. The goal of treating the Cu/SiO2 NPs
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20 with oxygen was to investigate the catalytic activity of the Cu2+ phase, since the literature
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22 suggests that Cu2+ is active for CO oxidation.6 The XANES spectra showed that the pre-
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25 treated sample at soft conditions (200 °C for 2 h in O2) increases the Cu2+ concentration
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27 from 15% to 67%. The catalyst previously treated with O2 starts to convert CO at 116 °C;
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29
it reached 100% of CO conversion at 356 °C and that was maintained until 500 °C. These
30
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32 results clearly indicate that the increase of the Cu2+ phase decreased the activity of the
33
34 catalyst. Moreover, both of the catalysts with a higher concentration of the Cu0 phase (the
35
36
37 as-prepared and H2 pre-treated samples) exhibited higher activity for the CO oxidation
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39 reaction. The T50 value (light-off temperature) for the CO oxidation reaction is quite low
40
41 for the as-prepared sample and it was slightly higher for the sample pre-treated with H2
42
43
44 (Table 2).
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46 The reaction rates of the catalysts, expressed by mass of the Cu and calculated at 99%
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48 (at 225 °C) of conversion, are shown in Table 2. The specific rate of the reduced catalyst
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51 (4.34 mmol CO·s−1 gCu−1) is higher than those observed in the literature for standard Cu
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53 materials and it is comparable to some Pt catalysts.18, 29
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Table 2. CO oxidation activity of the Cu/SiO2 catalysts.
4
5
a b c d
6 Pretreatment Cu/SiO2 Tstart (°C) T50% (°C) T100%(°C) Rate
7
8 as-prepared 135 180 345
9 4.04
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12 H2 pretreatment 110 167 240
4.34
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15 O2 pretreatment 116 185 356
16 3.78
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18 as-prepared 170 220 360 3.28
19
20 (1vol% water vapor)
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23 as-prepared 175 235 357 0.23
24
25 (5vol% water vapor)
26
27 a
28
temperature of initial conversion, btemperature of 50% of CO conversion and
29 c
30 temperature of 100% of CO conversion. dreaction rate at 225 °C expressed in
31
32 mmolCOg-1s-1.
33
34
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38 Figure 6b showed the CO oxidation results for Cu/SiO2 as-prepared catalyst in dry
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40 conditions and with the addition of 1 and 5 vol% of water vapor in the feed. The addition
41
42 of water vapor resulted in an increase of the Tstart from 150 °C to 170 and 175 °C, T50%
43
44
45 from 180 °C to 222 and 235 °C and T100% from 345 °C to 360 and 357 °C, respectively
46
47 for 1 and 5 vol% of water vapor. These changes in the reaction temperature can be
48
49
50
attributed to the adsorption of water on the catalyst surface, as reported by Debeila et al30
51
52 for Au-TiO2 catalyst. In the presence of water vapor, the catalyst exhibited lower reaction
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54 rates at 225 °C (Table 2), but it was still able to achieve 100% conversion of CO to CO2
55
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57 at higher temperatures. All reactions exhaust gases were monitored by FTIR and in all
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cases total CO conversion was observed. The bands attributed to CO2 at 2360 and 2340
4
5
6 cm-1 increased with the temperature (see ESI, Figure S3 and S4).
7
8 The temporal stability is a very important parameter for real application of catalysts in
9
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exhausts gases emissions control. Here, stability tests of the Cu NPs catalyst was
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13 performed at 350 °C with 100% conversion in dry and humid conditions (Figure 7).
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39 Figure 7. Temporal stability of the Cu/SiO2 on the CO oxidation reaction versus time-on-
40
41
42 stream at 350 °C in dry and in humid conditions (addition of 1vol% of water vapor).
43
44
45
46 In the stability test performed in dry conditions, the catalyst maintained nearly the same
47
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49 activity for up to 45 h (the first 20 h are shown in Figure 7). However, a significant loss of
50
51 activity was observed in the stability test in humid conditions (addition of 1 vol% of water
52
53
54
vapor). The conversion of CO to CO2 decreased to ca. 70% after 20 h of time on stream.
55
56 These results confirmed the high activity and stability of the catalyst for the CO oxidation
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reaction in dry conditions, but the deactivation process observed in humid conditions still
4
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6 needs to be studied in more detail. The deactivated catalyst was able to recover partially
7
8 its activity when submitted to dry conditions, eventually approaching the same conversion
9
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11
value as the used catalyst after 20 h.
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13
14
15
16 CONCLUSION
17
18
19 Metallic Cu NPs with an 8 nm diameter have been successfully prepared on a SiO2
20
21
22
nanopowder surface by the magnetron sputtering deposition method. Even though Cu0
23
24 was the only phase identified by XRD, the XANES and XPS studies confirmed the partial
25
26 oxidation of the as-prepared nanoparticles after air exposure. The as-prepared material
27
28
29 (85% Cuo and 15% Cu2+) reveals outstanding catalytic activity for CO oxidation. The
30
31 sample enriched in the Cu0 phase by H2 soft pretreatment (96% Cuo and 4% Cu2+)
32
33 similarly exhibited a very good catalytic performance, but the samples previously
34
35
36 oxidized with O2 exhibited a poorer performance when compared to the other two
37
38 samples. Higher activity and stability were observed for the as-prepared and the H2 soft
39
40
pretreatment Cu/SiO2 samples suggesting that the presence of the Cu0 species is more
41
42
43 important for the formation of the active sites for CO oxidation than other oxide phases
44
45 (Cu+2 and Cu+1). The presence of humidity caused only a small increase in the
46
47
48 temperature require for the reaction to reach 100% conversion, but did affect the stability
49
50 of the catalyst over time on stream. Therefore, Cu NPs prepared using magnetron
51
52 sputtering deposition on silica have a high potential for application as a catalyst material
53
54
55 for CO oxidation in exhaust gas streams.
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3
ASSOCIATED CONTENT
4
5
6
7 Supporting Information. Details of the SEM images of the SiO2 nanospheres prepared by the
8
9 Stöber method and complementary XPS data are available free of charge via the Internet at
10
11
12 http://pubs.acs.org.
13
14
15 AUTHOR INFORMATION
16
17
18 Corresponding Authors
19
20
* E-mail: rgoncalves@ifsc.usp.br (RVG) and lrossi@iq.usp.br (LMR)
21
22
23
24 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
25
26 The authors are grateful for the financial support offered by São Paulo Research Foundation –
27
28
29 FAPESP (Brazilian agency). Our thanks are also extended to the Brazilian Synchrotron Light
30
31 Laboratory (LNLS) for use of its XAFS1 experimental facilities (proposal XAFS1-15295 and
32
33 XAFS1 - 17154) and its experimental facilities (INTERCOVAMEX Sputtering System); we also
34
35
36 wish to thank LNNano for the use of the FESEM microscope (proposals SEM-FEG 13057).
37
38
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Easy Access To Metallic Copper Nanoparticles

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