Korean e Beginning to Early Intermediate * Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2/ x Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions! * Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation! * True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points! DARAKWONPreface 4 Unit 3. Particles How to Use This Book. 6 @ nowt ee @nere a Ones 74 W Introduction to the Korean Language © Noi/a}, Neonat, naka 16 1. Korean Sentence Structure 4 @ na. . 78 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 0.15 @ noo i 3. Connecting Sentences ne: @ now 2 . 83 4, Sentence Types. a @ now 86 5, Honotific Expressions. 20 © Now Nova, NEFEL NEAL 59 © noiiyetea a @nz 93 One 7 © netor 99 Getting Ready Onoz a @ tt (to be) 28 © Nope 105 @ 2UCt (to exist/be, to have) 28 @ nope a: 107 ®© Numbers. a1 One 410 @ Dates and Days of the Week.........97 © NAB, nztol 12 @ Time 30 © nec 114 © notch 116 Unit 1, Tenses @ Present Tense A/V{A)HLICH... 42 unit 4, Listing and Contrast @ Present Tense A/V-O/AS 45 OQ w-2..... 20 @® Past Tense A/V-Si/2OR 49 @ v7... @® Future Tense V-(2)= AOI @.....52 @ w-xiet @ Procressive Tense VT BICk@ 54 @ w-eje/eei a @ Past Perlect Tense A/V-84/%BOZ ES Unit 5, Time Expressions @ N Bol, v-71 Zo... eee | Unit 2. Negative Expressions © NFO, VS)E BOP. a. ang Der Neasie = © VB neni TB © PB AV-o1/0i2 AV tuolR)....22 @ v-oy/o1n, 139 © £V-0l/o12 (v-x] Raia), 65 DONG, VAO)2 vino T42@ v42)84, 145 @nsves i 148 @ v-xiort 181 @N5e. v-= Set 153 @ v2). 31 187 Unit 6, Ability and Possibility @ vgje + wcyetct 160 @ vA2)e & et}/sect 163 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition @ vae)al2, 166 @ v-x oa. 169 © AN-ol/ojor siet/atct mw @ an-o1ore sich 174 © av4eye 2 sich 176 © ANI] ols Sick (2h A/V—oF/04e= SIC) ; 179 Unit 8, Expressions of Hope @ v-z act. 182 © AN-s/st28 Sach 184 Unit 9, Reasons and Causes @ aw-orory @ 188 @ anova 191 @ Nwea, a/v] zo} 198 Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting @ Vv-ol/o} FAI, v-oF/04 FAWOI2? 198 @ V-0l/o} SAL2, V-o/0o] BL? 201 Unit 1.1. Trying New Things and Experiences @ v-0i/o1 wet 204 @ v(2)- Ao] aetyetct 207 Unit 1.2. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions @ v-(e)a712? & 210 @ v-ejam2? @ ate @ v-(2)H Arch. 214 @ vAe)AiMoi2? air © ve)ea27 © 219 Unit 13, Intentions and Plans @ -x012 © 222 @v2)e42 225 ® v4a)<242 @ 228 Unit 14, Background Information and Explanations Owe 202 @ vig} @........ 235 Unit 15, Purpose and Intention @ veel acter 238 e942 240 ® v4eetm Sct 243 ® NS/S PsH(Ad), v-71 HBA)... 245 @ vie att 248 Unit 6. Conditions and Suppositions @ anaeya 252 @ v(oyziet 255 @ W-ovol=. 257Unit 17. Conjecture @ w-xol2 @ 260 @ W-2)2 012 @ 262 ® we)en22.9 265 @ We) /elee 2 wet 267 Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech @ Bee 9)L/-E/HS)EN 272 Ow 275 foo eal 278 @ A-ol/orsict 281 Unit 19. Expressions of State @v-rec2 284 @ v-ol/o} ect 287 @ A-ovoizict 290 @ v7 ict 293 Unit 20, Confirming Information @ Ave) /eal 296 @ v-e ol welcl/ect 299 @ w-aia? 301 Unit 21.. Discovery and Surprise @ w-z2/ez2 304 @aw-ug 308 Unit 22. Additional Endings @ (eo). 7187, v-ue? os 310 @ w-2)- eae 312 Unit 23. Quotations @® Direct Quotations 316 @ indirect Quotations 319 ® indirect Quotation Contracted Forms 322 Unit 24, Irregular Conjugations @ — 74 (ireguiar Conjugation) © = B74! (rrequiar Conjugation) © ‘#" B74 (irregular Conjugation) @ ‘¢' 5574 (iregular Conjueation) © ‘© 74) (Irregular Conjugation)... @ ‘2° B74! (ireqular Conjugation) . @ ‘+ S574! (regular Conjugation) @ Appendix © Good Things to Know: © Answer Key. © Grammar Explanations in Korean * Grammar Index. 346 354 380 375Introduction to the Korean Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either “a subject + predicate (verb)" or “a subject + object + predicate (verb).” Ao] 7a. subject + predicate Carol goes. leo] AHS Bo} 2. subject + object + predicate Eric eats an apple. AB] 22. subject + predicate Carol sleeps. afeo] EAzO4 AS gola. subject + object + predicate Eric reads a book in the library. Particles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the particle O| or 7} is used. After an | object, the particle or is used. And after an adverbial, the particle Of] or O{[71| is used. (See also Unit 3. Particles) subject object ole] ABLE ela, ozo] EAB BS go}a, subject adverbial object While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker. Regardless of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these parts can stil be identified because of the particle attached to it. 14ABS eto] Boa. aS SAB Melo] Bole. ‘object + eubject verb ‘object adverb + Subject + verb) anapple Eric cats abook inthelibrary Eric reads In addition, when the subject can be clearly understood from the context, it can be omitted, A oejo] Fan? What is Eric doing? B (f24O]) AHS YOUR, — ets eating an apple A ojc}ol] 742.2 Where do (you) go? B Salo] 71.2, {0 900 schoo! 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated according to tense, politeness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus Ch. This form is also called the ‘dictionary form.’ Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as 7}C} (to go), SC} (to come), HC} (to eat), and QICf (to wear). When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, Cf is replaced with the appropriate form depending on the speaker's intention. @ Verbs AIC iotcoea HCH) + —H LICH (present formal ending) Ape eet ZEATUTH (a0/g088) (referring to a superior/elder) woidstem wordendina | 2KCH) +—Al (honorific) + —H1LICt (present formal ending) oe ZEEE ver KCI) + -2t- (past tense) + LIC (present formal ending) Introcuction to the Korean Language 18© Adjectives EES aac ZSUE} (is good) (CH) + -BLIC} (present formal ending) 24 an FRSUT} (was ooo) word stem word ending | (CH) + St (past tense) + —SLIC} (present formal ending) {co be good) BASU} (eoams be goo) ‘B(CH) + —Al- (guess) + LICE (formal ending) 3. Connecting Sentences ‘There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (¢.9., 2JD (and), 1B1X/St (but), “ZEAL {so/thorefore)), and the other is by using conjunctive endings. (2) And 29 Conjunctive Adverb Connection | Utee] #018, 2]31 3+9].9, Wtewindy- Ani's cold z}o] B51 Xe Conjunctive Ending Connection | “tete] Bat 912. Ws windy and col (2) But ean = Conjunctive Adverb Connection | #*h= Beet. PANE ats. Koh is spicy. But tastes good a} gJAuch Conunctivctendiag@onnectons| G7 )= GARE Wakes uct. Kimchi i spy but astes eood (3) So/Therefore te s = Conjunctive Adverb Connection | %=°) 2:2, —LeHA] do] Bo] stel2, Wssnowing, Therefore hata is bac i Lo] us Conjunctive Ending Connection ee] HA) de] Bo] Bye} 2, It's snowing, so the tratic s bad.When connecting two sentences with 2 conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the conjunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the two sentences. () HO] Bt} +2 ++ SYD > HH an S92. 2 Hal7} MC + KIEL + Stole — Hal7t walet gieloi2, (3) 01 2c+ + Of + ZO] HO] Stel — to] Sty Zlo| Bol Bej2. 4. Sentence Types Korean has four main santence types: declarative, interrogative, imparative, and propositive, Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles, which can be divided into three main types: formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain. The formal polite style (4) & LIC} is used most in formal or public situations, including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal polite style -Of/01 is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite style, the informal polite style is softer and less formal, and therefore it is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal polite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive), the informal polite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation, For this reason, the informal polite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the Informal plain style —O}/0}, it is mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style with somebody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal polite and informal polite styles only. (4) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question. (Gee also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) ® Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding (A) t4 LIC} to the word stem. + AS Sof hd, {goto schoo. SAS SUC, temtbeas Introduction to the Korean Languecs® Informal Polite Style Declarative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/01 to the word stem. + AS Baro] 7h2, | g0 to school + AS BS Hols, (eat breed (2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) @® Formal Polite Style Interrogative formal polite sentences are made by adding (4) 4 L{77}? to the word stem. + Bf] ZU 7H? Doyeugate hac + whe wAUz? Do you set bread? ® Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal polite sentences are made by adding —O}/0{27 to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by baing spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form). + S509} 7h8? Dervou gate sata + MS ojA? ayo ore (3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-(2)4I) @® Formal Polite Style imperative formal polite sentences are made by adding (2)4JA|@ to the word stem. + Balo] zAA2, Pisaze write in your notebook + AS Vora, Plaase read the book. 18® Informal Polite Style Imperative informal polite sentences can be made by adding —O}/01 to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using —(©)A1|2 in place of -O}/ 013 is considered a more polite expression, and therefore -(©)Al|@ should be used. + Bao] Aye. Please writs in your notebook + aS oye, Please read the book. (4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone alse's, suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-{2) AIC) ® Formal Polite Style Propositive formal polite sentences are made by adding (2) AIC} to the word stem. -(2) 1 AIC} can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the ‘speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to Use this expression toward a superior or elder. * 14lo) SA, Let's meet at 11 oclock. + O}7]O] A] BAS AAICH, Lets cat unch here. @ Informal Polite Style Propositive informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/04, just like in the other sentence types described above. + 114) shea, Lets meet at 11 o'clock. + 17/914 BAS YO]B, Lots cat unch hore ‘The preceeding sentence types are summmarized below using the verb EC (to go). eae eel RSs CUE aOR Dore) FEB. S.-W go. (am going. aia | aR 7 Salt | JHAI., | Go! eee iL) JFHIA2., Tenis te) sfots 117 FIR, > Let's go. The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context. Introduction to the Korean Language 195. Honorific Expressions Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, farnily relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy). (2) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of one's family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, ~(2)A| is added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, —Al is added, and for those ending in a consonant, —2.A| is added, (to go) Jt + -AR + -BLIC} J} + -Ab + -O12 ure JE + -Al- + -210j2 = 7t + A + {o)2 Adie = GED (0 read) Qt + -OAP + -e LIC} eT + -SAP + -018 # AE alse = a+ -OAk + 42)2 Ao > + AAA Maps Tez) ch. + obyazlalAre shaol 4le] 7c 2, (2) Honoring the Listener 7HILICE JAS 7H. 7h AGI Seach HOMIZ aeAog aos! 70Le The teacher teaches Korean. My father wont to Busan last year Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain styles, (See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types)OPE ZARILICH, {formal polite style) OPE A ZHAfHe, {informal polite style) oA opel (informal plain style) (3) Other Honorifics ® The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -()Al to the ver stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form AACE (co sleep) ZRAlct actiode | gore | BEBICE (wo speak) ‘HSHAIC HHPAZIEE (vo tale) antic Bic (oe | BFAICVEAICD | QC (co exis) AAI OFAC (to drink) EAI Ick (to have) SIAC} + ofl] Aol] et ANAS, Mother is not home right now. + US AZ NOAA? Do you have time tomorow? ® Some nouns have honorific counterparts. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form L40| (age) AA 282! (birthday) adel Foor) | we 2 (house) tem '& (meal/food) al O18 (name) ae Atet (person) # ‘OH (wife) Hol + GopyZ], az] y+aj2, Grandpa, please have some dinner. + Bele ess)? How is your wife? Introduction to the Korean Language@ Honorific particles can be used after nouns incicating people. OZ} a Sf AA — ollai(Stell) —> 7A FAO] APO WLS SUCH, — wyounger sting over present toa ene SoA] AFola] ASS HAU. Grandpa gives a present to a friend. AL BS Fog, |The strawberries SOU AA B7|S SOSA, crencma ines strambenes. @® Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the sutfix Base Form HonorificForm | Base Form Honorific Form AV (veacher) viel E+ (professor) ae AHS (president) Abe) SIAL (doctor) SEA! | SAb (pastor) SAte BB (director) ae + AS) Abe cbse] Sct. Our company president is a generous person. SAR, 78h FAA Bech, Pastor, thank you for your prayer. ® Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an action by using the following words. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form | BISICE (to speak) weealct EEF (10 ask) onc CI (to give) Earp SIC}/ARLICE (co meee) act | + ofA) 7] 4c a72? Shall we speak with Dad? + Bo}HzZI)7] o] AS Sze, Plesse giva this 400k to Grandpa.© The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own status. Lp oat) PB] ofS] ow BE BES wore + AE DATS Soleja, {alco heard that news + Aa] Zo] ha Sz] O42, lease stop by our house sometime. + BARY, BEC Zo] OAUTH chess nave something to tel you. (4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics ® In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as €4! (you), L (you), “2 (he/him), “LL (she/hen), and 1 (they/ them). ANH, Te47} Qa Ah Ae Heel] Shey WALD,” Kx) SABO) Yoko, did you see Jasjun al work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you), $0 Yoko (you) need to give Jaejun (him) a call 'S{A1 is a mutual title of address used mainly between husband and wite, and therefore itis not used to address anyone other than one's spouse, Similarly, L is a mutual title used only among close friends, + fet, ob ALO] Lebel] ABHPO}B.? ooar aie you catt me? + YE 2S Fa]? ‘What are you going to do tociay? Introduction to the Korean Language@® Special expressions such as 4Z}O| 017i] S|l2? (What is your name?) and AAI7+ 045814] |i]? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone you don't know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status than you. + Bohs], Bo] OfBA) SALW? (0) sr etaenp, may ask your name? Bopha), lS] Aya? (x) + ABRA AAI} OB] EA 22 (0) Me President (of a company), may | ask your age? APH Yo]7t B sto] 2? (x) ® In most cases, the word 4f is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the speaker. A THE A), SOps|Z] BAA} OF BA] SPA? carol, how oid is your grandfather? B So] US cola, (0) He wil be 75 years old this year. 28] AEcpH ttojya. (x) @ The two honorific forms of SC} are [2ICf and 3EA/Ch, When the giver is younger than the receiver, then [2JC} is used, but when the actor is older ‘than the recipient of the action, 7EA|C} is used. + US ASS On] ERs, | gave a present to Mom. + PU AAT olla] ASS F2410].2., Mom gave a present to me. + Us SAA ASS FMB, | gave a present to my litle brother/sster. mother little sister/brotherGetting Ready @ OICt (to be) @ UCt (to exist/be, to have) @® Numbers @ Dates and Days of the Week @ TimeWhat's this? A Beau? (= HeL.2?) ot 8 olzighuth. (= Sl}a.2.) A gt Aah}? (© BEF Aleto|4,22) easier 8 ul, at Aeeluch. © as Aetefa,) Yaa ghey Ree A olc}ahut? (= olrjay.2.2) What country is this? 8 eaguch, (= ezola]a.) Its Korea, Grammar Focus OC attaches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. O|C} is used to express that the subject and predicate are the same thing. O|C} can also be used to specify something. ‘The formal descriptive form is Q{LIC}, and its interrogative form is Q{L|7}? The corresponding informal forms, 0{|$2/0]0||, are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms, with the interrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: O1|$2?/0|012? When the preceding noun ends in a vowel, Ol is used, and when the noun ends in a consonant, O|O{[$2 is used. The negative form of O|Cf is OLLIE}. (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) CMU Gaa ess mal Polite Style Noun With Final Consonant ojos. euuict ALALOLOIS. ARQILICE : 4N9ILIch | Awol. | LHBIRILICR. : SFEIRILICE, o1ojLIOl2. Syyoloie, | OFDILIRILIGE. : SHSRILICH, 3In Conversation A Taly7? A What is this? B 7Peduct, 8 It's abag A sya? 1A Are you a student? BH), Saadeh. 8 Yes, I'm a student, A toa? ‘4 Who is that? B alfa, 8 That's my fiend. A To] ofrjq].2? ‘A Where is your hometown? B AZloa, 8 Seoul. Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using OIC. 4 lA) 2 B 4), lal AE a Bul, 7 4 a spHeyat? sage Getting ReadyM7} SA} Heil Qe4.8., e (© H7t lat So] Mech, - ‘There's a dog on the chair. $2) Jo] Ao] glola, (© 92] do] AKA euch) ‘Our house is in Sinchon, wah alt gela, (yy a shee) I have a boyfriend. Grammar Focus 1 QUC} expresses the existence or location of something and means ‘to be located in/on’ in English. Although 2ICf is typically used in the form of ‘NO|/7I Nipiace)Ol] ZICH, the order of the subject and place in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: ‘N(place)0l] NO|/7} QICh.” The opposite of QICH is SIC} When ‘NOl| ZICH expresses a place, the following location nouns can be used. Ot, Fl, A, Oba (= B), & (SE, SR), 7HuI, Aol, Ot Ht © a4 91 (24, ofa (= Hat) ome oma on top of the desk under the desk in front of the desk behind the deskoases oxy ee Day Ee ® Aol beside the desk left of the desk right of the desk in between \ wi 9 Met 12d one ouw con the desk: inside the house outside the house a O Me Poll ZEI7} Mole. The computer is on the desk. @ Be Ofell © Het Voll) 27k VOB. The shoes are under the desk. © Ate Stoll Sixt} Bloisz. ‘The chair is in front of the desk. @ A! F)oll AIO] Boia. ‘The bookshelf is behind the desk. © As Holl sist LAO|7} Lo12. The plant and coat hanger are baside the desk. © AA Hol SS#0| ole. The plant is to the left of the desk. OAS LEX RAO|7t Vlog. The coat hanger is to the right of the desk. ® SHED} LAO Afo|ol] HAsO] 21012. The desk is between the plant and the coat hanger. ® AS 7HEAHO Clso] Qo12_ ‘The teddy bear is on the desk. © BF col Soi Rois. ‘The dog is inside the house. @ © Hol Deol} goj2. ‘The cat is outside the house, 2 ICt Is also used in the form ‘NO|/7} ACI to express possession, meaning ‘to have’ in English. The opposite of SIC is SACb. (See also Unt 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) + LUA gO1g, FAO] glois, 1 Raseeeaeh Mae inte enact ig AAA SOS. AIF OLA, | have a bicycle. I don't have & car Getting Ready 29In Conversation A Jo] ofrjo] Qloya? A Whereis the book? B 7FE tol] Qlol2, B I's in my bag A Zao] o}rjol] o1.2? A Whereis the bank? B Bal Bol] ola, B It's next to the school. A Bt ZIP} Qol an? 4 Do you have any Korean triands? BU], SS 25} Woe. 8B Yes, | have Korean fiends, A BFE] NAL? 4 Do you have a computor? BU], Boa, 8 Yes, | have one. Describe this room. Laok at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the exemple. (wr Uae ees Aopen, | a Baa of] BBO] NAL, @ WF 2) of AS At Vols. @ 4 AFH 7PFO] Vora, (4) 7H of Ae] aeia. © AZo] 7A of Qo}2. © OU 27+ LEFoH Wo}, 30b Sino-Korean Numbers tos’ 5 ee aoe on nee eens las (10 | aalaloaolai|ale|s|[alael = | a | ~ [| | so [ao [so | | mo | a |e | 100) aw [ow | ae | ae | es | aw | ae | ee [ee | oo | 1,000 | 10,000 | 100.000] 1000000 a | o | ae | ae Grammar Focus ~................++ There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers, and the ‘other is by using native Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as telephone numbers, bus route numbers, height, weight, address numbers, years, months, minutes, seconds, and prices. acid aoey A8eIO} AHIB plese onal =e Apso] & wer ate a ojsatesziel at Getting Ready<> © In Korean, large nambers are read based on units of ten thousand (2H) instead of thousands (), ‘Thus, 354,790 is interpreted as 35,4970 and read as 3561 4970 (~ AkJOUr ApetRebel4y). Similarly, 6,354,790 is interpreted as 635,4790 and read as 6359! 4790 (+ S¥iAJlout ApAPHALA), + 26354790 — 2635/4790, OjRM HSB APRaIMEA @ When a number larger than I begins with 1, the initial 1 (1) is not pronounced. A (BAL) 110: HB (ane) 110: MR (BIEN 11.110: BE RIM! (BEE SIMA) oi @ 16,26, 36. 96 are pronounced [ls] [0A] [erase]... FAMED ‘is pronounced as either 2 or 2. When appearing in telephone nunabers, Z is used. + 8508-8254 — R2Bzol[ol] Poleat + 010-a789-0274 SUS AVWAS|(O\] SOIWAL @ There are two ways to read telephone numbers. + 7804-2577 — SBRAI[OH) HORA! — TEAL Solfor] mow et * In this case 9} is pronounced [0], not [21]. In Conversation * A ABEALO] Sojop.27 ‘A What oor is the ofice on? B OFola, CF) 8 The 3th oor. A ASPAS7} Fol? Ak Wiheits your phone nurber? B 019-8729-9500¢I,2, & ite 018-8728-8600. Sat B80} \ [4] HLS) A BW vag Ha? A What bus do you take? B TOS HAS Eb, Ze) B take bus humbor 705 A Ho] Supe] a? '& How much is the book? B 25,0002o]o4]2., (o}zk2 44) B I's 25,000 won.Write the following numbers in Korean as shown in the example. 2) 4 ABAS7} Hoya? 8 2734-36980]2].2, CAME SS7B)clo]a, (ya FAs} glee? B Ul, 20]8, 010-738-35094]].8, ( dala, QA S777} B aera (ke)l12? S4d 2 TH (kg)ol4]2. ( vaEralke)l12. 3) A 717F B ALE} D] | (cm) o].2? TSA} Y]E| (cm)o].2., ( Vile} 4 (cm) }.2, a Aly} ante. a? B 62,000He]>I.2., ( Jeojoy2, w o Native Korean Numbers @ 2m eee | ee > eee ease meee fo =ES) MeM/M eu) cat | ot aa | og oe it [Pao eee | eae [90 100 Biot | a | ve | we | oe | oe VELL eg ui =5 Ut ua CHS 7H og a Getting ReadyOat Native Korean numbers are used to express time and units. They are generally used along with unit nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns include @, OF2|, 7H, &f, &, and E. In these cases, the Korean numbers that precede these nouns are written in slighty different forms: &{Lt becomes St (844 St BH), S becomes | (7H = Otel), 441 becomes Ml (FI Al £4). Bl becomes i] (Z2} li] 4), and AS becomes AP (Afap AG 7H). ete. ott + 7H | Sth Si FH (ae | Mh +H | Snes) | cist + 7H cH 24 | ots +7 | O18 7H e+ a 5 = ols +74 5 ta | | Os + 7H OFS 7H atm | er) | Bott +H i we See) fe ae AB+7H AP IH Agel 4H | Awet 7h Age +24 Am 74Unit Nouns a4 gi et 7H ae ol te 2 = olal re ee 3 A fel Ma MH ae 4 wow | wa was 5 cpa] | octet cat cat 6 oo] | Oe | OIE Oat 7 e832 wes | eso | eee wat we 8 (Of oe | ofstotl | oil 0 OS | (OE OOO] | OR COKE o 88 ge) go ee 4 gH 1 ome | ogee | aetoe | wee ome | met In Conversation — A ERO) B yojoya? A How many family members do you have? B Fe] SS | Bolo.a. 8 We are a family of four A SAO] B Aron? 8 How old are your younger siblings? BSNS ABA Atolo2, |B My younger brother is 28, end my younger sisters 20. ANS AT Poa, A 47] ASHE A) 2H], Bek SEY FEAL, 4 prease give me 0 toke/buy) these three apples and one coke. 8 Ul, BE Oaoa gelych, 1 Okay, your totals 8,600 won. Getting ReadyOy Look at the picture and write the appropriate number in Korean in each blank. “2 PAPE, obi} ag Qo}, a) AE 1k. 2) Bele) ao} ce) She] a @ avb_ 7, ABE goign. ws} ATE 6) 491 ge18., #9] $9] Qo} 2.201014 54 7Y Bae 20108 Li? (what Year?) 201014: O|4-4) 4, 190814: SAPHITALE A, 18644: MEASLY ‘3 Qi? (What Month?) 1a | 2m ga | aa | oa | en 7a | em | om ga jog | aa vg | oa) ee | ae | ae | 108 118 128! awe sole D121? (What Day?) 1a | ea ee aa ea [ea a ea ea ea!) we | om | ae ve | ce | ee | ae | ae ae ie | ize) 13g | tae | toe | sen | 172 | 182 1921 | 202 | | | age wale! | Aloial | Alael Aale) algal tial | Algtal | ata! | orgies | jiaen| 222 | | a AG 22 BU 24a ABU | 26 27Y | 28% | 2081 | 308 | 31a oWwsel OPUS! | OO OAD OMAIL oles oysiaial | opm) | clave | AAI! | atalele fu OVATE O/T CLAW OWNER (OAS) OBR OTe! reel dae 2 22!? (What Day of the Week?) io |) sees aes ty = use ase sige sau Bee souIn Conversation | A £30] 1{Zo]o.27 ‘A What's today's date? B 5A 5U(eH O)ojon, B It's May 5. A 230] FE 2elojo] a? ‘A What day of the week is today? B S}-2.cloloH 2, 8 It's Tuesday, A A] Az R? A When did you get married? B 20010] AA Yo] SE Rol A, B We got married in 2001. © The Korean words for June and October are read and written as $B and A/, respectively, not $2 and A/a. @ When asking ‘what year, # is used, and when asking ‘what month, 1 Bis used. However, when asking ‘what day, 0/2! is used in place of $42. + 2530] B2I0|0127 (x) — S50] MRO|0HS? (0) what is today’s date? om Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean. 1994.3,25,(2) : MPMIPAM AM OISA Bae Oeil ta (ol) pee cece «cs Sa ean Ad POLS AVG (3) AS)cht AL O14 AL AL AL al St ALAA at Boe aA a2 Sele aA nus BAL ou BA) Sus FAME =FALHA eA AL HAAS Grammar Focus In Korean, hours are read using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the particle Ol| is attached to the end of the time noun. QH(P.M), MAM)Although the literal meanings of 274 and @¥ are ‘before noon’ and ‘after noon’. respectively, in Korean 2% Is typically used to mean the morning hours while 2 is used to mean the afternoon hours. Furthermore, time can also be subdivided into smaller units, including AH (daybreak), OF] (morning), 42 (noon, lunchtime}, AY (evening), and ‘ZF (night), In Conversation A Ale Ala? A What tima is it now? B 2A obs 4] A] Bole A, (9210 A.M.) 8 tts 9:10 in the moming. A Ale BAIL? A What time is it now? BFA] Ae Aelea, B H's tan minutas to two, (= Its 1:50.) © SA) 24) Bo]972.) 01:50) AB Alay VojU-R? 44 What tima do you wake up? B Obs) Ue Ale] Aeq-+a, (7:00) B wake up at 7:00 in the morning. was Look at the pictures and write the appropriate time in the blanks,Bsa toy=3>) @ Present Tense A/V—(A) 4 LIC} @ Present Tense A/V—-0}/12 © Past Tense A/V-%/Y%H2 @ Future Tense V-(2)2 Ale @ @ Progressive Tense V—Z UC} © Past Perfect Tense A/V-St/W2HO2heer? @ Soiree 94] AOU. This is the 9 o'clock news. ae dou? ‘Do you have any questions? A OAS of Bai) W284 74? ‘What's your opinion ofthis? 8 Seurh, [think it's good. Grammar Focus ~ ‘The present tense of the formal polite style in Korean is made by adding (A) 4 LIC}. It is used mainly in formal or public situations such as in the military, news broadcasts, presentations, meetings, and lectures. Word Stem Ends in Vowel Word Stem Ends in Consonant Such Perea oe aL? ij ict a4 UC + ZLIC} Declarative) Pesca) fool | Z SET — SICA: deterrouat oc ect 4g THUCE = BUCH Peceratve) (to come) HLM? —- SLI? dnterogative)yc} BUC} — YALICH (eciarative) tora A+ vim? — 1.1212 anton) ech gp SHEL — BOLIC eceave cost) SLIM? — ESL? drtonogatne Base Form Declarative Interrogative xtc} | uLIc ALDH Ends in Vowel ee oI onset? + SLICE ol euicr aun Ll? O}LICh OFELICt OIL IF? “oS SHSLICt siSUni? act wauict aiauinie ee Act Catach) ateLinte + -@uc | | aume 2c | geuch | alain? act get | eietln? = nage ara In Conversation A Salo] B47? A Are you going to school? BU, Sar] Zc}, B Yes, I'm going to school. AOS Baez}? ‘A Do you eat breakfast? Bl, such. B Yes, | sat breaktast. A SES TW? fo you esi? Bu, fee 4c}. B Yes, | exercise. ATenses 45wes Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the exemple. 2 AW ayn? 3 Seu, > a cs ae “2 AF ayy? a e (3) (etttch) aa aya BaA EgLo}.A? Doas it taste good? B ul, Brgo1a. Yes, it tastes good. A ofcfol] 742.2 Where are you going? B S}alo] 742, I'm going to school. areala, Aa I, Hove you, Carol Grammar Focus The informal polite style is the honorific form used most in deily life. Compared to the formal polite style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal polite style are the same. The declarative form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the interrogative form is made by ending the sentence in a rising tone. OF is used when the word stem ends in + or -L. (@—OER is added when the word stem ends in a consonant. BIC} + OF — BOHR = BIC} — WOES, AIC} — ator @ If the word stem ends in the vowel +, one | is deleted. JIC} +@QR— 72 Ach 3S, eich — eke, Buc — Bue @ Ifthe word stem ends in a vowel, the following contraction can also occur. 2+ OR HH (Q+ bA— ML) wey we 1. Tenses{2 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than + or. @—01 is added when the word stem ends in a consonant. SL + OQ —S4OIs YC} — vole, eic}— goa @ if the word stem ends in the vowal 1, 4, or 4, the Of of -C1& is deleted. auc +z — LYS XIUIC} — XII, ME} — A, FIC} AD @If the word stem ends in the vowel +r, + and the O{ of O12 combine to form 1. HHSC] + O12 HHS (HH + 12 — WHEL) — FC} ALS, BAC} — HHS @ When the word stem ends in the vowel |, | and the Of of C12 combine toform 4. OAC + O12— OFS (OA + 42 — DAB) ICI — JIA, GIOIAICE — slOiAs When the predicate ends in SICK, it is changed to a2. (Originally, 12 was added to 3} to form 5/42, but StC12 is now shortened to 32.) Bott} — Bee BHC — Beaks, Uslsict — Make, ofasict — cleele, letct — eles The verb O|Ct changes to Oi|52/0|0I|S2, with O12 used when the preceding word ends in a vowel and 0[0{I$2 used when the word ends in a consonant. When the noun ends in a vowel: 2|AfOi2 (Q/A} + oil) APBIOICH— Atmos, O101L{0IC} — o1{LIoH2 @ When the noun ends in a consonant: S|A}0|O11S2 (S|AHE + 001.2) AMSOICE— ALOIS, AYO —- Meeolollse | _BaseForm Ol ~~ BaseForm O12 += BaseForm a | etc eoie | gic Hoe wet (ach oe miuCE mR istsich En Ge ee ee | SILC Bue) we: wage watt use ert 22 | OAc na | AvisIc} SL oy |_vowstening | ole | wee | enna Sea Consonant Ending | -olol2 sWolole AAolole —wojolsz 46In Conversation A Ala 3 AR? B aalaia, ‘A What are you doing now? 8 I'm doing homework. A RA AVS Yo]? BRS Ilo] ade Fog, A.W tra do yu ent neh A ray al ech re A He AE 2/20} §I9].9? 8 AaoloLa, ‘A What is Minu's job? 8 He's a teacher. | @ In Korean, the present tense forms include not only the present tense but also the present progressive tense and a future tense in which itis clear that a future event will occur. + Present — alt Uiata2ol) CIVIC. + Progressive — AE Kid BSE SUCHE, + Near Future — A= U2) Stal 21UIc}/72, | 90 to colege. | am studying now, [wl go to schoo! morrow, ‘The present tense is also used to express general truths and to describe things that occur regularly. “AIRS Ole See Zorg, + AH ONBJOICE 2718 a, ‘The Earth rotates around the sun, Iran every morning.1 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. = | A SIRI? = 8 Ul, SIKIOL®, a (zh) ” ot ais ht sila dn a « a mA 8 (aa) (ela) @ @ A A 2 | TB B (aw) amy 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. By | a HL? | saree, (ate!) : (2) rN Ay Ha? 8 B 4 2 6) (6) AF) B12? “ a, Srstch) (pale198144 38 SQoj] Alo}yto].2., (The baby) was born on March 5, 1981 200414 289] RS SUL, | graduated from collage in February 2004, Sao] BSBA. We got married last year, Grammar Focu: The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding —2t/% to their werd stems. When the word stem ends in the vowel F or 1, ~8t0{@ is added, and when it ends in any other vowel, {012 is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in SEC}, —WO1R is added to form S+RAL, which is then shortened to $1012. In the case of the formal polite style, -Q/MASLIC and StSL|Cf are used. Mees uaa eit et mi Maelo SCH + MOA — Bete | Act+-Yoje—weioig | BYsic}— BHgoia orcs ue Sate cauaacoge Denies BasoForm | 30/2 | BaseFom | 81012 || Baserom | Mole ch Hoie sick migioig | YAsich | HARIS phic | ioe ouch woe | elateict | eistatoin ec eae ack eigia Basil | sacle 4.Tenses 42ct woe | ect estos Basic} | geltoia zich weoie ach HO | aMsic} | AnigoIe “2Er} | BROIe “wEct | Balle «= AGISICE «| AtIRLOI i a Vowelendng | -31012 zseugo2 Consonant Ending -0/2401 swolgio1e any Vowel Ending FOL I21019. | ZEBAI7H OHIO. Consonant Ending 0] ofL|st01s2 | tao OLLI. * Irregular form In Conversation A olay F] Rol? 1k What did you do yesterday? BeHwl2, 8 I studied, A EQUO YsES Boj.a? ‘A Did you see a movie on Saturday? B Ul, Hela, aajaleloy a. 1B Yes, | saw a movie. Iwas interesting, A Fuel] 3 Mola? ‘4 What did you do over the weekend? BBS SUR. B | listened to music. ‘While the past tense of 2c} can be written either as SGO1@ or HOS, and the past tense of SIC} can be ‘written either as 3t0}2 or Ro}%2, the past tense of 2cfis written only as BAL, not 2242. + FU + Rik — FRO (0) HOIg (0) + HTt + i012 — Eigio1@ (0) oie (0) + SE} + ROIS — Bots (0) QzN1g (x)onus What did Carol do this week? Refer to the calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using 2/2012, 710} 2 eye aeghch eth ef Beh Ao ME OFELF a] gC +1279: (ate (2) Bz (3) Bay +129 8: 4) MBtIol OS (©) E7} heat 12H 98: 7 Hlel7+__ . BAe} Zein, +122) 102: @ meas +129 112: @ 128 122: (10) SSS (11) GS} 4. TensesGrammar Focus 2d Fo 24S AL lala, Pi buy a car two years from now. Sito] GAS & Ada. Vl go fishing this weekend, i) Gai Behe] SH] SAMA, Vil visit China during my vacation, 19 This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as ‘will’ or ‘is going to’ in English. It is formed by adding (2)= 74Oj[ to the stems of verbs. = 7404|@ is used when the verb stem ends in = or a vowel, and —& 740i] is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant. Nera Sun aaenER en kid Jie} += AAole — 2 rake Neri Ee ane ued AC} + -2 Ade — 42 Ade Base Form 2 Anis Base Form 2 01s sich | ws 7ioie atch “gg ole at | iol ee euch |i Yo. ack we 7g Bratt ase role “ct 53 71012 “atc # Holz “ect #8 71012 comct | ste oie “ech Eg 702 * regular form 62A Qa] tee] Sola Aan? ‘4 When will you return to your hometown? B Use] Bolt 7a, B Milreturn next year, A So] HS Aa? ‘4 What will you do over the weekend? B Z}a71S S72. 2 Il ride my bike, was The following calendar is from Wang Jing’s daily planner. What will Wang Jing do this week? Choose the appropriate word from below to fil in each blank using -(2)= 7012. 2 ee ee a QE 54 AMOR, Yas 54 52) ‘ofeopLojoa, ae} yjel stazol] et 7} 2. WS US RAE ay _. RAMEN] Asst Bo] QQ AADIEB @ . Fado) eo) 18 9) Nei, eA 2 Gol] Sat BAL Bel} Ay (ay Eade Ae AAD IR, FAS SUS 6) aaj ea oA] eS @__ me . Bade eH a : ATenses 5SWAVE AE B92 Ez glota, Dane is listening to music now. lp ait as dol 7S glo}, ‘Min is going home now. olay) 2177} Mee] Stel] ASO S, Alu ASE] Ae AAD BGO}, ‘Yesterday, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Wesley was sleeping at that time. Grammar Focus © This pattem expresses the progression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of ing’ in English. It is formed by adding —72 QC} to the stems of verbs. To express the continuation of an action that occurred sometime in the past, —i1 QSACt is used. IC} + 32 UE} 7h Qict Sch + a Ce — A UAC _ Base Form | Bae Bae | ACh ALT OID RUHR 2c | wm goa 7 olga gole ehuch ohn gloie gem goie oct 27 2012 Byatt Zest gleIn Conversation © ‘22 A Ba a, Az Aol Dol 712. A wag lg te poke tenet econ B ulgts| a, 214 Sa]S S31 Qo]a, 8 |'m sorry, ut I’m doing my homework right now. A of ob) ashe @ eistola? iilty ae Shower eopneaunio a 2 APIS glsiolo, i ier noe A alg olejola) Aa Qo1.a? a Wea ng rae B ALSO] Aba? Yoja, 8 I'm living in Seoul. “To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form —Sb/042 is used. A OF ENO? What sa you eo yesterday? 8 SIONAL At stole (x) — alULAl AISHOIS. (0) relaxed at home, nr ramen ne sneer en qa Lock at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. aA a aia? ~ 5 Hoke AT Mog, (lol ZICH) | 2) cog; Ale 8122 & A BS ¥] aR? = 8 x (aleretty) (eer wy SC) ASS 47 Aa ot = 42? Bo} 2, (xe Bch (3S ech) 4. Tensesé spol] ARAL. | have been to the U.S. (wert to, and have already retumed from, the U.S) SHANA AUMML, 1 (have) ved in China. (don't tive in China now) obs 717} SEO, My father was overweight. (He's not overweight now.) This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue cor something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than when the speaker is describing it. It approximates to ‘did/had (in the past)’ in English. It is formed by adding -WYOAL to the stems of verbs and adjectives with stems ending in the vowel F or -L. Otherwise, -WMOH is added. For verbs ending in SHC}, S49401@ is added. NCU Nic cue Sodas eg AC} + UMM — NOS IC} + Mola — aIeeIOIa _BHsic} — Bwaois Base Form 21/1 Base Form R/ AOD tc ASO12 ect eusizole Act xsi | AC susie. HSE Ct sHRRtOL act aosict | aiiscie | | aringoin wsict que | Biiigiol2 “ect SUNIL | caiEsiole * Irregular form In Conversation @ 8 A SHS ot w]e? A You don't smoke? B AE HHS Bee a, B I smoked last year. But | don't smoke now. Ag4|at ABS et aga, A 2S Hfejoh Alle] gola, A Tresle nator te senate Gove diye B FSS ARTO] Bstse a. There were many people (there) in the summer, A Sato] | Rk? ‘A What did you do aver the weekend? B RSE ek, B I went to Lotte World, It was really interesting. ob aa) gol, Expresses that something simply occurred Expresses a past occurrence that does not in the past or that an action or situation that continue to the present. ended in the past has remained that way. + HMI =hol eto Bois, + MS Sho} SIROH Ststo12. {Dane may sil be in Korea. We don't know what (Cane came to Korsa and later left; he isnot in Koraa happened ater ne came to Korea. He may be in ew) some place other then Korea) + Me MOL 1H Sel atgizICLO + HIE MOI 1H aRtoi2. (Cane previously lived in Seoul for one year, but now (Dane has been ling in Se0u! for one year he does not ive in Seoul) He previously led in Seoul for one year, but we don't know where he lives nove)Fon you ‘What was Hayeong like 10 years ago? Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks as shown in the example. S19 AS BS A HGIO12, (grag each ag ale (PAC) ae (oleic) 8g AE ; (male 2 ch a9 ae Gains 2 eichi Ceveze ra Ve Expressions @ Word Negation © 2 AV-O1/O12 (A/V-AI 2012) @ & V-0l/012 (V-A] Rol 2)aS Apeolola, @ She is Korean, aS Abo] of eya, She is not Korean. £9] o}a, ae 0] Bola. | don’t have any money. aaare obopa, 1 know Korean. uses gee, I don't know Korean, Grammar Focus © Negative sentences can be made either by negating the entire sentence or by negating a word. When making a negative santence by negating a word, O|C} is changed to OFLICE, QIC Fis changed to SIC, and QICf is changed to Cf. Of these, OLLICt is written in the form O|/7# OFLICH, but when used in the spoken form, O|/7t's often omitted. Tuualeiecce erae ae mse OHLICH = OIE OFEILICE OfLoll2 SICH 2ICt SEC Qc} SBuUct | g2