EFFECTIVENESS OF EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS OF SAN NICOLAS,

BATANGAS DISASTER RESPONSE GROUPED AS ASSESSED BY ITS

COMMUNITY MEMBERS

A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Arts and Sciences
Batangas State University
Pablo Borbon Campus

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Criminology

By:

Kyla Jane K. Asi

Nizza T. Candido
Princess B. Curachea
Charlotte G. Ebora
Regene C. Escala
Tricia Mae A. Ibañez

November 2023
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………………….. i

APPROVAL SHEET …………………………………………………………….. ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT …………………………………………………………. iii

DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………. iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS ………………………………………………………… v

LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………….. vi

LIST OF FIGURES ……………………………………………………………… viii

ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………………. ix

CHAPTER

I. THE PROBLEM

Introduction ………………………………………………………………………… 1

Statement of the Problem ………………………………………………………….. 5

Hypothesis of the Study …………………………………………………………… 6

Scope, Delimitation, and Limitation of the Study …………………………………. 6

Significance of the Study ………………………………………………………….. 7

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Conceptual Literature ……………………………………………………………… 10

Research Literature ………………………………………………………………… 21

Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………………………. 31

Conceptual Framework ……………………………………………………………. 32

Definition of Terms ………………………………………………………………... 34

 vi

III. RESEARCH METHOD AND PROCEDURE

Research Design …………………………………………………………………… 35

Respondents of the Study ………………………………………………………….. 36

Data Gathering Instrument ………………………………………………………… 37

Data Gathering Procedure …………………………………………………………. 40

Statistical Treatment of Data ………………………………………………………. 42

Ethical Considerations ……………………………………………………………... 43

IV. PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

Subtitle 1 …………………………………………………………………………… 45

Subtitle 2 …………………………………………………………………………… 50

Subtitle 3 …………………………………………………………………………… 55

Subtitle 4 …………………………………………………………………………… 60

Subtitle 5 …………………………………………………………………………… 65

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary …………………………………………………………………………... 73

Conclusions ………………………………………………………………………... 76

Recommendations …………………………………………………………………. 78

REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………… 81

APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………………. 84

BIOGRAPHIC SKETCH ………………………………………………………... 90

 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

One of the nations with the highest risk of natural disasters is the Philippines. Its

islands frequently experience floods, typhoons, landslides, earthquakes, volcanoes, and

droughts due to their location at the intersection of two main tectonic plates at the heart of

a typhoon belt. Also, among the top three nations in the world for population exposure

and hazard vulnerability is the Philippines. Over the course of their extensive history

dealing with disasters, the Philippine government has developed effective coping

methods. However, there are still large gaps in disaster management capabilities among

the many areas of the Philippines, and statistics on local levels of disaster preparedness

and resilience are surprisingly scarce (Alcayna et al., 2018).

According to the World Risk Index, around 74% of its population of more than

100 million is affected in different ways by these disasters, and the nation frequently

ranks among the world's top 10 most disaster-prone nations.Nearly 300,000 square

kilometers (116,000 square miles), or nearly 60% of the country's total land area, is at

risk from natural disasters, in large part because the archipelago is situated along the

paths of both tropical storms that are developing in the western Pacific and the Ring of

Fire (Leilani, 2021).

As stated by World Health Organization: WHO (2019). A volcano is an opening

in the crust of the Earth where eruptions take place. Approximately 1500 volcanoes have

the potential to be active globally. Volcanoes can spew rock, ash, lava, and hot,

hazardous gases that can inflict catastrophic property and human damage, particularly in
 2

densely populated areas. Almost 2400 persons lost their lives as a result of wildfires and

volcanic activity between 1998 and 2017.

Volcanic eruptions can take many diverse forms, including: pyroclastic explosions,

which release volcanic matter and hot gas quickly, emissions of hot ash, lava flows, gas

discharges, gas and ashes release, creating luminous avalanches.When rain, snow, or

melting ice accompanies a volcanic eruption, secondary phenomena like floods,

mudslides, and landslides can also result. By releasing gases into the atmosphere, such as

sulfur dioxide, which cools the planet, and carbon dioxide, which may warm it, volcanic

eruptions can have an effect on climate change.

According to De Guzman (2023). Volcanic activity along the seismologically

active Pacific "Ring of Fire" is nothing new to the Philippines; around 700 people

perished in the 1991 furious eruption of Mount Pinatubo in Zambales, surpassing the

death toll from the 1985 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington State. Additionally,

in 2020, Taal Volcano erupted towering columns of volcanic ash that extended as far as

the nation's capital, forcing its airports to close and exposing locals to dangerous

particulates, just as most of the world was rushing to acquire masks for COVID-19.

Since Tuesday, June 6, 2023 the Taal Volcano in the province of Batangas has

been emitting gas, or degassing, which has resulted in "significant" volcanic fog, or vog.

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) reported that it had

seen "voluminous steam-rich plumes that rose 2,000 meters above Taal Volcano Island"

and "active degassing...in the form of visible upwelling of volcanic fluids in the Main

Crater Lake" in an advisory that was released at 11 a.m. on Wednesday, June 7,2023. In

addition, Phivolcs recorded large emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2), with an average of
 3

9,193 tons on Monday, June 5, and 7,680 tons on Tuesday."Over the Taal region, fog is

likely to stay while degassing activity, light wind movement, and humid atmospheric

conditions persist." Recall that vog is made up of tiny droplets of acidic volcanic gas,

such as SO2, which can irritate the respiratory system, eyes, and throat to varying degrees

depending on exposure times and gas concentrations. Those who are impacted by vog

were encouraged by phivolcs to stay inside, close doors and windows, wear N95 face

masks, and seek medical attention if necessary. The elderly, children, pregnant women,

and those with heart and respiratory conditions are the groups most susceptible to vog

(Arceo, 2023).

Additionally, according to INQUIRER.net (2023). Taal Volcano logs highest

sulfur dioxide emission for 2023. “A total of 9,762 tonnes/day of volcanic sulfur dioxide

or SO2 gas emission from the Taal Main Crater was measured on 12 October 2023. This

is the highest recorded SO2 emission from Taal for the year,”

The researchers conduct this study to discover the effectiveness of emergency

preparedness of San Nicolas, Batangas Disaster Response Grouped as assessed by its

community members. This study will try to discover the emergency organized response

activities followed by the Disaster Response Group of San Nicolas, Batangas. Also, it

will assess on how the respondents perceived the effectiveness emergency preparedness

of the disaster response group in term prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and

recovery. In addition, the researchers aim to design and propose an extension service

activity to enhance the emergency preparedness of San Nicolas, Batangas disaster

response group.
 4

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of emergency preparedness of the

Disaster Response Group of San Nicolas, Batangas.

Specifically, this study would like to answer the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the community members in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 sex;

1.3 civil status;

1.4 educational attainment;

1.5 type of employment;

1.6 socio-economic status;

1.7 brgy. of residence ; and

1.8 years of residency?

2. What are the emergency organized response activities followed by the Disaster

Response Group of San Nicolas, Batangas?

3. How do the respondents perceived the effectiveness emergency preparedness of the

disaster response group in terms of:

3.1 prevention;

3.2 mitigation;
 5

3.3 preparedness;

3.4 response;

3.5 recovery

4. Is there a significant diffesrence on the assessment of the respondents when grouped

according to their profile variables?

5. What extension service activity may be proposed to enhance the emergency

preparedness of San Nicolas, Batangas disaster response group?

Hypothesis of the Study

This study will test the hypothesis:

HO1: There is no significant difference in the perception of the respondents on

the effectiveness of these activities in relation to the experienced and would-be

experienced disaster when grouped according to their profile variables.

Scope, Delimitation and Limitation of the Study

This study was mainly focused on Effectiveness of Emergency preparedness of

San Nicolas, Batangas Disaster Response Grouped as assessed by its community

members. This study focuses on determining the emergency organized response activities

followed by the Disaster Response Group of San Nicolas Batangas. In order to ascertain

if there is a significant difference on the assessment of the respondents when grouped

according to their variables, the profile variables of the respondents in terms of age, sex,
 6

civil status, educational attainment, type of employment, socio- economic status,

barangay of residence, and years of residence were also obtained.

This study obtained its primary data only in the selected barangays in San

Nicolas, Batangas particularly in the most populated surrounding to Taal Volcano

wherein they are at risk in health conditions. It will only delimit to the chosen barangays

if the researchers which are barangay (indicate 3 barangays of San Nicolas). Moreover,

other concerns not related to the effectiveness of disaster preparedness and emergency

response activities is not considered.

The distance and unfamiliarity of Target barangays may the problem faced to

gather the data needed to this study. The researchers might not be able to easily reach the

respondents through the unfamiliarity of the area. Also, the respondents may not be able

to clearly understand the other terms included in researchers made questionnaire when

conducting a survey. In addition, the researchers might be worried in their health

condition while conducting the survey surrounds in Taal Volcano. Moreover, the reliable

data will be difficult to gather which may affect the result of the study.

Significance of the Study

The result and output of this study are deemed beneficial to the following:

Philippine Coast Guard and Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliaries. The study's

conclusions can serve as a foundation or guide going forward. Additionally, it will fortify

their existing tactics and strategies and enable the Philippine Coast Guard or the

Auxiliary Coast Guard to remain more vigilant regarding the local conditions. It also
 7

serves as a guide for them when they give safety-related lectures prior to, during, and

following a natural or man-made disaster.

Bureau of Fire Protection. The study's findings are incredibly helpful during

emergency situations, as we are all aware that the Bureau of Fire Protection is not always

the first to respond to fire-related incidents. Additionally, it could be useful for the search

and rescue efforts in the event of natural or man-made disasters. The study can also help

them to improve their methods and strategies.

City Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (CDRRMO). The City

Disaster Risk Reduction Management Office (CDRRMO) can greatly contribute to the

study on the effectiveness of emergency preparedness in San Nicolas, Batangas. Their

collaboration can provide valuable insights, validate community assessments, identify

gaps, and offer recommendations. The CDRRMO's expertise helps in resource allocation,

training programs, and integrating study findings into local policies. Their involvement

ensures that the study's recommendations align with broader disaster management plans,

fostering more effective emergency preparedness in the community.

Philippine Red Cross. They stand to gain from this study regarding how to

handle crisis situations that arise on a daily basis. Additionally, they will assist them in

developing strategies that will benefit them when they use to the residence.

Philippine coast guard and auxiliaries. They can benefit from the study's

findings in a crisis situation since they can serve as a guide and increase the efficacy of

the disaster relief organizations.

Philippine National Police Maritime Group. The findings of the study can give

them information or a trustworthy source, and they can also use them to align their crisis
 8

management tactics. It can also serve as a manual for them when giving lectures and

carrying out their duties and responsibilities in the event of a natural or man-made

disaster.

Batangas City Coastal Area Residents. This study can provide more

information and knowledge that can help people in our communities become more aware

of how simple actions can benefit their fellow citizens during calamities. The findings of

this study can also help people living in coastal areas gain insight into any calamities that

may occur.

Barangay Officials at Coastal Areas. The outcomes of this study can pave the

way for barangay officials in coastal areas to become augmented and better prepared. In

addition, this study can furnish them with additional insights to enhance their

effectiveness and resilience in the face of calamities in a coastal barangay.

Parents of the Children. The findings of this study lies in providing assurance

about the safety and readiness of their children in coastal barangays. It also offers insights

into the effectiveness of disaster preparedness efforts, fostering confidence that their

children are well-protected in the face of calamities, alleviating parental concerns and

ensuring their peace of mind.

BS Criminology Educators. This study on disaster preparedness and emergency

response offers valuable insights and practical implications for criminology educators.

This study can be used to integrate disaster-related topics into their curriculum and

prepare students for a broader understanding of public safety and security in diverse

situations.
 9

BS Criminology Students. This study gives every BS Criminology student an

opportunity to explore the intersection of crime, public safety, and emergency

management. It equips them with knowledge and skills that are relevant not only to their

academic pursuits but also to their future roles in law enforcement, emergency services,

and related fields.

Present Researcher. This study can provide valuable insights to researchers by

conducting a comprehensive assessment of the perceived effectiveness of disaster

preparedness and emergency response activities in coastal barangays. Thereby, aiding in

the enhancement of disaster management strategies in similar coastal communities.

Future Researcher. The results, findings, and insights derived from this study

can serve as valuable resources for future researchers working on topics related to the

effectiveness of disaster preparedness and emergency response activities in coastal areas.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents the conceptual literature and research literature, its

synthesis, the conceptual frameworks and definition of terms.

Conceptual Literature

The following topics discussed under the conceptual literature are the

effectiveness of emergency preparedness as the general topic of the study. There are also

four sub-topics such as the emergency organized groups, phases of emergency

management, responsible agencies for emergency preparedness and best practices in

emergency preparedness and response which are all gathered from research journals, and

other reliable general references.

Emergency Preparedness

The definition of preparedness is "the knowledge and capacities to effectively

anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent, or current

disasters." This definition aligns with the way that IOM's role is formulated before, during,

and after a crisis in the Migration Crisis Operational Framework (MCOF). "Emergency

preparedness" , also known as "preparedness for emergency response," is more focused on

enhancing the capacity and readiness to respond to an event and takes a shorter timeframe

into account. Put another way, EP focuses more on enhancing the volume, speed, and

quality of emergency response than it does on the longer-term view of readiness (the

"anticipate" and "recover" stages). In actuality, this distinction is not that clear-cut. When it

comes to DRR, EP, and/or emergency response, the IOM focal points at the national level

are nearly invariably the same individuals. Moreover, rather than following a linear
 10

chronology, disasters and crises frequently involve a cyclical repeat of emergency and

transition periods. The overall goal of emergency preparedness is to take action before

possible crises arise in order to enhance the disaster response's volume, speed, and quality

(Emergency Preparedness | Emergency Manual, 2023).

In addition, according to New York State (2008). Emergency Preparedness is

the actions you take to ensure your safety before, during, and after an emergency or natural

disaster. These plans are vital for your safety in both natural catastrophes and man-made

calamities. Examples of natural calamities are floods, blizzards, tornadoes and earthquakes.

Man-made disasters might include explosions, fires, chemical and biological attacks.

Emergency Organized Groups.

The different groups that will be mention are the emergency organized groups that is

responsible during different calamities.

As stated by Chalymie Quinonez (2023). Prior to being reorganized as the Bureau

of Fire Protection (BFP) under R.A., the Fire Department was integrated with the

Philippine Constabulary/Integrated National Police (PC/INP) under Presidential Decree

No. 765, dated January 1, 1975. Department of the Interior and Local Government Act, No.

6975, was passed in 1990. In order to ensure public safety, the BFP is required to prevent

and put out destructive fires of all kinds, enforce the Fire Code of the Philippines (PD

1185), look into the origins of fires and report them to the relevant authorities, and support

the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) in times of national emergency.In order to

effectively implement their fire prevention and suppression programs and provide

assistance during national emergencies, the BFP is required to establish at least one (1) fire

station with sufficient firefighting facilities and equipment in each province, city, and
 11

municipality. Additionally, they must provide highly trained officers and staff who possess

the initiative, capability, and foresight to carry out their duties. Just 807 of the 1,617

provinces, cities, and municipalities in existence as of September 2005 had fire stations,

and only 747 of those had fire station buildings.

According to Philippine Coast Guard (2023).The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) is

the front-runner in the nation's efforts to prevent dangerous foreign vessels from entering

the nation through its Port State Control (PSC). Currently, the PCG operates 14 PSC

Centers and 29 PSC Divisions across the archipelago. The majority of inspections are

conducted at the PSC Center in Manila, which is determined by the frequency of foreign

ship calls.The organization's mission is to enforce regulations in compliance with all

applicable national taws, treaties, or international maritime conventions to which the

government is a signatory, as mandated by Republic Act 9993. The purpose of the

MARSAF or MARITIME SAFETY function is to reduce or eliminate needless loss of life

and property while at sea. The enhanced Mandatory Pre-departure Inspection ensures that

every vessel leaving the port is seaworthy. This includes ensuring that the vessels follow

safety standards and that those that do not are prevented from sailing; conducting

Operational Readiness and Emergency Readiness Evaluations at random within the ports;

conducting routine vessel safety inspections; publishing Notice Mariners (NOTAM); and

enforcing and enforcing navigational regulations.

Phases of Emergency Management

According to City of St. Louis, Missouri (2011). Prevention, mitigation,

preparedness, response and recovery are the five steps of Emergency Management.
 12

Prevention

Actions taken to avoid an incident. Stopping an incident from occurring. Deterrence

operations and surveillance.

Mitigation

Refers to actions taken to stop emergencies from occurring, lessen their likelihood,

or lessen the negative effects of emergencies that cannot be avoided. Common mitigation

strategies include zoning regulations and building restrictions, shutter installation, and

levee construction as a barrier.

Preparedness

Is being ready and engaging in activities that improves a community's capacity to

react to emergencies. Creating memorandums of understanding and agreements on mutual

help, providing training to concerned citizens and response personnel, holding catastrophe

drills to validate training, and launching all-hazards awareness campaigns are examples of

common preparedness methods.

Response

Actions taken in the moments leading up to, during, and following a hazard impact

with the intention of preventing fatalities, minimizing financial damages, and easing

suffering. Initiating the emergency operations center, evacuating populations under threat,

opening shelters and offering mass care, emergency medical attention and rescue,

combating fires, and conducting urban search and rescue are some examples of response

actions.

Recovery
 13

Measures done to bring a community back to more or less normal circumstances,

such as repairing physical, social, and financial harm and resuming the provision of

essential services. Rebuilding of roads, bridges, and important buildings, financial aid to

individuals and governments, debris cleanup, and ongoing mass care for displaced human

and animal populations are examples of typical recovery measures.

Responsible Agencies for Emergency Preparedness. Presented here is the

review of concepts and theories related to the different agencies in the Philippines who is

responsible for emergency preparedness.

Mobile Network Operators (MNOs) Smart and Globe in the Philippines, who are

both signatories to the GSMA's Humanitarian Connectivity Charter, were essential in the

Typhoon Rai response by assisting the government, first responders, and the general

populace. Early planning measures taken by Smart and Globe included conducting

coordinated drills around the country and positioning aid and supplies in strategic

locations, particularly in coastal communities. In order to maintain operations during the

impending typhoon, the MNOs created quick response teams and disseminated

emergency alerts and advisories. In order to continue fostering resilience across the

nation, scaling up already effective mechanisms is essential. As an illustration, Smart is

presently considering how to improve and incorporate community-based EWS into

Infocast, its web-based SMS broadcast service that enables local government units to

disseminate critical public information within their communities. The accuracy of EWS

may also be increased by utilizing quickly developing frontier technology. As part of its

current work to improve granular weather forecasting using AI-based predictive analysis,
 14

Globe views Big Bata as a potent instrument for gaining access to more detailed and

richer data (GSMA, 2022).

As stated by DILG (2022) in response to President Ferdinand 'BongBong'

Marcos, Jr.'s appeal, Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) Secretary

Benjamin 'Benhur' Abalos, Jr. pledged to speed up the Department's efforts to improve

barangay preparedness in responding to disasters and other emergencies in order to

prevent loss of life and property as the Philippines tops the World Disaster Risk Index in

2022. Abalos said the DILG, as the Vice Chair for Disaster Preparedness of the National

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), seeks to equip

barangays with the necessary knowledge, skills, and capacities to manage and reduce

disaster risks to become disaster prepared and resilient Filipino communities. He also

said the DILG is conducting several assessment activities to gauge the performance of

local government units (LGUs), including the barangays, in Disaster Risk Reduction and

Management-Climate Change Adaptation (DRRM-CCA) in order to ensure that gaps are

addressed and good practices are replicated.

Additionally, the creation and operationalization of barangay risk reduction

management committees, the creation of barangay disaster risk reduction and

management plans, and the distribution of funding for disaster response and recovery are

among the key responsibilities of barangays in terms of disaster resilience. Abalos stated

that the Department will continue to undertake Operation LISTO, its flagship disaster

preparedness advocacy program cascaded to the barangay level through the Listo si Kap

program, to strengthen the capability of LGUs., a list of proactive activities done as

necessary and preparatory procedures based on the minimum standards for disaster
 15

preparedness and the guidebook for higher LGUs.

In addition to emergency response, UNICEF's work in emergencies in 2022

included preparatory initiatives. Increased disaster preparedness capabilities and the

ability for UNICEF to support government response to disasters like Super Typhoon

Noru (Karding), Severe Tropical Storm Nalgae (Paeng), and the North Luzon Earthquake

were made possible by the mobilization of over $16 million, or 40% of UNICEF's

Humanitarian Action for Children Appeal (UNICEF Philippines, 2023)

Moreover, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC) is the agency in the Philippines tasked with preparing for and responding to

natural calamities. It also uses strategies to mitigate the impact of disasters and increase

the resiliency of the national government and local government (LGUs) in the face of

disasters.” The mitigation strategies the NDRRMC is doing, especially one that considers

climate change and the country’s infrastructure, are included and discussed in the

Philippines Disaster Management Reference Handbook, March 2018 (Platform, 2022).

The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP 2011‐

2028, 2012) fulfills the requirement of RA No. 10121 of 2010, which provides the legal

basis for policies, plans and programs to deal with disasters. The NDRRMP covers four

thematic areas (1) Disaster Prevention and Mitigation; (2) Disaster Preparedness; (3)

Disaster Response; and (4) Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery, which correspond to

the structure of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council

(NDRRMC). By law, the Office of Civil Defense formulates and implements the

NDRRMP and ensures that the physical framework, social, economic and environmental

plans of communities, cities, municipalities and provinces are consistent with such plan.
 16

The NDRRMP is consistent with the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management

Framework (NDRRMF), which serves as “the principal guide to disaster risk reduction

and management (DRRM) efforts to the country” The Framework envisions a country of

“safer, adaptive and disaster resilient Filipino communities toward sustainable

development.” It conveys a paradigm shift from reactive to proactive DRRM wherein

men and women have increased their awareness and understanding of DRRM, with the

end in view of increasing people’s resilience and decreasing their vulnerabilities.

Best Practices in Emergency Preparedness and Response.

According to Business Mirror (2022) the Albayanos, who have more-or-less

perfected catastrophe mitigation through foolproof evacuation plans and general

preparedness, are leading the push in bringing calamity preparedness to light. Indeed, the

UN has designated Albay as its Global Model for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and

adaptation to climate change (CCA), and Salceda, a multi-awarded advocate for CCA and

DRR, as its Senior Global Champion and spokesperson on CCA-DRR. One of the most

disaster-prone regions in the nation, Albay, has started ground-breaking CCA-DRR

projects that have won accolades from both national and international institutions.

Among them are the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's Hall

of Fame nook and three Gawad Kalasag Awards. Albay has made significant investments

in calamity preparedness supplies and infrastructure strengthening to ensure that they are

well-prepared when calamities are expected to strike

Its multibillion-peso Albay Guidacale (Guinobatan-Camalig-Daraga-Legazpi)

Economic Township Program was initially intended as a geostrategic intervention to

 17

relocate residents from dangerous areas to safer areas, but it is quickly evolving into an

economic development platform to turn the area's 64,000 hectares into a sprawling

business boom center. The province government of Albay has installed early warning

systems and disaster management tools, and it now regularly provides training on risk

reduction in local communities and schools.

To improve its capacity for responding to emergencies, the Provincial

Government of Batangas has announced the acquisition of 186 brand-new Hino 200

Series Rescue trucks. With the invaluable assistance of Hino Motors Philippines

Corporation, the transaction was successfully closed by Hino Batangas, the authorized

dealership in the province of Batangas. The official contract signing, which took place at

the provincial capital of Batangas, marked an important turning point in the province's

ongoing initiatives to improve disaster preparedness and guarantee the security and

wellbeing of its citizens. The Provincial Government of Batangas' unshakable

commitment to public service and their pro-active strategy in dealing with catastrophes

and natural disasters are demonstrated by their purchase of the Hino 200 Series Rescue

vehicles (INQUIRER.net Brand Room, 2023).

As stated by Healthy Pilipinas (2021). There are numerous active volcanoes in the

Philippines. The proximity of such volcanoes can pose a health and safety risk to local

residents. For this reason, it's critical to be ready in case of a volcanic eruption.

How to get ready for a volcanic eruption

• Create a strategy for emergencies that includes escape routes from the volcano.

• Become familiar with PHIVOLCS upgrades and LGU plans.

• Keep a record of hotlines and emergency numbers in case you need assistance.
 18

• Put together a disaster supply box with provisions for food, water, clothes, medical

supplies, a cell phone, a whistle, a flashlight, and additional batteries.

• Make sure your home has an adequate supply of face masks and medications for anyone

who might require them.

IN THE EVENT OF AN ERUPTION:

• Adhere to the local authorities' guidance.

• It's best to leave your home as soon as possible because waiting inside can be deadly.

• Don't forget your survival gear.

IF THERE ARE ASHFALLS:

Particles that range in size from powder to sand that are thrown into the air during a

volcano eruption make up volcanic ash. Many health issues, including irritation of the

nose and throat, coughing, bronchitis-like illness, breathing difficulties, eye irritation,

minor skin problems, and injuries or fatalities from roof collapses or car accidents

brought on by slick roads and low visibility, can be brought on by falling ash. Individuals

with pre-existing medical conditions including asthma, emphysema, or bronchitis should

particularly stay away from volcanic ash exposure.

Here are a few strategies for handling ash fall:

• Reduce your exposure to ash.

• Spend as much time inside as you can.

• Keep the windows and doors closed.

• Use moist drapes, blankets, or clothes to stop ash from entering the home.

• Put on masks to block dust.

 19

• To prevent eye irritation, put on goggles or spectacles.

• Maintain animals in closed shelters.

Assuming the requisite safety measures, remove any ash from your roof.

• Pay attention to traffic alerts and traffic safety regulations.

To conclude, the above-mentioned topics in the conceptual literature tackle the

effectiveness of emergency preparedness during volcanic eruption. As well as the best

practices on how to deal with disaster and agencies that responsible when it comes to

emergencies are also discussed in this part of the research.

Research Literature

The following is a summary of all reviews of various research literature related to

the study, which will focus on evaluating the capability on surviving during disasters.

Alcayna et al. (2018), aims to bridge the information gap on both local

catastrophe preparedness and resilience. By providing a comprehensive analysis of

disaster risk and resilience measures for household preparedness in the Philippines. This

one home is the first in the nation to be surveyed on disaster preparedness and resilience.

In the Philippines, preparations have been made. DisasterNet seeks to provide

educational and evidence-based materials on catastrophe preparedness and resilience that

are suitable for stakeholders from a variety of industries. The report is based on a

residential survey conducted in person. A nationwide poll of 4,368 adult respondents was

conducted in the Philippines, one of the region's most geographically diversified nations.

Interviews were conducted in March and April of 2017.

 20

In the research done by Arnold et. Al (2018, p. 37–43), The CARISMAND

project, explored the relationship between cultural variables and people's perceptions of

risk in both man-made and natural disasters. This study focused on the attitudes, feelings,

and perspectives of the island nation of Malta, which has a comparatively low risk of

natural disasters. Malta was our choice because of its distinct geographic and geopolitical

location and low danger of natural disasters. Because of this, it was the perfect place to

look into cultural elements that can have a big impact on how people behave in these

kinds of situations and provide insight into how risk perception, culture, and behave.

Maminta (2019), assessed the disaster preparedness awareness of Mimbalot

residents in Buru-un, Ilagan city. Stakeholders, community and school leaders were

involved in this project. The managers and facilitators of each stream involved in

conducting the survey had to learn how to conduct the survey. Data collection began with

questionnaires for the residents, using a questionnaire written by the researchers in their

own mother tongue (Sinugbuanong Bisaya) for ease of understanding. The project

processes begin with the collection, analysis and reporting of the collected data. After

collecting and analyzing the data, it became clear that the respondents are vulnerable to

disabilities, and more than half of them lack emergency exits, backup exits and

information phones. As a result, brochures and flyers were distributed to respondents,

introducing and educating them on the importance of emergency preparedness and

participation in earthquake and fire drills and school disaster risk reduction meetings.
 21

In the study of Hansell and Oppenheimer (2004), it stated that volcanic gases

have the potential to expose millions of people globally, and the exposures may be

different from those caused by anthropogenic air pollution. Very few primary research

about the health risks of volcanic gases were discovered during a thorough study of the

literature. The respiratory morbidity and mortality were linked to SO2 and acid aerosols

from eruptions and degassing episodes, but not to the prevalence of childhood asthma or

declines in lung function. Asphyxiation deaths have resulted from CO2 and H2S

accumulations from geothermal and volcanic sources. Respiratory and neurological

disorders have been linked to long-term exposure to H2S in geothermal zones. Some

effects were widespread, affecting multiple nations (e.g., Iceland's Laki fissure eruption

in 1783–1741). There has been no research on the health implications of metal vapor or

halogen gas discharges from volcanoes.

Zuskin et al. (2007) assessed the study of the effects of volcanic eruption on

evironment and health. Almost 500 active volcanoes on Earth currently threaten the lives

of almost half a billion people, and between 10 and 40 volcanic eruptions occur annually.

Volcanic eruptions are linked to the worsening of social and economic conditions and

have harmful consequences on the environment, climate, and the health of those who are

exposed. In addition to magma and steam (H2O), the following gases are also present in

the environment: heavy metals (mercury, lead, gold), methane (CH4), hydrogen fluoride

(HF), hydrogen bromide (HBr), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon

monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), carbon sulphide (CS), carbon disulfide (CS2),

hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen (H2), and other organic compounds. Their
 22

unfavourable effects depend on the distance from a volcano, on magma viscosity, and on

gas concentrations. The hazards closer to the volcano include pyroclastic flows, flows of

mud, gases and steam, earthquakes, blasts of air, and tsunamis. The effects of poisonous

volcanic ash, concerns with the eyes, skin, and respiratory system, as well as

psychological repercussions, injuries, transportation and communication challenges,

problems with waste disposal and water supplies, building collapse, and power outages,

are some of the hazards in remote places. Additional repercussions include decreased

rainfall, deteriorating water quality, crop degradation, and deforestation. Increased

respiratory system morbidity and mortality among persons impacted by volcanic

eruptions have been found during and immediately following these events. Use of safety

precautions on time could help to partially reduce adverse health impacts.

In the study of Sari et al. (2022), it stated that numerous active volcanoes in

the Indonesian region are capable of erupting at any time. Timely awareness of volcanic

explosions is crucial for locals living near the volcano.

Thus, it will have to do with how ready the locals are for volcanic eruptions. If the

residents' awareness and readiness are good; they will stop a lot of victims. This study

sought to evaluate how prepared pupils were for disasters in the event of catastrophic

eruptions of volcanoes. Utilizing a quantitative descriptive methodology, the research 32

pupils from SMPN 2 Ngemplak's seventh class were included in the cluster random

sampling sample. The questionnaires and interviews are two methods of data collection

that are employed. Considering the outcomes of the study, it is possible to draw the

conclusion that each indicator of the student readiness index for in the event of a
 23

catastrophic volcanic eruption, readiness consists of (1) knowledge and attitude 72.40

classified as ready, (2) 59.38 classified as almost ready for emergency preparation, and

(3) early alert system 61.72, which is classified as nearly ready, and (4) resource

mobilization is included in the index 64.06 in the category of almost ready. Thus, the four

parameters' average index value of volcaniic eruption disaster preparation is 64.72, with

the category marked as almost ready. This Research can serve as a foundation for

creating educational resources that can lessen the volcanic eruption risk.

Purnamawati et al. (2022) assessed the student preception of volcanic eruption

and disaster preparedness. Preparedness is known as an effort to respond effectively

when a disaster occurs. Improving disaster preparedness attitudes is an important element

of reducing disaster risk before it occurs. This study was conducted to determine students'

perceptions of disaster preparedness for volcanic eruptions. The type of research used is

descriptive qualitative research. The analytical technique used is to convert qualitative

data into quantitative data. The instrument used is a student knowledge questionnaire

about volcanic eruption disaster preparedness which is distributed to 7th-grade students

of SMP in Sleman Regency. From the results of the analysis calculation, it was obtained

that students' perceptions of volcanic eruption disaster preparedness in the knowledge

aspect were 70% in the good category, planning was 67% in the good category, the

warning system was 66% in the good category, and resource mobility was 73% in the

good category good. Based on the results, it can be concluded that students' perceptions

of disaster preparedness with this knowledge, planning, warning systems, and resource

mobility are in the good category with an average percentage of 69%. Therefore, it is
 24

necessary to increase knowledge about preparedness attitudes towards volcanic eruptions

in junior high schools.

In the study of J. Bacus (2020). Since schoolchildren are among the most at risk

during disasters, it is crucial to give them the tools they need to be prepared for and

handle emergencies. One of the main goals of any educational establishment is to instill a

culture of safety, and disaster risk reduction and management, or DRRM, is the key to

doing so. The purpose of this study is to ascertain the Disaster Risk Reduction

Management of a Carcar City public elementary school. This study used a descriptive

survey approach with 71 participants who included administrators, teachers, PTA

officers, and student leaders. The focus group discussion's interview guide, the School

Emergency and Disaster Preparedness Level of Knowledge and Level of Implementation,

and the opportunities and challenges of implementing DRRM were the instruments used.

The respondents' level of expertise is only "oefair," according to the findings but only to a

"low extent" in terms of implementation. Their lack of knowledge about the various DRR

measures results in its poor implementation. Their lack of knowledge about the various

DRR measures results in its poor implementation. This was ascribed to the different

difficulties and impediments that prevent its efficient application. Their familiarity with

their duties and responsibilities as actors in the program they were implementing was

lacking. As a result, it is advised that the suggested action framework be applied. It was

created by the researcher and the other members of the school's DRR team, with

assistance from the CDRRMO and the barangay captain.

 25

As assessed by Revista Internacional de la Cruz Roja (1976 - 1999),

International Review of the Red Cross (1961 - 1997), Bulletin International des Societes

de la Croix-Rouge (1869 - 1918). The International Committee of the Red Cross and

Cambridge University Press publish the peer-reviewed journal International Review of

the Red Cross. In armed conflict and other instances of collective armed violence, it

encourages contemplation on humanitarian law, policy, and action. The goal of this

specialized journal on humanitarian law is to advance legal knowledge, critical analysis,

and development while also assisting in the prevention of rules that violate fundamental

rights and values. In order to provide a better understanding of the humanitarian issues

that arise from conflicts, the Review provides a forum for discussion on current

humanitarian action as well as an analysis of the causes and features of conflicts. Lastly,

the Review answers reader inquiries about issues concerning the International Red Cross

and Red Crescent Movement, particularly those involving the Red Cross's programs and

initiatives.

F. Gacasa (2022), assessed the purpose of the investigation was to assess how the

Philippine Coast Guard Auxiliary (PCGA) used its aviation resources and flight

operations to formulate policies that would improve the PCGA's strategic plan,

particularly in areas like law enforcement, administration, pollution response, maritime

security, and search and rescue. Finding out if the current plan had succeeded in reaching

its goals and if a re-calibration was required in order to execute a catch-up plan was the

main goal. Using purposive sampling, the researcher included all officers and non-

officers from various PCG and PCGA organizations that he was aware of; this resulted in
 26

a participant pool of 26 officers and 21 non-officers. The study found a significant

difference between the officers' and non-officers' assessments of the extent of utilization

of PCGA aviation assets along the dimensions that were determined using independent

sample t-tests and Pearson's correlation coefficient. This research discovered that there

was no discernible difference in officers' and non-officers' knowledge of how to use

PCGA aviation assets and flight operations for the creation of policy.

In conclusion, the related literature and studies mentioned above do have a

significant relationship with this study entitled "Effectiveness of Emergency

Preparedness of San Nicolas, Batangas Disaster Response Grouped as Assessed by Its

Community Members” which not just imply relevance but prove that this study is not a

duplication of other studies. The researchers gathered different local and foreign studies

and literature which enumerate the different emergency preparedness during volcanic

eruption.

Conceptual Framework

This study focused on the effectiveness of emergency preparedness in relation to

volcanic eruption. As posited by UNDRR (2019), In addition to saving lives and

protecting property, well-thought-out emergency preparedness and response plans

frequently decrease the effects of a disaster, which promotes resilience and post-disaster

recovery. In order to minimize harm, casualties, and damage to property and delicate

habitats, towns, communities, and individuals who are at risk from natural or man-made

hazards can take timely and appropriate action with the support of preparedness

initiatives, early warning systems, and communication networks. If the community and
 27

local government recognize the value of and necessity for local emergency preparedness

and response, sustainability can be attained.

In order to clarify further the intentions of this scholarly work, the researchers

constructed a research paradigm that reflects the significant objectives of the study. The

paradigm of the study is composed of three parts: the input, process and output. The first

box presents the inputs of the study which includes the profile of the respondents in terms

of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, type of employment, socio-economic

status, barangay of residence, and years of residency. It also includes the emergency

organized response activities followed by the Disaster Response Group of San Nicolas,

Batangas and also on how do the respondents perceived the effectiveness emergency

preparedness of the disaster response group in terms of prevention, mitigation,

preparedness, response and recovery . The second box represents the process employed in

the undertaking of the study which includes administration of research instrument and

conduct of informal interviews. Lastly, the third box presents the output of the study

which is the proposed extension service activity to enhance the emergency preparedness of San

Nicolas, Batangas disaster response group.

Figure 1 presents the conceptual paradigm of the study.

 28

1. What is the profile of the

community members in
terms of:
1.1 age;
1.2 sex;
1.3 civil status;
1.4 educational attainment;
1.5 type of employment;
1.6 socio-economic status; What extension service

1.7 brgy. of residence; and activity may be proposed

1.8 years of residency?
Administration of Self- to enhance the emergency
2. What are the emergency
organized response constructed preparedness of San
activities followed by the Questionnaire
Disaster Response Nicolas, Batangas disaster
Group of San Nicolas,
Batangas? response group?
3. How do the respondents
perceived the effectiveness
emergency preparedness of
the disaster response group
in terms of:
3.1 prevention;
3.2 mitigation;
3.3 preparedness;
3.4 response;
3.5 recovery

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Figure 1
 29

Conceptual Paradigm of the Study

Definition of Terms

To better understand this study, the following terms are defined conceptually and

operationally.

Alleviating

This refers to typically used to describe the process of making a difficult or

uncomfortable situation easier to manage or bear. (Ludwig, n.d.) In this study alleviating

refers to the efforts and measures taken to reduce the adverse effects of disasters, protect

communities, and minimize damage or suffering caused by events like hurricanes,

tsunamis, or flooding.

Catastrophes. This refers is to any great and sudden calamity, disaster, or

misfortune. A disastrous end, bringing overthrow or ruin. (Hasa, 2017). In this study

catastrophe is an unexpected event that causes great suffering or damage.

Coastal Area. This refers to the land area that extends landward of the coastline

and that is directly or indirectly influenced by coastal processes. This is a more general

term than coastal zone, which refers to the geographic area defined by the legislation as a

zone for coastal management purposes (IGI Global, n.d.). In this study, coastal areas refer

to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur. It is an area of land close

to the ocean.

Disaster Preparedness. This term is thus defined as actions taken in advance of a

disaster to ensure adequate response to its impacts and relief and recovery from its

consequences (Coppola, 2020). In the study, disaster preparedness is the quality or state

of being prepared during disaster.

 30

Effectiveness. This refers to as the degree to which something is successful in

produced a desired result (Enrique and Marta, 2020). In this study, effectiveness is to

achieve the intended goals and objectives. It involves assessing how well the

implemented measures, plans, and strategies perform in mitigating, preparing for,

responding to, and recovering from disasters or emergencies.

Emergency Response. This refers to an immediate, systematic response to an

unexpected or dangerous occurrence. The goal of an emergency response procedure is to

mitigate the impact of the event on people, property, and the environment (Safeopedia,

2018). In the present study, emergency response is the activities that take place during an

emergency and the way you put your preparedness plans into action.

Natural Disaster. This refers to catastrophic events with atmospheric, geological,

and hydrological origins (e.g., droughts, earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, landslides) that

can cause fatalities, property damage and social environmental disruption (Xu et al.,

2016). In this present study, this refers to a natural event such as a flood, earthquake, or

hurricane that causes great damage or loss of life.

Resilience. This refers to a personal capability to use internal and external

available resources for dealing with various situational and ongoing challenges (Pooley

and Cohen, 2010). In this study, resilience is the ability to recover quickly and capability

to create plans to deal with different phenomenon or situation to lessen the risk.

Proactive. This refers on creating or controlling a situation by causing something

to happen rather than responding to it after it has happened (Merriam Webster). In this

study, proactive is refers to a sequence wherein making an action to control or respond to

unexpected situation that may occur in the future.

 31

Vulnerability. This refers as willingness to take a risk to show emotions and

provide honest expression despite fears (Moore, 2022). In this study, vulnerability is

likely referring to the susceptibility of these coastal areas and their communities to the

adverse impacts of disasters or emergencies.

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures employed in undertaking the

study. It includes a description of the research environment, research design, respondents

of the study, data gathering instrument, data gathering procedure, and statistical treatment

of data.

Research Environment

This study will be conducted in Barangay ---------- San Nicolas Batangas, where

the participants of this study reside. As of 2023, San Nicolas Batangas City has a

population of ----- and is politically subdivided into ----- barangays, is comprising --

urban and ---rural areas.

The researchers selected barangay --------- in San Nicolas, Batangas as the

research setting to gain insights into the lives of residents living near in Taal Volcano.

Their interaction with the local community and their perceptions of the effectiveness of

emergency preparedness of San Nicolas, Batangas Disaster Response Grouped to

assessed its community that are closely tied to those who have resided near in Taal

Volcano. Additionally, the researchers aim to understand how the residents engage with

and communicate with those living surrounds in Volcano.

Furthermore, a significant portion of the population in this location resides near

the volcano zone, making them vulnerable to various volcanic hazards. The researchers

aim to gather data on the challenges commonly faced by these residents and how they are

impacted by these natural phenomena.

 41

Importantly, the researchers considered the local population's size as a crucial

factor in selecting this location for their research. This ensures that the study can yield

more reliable and valuable results, which will ultimately contribute to the study's overall

outcomes.

Research Design

This study used the descriptive method of research. Scientists and researchers

utilize descriptive study design as a potent tool to learn more about a certain population

or topic. This kind of study offers a thorough and precise picture of the traits and habits

of a specific community or subject. Descriptive research enables researchers to better

comprehend a particular problem by watching and gathering data on the subject, and it

offers insightful information that can guide future study (Sirisilla, 2023).

The researchers utilized the descriptive method of research in order to

accomplish the objectives of the study which is to determine the effectiveness of

emergency preparedness of San Nicolas, Batangas Disaster Response Grouped as

assessed by its community members. The descriptive technique, which uses interviews

and survey questionnaires as data collection tools, will be employed because of its

comprehensiveness of the variables under investigation. Finding new truths is the goal

of this form of study design, which is centered on the conditions that are currently in

place. It placed a strong focus on each researcher's ability to uncover new concepts and

insights. Lastly, the study's use of a research-made questionnaire to collect data is the

quantitative approach.

Respondents of the Study

 42

The researchers selected the residents of Barangay ----------------------- as

participants of the study composed of ------ residencies. This study determined the profile

variables of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational attainment, type

of employment, socio- economic status, Barangay of residence and years of residency.

The participants were selected through simple random sampling. The sampling technique

in which each member of the population has an equal probability of being chosen as the

sample. The participants were selected, as the researchers believed that they are

appropriate when it comes to experience regarding with emergency response in which

they are surrounds in Taal Volcano. In addition, those selected respondents can provide

the data needed in conducting this study. The gathered data and information from the

respondents can assess the researchers to establish relevant and reliable findings and

result which can provide an idea in formulating extension service activity that can

enhance the emergency preparedness of San Nicolas, Batangas Disaster Response Group.

Data Gathering Instrument

In connection with the descriptive method, the researchers used a self-constructed

questionnaire as the major tool in gathering the necessary data.

Researchers-made Questionnaire. This data gathering instrument will be used

to determine the perceived effectiveness of disaster preparedness and emergency

response activities of the selected coastal barangays in Batangas City. The questionnaire

will be composed of three (3) parts. The initial part of the questionnaire will be composed

of items that determine the profile variables of the respondents in terms of age, sex, civil
 43

status, educational attainment, type of employment, socio-economic status, barangay of

residence, and years of residency.

The second part of the instrument will contain items that pertain to emergency

organized response activities followed by the Disaster Response Group of San Nicolas,

Batangas. The third part of the questionnaire will be composed of items referring on how

the respondents perceived the effectiveness of emergency preparedness of the disaster

response group in terms of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.

To construct the data gathering instrument of the study, the researchers will

initially conduct a preliminary survey, which will be followed by browsing of various

reference materials and online sources to collect data that may serve as the content of the

researcher-made instrument. These relevant data will be presented to the research

instructor and research adviser for them to be guided in constructing the initial draft of

the questionnaire. Upon the accomplishment of the first draft of the instrument, it will be

presented once again to their research instructor and research adviser for comments and

suggestions. After incorporating all the suggestions provided to them, the researchers will

seek the instruction of their research adviser to subject the instrument into content

validation from a group of experts from the BS Criminology Program and research who

will be chosen by their research instructor.

With the approval of the research instructor and research adviser, the data

gathering instrument will be subjected into a process of content validation from a panel of

experts. These experts will have to provide significant comments and suggestions to

further enhance the contents of the instrument. And after satisfying the recommendations

of the experts, their approval will be sought to subject the instrument into a dry-run to test
 44

its reliability. In this process, the researchers will have to choose 30 residents ages 18 and

above from Tabangao Aplaya to be their respondents for the dry run. The data that will

be obtained here will be tallied and submitted to their chosen statistician for a reliability

test. The result for this test should obtain at least a .70 reliability coefficient in order to

show that the items contained in the instrument were clear, comprehensive, and

competent to be used in the actual gathering of data for the study. This will likewise

mean that the said instrument will be ready for administration to the actual respondents.

In the administration of the validated data gathering instrument, the researchers

will personally distribute the questionnaires to the respondents. The researchers will

explain to them beforehand the purposes and objectives of their study. The directions to

effectively answer the instrument will be emphasized to them and the respondents will be

assured that they will be guided thoroughly to successfully accomplish the received

questionnaires. Furthermore, they will also be informed that all of their responses will be

treated with utmost confidentiality and such will be treated for academic purposes only.

The scale presented below will be used to fulfill the objectives of this study. The

researchers will use the four-point scale where four (4) will be considered as the highest

and one (1) as the lowest. The appropriate range, together with the corresponding verbal

interpretations will also be taken into consideration to interpret the data that will be

obtained.

Table 1. Scoring and interpretation.

Response Scale Mean Score Interpretation
4 3.50 – 4.00
3 2.50 – 3.49
2 1.50 – 2.49
1 1.00 – 1.49
 45

Data Gathering Procedures

To obtain essential data for the study, the researchers browsed different printed

materials, journals, and other related studies in Batangas State University Pablo Borbon

library. Foreign and local reference materials which are available on the internet were

also read and considered by the researchers.

The researchers also utilized the internet to gather information related to the topic

of the study. The researchers did not only depend on the first-hand information gathered,

they also took advantage of the secondary data they found at various sources.

In the administration of the researchers-made questionnaire, the researchers will

initially ask permission, through a formal request letter, from the Barangay Chairmen of

--------------------------. If the formal request of the researchers is granted, the researchers

will see to it that they will be the ones who will distribute the questionnaires to their

chosen respondents. The researchers will ensure their respondents the assistance they can

get from answering the prepared data gathering instrument. If the respondents

successfully complete the received questionnaires, their actual responses will be tallied in

order to subject such into statistical treatment. The statistical results will be interpreted to

answer substantially the objectives of the study.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The responses of the respondents were treated with the use of the following

statistical tools:

Frequency Count. This will be used in order to present the frequency distribution

of the respondents' demographic profile in terms of age, sex, civil status, educational
 46

attainment, type of employment, socio-economic status, barangay of residence and years

residency.

Percentage Distribution. This will be utilized to present the percentage

distributions of the respondents in relation to their age, sex, civil status, educational

attainment, type of employment, socio-economic status, barangay of residence and years

residency.

Weighted Mean. This will be utilized to determine the typical responses chosen

from a four-point scale, particularly the emergency organized response activities

followed by the Disaster Response Group of San Nicolas, Batangas and perceived

the effectiveness emergency preparedness of the disaster response group in terms

of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery cascaded by the

barangay officials to the community members of the selected of San Nicolas,

Batangas.

Independent t-Test. This will used to determine the significant difference on the

assessment of the respondents when grouped according to their profile variables.

One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). This will be used to determine the

significant difference in the perceived effectiveness of disaster preparedness and

emergency response activities in selected barangays of San Nicolas, Batangas when

grouped according to their age, civil status, educational attainment, type of employment,

socio-economic status, barangay of residence and years residency.

Ethical Considerations

Before the official administration of the prepared data gathering instrument for

this study, the researcher will personally approach and coordinate with the chosen
 47

respondents to formally ask if they will be willing to participate in the data gathering

initiatives of the researchers. The researchers will go to the office of the respondents

during their office hours to ensure that they will be in the office and that no one will be

forced to go into their respective offices and risk their safety just to accommodate the

researchers’ request. The researchers and participants will hold a simple conversation to

discuss important matters such as their demands and agreements about the survey and

interview that will transpire. Before the actual survey, the researchers will discuss the

content of the consent form with the respondents again for their information and

guidance.

The researchers will not request any personal information that will divulge the

identity of the chosen respondents of the study, and this shall be clearly stated in the

accomplished data gathering instrument. The researchers will obtain raw data and

information through the use of secondary data sources such as documents from

government publications, news articles, technical reports, journals, research, and

reference books to determine and assess the significant focuses of the study. The raw data

will be interpreted to determine its validity and relevance to the present undertaking.

Upon the completion of the coding, the researchers will use it as the basis of their

interpretation and analysis to arrive at the salient results and findings of the study.

Furthermore, the informal interview that the researchers will conduct will ensure

that the respondents can freely express themselves and their opinions will not be used

against them. It will be likewise emphasized to the respondents that the anonymity of

their personal backgrounds and attributes will be fully protected in order to give them

ease and comfort during the interview. This process will be fully guided by prepared
 48

guide questions which will be subjected to evaluation and validation by experts in the

field of Criminology, English, and grammar.

After the distribution of the prepared questionnaire and the conduct of the

informal interview, the researchers will ensure the respondents that the collated results,

data, and a copy of the transcriptions in the conducted informal interview will be made

available to them if they need this. Lastly, all documents, consent forms, and

certifications prepared for the mentioned processed above will be presented to the

respondents and their wet signatures will be respectfully sought for this purpose.
 49

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