Problem Solving in Ai and Automation

Complexity International Journal (CIJ)
Volume 24, Issue 03, October 2020

Impact Factor (2020): 5.6 ISSN: 1320-0682
PROBLEM SOLVING IN AI AND AUTOMATION
Dr. YAGNAM NAGESH
Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, Mettu University, Ethiopia, Africa
nageshyagnam1@gmail.com
Mr. BEGNA DEJENE MULUGETA
Head, Department of Information Technology and Faculty of Engineering, Mettu University,

Ethiopia, Africa
ibmbegna@gmail.com
Abstract: At the instruction of engineering and science classes, substantial emphasis is
put on the development of problem solving abilities in the pupils. Normally, tutorial
courses are used for educating the problem solving abilities and the pupil is supplied
individual advice in these types of classes. On the other hand, the negative teacher-
student ratios at the classrooms make it rather tough for a teacher to attend a huge group
of pupils and supply them the essential individual advice in problem solving abilities.
For the instruction of problem solving abilities, the drill and tutorial and training styles
of (Computer Assisted Instruction) CAI will offer the essential support to the instructor
in the negative class room surroundings. But because the traditional drill and practice
courses of those CAI have stiff structure and relied upon the ‘saved problems and data'
that they couldn't cater to the individual needs of their pupils. The elastic practice and
drill which has been introduced together with the qualities of individualization of
education fell far short of their expectations of their consumers as it used saved issues,
options and data. The elastic drill and exercise style stayed as teacher-centered instead
of student-centered technique. Hence the requirement arose for clever problem solver
surroundings. As there's a requirement to educate the pupils to become adept problem
http://cij.org.in/Currentvolumissue2403.aspx 391
solvers and offer them with problem solving methods, there's enough justification to
make automatic problem solving environment in which the student can practice the
problem solving abilities under the oversight of a knowledge based program. The present
work on the automatic problem solver supplies one environment. The problem solver was
created in the region of Mechanics, part of communicating as it integrates an assortment
of problem solving processes and is analyzed by all science and engineering students. The
subject matter was especially selected from the very first year engineering classes. The
major objectives in the development of the problem solver are
I. INTRODUCTION sharp border between flexible instructional

systems and the ones generally falling under
Throughout the mid 60 s Uhr along with his
ITS. Really, among those original aims of
collaborators executed a succession of
(Intelligent Tutoring Systems) ITS was
systems that generated issues in arithmetic as
supposed to expand the domain of
well as into language recall [2], and then lots
applicability, both the power and also the
of systems were built to give practice and
truth of elastic systems. Doing this involves a
drill in arithmetic also to pick issues at a
lot more than simply examining student's
degree of difficulty appropriate to the
responses. To maximize long-term learning
student's general operation [3]. Such systems
benefits, evaluative experiments are essential
are called ‘elastic' and their elegance placed
to ascertain the situation by which help needs
from the duty selection calculations. In such
to be provided with and perhaps the amount
systems, types of this student were predicated
of difficulty ought to be varied to your
on parametric summaries of behavior than
subsequent problem [4]. The purpose of
explicit representations of their or her
OShea's strategy is to get the machine itself
comprehension. Due to the inherent
to execute experiments that are sensible that
simplicity of this project domain, this system
may lead into a better instruction plan for a
proved to be sufficiently powerful that the
certain set of students. Back in Kimball's
systems can work effortlessly for real
system [6], information was provided to the
instructional applications. There's not any
student dependent on the grade of his strategy
method in contrast to the correctness of their To overcome those limits, the machine has to
answer at the late 70s researchers dedicated have its very own difficulty expertise, its
to encouraging learning surroundings meant diagnostic or student modeling expertise and
to ease learning: altering factual knowledge its particular explanatory capabilities. As a
into experiential understanding. These way to enhance these reasoning skills, it has
approaches attempted to unite problem to additionally possess explicit control or
solving experience and the purpose of instruction strategies demonstrating when to
discovery with the efficient guidance of guide disrupt a student's problem solving plan,
connections. These goals often struggle things to say and how to state : all in order to
because of coach well, the machine needs to supply the student with instructionally
curtail the pupil instructional courses and productive advice. By strengthening open-
drills to those whose replies and also likely ended, problem solving surroundings with
mistakes might be completely given the aforementioned mentioned tutorial bright
beforehand. guidance, it will become possible to alter the
student's philosophical truths in too deep and
effective learning adventures -- ones
suspended in their actions and hypotheses.
From the other perspective, these systems is
considered explorations into just the progress
in computer technology may be utilized to
generate brand new sorts of learning
environments. Those paradigms for using
computers in education were predicated on
infrequent computational resources and can't
be extended to efficiently utilize the rich
computational sphere of the modern
technologies. CAI grows towards ITSs by-
passing three evaluation of intellect. To begin
Figure 1: Intelligent tutoring System
with, the topic material or domain names
name has to be ‘understood' into the
computer well enough with this particular needs to be changed into a proper goal
embedded expert to draw out on the representation strategy, i.e., then it needs to
inferences or solve issues inside the domain. be decreased to a proper parametric form.
Secondly the student needs to find a way to While interpreting the issue, the machine will
deduce a student's approximation of this have the ability to look after the erroneous
knowledge. Third, the tutorial plan or and incomplete problem announcement or
pedagogy has to be intelligent for the reason formula from the pupil and help the pupil to
the automatic instructor may execute explain the intent with no ambiguity. The
strategies to decrease the gap between the problem solver creates the option and
expert and the student operation. At the base introduces the answer step by step onto the
of these ITSs, one discovers three special monitor. When requested to get the APS will
forms of technical knowledge and problem have the capacity to create alternative
solving expertise programmed at a complex answers, since there are not any exceptional
academic environment - i.e. expert answers to some of those issues, and also it's
understanding, student diagnostic wisdom to stick to the difficulty solving logic of this
and the instructional or curricular pupil. If the student selects to address the
understanding. issue on your computer, the machine will
assist the pupil to present the answer step by
II. Existing and related work
step via a controlled dialog. The APS will try
The present automated problem solver (APS) to address the issue until the student starts
will introduce the pupil (consumer) difficulty solving the issue on the pc. Even if the system
at one time on the display from the record of discovers that no alternative exists for the
those issues prepared by the instructor or the issue, the system guides the pupil to pursue
pc. Alternately, the problem may take a the exact alternative because it's the pupil
difficulty in the pupil and display it to the who needs to discover that a remedy doesn't
monitor. When the issue is exhibited on the exist. Though the student is creating an
display, the consumer has the choice of alternative, the problem keeps an eye on the
solving the issue or requesting the APS to pupil solution. It can interfere at the problem
take care of the issue. In the event the issue is solving procedure for the pupil and supply
to be solved with the machine, then the issue context oriented aid in solving the issue, if
asked by the consumer and in accord with the recursively, will try to reach an answer. Since
decision principles offered by the system it's to discover alternate options, the problem
programmer and the instructor. The choice will need to try to keep in mind the prior
rules offered by the system developer solutions and rear track to proper location
delegate a more lively and observer function before locating alternative solutions. The
into this problem solver in which it only machine will probably be in a position to spot
monitors the pupil answer and intervenes the situations once the problem can't be
only when the pupil has finished the solved and information the consumer about it
alternative or whenever the student requests in proper moment. To be able to incorporate
for assistance. Instead whenever the decision the aforementioned mentioned attributes, the
rules delegate an active function in this APS program has to be adequately potent and
problem solver, it can intervene immediately flexible. The machine utilizes and supplies a
as soon as the student commits an error or Mathematical and Graph plotting application
will intervene if the pupil has deviated from along with also a Graphic editor into the
the appropriate route by more than the consumer throughout the problem solving
predetermined volume. The threshold for procedure. These concerns and issues should
your intervention could be set from the be addressed at the plan and development of
instructor. After the problem solver this type of problem solver.
intervenes from the problem solving
III. Proposed architecture
procedure, it backtracks to the point at which
the mistake was committed and supplies General Architecture of the Automated
context oriented advice in the shape of signs Problem Solver
and when desired takes over the constraint of
The architecture of the problem solver is
the problem solving action and guides the
closely dependent upon the functions it
pupil in full answer. The problem solver will
performs. The current automated problem
fix the problems using algebraic connections
solver performs the following functions:
between these parameters. If no immediate
answer can be obtained or the issue is too 1. Collects Statistical and
complicated, then the machine can identify Administrative Information of
multiple intermediate targets and using these This Pupil and supplies relevant
academic advice to the instructor 7. Enables the instructor to update

about the pupil and the difficulty. the knowledge base of the
machine comprising domain
understanding, problem solving
2. Allows the instructors and the approaches, etc.
pupils to create the problems
The stages of problem solving along with the
utilizing the Text editor or Word
Elements of Figure 2 the issue solver are
chip or Graphic editor supplied
displayed in Figure 2. The subsystems of this
with the difficulty. Graphic editor
automatic Problem solver which have been
can be used for the issues that
created with this analysis are indicated A to
include graphic information apart
H at figure 2. It performs the works 1 to 3
from text and text editor can be
recorded at above structure.
used for generating text
documents of issues which don't
have any image element.
3. Reads one difficulty at a time in
the issue document Prepared by
the instructor and poses the issue
on the display and takes the
conclusion of the pupil seeing
who will address the issue.
4. Transforms the issue to
parametric type and Supplements
that with a picture template kind
of the difficulty where required.
5. Solves the problem and creates
alternative solutions.
6. Enables the student to resolve
issues under the Advice and
oversight of this APS.
c) Solution tracer file
Exceptions file was made to catch all sudden

events which have to be brought to the notice
of this instructor. The most essential of them
is that the collapse of the problem solver to
operate properly. This collapse may arise
because of many different reasons for
example:
Figure 3: Problem presenter
Figure 2: architecture of problem solver

 Domain parameter set is not
IV. PROBLEM PRESENTER complete.
The student validation block checks up the  The parametric relationships are not
registration details of the student and sets up complete.
the necessary statistics files as under:  Student uses a parametric relationship

which is not known to the problem
a) Exceptions file
solver.
b) General records file  The problem is not complete.
 The problem filtering is not correct. discipline of cognitive sciences. When pc

solves a issue, the alternative path is listed as
The exceptions document captures the
a collection of associated parameter
sudden occasions, records the place of the
collections (RPSs) utilized in the alternative
offending difficulty, student ID along with
together with the tag area for every RPS
the sort of error encountered. The instructors
beginning from the difficulty parameter
can watch the document and choose
collection. The entire solution represented by
necessary recovery actions. The overall
more RPSs is saved as an individual
records document provides advice to the
document. Whenever the APS produces other
instructor about all of the users in respect to
options, the program records all those
their interaction with the difficulty. This
alternative options as a distinct document.
information recorded can assist the instructor
Past documents of STF are utilized from the
to track the pupils' effort and advancement. It
APS to create non-repeating solutions
captures details like the date of discussion,
student-id, and mission document, amount of After the student tries to fix the issue, the very
problems attempted, variety of issues first record of this solution tracer is made up
completed, amount of issues left half of APSs answer to the issue. This document
completed, and time required for the mission. can be used to ascertain if or not a solution
Option tracer document is started after a exists for this issue. After the student tries to
student logs onto the APS program. For every address a issue and confirms that the usage of
problem solved from the computer or pupil a an RPS, the machine records the RPS then
document is made. Another document can be assesses the validity of their RPS, i.e., if the
made for each alternate solution. It's intended RPS is about the alternative path. When the
to catch the trail or measures of problem RPS is legitimate, i.e., it's about the
solution each time a problem is resolved by alternative path, then a tag field is connected
the pupil or the pc. It assists the instructor to with each of those RPSs listed. The
recognize the issues faced by the students in alternative path is listed as a succession of
solving the issues and supply remedial RPSs utilized from the student in locating the
education. It creates plenty of information solution. When tag area is set to 0, then the
which will be helpful for study within the RPS chosen was still a invalid one along with
the RPS isn't on alternative path. When tag translate this solution, it is going to indicate
area is set to 1, then the corresponding RPS is the areas of the issue or sentences which the
legitimate one and the alternative path is system couldn't know and ask the consumer
accurate. The tag subjects connected with to change them. The issue in its initial form,
RPSs are utilized from the APS for the phrases and words which couldn't be
intervention at the problem solving action, known is listed in the exceptions document
providing advice to the pupil in the for the content of the instructor. Normally the
alternative creation, describing the solution problem of failure to translate the issue only
once the system simplifies the issue, arises only when the dilemma is introduced
backtracking to create alternate solutions. by the pupil. In the instance of these issues
formulated by the instructor and recovered
V. Filter
from the database, then this scenario wouldn't
The Filter revealed in cerebral takes a appear as, once the teacher generates the
problem from the text structure and also database, then the filter was invoked, and
reduces it into a searchable representation in decrease to the issue was examined. After the
which the given (known) parameters as well pupil exercises the choice to take care of the
as the parameters whose values should be issue, the user is motivated to translate the
discovered (purpose parameters) through the issue and establish the known parameters
problem solving session have been identified. along with the target parameters by choosing
The filter also plays another important use of the parameters of the issue in the
classifying the issue to the appropriate sub conventional collection of domain parameter
domain. The classification data is utilized to define and assign values to the parameters
recover template established diagrammatic that are known. The choice of the parameters
representation of those issues and regain sub will be integrated to decrease the mistakes in
domain associated problem solving scanning, picking different symbols to the
approaches which will facilitate quicker parameters. The APS conducts its filter
response. In case the interpretation is altered, application also confirms that the translation
the machine records the case at the of the pupil. Additionally, it brings the
exceptions document for reporting on the template established diagram of the issue and
instructor. In case of a machine failure to asks the pupil to fulfill out the parameter
values on this diagram. After the difficulty VI. PROBLEM SOLVER

being translated by the pupil has arrived in ENGINE
the mission issue document or the machine
The issue solver engine shown at Fig 3 plays
created onethe machine will direct the student
the major use of solving the rotational issue.
in the suitable interpretation. However in the
While creating the answer, it uses the
event the problem has been created by the
problem solving approaches pertinent to this
pupil that the APS attracts the discrepancy to
sub domain name to that the difficulty
the note of the pupil and also asks the student
belongs. The issue solver motor is capable of
to fix the parametric representation. If the
tracing the many various answers to this issue
discrepancy persists, then the APS rather than
so it is equipped to stick to along with the
directing the pupil to the interpretation will
problem solving approaches of the pupil and
take pupil option and proceed with the entire
will create alternative solutions when
problem solving session. The fundamental
requested to do this by the pupil. After the
reason behind this assumption is that the
user moves the choice of a pc solution to the
pupil hasn't been in a position to articulate the
issue, the issue solver engine gets the
issue in a suitable method. No matter how the
classification information of the issue and the
issue and its parametric representation as
parametric representation in the filter. The
exercised by the pupil is going to be listed in
engine uses the knowledge base of this
the exceptions document if the interpreter's
domain name and the problem solving
payable representation neglects to coincide
techniques that are coordinated in the kind of
that of the pupil. Although the issue filter was
production rules and domain parameter
made to translate and arrive in the proper
places (DPS), difficulty parameter sets (PPS),
parametric representation, both the imperfect
connection parameter sets (RPS) and
and incorrect sentences combined with all the
closeness chart (PG) in the procedure for
spelling errors and confused parameters
problem solving. In the event the issue solver
along with their symbols could give rise to
engine cannot find an immediate answer to
some high number of translation problems
the identified target concerning a suitable
and therefore extensive error trapping and
connection, it might find one or more
protection mechanisms are needed to be
intermediate target parameters in the route of
constructed to the interpreter.
the last goal and that could be calculated from conquer the complexity involved with the
the provided parameters. After calculating evolution and execution of NLP for
the value of this intermediate target translating student's problem solving steps.
parameter, its worth afterward is contained in This may also help prep the student in
the collection of parameters that are known organized work. After the pupil exercises the
and campaign is created recursively to choice of solving the issue, originally the
achieve the upcoming intermediate target APS tries to fix the issue by invoking the
together with the collection of fresh issue lookup motor and the answer, if any, is
parameters that are known. This recursive listed from the alternative tracer file. This
look for your intermediate objectives and via alternative will assist the system in
them, the last aim is chased until the understanding that a remedy exists for this
comprehensive solution is discovered. The issue. But, regardless of if the issue has an
alternative, in the shape of string of RPSs answer or not the alternative generator
using a tag field set to 1, is saved as a listing compels the student to figure out an
of this alternative tracer file. The tag field alternative on the computer system. The
doesn't have any importance from the context alternative generator compels the student to
of this computer's answer to the issue. recognize the parameters that are known,
However it's employed in creating alternative target intermediate and parameters where
remedy. Since no difficulty has a exceptional needed. It then forces the consumer to spot
strategy, the system gives an alternative of the legitimate relationship parameter
locating alternative solutions to this problem collections and input the connections at
when asked by the pupil. The other options suitable stages. In this period, attempt was
are stored at consecutive documents of the designed to decrease the computer interaction
file. Every one of the preceding records or to the minimal and apply the method of
options are employed in finding fresh and picking out the info in the displayed data so
other options. It'll prompt the pupil in as to cut the data entry mistakes from the
documenting the answer methodically and computer keyboard. The machine prompts
step by step about the machine via an the user to join the solution step-by-step and
interactive dialog. This interaction in identify the RPS utilized in this step. After
documenting the remedy was made to the user confirms that the program of an RPS
and supplies the worth of an intermediate VII. Tools for problem solving
target the system upgrades the offered
If a student is solving a matter, to have the
parameters by adding the intermediate target
ability to help the pupil by computations,
from the listing of parameters that are known.
visualization and to provide accessibility to
It will track the pupil remedy by invoking the
information, these programs are provided to
issue solver motor and discover if the RPS
the pupil: 1) Graphic editor 2 )
selected is a legitimate one, i.e., the RPS will
Computational and graph tool The image
be about the ideal route to this solution and
editor provided to the student would be the
also the value of this parameter calculated is
indistinguishable tool that's been provided to
proper. In case it discovers that the RPS is
the teacher to prepare the number of
legitimate, then the tag for your RPS chosen
questions. Student may use it so as to draw
by the pupil is put to 1, otherwise set to 0
out the drawings or graphics necessary to
along with the RPS is listed in the listing of
spell out her or his notions while solving the
alternative tracer file. Each document
matter. Appendix 3.6 provides information
corresponds to a complete solution. The
about the image editor. The chart tool
practice is recursively completed till the pupil
provides the student with a solid centre to do
has discovered the last aim. The APS builds
computations and plot graphs using
up a listing of proper RPSs from the
commands in simple English. Its amenities
alternative tracer file employing the logic of
include simple numerical computations,
this pupil. On unsuccessful conclusion of the
evaluation and tabulation of functions,
issue or when the student asks for assistance
numerical integration, and statistical analysis
or any time the pupil deviates from the right
and statistical data generation, matrix
route by over a permitted degree, the system
calculations, and even plotting graphs,
guides and conducts the student to fix the
making measurements on graphs, zooming in
alternative. Within this procedure it might
on areas of graph, etc.. The centers are
use the listing of proper RPSs it's created and
adequate to care for the computational
saved to backtrack the remedy to the final
requirements of undergraduate engineering
proper step. The conclusion about the
Physics.
intervention may be determined by the
instructor.
KNOWLEDGE BASE EDITOR: the performance of the situation lookup

Knowledge base used in this system covers engine along with solution engine modules.
four components as under: 1) Domain Besides this, the data recorded in STF will be
parameter set(DPS) 2) Related parameter sets very beneficial for research in the area of
and parametric relationships (RPS) 3) problem solving.
Proximity graph (PG) 4) Problem solving
VIII. ASSOCIATED TOOLS
strategies The knowledge base editor consists
of a set of programs that permit the teacher to Intervention-control editor allows the
modify each of the above components. alterations to this intervention document. The
options open to the instructor for preparing
DATABASE VIEWER: The database
the intervention stage would be as below: a)
viewer permits the teacher to look into the
don't interfere until the dilemma is solved b)
various files set up during the problem
Intervene only when the pupil has asked for
solving session. The files that can be viewed
assistance c) Intervene when past n
by the teacher are as under: 1) Exceptions
successive RPSs selected aren't valid. The
file 2) General records file 3) Solution tracer
user can choose at least one of those choices.
file 4) Different files in the problems
When more than 1 choice is chosen, the
database
customary interpretation of the OR operation
The exceptions document provides advice to is supposed between the choices. Whenever
the teacher and also the developer of their the previous choice is selected, the sub-
APS about the bugs along with the alterations options below it become lively. The machine
necessary to this device and therefore the will allow a variety between the constraints 4
document is crucial to rate the operation of and 1 to be entered because the value of the
the strategy. This document may also ease n.
identification of those improvements
IX. CONCLUSION
necessary for the knowledgebase of this
system. The typical records document is The system solves issues with numerous
intended for student and administrative objectives, aims which can be calculated
tracking purposes. The perfect clear answer is directly in the known parameters, and targets
tracer document can be utilized to check that that need the computation of intermediate
objectives. The machine creates the essential sub-domain specific approaches within an
intermediate objectives. The calculations to database. These plans are recovered from the
calculate numerous objectives, to create PSE with problem-category info. The issues
intermediate objectives, to create and can be ready by the instructor and the student
upgrade proximity charts are developed. The using the picture editor, GraphEd. To be able
APS includes a problem lookup engine (PSE) to expand the domain name of this present
that simplifies issues (like at 2 above), also problem solverto create the automatic
creates alternative solutions to this issues. problem solvers for different domain names,
Additionally, it integrates a solution the APS was assembled in a modular method.
generator which aids the student to fix the The procedures and methodology created can
issues in a systematic fashion, tracks the be used with comparative ease for growth of
problem solving procedure of the pupil and APS in different domain names which have
provides help when necessary, intervenes at similar features as a result of Mechanics or
the problem solving procedure and requires Physics.
charge of it in the pupil, and backtracks to the
X. REFERENCES
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Complexity International Journal (CIJ)

Volume 24, Issue 03, October 2020

PROBLEM SOLVING IN AI AND AUTOMATION

Dr. YAGNAM NAGESH

Associate Professor, Department of Information Technology, Mettu University, Ethiopia, Africa

Mr. BEGNA DEJENE MULUGETA

Head, Department of Information Technology and Faculty of Engineering, Mettu University,

Abstract: At the instruction of engineering and science classes, substantial emphasis is

surroundings. As there's a requirement to educate the pupils to become adept problem

created in the region of Mechanics, part of communicating as it integrates an assortment

major objectives in the development of the problem solver are

I. INTRODUCTION sharp border between flexible instructional

academic advice to the instructor 7. Enables the instructor to update

c) Solution tracer file

Exceptions file was made to catch all sudden

Figure 3: Problem presenter

Figure 2: architecture of problem solver

registration details of the student and sets up complete.

the necessary statistics files as under:  Student uses a parametric relationship

b) General records file  The problem is not complete.

 The problem filtering is not correct. discipline of cognitive sciences. When pc

values on this diagram. After the difficulty VI. PROBLEM SOLVER

KNOWLEDGE BASE EDITOR: the performance of the situation lookup

7. Matz.M. (1981). Towards a generative

8. Sleeman, D.H.. (1981). Assessing

9. Goldstein, I.P.(1981). The genetic graph: a

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