So now as we all know, a person is the largest unit of life we consider, when we talked about the

smallest unit, were talking about a cell. And while a human being is about two meters tall, a cell has a
diameter of about 100 micrometers. Which to put into perspective relative to a human being is about
1/1000000th of the size. And there’s so much that goes on here. Just as the human being grow and
maybe will have babies, cells do the exact same thing. They grow and have babies as well or they
undergo cell division, that will be reported by the other or next group.

Now let’s focus on the cell right here and spend the report talking about how a cell grows and divides.
And the life span of a cell can be described by what’s called THE CELL CYCLE

The cell cycle can be thought of as a season in a year just as we have seasons such as the spring or the
summer where things grow, versus fall and winter where they don’t.

The cell has times when it grows and divides and other times when it doesn’t divide.

There are 2 main overarching seasons, or types of seasons that we can talk about here.

There’s this period here that’s more like the fall or the winter, where you don’t have as much as cell
division, but you have more growth of the cell. This period is where the cell spends most of its time, and
it’s called interphase.

Interphase: where we primarily have cell growth occur, but not cell division. Interphase is where cells
most of the time, o most cell leaves here. Just a trivia there is one key exception. What do you guys
think that one exception might be? Cancer. Cancer cells have some defect in them that causes them to
want to divide more so than grow.

Interphase
 During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA.
 The G1, S, and G2 phases together are known as interphase.
 Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S
phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). The
prefix inter- means between, reflecting that interphase takes
place between one mitotic (M) phase and the next.

Let’s enter the cell cycle just as a cell forms, by division of its mother
cell. What must this newborn cell do next if it wants to go on and
divide itself? Preparation for division happens in three steps:
The other main phases of cycle here is where you have active cell division, and it’s called mitosis.
Sometimes abbreviated by M.

Mitosis is the time where you have active cell division.

Now, there are a few other phases that occur within interphases. The first part of interphase is a growth
phase. And its usually abbreviated by G1, and as you can see G1 is the longest phase of the cycle, also
most of a cell’s life is spent here, and its in this phase that we produce extra organelles such as
ribosomes and proteins. We make proteins that will be useful when we get to the point for cell division.

 G1 is the longest phase of the cycle

 During G1, also called the first gap phase, the cell grows
physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular
building blocks it will need in later steps.

[Hide explanation.]
In the great majority of cases, cells do indeed grow before division.
However, in certain situations during development, cells may
intentionally split themselves up into smaller and smaller pieces
over successive rounds of cell division. For instance, this happens
in very early development of an African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
embryo. See the end of the article for a video of cell divisions in
early frog embryos.

From here, the cell has a choice if it wants to continue growing and move towards the direction of cell
division, it’ll move forward this way.

To the next phase that is called the, “S phase”. The S phase stands for synthesis, more specifically DNA
synthesis, because here we are going to have DNA replication. That’s where we take 23 pairs of
chromosomes, so 23 pairs. We called them pairs because half of them are from your mom, half of them
from your dad, and we duplicate them, we replicate them, and we end up with 46 pairs. And most cell
goes in his direction as I mentioned over here.

 S phase. In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the

DNA in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing
structure called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate
DNA during M phase.
Some cells however, instead of going forward, from G1 they’ll go in another direction here to a phase

that’s called, “G not”, or G 0” where you have no more cell division. Because there are certain cells in

the body that don’t like to divide or don’t tend to divide. And you can think of a quick example like

neurons in the brain. Once your brain is formed it does not necessarily need to divide anymore, you just

have cells grow. Other

types of cells divide slowly or not at all. These cells
may exit the G1 phase and enter a resting state called G0. In G0, a
cell is not actively preparing to divide, it’s just doing its job. For
instance, it might conduct signals as a neuron (like the one in the
drawing below) or store carbohydrates as a liver cell. G0 is a
permanent state for some cells, while others may re-start division if
they get the right signals.

So it that sort of kinda endpoint for these type of cells. they don’t usually come back and enter the cell
cycle in this way. But lets continue what we have.
The next phase of the cell cycle is called, G2, which is another growth phase where we are more directly
preparing for mitosis. So , we prepare for mitosis in a couple of ways perhaps example is we make micro
tubules, which will be used to pull our chromatids apart when it comes for anaphase that is to be
reported by juan carlos’ group for mitosis.

S phase. In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA

in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure
called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M
phase.

And finally, to be complete, we have our last phase right here which is just mitosis,

M phase
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and
cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct
division-related processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.
our final season of the cell cycle where our cell will divide and once it’s divided and turned into two cells,
each of the cells will enter the G1 phase, where they will grow and produce extra organelles and
proteins that will eventually allow them to divide again.

As you can see, its just a season in the year, the cell cycle goes around and around as we divide cells
further and further unless it’s a cell that goes off to this G not or G0 phase. Where we do not need any
cell division.
Interphase
 During interphase, the cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA.
 The G1, S, and G2 phases together are known as interphase.
 Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S
phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). The
prefix inter- means between, reflecting that interphase takes
place between one mitotic (M) phase and the next.

Let’s enter the cell cycle just as a cell forms, by division of its mother
cell. What must this newborn cell do next if it wants to go on and
divide itself? Preparation for division happens in three steps:

 G1 phase .
 G1 is the longest phase of the cycle
 During G1, also called the first gap phase, the cell grows
physically larger, copies organelles, and makes the molecular
building blocks it will need in later steps.

[Hide explanation.]
In the great majority of cases, cells do indeed grow before division.
However, in certain situations during development, cells may
intentionally split themselves up into smaller and smaller pieces
over successive rounds of cell division. For instance, this happens
in very early development of an African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)
 embryo. See the end of the article for a video of cell divisions in
early frog embryos.

Cell cycle exit and G0

What happens to the two daughter cells produced in one round of the
cell cycle? This depends on what type of cells they are. Some types of
cells divide rapidly, and in these cases, the daughter cells may
immediately undergo another round of cell division. For instance,
many cell types in an early embryo divide rapidly, and so do cells in a
tumor.

Other types of cells divide slowly or not at all. These cells may exit the
G11start subscript, 1, end subscript phase and enter a resting state
called G00start subscript, 0, end subscript phase. In G0, a cell is not
actively preparing to divide, it’s just doing its job. For instance, it might
conduct signals as a neuron (like the one in the drawing below) or
store carbohydrates as a liver cell. G00start subscript, 0, end
subscript is a permanent state for some cells, while others may re-
start division if they get the right signals.
S phase. In S phase, the cell synthesizes a complete copy of the DNA
in its nucleus. It also duplicates a microtubule-organizing structure
called the centrosome. The centrosomes help separate DNA during M
phase.

G2 phase. During the second gap phase, or G2 phase, the cell grows
more, makes proteins and organelles, and begins to reorganize its
contents in preparation for mitosis. G2 phase ends when mitosis
begins.

The G1, S, and G2 phases together are known as interphase. The

prefix inter- means between, reflecting that interphase takes place
between one mitotic (M) phase and the next.
Image of the cell cycle. Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell
growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase
(cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which
is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two
daughter cells. Mitosis precedes cytokinesis, though the two
processes typically overlap somewhat.
Image credit: "The cell cycle: Figure 1" by OpenStax College, Biology (CC BY 3.0).

M phase
During the mitotic (M) phase, the cell divides its copied DNA and
cytoplasm to make two new cells. M phase involves two distinct
division-related processes: mitosis and cytokinesis.