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Microsoft Office 365 & Access 2019

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~- '# CENGAGE
·-
New Perspectives Series
Working with the Navigation Pane ........... AC 3-53 Module 5 Creating Advanced Queries and Enhancing
Table Design
Session 3.2 Quick Check ............... . ... AC 3-55 Making the Clinic Database Easier
Review Assignments ... . ........... . ...... AC 3-56 to Use . . . . .. . ... . ... . ...... . . . . .. . . AC 5-1
Case Problems ........................... AC 3-57 Session 5.1 Visual Overview: Calculated Field .... AC 5-2
Reviewing the Clinic Database................ AC 5-4
Module 4 Creating Forms and Reports
Using Forms and Re p orts to Display Using a Pattern Match in a Query ............. AC 5-5
Patient and Visit Data ....... . . . . . . . . . AC 4-1
Using a List-of-Values Match in a Query ........ AC 5-8
Session 4.1 Visual Overview: Using the Not Logical Operator in a Query ... . . AC 5-9
Form Displayed in Form View ................ AC 4-2
Using an AutoFilter to Filter Data .......... AC 5-10
Creating a Form Using the Form Wizard ........ AC 4-4
Assigning a Conditional Value to a
Modifying a Form's Design in Layout View ...... AC 4-7 Calculated Field .......................... AC 5-13
Applying a Theme to a Database Object ...... AC 4-7 Creating a Parameter Query ... . ........... . AC 5-17
Adding a Picture to a Form.·············· AC 4-11 Creating a More Flexible Parameter Query ... AC 5-19
Changing the Color of Text on a Form . . .... AC 4-13 Session 5.1 Quick Check ...... . ........... . AC 5-21
Navigating a Form ........................ AC 4-15
Session 5.2 Visual Overview:
Finding Data Using a Form · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · AC 4-16 Advanced Query Wizards .................. AC 5-22
Maintaining Table Data Using a Form ......... AC 4-19 Creating a Crosstab Query ................. AC 5-24
Previewing and Printing Selected · a F.md Dup 1·1cates Query . . . . . . . . . . . . AC 5-30
c reat1ng
Form Records ............................ AC 4-20 C . F' d U h dQ AC 5 32
reat1ng a m nmatc e uery . . . . . . . . . . . -
Creating a Form with a Main Form
Creating a Top Values Query ... . ........... . AC 5-34
and a Subform ........................... AC 4-22
Session 5.2 Quick Check ....... . ........... AC 5-35
Session 4.1 Quick Check ... ......... .. .. . .. AC 4-27
Lookup Fields and Input Masks . . . . ......... . AC 5-36
Report Displayed in Print Preview ..... . ...... AC 4-28
Creating a Lookup Field .................... AC 5-38
Creating a Report Using the Report Wizard .... AC 4-30
Using the Input Mask Wizard ... . ........... . AC 5-42
Modifying a Report's Design in Layout View .. . . AC 4-34
Identifying Object Dependencies ............ AC 5-47
Applying a Theme to a Report ............ AC 4-34
Defining Data Validation Rules . . ............ AC 5-48
Changing the Alignment of Field Values .... AC 4-35
Defining Field Validation Rules ............ AC 5-49
Moving and Resizing Fields on a Report .... AC 4-36
Defining Table Validation Rules . . ........ . AC 5-50
Changing the Font Color and Inserting
. · R AC Working with Long Text Fields .............. AC 5-52
a P1cture m a eport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-38
Designating a Trusted Folder .. . . .. ........ . AC 5-55
Using Conditional Formatting in a Report. ..... AC 4-39
Session 5.3 Quick Check ................... AC 5-57
Session 4.2 Quick Check ............ . ...... AC 4-43
Review Assignments ...................... AC 5-58
Review Assignments ...................... AC 4-44
Case Problems ........................... AC 5-59
Case Pro bl ems......... . . . .......... . .... Ac 4- 45
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Microsoft Office 365 & Access 2019, Comprehensive vii
Module 6 Using Form Tools and Creating Custom Session 6.3 Visual Overview:
Forms Custom Form in Form View ......... . ....... AC 6-44
Creating Forms for Lakewood Community
Health Services ..................... AC 6-1 Adding a Combo Box to Find Records ....... . AC 6-46
Session 6.1 Visual Overview: Adding a Subform to a Form ................ AC 6-50

Anchoring Controls ....... . ................ AC 6-2 Displaying a Subform's Calculated
Designing Forms ......... . ................ AC 6-4 Controls in the Main Form .................. AC 6-53
Changing a Lookup Field to a Adding Calculated Controls to a

Short Text field ......................... AC 6-4 Subform's Form Footer Section ........... AC 6-54
Creating a Relationship Report and Using Adding Calculated Controls to a Main Form .. AC 6-56
the Documenter ........................... AC 6-7 Resizing, Moving, and Formatting
Creating Forms Using Form Tools ........ . ... AC 6-1 1 Calculated Controls . ........ .. . . ....... . AC 6-58
Creating a Form Using the Changing the Tab Order in a Form ........... AC 6-61
Data sheet Tool ........................ AC 6-11 Improving a Form's Appearance ............. AC 6-64
Creating a Form Using the Adding a Line to a Form ................. AC 6-64
Multiple Items Tool ..................... AC 6-13 Adding a Rectangle to a Form .. . ......... AC 6-65
Creating a Form Using the Modifying the Visual Effects of the
Split Form Tool ........ . ............... AC 6-14 Controls in a Form ...................... AC 6-66
Modifying a Split Form in Layout View ...... AC 6-15 Session 6.3 Quick Check ................... AC 6-69
Anchoring Controls in a Form ............. AC 6-19 Review Assignments ...................... AC 6-70
Session 6.1 Quick Check . .. . . ....... . .. . ... AC 6-21 Case Problems ...... . ......... . . . ....... . AC 6-72
Session 6.2 Visual Overview: Module 7 Creating Custom Reports
Custom Form in Design View . . ...... . .. . ... AC 6-22 Creating Custom Reports for Lakewood
Community Health Services . ... . . . . . . . . AC 7-1
Planning and Designing a Custom Form ....... AC 6-24
Session 7.1 Visual Overview: Report Sections .. . . AC 7-2
Creating a Custom Form in Design View . .. . ... AC 6-24
Customizing Existing Reports ................ AC 7-4
Working in the Form Window in
Design View . ........ .. . .. .. . ...... . ... AC 6-25 Viewing a Report in Report View .. . ......... . . AC 7-4
Adding Fields to a Form ... . .. . .. . .... . . . AC 6-27 Copying and Pasting a Report into Word ..... AC 7-6
Selecting, Moving, and Modifying a Report in Layout View .......... . . AC 7-8
Aligning Form Controls .................... AC 6-28 Modifying a Report in Design View ........ . ...AC 7-15
Resizing and Deleting Controls .......... . ... AC 6-32 Session 7.1 Quick Check. .. . .... .. ......... . .AC 7-19
Adding a Combo Box Control to a Form ... . . . AC 6-34 Session 7.2 Visual Overview:
Using Form Headers and Form Footers ... . ... AC 6-40 Form in Design View and Print Preview ........ AC 7-20
Adding a Title to a Form ................. AC 6-41 Planning and Designing a Custom Report ..... AC 7-22
Session 6.2 Quick Check ... . ............... AC 6-43 Creating a Query for a Custom Report ........ AC 7-23
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viii New Perspectives Series
Creating a Custom Report . . . ............... AC 7-25 Session 8.2 Visual Overview:

Sorting and Grouping Data in a Report ..... AC 7-27 Tabbed Control with a Chart ............... AC 8-24
Working with Controls in Design View . . ...... AC 7-32 Using a Tab Control in a Form .. . . . ......... . AC 8-26
H.d.
1 mg Dup11ca
· t e a1ues m v
· a Report . . . . . . . . . . AC 7-38 Creating a Chart Using the Chart Wizard ...... AC 8-30
Session 7.2 Quick Check ... . ............... AC 7-39 Using Templates and Application Parts ........ AC 8-36
Exporting a Report to a PDF File ............. AC 8-40
Custom Form in Design View ............... AC 7-40 Integrating Access with Other Applications .... AC 8-42
Understanding Page Header and Linking Data from an Excel Worksheet. ..... AC 8-43
Page Footer Sections ...................... AC 7-42 Session 8.2 Quick Check ................... AC 8-47
Adding the Date to a Report ............. AC 7-42 Review Assignments ...................... AC 8-48
Adding Page Numbers to a Report ........ AC 7-46 Case Problems ........................... AC 8-49
Adding a Report Title to a Module 9 Using Action Queries and Advanced Table
Page Header Section ............ . ...... AC 7-48 Relationships
Enhancing User Interaction with the
Creating Mailing Labels . . .. . ........ . ...... AC 7-50 Health Database ... . . . . . . . .......... AC 9-1
Review Assignments .... . . . ....... . .. . .... AC 7-55 Action Queries ............................ AC 9-2
Case Problems ........................... AC 7-56 Action Queries ............................ AC 9-4
Module 8 Sharing, Integrating, and Analyzing Data Creating a Make-Table Query ... . ........ . . AC 9-5
Importing, Exporting, Linking,
and Analyzing Data in the Creating an Append Query ............... AC 9-9
Clinic Database ..................... AC 8-1 Creating a Delete Query .... . .. . ........ . AC 9-12
Session 8.1 Visual Overview: Creating an Update Query ... . ........... AC 9-15
Exporting Data to XM L and HTML ............ AC 8-2 Session 9.1 Quick Check ....... . ........... AC 9-17
Exporting an Access Query to an
HTML Document ......... . ................ AC 8-4
Many-to-Many Relationship ................. AC 9-18
Viewing an HTML Document in a
Understanding Types of Table Relationships ... . AC 9-20
Web Browser ........................... AC 8-6
Many-to-Many Relationships .............. AC 9-21
Importing a CSV File as an Access Table . ....... AC 8-7
One-to-One Relationships .. . ............ AC 9-22
Analyzing a Table with the Table Analyzer ... AC 8-11
Defining M:N and 1:1 Relationships
Working with XML Files .................... AC 8-12
Between Tables .. .. .. . ...... . .. . ........ . AC 9-24
Importing Data from an XML File .......... AC 8-13
Understanding Join Types . . .. .. ............ AC 9-27
Saving and Running Import Specifications ... AC 8-14
Inner and Outer Joins ...... . ........... . AC 9-27
Exporting an Access Table as an XML File ... AC 8-17
Self-Joins ............................. AC 9-31
Saving and Running Export Specifications . . . AC 8-20
Using Indexes for Table Fields .............. . AC 9-36
Creating an Index ...................... AC 9-39
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Microsoft Office 365 & Access 2019, Comprehensive
Session 9.2 Quick Check ... . ............... AC 9-41 Review Assignments . ........... . ........ AC 10-50
Review Assignments ............. . .... . ... AC 9-42 Case Problems .......................... AC 10-51
Case Problems . ...................... . ... AC 9-43 Module 11 Using and Writing Visual Basic for
Applications Code
Module 10 Automating Tasks with Macros Creating VBA Code for the
Creating a User Interface for the Health Health Database ... . . . . .. .......... AC 11-1
Dat abase ............... ....... ... AC 10-1
Session 10.1 Visual Overview: Session 11.1 Visual Overview:
The Macro Designer Window ............... AC 10-2 VBA Code Window · · ..................... AC 11-2
Introduction to Visual Basic for Applications .... AC 11-4
Introduction to Macros ................ . ... AC 10-4
Understanding Procedures ............... AC 11-4
Running a Macro ......................... AC 10-4
Understanding Modules ....... . ......... AC 11-5
Viewing a Macro in the Macro Designer ... . ... AC 10-6
Using an Existing VBA Procedure ............ AC 11-6
Using Arguments in a Macro ............. AC 10-7
Examining a VBA Event Procedure ........ . AC 11-8
Adding Actions to a Macro . . .......... . .... AC 10-7
Modifying an Event Procedure ............ AC 11-11
Single Stepping a Macro .................. AC 10-12
Creating Functions in a Standard Module ..... .AC 11-13
Using a Command Button with an
Attached Macro ......................... AC 10-13 Creating a Function .................. . .. AC 11-14
Understanding Events . . .. . .......... . .. AC 10-15 Testing a Procedure in the

Immediate Window ....................... AC 11-17
Understanding Submacros ......... . .... AC 10-16
Session 11.1 Quick Check.. . .... .. . . ....... .AC 11-19
Adding a Submacro ...................... AC 10-18
Adding a Command Button to a Form ....... AC 10-21 Session 11.2 Visual Overview:
Example of an Event Procedure . . .. . ....... AC 11-20
Attaching a Submacro to a
Command Button ......... . .............. AC 10-22 Understanding How an Event
Procedure Processes Commands .. . ........ AC 11-22
Session 10.1 Quick Check ................. AC 10-25
Adding an Event Procedure ..... . .. . ....... AC 11-24
Compiling Modules . ................... AC 11-25
A Navigation Form ....................... AC 10-26
Designing a User Interface.. . .. ......... . .. AC 10_28 Testing an Event Procedure ... . ......... AC 11-26
Creating an Unbound Form ................ AC 10_28 Adding a Second Procedure to a

Class Module ....... . ........ . .. . ....... AC 11-27
Adding a List Box Control to a Form ...... . .. AC 10-30
Designing the Field Validation
Introduction to SOL ...................... AC 10-32
Procedure ........................... AC 11-27
Viewing a SOL Statement for a Query . . ... AC 10-33
Adding a Field Value Event Procedure ..... AC 11-30
Using a SOL Statement for a
List Box Control. ........ . ............. AC _ Adding an Event Procedure to Change the
10 35
Case of a Field Value ..................... AC 11-32
Creating Multiple Macros for a Form ........ AC 10-40
Hiding a Control and Changing a
Creating a Navigation Form . . .............. AC 10-45 Control's Color .......................... AC 11-33
Session 10.2 Quick Check .............. . .. AC 10-49
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·
&htonal revJew has deemed that any suppre-Ssed content does not materially affect the overnlllearning , .
expenence. engage ammg reserves the nght to remove additiooal content at any time if sutlrequent rights restrictions require it.
New Perspectives Series
Session 11.2 Quick Check . . . .............. AC 11-37 Session 12.2 Quick Check ................. AC 12-49
Review Assignments .................. . .. AC 11-38 Review Assignments ......... . ........... AC 12-50
Case Problems . ........... . ....... . .. . .. AC 11-38 Case Problems .............. . ........... AC 12-51
Module 12 Managing and Securing a Database Appendix A Relational Databases and

Administering the Health Database . . . . AC 12-1 Database Design ........................ AC A-1
Session 12.1 Visual Overview: Tables ................................... AC A-2
Multivalued Fields and Subqueries .... . ...... AC 12-2 Keys . . ......... . .......... . ........... . . AC A-3
Additional Filtering Options ........ . ....... AC 12-4 Relationships .... . .......... . . . ......... . . AC A-5
Filter By Form ......................... AC 12-5 One-to-Many Relationship ................ AC A-5
Saving a Filter as a Query ............ . ... AC 12-8 Many-to-Many Relationship ............... AC A-6
Creating a Subquery .... . ................. AC 12-11 One-to-One Relationship ....... . .. . .. . ... AC A-7
Using Multivalued Fields .. . ......... . .. .. .. AC 12-14 Entity Subtype ............ . ........... . . AC A-8
Session 12.1 Quick Check ................. AC 12-21 Entity-Relationship Diagrams .. .. .. .. . . .. . .... AC A-9
Session 12.2 Visual Overview: Integrity Constraints ......... . ............ AC A-11
Database Options . . .. ..... . . .. .. . ...... . AC 12-22 Dependencies and Determinants .... . . . .. . .. AC A-12
Creating an Attachment Field .............. AC 12-24 Anomalies....... . . . ......... . ......... . . AC A-14
Using an AutoNumber Field .. . . . . . ..... .. . AC 12-26 Normalization ............................ AC A-15
Saving an Access Database as a First Normal Form .. . ...... . . .. ........ . AC A-15
Previous Version . . ........... .. .. . ...... . AC 12-29 Second Normal Form ...... . ........... . AC A-17
Analyzing Database Performance Third Normal Form ........ . ........... . AC A-19
with the Performance Analyzer . . . ....... . . . AC 12-30
Natural, Artificial, and Surrogate Keys ......... AC A-21
Linking Tables between Databases .... .. .. . . AC 12-33
Microsoft Access Naming Conventions ........ AC A-25
Using the Database Splitter........ . ..... .. AC 12-38
Review Assignments ......... . ........... . AC A-28
Securing an Access Database ........ . ..... AC 12-42
Index .................................. IDX 1
Setting the Database Startup Options ....... AC 12-44
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Getting to Know
Microsoft Office Versions
Cengage is proud to bring you the next edition of Microsoft Office. This
edition was designed to provide a robust learning experience that is not
dependent upon a specific version of Office.
Microsoft supports several versions of Office:
• Office 365: A cloud-based subscription service that delivers
Microsoft's most up-to-date, feature-rich, modern productivity tools
direct to your device. There are variations of Office 365 for business,
educational, and personal use. Office 365 offers extra online storage
and cloud-connected features, as well as updates with the latest
features, fi xes, and security updates.
• Office 2019: Microsoft's "on-premises" version of the Office apps,
available for both PCs and Macs, offered as a static, one-time
purchase and outside of the subscription model.
• Office Online: A free, simplified version of Office web applications
(Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and OneNote) that facilitates creating and
editing files collaboratively.
Office 365 (the subscription model) and Office 2019 (the one-time pur-
chase model) had only slight differences between them at the time this
content was developed. Over time, Office 365's cloud interface will con-
tinuously update, offering new application features and functions, while
Office 2019 will remain static. Therefore, your onscreen experience may
differ from what you see in this product. For example, the more advanced
features and functionalities covered in this product may not be available
in Office Online or may have updated from what you see in Office 2019.
For more information on the differences between Office 365, Office 2019,
and Office Online, please visit the Microsoft Support site.
Cengage is committed to providing high-quality learning solutions for
you to gain the knowledge and skills that will empower you throughout
your educational and professional careers.
Thank you for using our product, and we look forward to exploring the
future of Microsoft Office with you!
Getting to Know Microsoft Office Versions ~

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Editorial review has deemed that any suppre-Ssed content does not materially affect the overnll learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiooal content at any time if s utlrequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2020 Ctngagc Ltaming. All Rights Reserved. May not bt copitd. 5C3nncd. or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to cltctronic rights. some third party conttnt may be ~upprcssed frotllthc cBook and/or cChaptcr{~).
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Using SAM Projects
and Textbook Projects
SAM and MindTap are interactive online platforms designed to transform
students into Microsoft Office and Computer Concepts masters. Practice
with simulated SAM Trainings and MindTap activities and actively apply
the skill s you learned live in Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint, or Access.
Become a more productive student and use these skills throughout
your career.
If your instructor assigns SAM Projects:
1. Launch your SAM Project assignment from SAM or MindTap.
2. Click the links to download your Instructions file, Start file, and
Support files (when available).
3. Open the Instructions fi le and follow the step-by-step instructions.
4 . When you complete the project, upload your file to SAM or MindTap
for immediate feedback.
To use SAM Textbook Projects:
1. Launch your SAM Project assignment from SAM or MindTap.
2. Click the links to download your Start file and Support files
( when available).
3. Locate the module indicated in your book or eBook.
4 . Read the module and complete the project.
saTi'+ Open the Start f ile you downloaded.
saTi'+ Save, close, and up load your completed p roject to receive

immediate feed back.
IMPORTANT: To receive full credit for your Textbook Project, you must
complete the activity using the Start file you downloaded from SAM
or MindTap.
Using SAM Projects and Textbook Projects ~
Editorial review has deemed that any suppre-Ssed content does not materially affect the overnll learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiooal content at any time if sutlrequent rights restrictions require it.
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MODULE 1
Creating a Database ~
OBJECTIVES
Session 1.1 Tracking Patien t, Visit, and Billing Data
u
U
• Define basic database
concepts and terms <(
Case I Lakewood Community Health Services
• Start and exit Access
• Identify the Mic rosoft Access
w indow and Backstage view Lakewood Community Health Services, a nonprofit health clinic
• Create a b lank database
located in the greater Atlanta, Georgia area, provides a range of
• Create and save a table in
medical services to patients of all ages. The clinic specializes in
Datasheet v iew and Design view
• Add fields to a table in Datasheet chronic disease management, cardiac care, and geriatrics. Donna
view and Design view Taylor, the office manager for Lakewood Community Health
• Set a table's primary key in Services, oversees a small staff and is responsible for maintaining
Design view records for the clinic's patients.
Session 1.2 In order to best manage the clinic, Donna and her staff rely on
• Open an Access database electronic medical records for patient information, bi lling, inventory
• O pen a tabl e using the control, purchasing, and accounts payable. Several months ago,
Navigation Pane the clinic upgraded to Microsoft Access 2019 (or simply Access),
• Copy and paste records from a computer program used to enter, maintain, and retrieve related
another Access database
data in a format known as a database. Donna and her staff want to
• N avigate a table datasheet and
use Access to store information about patients, billing, vendors, and
enter records
• Create and navigate a simple products. She asks for your help in creating the necessary Access
query database.
• Create and navigate a simple
form
• Create, prev iew, navigate, and
print a simple report
• Use Help in Access
• Identify how to compact, back
up, and restore a database
STARTING DATA FILES
\t;;;;J- IM~dulel I Re~;ew I
Support_AC_1_Donna.accdb Support_AC_l _ Company.accdb
Support_AC_l _Records.accdb Support_AC_l _Residents.accdb
AC 1-1
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AC 1-2 Access I Mo dule 1 Creating a Database

The Quick Access Toolbar The Table Tools Fields tab
provides one-click access to provides options for adding,
commonly used commands, removing, and formatting
such as Save. the fields in a table.
~
8 ; Tab I~ Tools
File Home Create External Data Database Tools Help Fields Table p
The Shutter Bar Open/Close AB 12 ~ ~ Date&Time
r-§: /x
Button allows you to close 0 V~o
X
and open the Navigation View Short Number Currency
Pane; you might want to Text WJ More Fields •
close the pane so that you V1ews Add & ~l~t~-+----------, Properties
have more room on the
screen to view the object's
contents.
IAll Access Obje ... ~ « 1J:J ~ID • Cltek to Add •
T ables : I~* (New)l..___
CJ Ta ble1 -+---- Access assigns the -

default name ,-_..._ _ _ _____
"Table1" to the By default, The Click to
first new table you Access creates Add column
create. When you the ID field as provides another
save the table, you the primary key way for you to
can give it a more field for all new add new fields
meaningful name. tables. to a table.
The Add & Delete group

contains options for adding
different types of fields,
including Short Text and
Number, to a table.
--------'
The Navigation Pane lists all
the objects (tables, reports,
and so on) in the database; it
is the main control center for
opening and working with
database objects.
Datasheet view shows

the table's contents as
a datasheet.
Datash~~t View
------'-' Record. 14 1 of 1 Search
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Editorial review has deemed that any s uppre-Ssed content does not materially affect the overnll learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiooal content at any time if s ubsequent rights restrictions require it.
Module 1 Creating a Database I Access AC 1-3
The Access Window

You use the window
The Access window is the buttons to minimize,
program window that appears maximize, and close
when you create a new database the Access window.
or open an existing database.
If you are signed into your

Office account, your name
appears here. If not are not
L-----------~-1 signed in, the Sign in link
will appear here, and you
The ribbon provides the can click it to sign into your
}-ooll; .-----1 main Access commands Office account.
Vahdatlon
organized by task into
tabs and groups.
F1tld Vahdatlon J
The title bar displays the

name of the open file and
the program.
A datasheet displays the

table's contents in rows and
columns, similar to a table
that you create in a Word
document or an Excel
worksheet. Each row will be
The status bar provides information about a separate record in the
the program or open file, as well as buttons table, an each column wil l
for working with the file. At the far left, the contain the field values for
status bar indicates the current view, in this one field in the table.
case, Datasheet view.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppre-Ssed content does not materially affect the overnlllearning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additiooal content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
AC 1-4 Access I Module 1 Creating a Database
Introduction to Database Concepts

Before you begin using Access to create the database for Donna, you need to
understand a few key terms and concepts associated with databases.
Organizing Data
Data is a valuable resource to any bu siness. At Lakew ood Community Health Servi ces,
for example, important data includes the patients' names and addresses, visit dates,
and billing information. Organizing, storing, maintaining, retrieving, and sorting this
type of data are critica l activities that enable a bu siness to find and use information
effectively. Before sto ring data on a computer, however, you must organize the data.
Your first step in organizing data is to identify the individual fields. A field is a single
characteri stic or attribute of a person, place, object, event, or idea. For example, some of
the many fields that Lakewood Community Health Services tracks are the patient ID, first
name, last name, address, phone number, visit date, reason for visit, and invoice amount.
Next, you group rel ated fields together into tables. A table is a col lection of fields
that describes a person, place, object, event, or idea. Figure 1- 1 shows an example of
a Patient table that contains the following four fields: PatientiD, FirstName, LastName,
and Phone. Each field is a column in the table, w ith the field name displayed as the
co lumn heading.
Data organization for a table of patients
l' fields )
~Patient Table ~ ~ ~
~
PatientiD FirstName LastName Phone
13264 Alex Olsen 404-555-9132
13273 Sofia Garcia 470-555-3 126
13276 Claire Wilson 678-555-1247

ecords
13283 Harper Rowe 404-555-171 2
13290 Jim Williams 770-555-4910
13299 Terry Cruz 470-555-9982
The specific content of a fi eld is called the field value. In Fi gure 1- 1, the first set of
field values for PatientiD, FirstName, LastName, and Phone are, respectively: 13264,
Alex, Olsen, and 404-555-91 32. This set of field values is called a record. In the
Patient table, the data for each patient is stored as a separate record. Figure 1- 1 show s
six records; each row of field values in the table is a record.
Databases and Relationships

A col lection of related tables is cal led a database, or a relational database. In this
module, you wil l create th e database for Lakewood Community Health Services, and
w ithin that database, yo u' ll crea te a table named Visit to store data about patient visits.
Laler on, you'll creale Lwo more Lables, named Palienl and Billing, Lo slore relaled
information about patients and th eir invoices.
As Donna and her staff use the database that you will create, they will need to
access information about patients and their visits. To obtain thi s information, you must
have a way to connect records in the Patient table to records in the Visit table. You
connect the records in the separate tab les through a common field that appears in both
tables.
In the sample database shown in Figure 1-2, each record in the Patient table has a
field named Pati entiD, which is also a field in the Visit table. For example, Jim Williams
is the fifth patient in the Patient table and has a PatientiD f ield value of 13290. This
same PatientiD field va lue, 13290, appears in two records in the Visit table. Therefore,
Jim W il liams is the patient that was seen at th ese two visits.
- i @ ! i $ 1 - Database relationship between tables for patients and visits

Patie nt t a ble
PatientiD FirstName Last Name Phone
~
13264 Alex O lsen 404-555-9132
13273 Sofia Garcia 470-555-3126
13276 Claire Wilson 678-555-1247
13283 Harper Rowe 404-555-1712
13290 Jim Wil liams 770-555-4910

( p rimary keys ) -
13299 Terry Cruz 470-555-9982
( common field
Visit table
( foreign key )
two visits for
Jim Williams
J
_____,. VisitiD PatientiD
+ VisitDat e Reason
1459 13276 11 /3/2020 Asthma
1483 13264 12/ 1/ 2020 Influenza
1509 13273 1/ 7/ 2021 Annual wellness visit
1565
1567
13290
13283
2/24/2021
2/ 26/ 2021
Laceration of right calf
Annual wellness visit
I
1575 13290 3/10/2021 Laceration follow-up I~
1596 13299 3/24/ 2021 Pneumonia
Each 10 va lue in the Patient tab le must be unique so that you can distinguish one
patient from another. Th ese unique PatientiD values also identify each patient's specific
visits in the Visit table. The PatientiD field is referred to as the primary key of the Patient
table. A primary key is a f ield, or a collection of fields, w hose va lues uniquely identify
each record in a tab le. No two records can contain the same value for the primary
key field. In the Visit table, the Vi sitiD field is the primary key because Lakewood
Community Health Services assigns each visit a unique identification number.
When you include the primary key from one table as a field in a second table to
fo rm a relationship between the two tables, it is ca l led a foreign key in the second
table, as shown in Figure 1-2 . For example, PatientiD is the primary key in the Patient
table and a foreign key in the Visit table.
The PatientiD field must have the same characteristics in both tables. Although the
primary key PatientiD contains unique values in the Patient table, the same f ield as a
foreign key in the Visit table does not necessarily contain unique values. The PatientiD
value 13290, for example, appears two times in the Visit table because Jim Williams
made two vi sits to the clinic.
Each foreign key va lue, however, must match one of the field values for the primary
key in the other table. In the example shown in Fi gure 1-2, each PatientiD value in th e
Visit table must match a Patienti D value in the Patient table. The two tables are related,
enabling users to connect the facts about pat ients w ith the facts about their visits to the
clinic.
AC 1-6 Access I Mod ule 1 Creating a Database
Storing Data in Separate Tables

1-
-"-'
::I: When you create a database, you must create separate tables that contain only
C) fields that are directly related to each other. For example, in the Lakewood
database, the patient and visit data should not be stored in the same table because
z doing so would make the data difficult to update and prone to errors. Consider
Jim W illiams and his visits to the clinic, and assume that he has many more than
just two visits. If all the patient and visit data was stored in the same table, so that
each record (row) contained all t he information ab out each visit and the p atient, the
patient data would appear multiple t imes in the table. This causes problems when
the data changes. For example, if the phone number for Jim Williams changed, you
would have to upd at e the multiple occurrences of the pho ne number through o ut
the table. Not only would this be time-consuming, it would increase the likelihood
of errors or inconsistent data.
Relational Database Management Systems

To ma nage its databases, a company uses a database management system. A database
management system (DBMS) is a software program that lets you create databases, and
then manipulate the data they contain. Most of today's database management systems,
including Access, are called relational database management systems. In a relational
database management system, data is organized as a collection of tables. As stated
earlier, a relationship between two tables in a relational DBMS is formed through a
common field.
A relational DBMS controls the storage of databases and faci litates the creation,
manipulation, and reporting of data, as illustrated in Figure 1-3 .
Relational database ent system
storage
store, retrieve, and protect data

computer memory
relational DBMS
display ~
query int eract wit h
results the database
user interface printer
Specifically, a relational DBMS provides the fol lowing functions:

• It allows you to create database structures conta ining fields, tab les, and table
relationsh ips.
• It lets you easi ly add new records, change field values in existing records, and delete
records.
• It contains a built-in query language, which lets you obtain immediate answers to the
questions (or queries) you ask about your data.
• It contains a built-in report generator, which lets you produce professional-looking,
formatted reports from your data.
• It protects databases through security, control, and recovery facilities.
An organization such as Lakewood Community Health Services benefits from a
relational DBMS because it allows users working in different groups to share the same
data. More than one user can enter data into a database, and more than one user can
retri eve and analyze data that other users have entered. For example, the database for
Lakewood Commun ity Health Services will contain only one copy of the Visit table,
and al l employees wil l use it to access visit information.
Finally, unlike other software programs, such as spreadsheet programs, a DBMS can
handle massive amounts of data and allows relationships among mu ltiple tables. Each
Access database, for example, can be up to two gigabytes in size, can contain up to
32,768 objects (tables, reports, and so on), and can have up to 255 people using the
database at the same time. For instructional purposes, the databases you w ill create and
work w ith throughout thi s text contain a relatively small number of records compared
to databases you wou ld encounter outside the classroom, which would likely contain
tables with very large numbers of records.
Starting Access and Creating a Database

Now that you've learned some database terms and concepts, you're ready to start
Access and create the Lakewood database for Donna.
To start Access:
t 1. On the Windows taskbar, click the Start button EEJ. The Start menu opens.
t 2. On the Start menu, scroll down the list of apps, and then click Access.
Access starts and d isplays the Recent screen in Backstage view. See
Figure 1-4.
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Recent screen in view
option for creating a

new, blank database
a list of recently p 'tOOrName

opened databases -·~
• - - YN
might appear here
-- _ ....
--
When yo u start Access, the f irst screen that appears is Backstage view, wh ich is the
starting place for your work in Access. Backstage view contains commands that allow
you to manage Access files and options. The Recent screen in Backstage view provides
options for you to create a new database or open an existing database. To create a new
database that does not contain any data or objects, you use the Blank database option.
If the database you need to create contains objects that match those found in common
databases, such as databases that store data about contacts or tasks, you can use one
of the templates provided w ith Access. A template is a predesigned database that
inc ludes professionally designed tab les, reports, and other database objects that can
make it quick and easy for you to create a database. You can also search for a template
onl ine using the Search for online templates box.
In this case, the temp lates provided do not match Donna's needs fo r the c linic's
database, so you need to create a new, blank database from scratch.
To create the new Lakewood database:

t 1. sa'ri'+ Make sure you have the Access starting Data Files on your computer.
Trouble? If you don't have the starting Data Files, you need to get them
before you can proceed. Your instructor will either give you the Data Files or
ask you to obtain them from a specified location (such as a network drive). If
you have any questions about the Data Files, see your instructor or technical
support person for assistance.
t 2. On the Recent screen, click Blank database (see Figure 1-4). The Blank
database screen opens.
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Be sure to type Lakewood t 3. In the File Name box, type Lakewood to replace the selected database
or you'll create a database
name provided by Access, Database1. Next you need to specify the location
named Database1.
for the fi le.
t 4. Click the Browse button D
to the right of the File Name box. The File New
Database dialog box opens.
t 5. Navigate to the drive and folder where you are storing your files, as specified
by your instructor.
t 6. Make sure the Save as type box displays "Microsoft Access 2007-2016
Databases."
Trouble? If your computer is set up to show file name extensions, you will
see the Access file name extension " .accdb" in the File name box.
~·
7. Click OK. You return to the Blank database screen, and the File Name box
If you don't type the now shows the name Lakewood.accdb. The filename extension ".accdb"
filename extension, Access identifies the file as an Access 2007-2016 database.
adds it automatically.
8. Click Create. Access creates the new database, saves it to the specified
location, and then opens an empty table named Table1.
Trouble? If you see only ribbon tab names and no buttons, click the Home
tab to expand the ribbon, and then in the lower-right corner of the ribbon,
click the Pin th is pane button to pin the ribbon. B
Refer back to the Session 1.1 Vi sual Overview and spend some time becoming
famil iar w ith the components of the Access w indow.
Understanding the Database File Type

1-
--
:x: Access 2019 uses the .accdb file extension, which is the same fi le extension used
"'z
V)
for databases created with Microsoft Access 2007, 2010, 2013, and 2016. To ensure
compatibility between these earlier versions and the Access 2019 software, new
databases created using Access 2019 have the same file extension and file format as
Access 2007, Access 2010, Access 2013, and Access 2016 databases.
Working in Touch Mode

~If yo u are worki ng on a touch device, such as a tablet, you can switch to Touch Mode
~ in Access to make it easier for you to tap buttons on the ribbon and perform other
tap instead of click. touch actions. Your screens wi ll not match those shown in the book exactly, but th is
w il l not cau se any problems.
Note: The foll owing steps assume that yo u are using a mouse. If you are instead using
a touch devi ce, please read these steps but don't complete them, so that you remain
working i n Touch Mode.
To switch to Touch Mode:

t 1. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar
button II·
A menu opens listing buttons you can add to the Quick Access
Toolbar as well as other options for customizing the toolbar.
Trouble? If the Touch/Mouse Mode command on the menu has a checkmark
next to it, press ESC to close the menu, and then skip to Step 3.
t 2. Click Touch/Mouse Mode. The Quick Access Toolbar now contains the
Touch/Mouse Mode button EJI,
which you can use to switch between Mouse
Mode, the default display, and Touch Mode.
t 3. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Touch/Mouse Mode button EJI.
A menu opens with two commands: Mouse, which shows the ribbon in the
standard display and is optimized for use with the mouse; and Touch, which
provides more space between the buttons and commands on the ribbon and
is optimized for use with touch devices. The icon next to Mouse is shaded to
indicate that it is selected.
Trouble? If the icon next to Touch is shaded red, press ESC to close the
menu and skip to Step 5.
t 4. Click Touch. The display switches to Touch Mode with more space between
the commands and buttons on the ribbon. See Figure 1-5.
Touch/Mouse Mode ribbon includes more space

0 button on Quick around buttons and options
Access Toolbar
The figures in this text show the standard Mouse Mode display, and the
instructions assume you are using a mouse to click and select options, so
you'll switch back to Mouse Mode.
Trouble? If you are using a touch device and want to remain in Touch Mode,
skip Steps 5 and 6.
t 5. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Touch/Mouse Mode button and EJI,
then click Mouse. The ribbon returns to the standard display, as shown in the
Session 1.1 Visual Overview.
t 6. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Customize Quick Access Toolbar
button 11.
and then click Touch/Mouse Mode to deselect it. The Touch/
Mouse Mode button is removed from the Quick Access Toolbar.
Creating a Table in Datasheet View

Tables contain all the data in a database and are the fundamental objects for your work
in Access. You can create a table in Access in d ifferent ways, including entering the
fields and records for the table directly in Datasheet view.
Creating a Table in Datasheet View

w • On the ribbon, click the Create tab.
u
zw • In the Tables group, click the Table button.
• Rename the default ID primary key field and change its data type, if necessary; or
0:::
w accept the default ID field with the Auto Number data type.
u.
w • On the Fields tab in the Add & Delete group, click the button for the type of field you
0::: want to add to the table (for example, click the Short Text button}, and then type the
field name; or, in the table datasheet, click the Click to Add column heading, click the
type of field you want to add from the list that opens, and then press TAB or ENTER
to move to the next column in the datasheet. Repeat this step to add all the neces-
sary fields to the table.
• In the first row below the field names, enter the value for each field in the first record,
pressing TAB or ENTER to move from one field to the next.
• After entering the value for the last field in the first record, press TAB or ENTER to
move to the next row, and then enter the values for the next record. Continue this
process until you have entered all the records for the table.
• On the Quick Access Tool bar, click the Save button, enter a name for the table, and
then click OK.
For Lakewood Community Health Services, Donna needs to track information about
each patient visit at the clinic. She asks you to create the Visit table according to the
plan shown in Figure 1-6.
Plan for the Visit table
field Purpose
VisitiD Unique number assigned to each visit; will serve as the table's primary key
PatientiD Unique number assigned to each patient; common field that will be a foreign
key to connect to the Patient table
VisitDate Date on which the patient visited the clinic
Reason Reason/diagnosis for the patient visit
Walkln Whether the patient visit was a walk-in or scheduled appointment
As shown in Donna's plan, she wants to store data about visits in five fields,
including fields to contain the date of each visit, the reason for the visit, and if the visit
was a walk-in or scheduled appointment. These are the most important aspects of a visit
and, therefore, must be tracked. Also, notice that the VisitiD field w ill be the primary
key for the table; each visit at Lakewood Community Health Services is assigned
a unique number, so this field is the logica l choice for the primary key. Finally, the
PatientiD field is needed in the Visit table as a foreign key to connect the information
about visits to patients. The data about patients and their invoices will be stored in
separate tables, which you w il l create later.
Notice the name of each field in Figure 1-6. You need to name each field, table, and
object in an Access database.
Decision Making: Naming Fields in Access Tables

"'
:j One of the most important tasks in creating a table is deciding what names to specify for
~ the table's fields. Keep the following guidelines in mind when you assign field names:
\n • A field name can consist of up to 64 characters, including letters, numbers, spaces,
~ and special characters, except for the period (.). exclamation mark (!), grave accent('),
0.. and square brackets ([ ]).
• A field name cannot begin with a space.
• Capitalize the first letter of each word in a field name that combines multiple words,
for example VisitDate.
• Use concise field names that are easy to remember and reference and that won't take
up a lot of space in the table datasheet.
• Use standard abbreviations, such as Num for Number, Amt for Amount, and Oty for
Quantity, and use them consistently throughout the database. For example, if you use
Num for Number in one field name, do not use the number sign (#)for Number in
another.
• Give fields descriptive names so that you can easily identify them when you view or
edit records.
• Although Access supports the use of spaces in field names (and in other object
names), experienced database developers avoid using spaces because they can
cause errors when the objects are involved in programming tasks.
By spending time obtaining and analyzing information about the fields in a table, and
understanding the rules for naming fields, you can create a well-designed table that wi ll
be easy for others to use.
Renaming the Default Primary Key Field

As noted earlier, Access provides the 10 field as the default primary key fo r a new table
you create in Oatasheet view. Reca ll that a p rimary key is a field, or a col lection of
fie lds, whose va lues uniquely identify each record in a table. H owever, according to
Donna's plan, the VisitiO f ield should be the primary key for th e V isit table. You ' ll begin
by renaming the default 10 fie ld to create the Vis itiO field.
To rename the 10 field to the VisitiD field:

t 1. Right-click the ID column heading to open the shortcut menu, and then click
A shortcut menu opens Rename Field. The column heading ID is selected, so that whatever text you
when you right-dick type next will replace it.
an object and provides
options for working with t 2. Type VisitiD and then click the row below the heading. The column heading
that object. changes to VisitiD, and the insertion point moves to the row below the
heading. The insertion point is a flashing cursor that shows where text you
type will be inserted. In this case, it is hidden within the selected field va lue
(New). See Figure 1-7.
Trouble? If you make a m istake while typi ng the field name, use
BACKSPACE to delete characters to the left of the insertion point or use
D ELETE t o delete characters to the right of the insertion point. Then type the
correct text. To correct a field name by replacing it entirely, press ESC, and
then type the correct text.
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ID field renamed to VisitiD
AutoN umber data type

'------'=-----1 assigned to the default
primary key field (I D)
VisitiD field name entered option for specifying

in the column heading the data type for a field
Not ice that the Table Tools Fields tab is active on the ribbon . This is an example of
a contextual tab, which is a tab that appears and provides options for working with a
specific object that is selected-in this case, the table yo u are creating. As you work
w ith other objects in the database, other contextual tabs wi ll appear with commands
and options related to each selected object.
Buttons and Labels on the Ribbon

Depending on the size of the monitor you are using and your screen resolution settings,
you might see more or fewer buttons on the ribbon, and you might not see labels
next to certain buttons. The screenshots in these modules were created using a screen
resolution setting of 1366 x 768 with the program window maximized. If you are using
a smaller monitor or a lower screen resolution, some buttons will appear only as icons,
with no labels next to them, because there is not enough room on the ribbon to display
the labels.
You have renamed th e default primary key field, ID, to VisitiD. However, the VisitiD
field still retains the characteristics of the ID f ield, including its data type. Your next task
is to change the data type of th is f ield .
Changing the Data Type of the Default Primary Key Field

Notice the Formatting group on the Table Tools Fields tab. One of the options available
in this group is the Data Type option (see Fi gure 1-7). Each field in an Access tab le
must be assigned a data type. The data type determines what field values you can enter
for the field. In this case, the AutoN umber data type is displayed. Access assigns the
AutoN umber data type to the default ID primary key f ield because the AutoNumber
data type automatically inserts a unique number in this field for every record,
beginning w ith the number 1 for the first record, the number 2 for the second record,
and so on. Therefore, a field using the AutoN umber data type can serve as the primary
key for any table you create.
Visit numbers at Lakewood Community Health Services are specific, four-digit
numbers, so the AutoN umber data type is not appropriate for the VisitiD field, wh ich
is the primary key field in the table you are creating. A better choice is the Short Text
data type, wh ich allows field va lues containing letters, digits, and other characters, and
which is appropriate for identifying numbers, such as v isit numbers, that are never used
in ca lculations. So, Donna asks you to change the data type for the VisitiD field from
AutoN umber to Short Text.
AC 1-14 Access I Mod ule 1 Creating a Database
To change the data type for the VisitiD field:

t 1. Make sure that the VisitiD column is selected. A column is selected when you
click a field value, in whi ch case the background color of the column heading
changes to orange (the default color) and the insertion point appears in the
f ield value. You can also click the column heading to select a column, in
which case the background color of both the column heading and the field
value changes (the default colors are gray and blue, respectively).
t 2. On the Table Tools Fields tab, in the Formatting group, click the Data Type
arrow, and then click Short Text. The VisitiD field is now a Short Text f ield.
See Figure 1-8.
Note the Unique check box in the Field Validation group. This check box is
selected because the VisitiD field assumed the characteristics of the default
primary key field, ID, including the fact that each value in the field must be
unique. Because this check box is selected, no two records in the Visit table
will be allowed to have the same value in the VisitiD f ield.
With the VisitiD field created and established as the primary key, you can now enter
the rest of the fields in the V isit table.
Adding New Fields

When you create a table in Datasheet view, you can use the options in the Add &
Delete group on the Table Tools Fields tab to add fields to your table. You can also use
the Click to Add column in the table datasheet to add new fields. (See Figure 1- 8.)
You' ll use both methods to add the four remaining fields to the Visit table. The next
field you need to add is the PatientiD field. Similar to the VisitiD field, the PatientiD
field wil l conta in numbers that will not be used in calculations, so it should be a Short
Text field.
To add the rest of the fields to the Visit table:

t 1. On the Table Tools Fields tab, in the Add & Delete group, click the Short
Text button. Access adds a new field named "Field1" to the right of the
VisitiD field. See Figure 1-9.
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indicates the data

type of the new field
' - - - - - - - - - i default name highlighted

in the new field
The text "Field1" is selected, so you can simply type the new field name to
replace it.
2. Type PatientiD. Access adds the second field to the table. Next, you'll add
the VisitDate field. Because this field will contain date values, you'l l add a
f ield with the Date/Time data type, which allows field values in a variety of
date and time formats.
3. In the Add & Delete group, click the Date & Time button. Access adds a
third field to the table, this t ime with the Date!Time data type.
4. Type VisitDate to replace the selected name "Field1." The fourth field in
the Visit table is the Reason field, which will contain brief descriptions of the
reason for the visit to the clinic. You'll add another Short Text field-this time
using the Click to Add column.
5. Click the Click to Add column heading. Access d isplays a list of available
data types for the new field.
6. Click Short Text in the list. Access adds a fourth f ield to the table.
7. Type Reason to replace the high lighted name "Field1," and then press
ENTER. The Click to Add column becomes active and displays the list of
field data types.
The fifth and fina l fie ld in the Visit table is the Walkln fie ld, which will indicate
whether the patient had a schedu led appointment. The Yes/No data type is
suitable for this field because it defines fields that store values representing
one of two options-true/false, yes/no, or on/off.
~·
8. Click Yes/No in the list, and then type Walkln to replace the highlighted
You can also type the name "Field1."
first letter of a data type
to select it and close the
Trouble? If you pressed TAB or ENTER after typing the Wa lkln field name,
Click to Add list. press ESC to close the Click t o Add list.
9. Click in the row below the VisitiD column heading. You have entered all five
fields for the Visit table. See Figure 1-10.
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Editorial review has deemed that any suppre-Ssed content does not materially affect the O\'ernlllearning experience. Cengag.e Learning reserves the right to remove additiooal content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
The table contains three Short Text fields (VisitiD, PatientiD, and Reason), one
Date/Time field (VisitDate), and one Yes/No field (Walkln). You'll learn more
about field data types in the next module.
As noted earlier, Datasheet view shows a table's contents in rows (records) and
columns (fields). Each column is headed by a field name inside a field selector, and
each row has a record selector to its left (see Figure 1- 10). Cl icking a field selector or
a record selector selects that entire column or row (respectively), which you then can
manipulate. A field selector is also called a column selector, and a record selector is
also ca lled a row selector.
Saving the Visit Table Structure

As you find out later, the records you enter are immediately stored in the database
as soon as yo u enter them; however, the table's design- the field names and
characteristi cs of the fields themselves, plus any layout changes to the datasheet-are
not saved until you save the tabl e. When you save a new table for the f irst time, you
should give it a name that best identifies the information it contains. Like a field name,
a table name can contain up to 64 characters, inc lud ing spaces.
Saving a Table
w • Make sure the table you want to save is open.
u
zw • On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Save button. The Save As dialog box opens.
0::: • In the Table Name box, type the name for the table.
w • Click OK.
u.
w
0:::
According to Donna's plan, you need to save the table with the name "Visit."
To save, name, and close the Visit table:

1. On the Quick Access Toolbar, click the Save button I!J. The Save As dialog
box opens.
command in Backstage
view to save and name a
new table.
Copyright 2020 Ccn,gagc Lcamin,g. All Rights R~f'\·cd. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated. in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights . some third party content may be suppressed frot11thc c Book and/or cChaptcr{li).
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t 2. With the default name Table1 selected in the Table Name box, type V isit and
then click OK. The tab for the table now displays the name "Visit," and the
Visit table design is saved in the Lakewood database.
t 3. Click the Close 'Visit' button ~ on the object tab (see Figure 1-10 for the
location of this button). The Visit table closes, and the main portion of the
Access window is now blank because no database object is currently open.
The Lakewood database file is stil l open, as indicated by the filename in the
Access window title bar.
Creating a Table in Design View

The Lakewood database also needs a table that w il l hold all of th e invoices generated
by each office visit. Donna has decided to cal l this new table the Billing table. You
created the structure for the Vi sit table in Datasheet view. An alternate method of
creating the structure of a table is by using Design view. You wi ll create the new Billing
table using Design view.
Creating a table in Design view involves entering the field names and defining the
properties for the fields, specifying a primary key for the table, and then saving the
table structure. Donna began documenting the design for the new Billing table by
listing each field's name, data type, and purpose, and w ill continue to refine the design.
See Figure 1- 11.
table
field Name Data Type Pu rpose

InvoiceNum Short Text Unique number assigned to ea ch invoice; will serve as
the table's primary key
Visit!O Short Text Unique number assigned to ea ch visit; common field that
will be a foreign key to connect to the Visit table
InvoiceAmount Currency Dollar amount of each invoice
InvoiceDate Date/Time Date the invoice was gen erated
Invoice Paid Yes/No Whether the invoice has been paid or not
You' ll use Donna's design as a guide for creati ng the Billing table in the Lakewood
database.
To begin creating the Billing table:

t 1. If the Navigation Pane is open, click the Shutter Bar Open/ Close Button ~
to close it.
t 2. On the ribbon, click the Create tab.
t 3. In the Tables group, click the Table Design button. A new table named
Table1 opens in Design view.
Defining Fields
When you fi rst create a table in Design view, the insertion point is located in the first
row's Field Name box, ready for you to begin defining the first field in the table. You
enter values for the Field Name, Data Type, and Descripti on field properties (optional),
and then select values for all other f ield properties in the Field Properties pane. These
other properties wi ll appear w hen you move to the first row's Data Type box.
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Defining a Field in Design View

w • In the Field Name box, type the name for the field, and then press TAB.
u
zw • Accept the default Short Text data type, or click the arrow and select a different data
a::: type for the f ield. Press TAB.
w • Enter an optional description for the field, if necessary.
u..
w • Use the Field Properties pane to type or select other field properties, as appropriate.
a:::
The f irst f ield you need to define is the lnvoiceNum field. Thi s field wil l be the
primary key for the Bi lling table. Each invoice at Lakewood Community Health Services
is assigned a specific five-d igit number. Although the lnvoiceNum field w ill contain
these number values, the numbers will never be used in calculati ons; therefore, you' ll
assign the ShortText data type to thi s field. Any time a field contains number values that
w ill not be used in calculations- such as phone numbers, postal codes, and so on- you
should use the Short Text data type instead of the Number data type.
To define the lnvoiceNum field:

t 1. Type lnvoiceNum in the first row's Field Name box, and then press TAB to
You can also p ress advance to the Data Type box. The default data type, Short Text, appears
ENTER to move from one highlighted in the Data Type box, which now also contains an arrow, and the
property to the next in the field properties for a Short Text field appear in the Field Properties pane. See
Table Design grid.
Figure 1-12.
Table window after entering the first field name
........,, . ,___ (-- ----- -

-- --·-- - -
-.....
~-
~
r'l
cu
clicking the arrow displays

a list of data types
_...,......,....__ _, identifies the Field
·-.-__
Properties pane
.....
-...--. ....
:_ .....,.
.._..
-
..."''" } default property values
awu..,....,...-. .. ,.. .,..,..
.,...,.,, c.. . . . . . . ,... "''", ....
-eft-·"""'
......_..,,.=-
:"::.'-"- :; -+--....l.......l for a Short Text field
:s---......
~--------------------------------------------------------------~~
The right side of the Field Properties pane now provides an explanation for
the current property, Data Type.
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Trouble? If you make a typing error, you can correct it by clicking to position
the insertion point, and then using either BACKSPACE to delete characters to
the left of the insertion point or DELETE to delete characters to the rig ht of
the insertion point. Then type the correct text.
Because the lnvoiceNum field values will not be used in calculations, you will
accept the default Short Text data type for the field.
t 2. Press TAB to accept Short Text as the data type and to advance to the
Description (Optional) box.
Next you'll enter the Description property value as " Primary key." The va lue
you enter for the Description property will appear on the status bar when
you view the table datasheet. N ote that specifying "Primary key" for the
Description property does not establish the current field as the primary key;
you use a button on the ribbon to specify the primary key in Design view,
which you will do later in this session.
~-
3. Type Primary key in the Description (Optional) box and press ENTER.
You can also use TAB to
At this point , you have entered the first field (lnvoiceNum) into the table and
advance to the second
are ready to enter the remaining fields into the table.
lnvoiceNum field defined

~ ., . • w. ' !...._._, ............_ .J,., .... ·~~ . . . . . :.to. .,.,a;• ,I'J .......... ..
,. - "- -- -- ...., o..lan p,.. __ ,... ........

.._ =::. c r
.._.,-. c-o.. ..._ .........,..
r-,; -:
- --·-- ·-
~ Olp<t
-,I-... - --· - - ......,__
Sho rt Text data Description

type is selected pro perty e nt ere d
Donna's Bi ll ing table design (Figure 1- 11) shows Visit iD as the second field.
Because Donna and other staff members need to relate information about i nvoices to
the visit data in the Visit table, the Bi lling table must include the VisitiD field, which is
the Visit table's primary key. Recall that when you include the primary key from one
table as a field in a second tab le to connect the two tables, the field is a foreign key in
the second tab le.
To define the VisitiD field:

t 1. If the insertion point is not already positioned in the second row's Field
Name box, cl ick the second row's Field Name box. Once properly
positioned, type VisitiD in the box, and then press TAB to advance to the
Data Type box.
Copyright 2020 Ccn,gagc Learning. All Rights R~f'\·cd. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated. in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights . some third party content may be suppressed frot11thc cBook and/or cChaptcr{li).
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DANCE ON STILTS AT THE GIRLS’ UNYAGO, NIUCHI
Newala, too, suffers from the distance of its water-supply—at least

the Newala of to-day does; there was once another Newala in a lovely
valley at the foot of the plateau. I visited it and found scarcely a trace
of houses, only a Christian cemetery, with the graves of several
missionaries and their converts, remaining as a monument of its
former glories. But the surroundings are wonderfully beautiful. A
thick grove of splendid mango-trees closes in the weather-worn
crosses and headstones; behind them, combining the useful and the
agreeable, is a whole plantation of lemon-trees covered with ripe
fruit; not the small African kind, but a much larger and also juicier
imported variety, which drops into the hands of the passing traveller,
without calling for any exertion on his part. Old Newala is now under
the jurisdiction of the native pastor, Daudi, at Chingulungulu, who,
as I am on very friendly terms with him, allows me, as a matter of
course, the use of this lemon-grove during my stay at Newala.
FEET MUTILATED BY THE RAVAGES OF THE “JIGGER”
(Sarcopsylla penetrans)
The water-supply of New Newala is in the bottom of the valley,

some 1,600 feet lower down. The way is not only long and fatiguing,
but the water, when we get it, is thoroughly bad. We are suffering not
only from this, but from the fact that the arrangements at Newala are
nothing short of luxurious. We have a separate kitchen—a hut built
against the boma palisade on the right of the baraza, the interior of
which is not visible from our usual position. Our two cooks were not
long in finding this out, and they consequently do—or rather neglect
to do—what they please. In any case they do not seem to be very
particular about the boiling of our drinking-water—at least I can
attribute to no other cause certain attacks of a dysenteric nature,
from which both Knudsen and I have suffered for some time. If a
man like Omari has to be left unwatched for a moment, he is capable
of anything. Besides this complaint, we are inconvenienced by the
state of our nails, which have become as hard as glass, and crack on
the slightest provocation, and I have the additional infliction of
pimples all over me. As if all this were not enough, we have also, for
the last week been waging war against the jigger, who has found his
Eldorado in the hot sand of the Makonde plateau. Our men are seen
all day long—whenever their chronic colds and the dysentery likewise
raging among them permit—occupied in removing this scourge of
Africa from their feet and trying to prevent the disastrous
consequences of its presence. It is quite common to see natives of
this place with one or two toes missing; many have lost all their toes,
or even the whole front part of the foot, so that a well-formed leg
ends in a shapeless stump. These ravages are caused by the female of
Sarcopsylla penetrans, which bores its way under the skin and there
develops an egg-sac the size of a pea. In all books on the subject, it is
stated that one’s attention is called to the presence of this parasite by
an intolerable itching. This agrees very well with my experience, so
far as the softer parts of the sole, the spaces between and under the
toes, and the side of the foot are concerned, but if the creature
penetrates through the harder parts of the heel or ball of the foot, it
may escape even the most careful search till it has reached maturity.
Then there is no time to be lost, if the horrible ulceration, of which
we see cases by the dozen every day, is to be prevented. It is much
easier, by the way, to discover the insect on the white skin of a
European than on that of a native, on which the dark speck scarcely
shows. The four or five jiggers which, in spite of the fact that I
constantly wore high laced boots, chose my feet to settle in, were
taken out for me by the all-accomplished Knudsen, after which I
thought it advisable to wash out the cavities with corrosive
sublimate. The natives have a different sort of disinfectant—they fill
the hole with scraped roots. In a tiny Makua village on the slope of
the plateau south of Newala, we saw an old woman who had filled all
the spaces under her toe-nails with powdered roots by way of
prophylactic treatment. What will be the result, if any, who can say?
The rest of the many trifling ills which trouble our existence are
really more comic than serious. In the absence of anything else to
smoke, Knudsen and I at last opened a box of cigars procured from
the Indian store-keeper at Lindi, and tried them, with the most
distressing results. Whether they contain opium or some other
narcotic, neither of us can say, but after the tenth puff we were both
“off,” three-quarters stupefied and unspeakably wretched. Slowly we
recovered—and what happened next? Half-an-hour later we were
once more smoking these poisonous concoctions—so insatiable is the
craving for tobacco in the tropics.
Even my present attacks of fever scarcely deserve to be taken
seriously. I have had no less than three here at Newala, all of which
have run their course in an incredibly short time. In the early
afternoon, I am busy with my old natives, asking questions and
making notes. The strong midday coffee has stimulated my spirits to
an extraordinary degree, the brain is active and vigorous, and work
progresses rapidly, while a pleasant warmth pervades the whole
body. Suddenly this gives place to a violent chill, forcing me to put on
my overcoat, though it is only half-past three and the afternoon sun
is at its hottest. Now the brain no longer works with such acuteness
and logical precision; more especially does it fail me in trying to
establish the syntax of the difficult Makua language on which I have
ventured, as if I had not enough to do without it. Under the
circumstances it seems advisable to take my temperature, and I do
so, to save trouble, without leaving my seat, and while going on with
my work. On examination, I find it to be 101·48°. My tutors are
abruptly dismissed and my bed set up in the baraza; a few minutes
later I am in it and treating myself internally with hot water and
lemon-juice.
Three hours later, the thermometer marks nearly 104°, and I make
them carry me back into the tent, bed and all, as I am now perspiring
heavily, and exposure to the cold wind just beginning to blow might
mean a fatal chill. I lie still for a little while, and then find, to my
great relief, that the temperature is not rising, but rather falling. This
is about 7.30 p.m. At 8 p.m. I find, to my unbounded astonishment,
that it has fallen below 98·6°, and I feel perfectly well. I read for an
hour or two, and could very well enjoy a smoke, if I had the
wherewithal—Indian cigars being out of the question.
Having no medical training, I am at a loss to account for this state
of things. It is impossible that these transitory attacks of high fever
should be malarial; it seems more probable that they are due to a
kind of sunstroke. On consulting my note-book, I become more and
more inclined to think this is the case, for these attacks regularly
follow extreme fatigue and long exposure to strong sunshine. They at
least have the advantage of being only short interruptions to my
work, as on the following morning I am always quite fresh and fit.
My treasure of a cook is suffering from an enormous hydrocele which
makes it difficult for him to get up, and Moritz is obliged to keep in
the dark on account of his inflamed eyes. Knudsen’s cook, a raw boy
from somewhere in the bush, knows still less of cooking than Omari;
consequently Nils Knudsen himself has been promoted to the vacant
post. Finding that we had come to the end of our supplies, he began
by sending to Chingulungulu for the four sucking-pigs which we had
bought from Matola and temporarily left in his charge; and when
they came up, neatly packed in a large crate, he callously slaughtered
the biggest of them. The first joint we were thoughtless enough to
entrust for roasting to Knudsen’s mshenzi cook, and it was
consequently uneatable; but we made the rest of the animal into a
jelly which we ate with great relish after weeks of underfeeding,
consuming incredible helpings of it at both midday and evening
meals. The only drawback is a certain want of variety in the tinned
vegetables. Dr. Jäger, to whom the Geographical Commission
entrusted the provisioning of the expeditions—mine as well as his
own—because he had more time on his hands than the rest of us,
seems to have laid in a huge stock of Teltow turnips,[46] an article of
food which is all very well for occasional use, but which quickly palls
when set before one every day; and we seem to have no other tins
left. There is no help for it—we must put up with the turnips; but I
am certain that, once I am home again, I shall not touch them for ten
years to come.
Amid all these minor evils, which, after all, go to make up the
genuine flavour of Africa, there is at least one cheering touch:
Knudsen has, with the dexterity of a skilled mechanic, repaired my 9
× 12 cm. camera, at least so far that I can use it with a little care.
How, in the absence of finger-nails, he was able to accomplish such a
ticklish piece of work, having no tool but a clumsy screw-driver for
taking to pieces and putting together again the complicated
mechanism of the instantaneous shutter, is still a mystery to me; but
he did it successfully. The loss of his finger-nails shows him in a light
contrasting curiously enough with the intelligence evinced by the
above operation; though, after all, it is scarcely surprising after his
ten years’ residence in the bush. One day, at Lindi, he had occasion
to wash a dog, which must have been in need of very thorough
cleansing, for the bottle handed to our friend for the purpose had an
extremely strong smell. Having performed his task in the most
conscientious manner, he perceived with some surprise that the dog
did not appear much the better for it, and was further surprised by
finding his own nails ulcerating away in the course of the next few
days. “How was I to know that carbolic acid has to be diluted?” he
mutters indignantly, from time to time, with a troubled gaze at his
mutilated finger-tips.
Since we came to Newala we have been making excursions in all
directions through the surrounding country, in accordance with old
habit, and also because the akida Sefu did not get together the tribal
elders from whom I wanted information so speedily as he had
promised. There is, however, no harm done, as, even if seen only
from the outside, the country and people are interesting enough.
The Makonde plateau is like a large rectangular table rounded off
at the corners. Measured from the Indian Ocean to Newala, it is
about seventy-five miles long, and between the Rovuma and the
Lukuledi it averages fifty miles in breadth, so that its superficial area
is about two-thirds of that of the kingdom of Saxony. The surface,
however, is not level, but uniformly inclined from its south-western
edge to the ocean. From the upper edge, on which Newala lies, the
eye ranges for many miles east and north-east, without encountering
any obstacle, over the Makonde bush. It is a green sea, from which
here and there thick clouds of smoke rise, to show that it, too, is
inhabited by men who carry on their tillage like so many other
primitive peoples, by cutting down and burning the bush, and
manuring with the ashes. Even in the radiant light of a tropical day
such a fire is a grand sight.
Much less effective is the impression produced just now by the
great western plain as seen from the edge of the plateau. As often as
time permits, I stroll along this edge, sometimes in one direction,
sometimes in another, in the hope of finding the air clear enough to
let me enjoy the view; but I have always been disappointed.
Wherever one looks, clouds of smoke rise from the burning bush,
and the air is full of smoke and vapour. It is a pity, for under more
favourable circumstances the panorama of the whole country up to
the distant Majeje hills must be truly magnificent. It is of little use
taking photographs now, and an outline sketch gives a very poor idea
of the scenery. In one of these excursions I went out of my way to
make a personal attempt on the Makonde bush. The present edge of
the plateau is the result of a far-reaching process of destruction
through erosion and denudation. The Makonde strata are
everywhere cut into by ravines, which, though short, are hundreds of
yards in depth. In consequence of the loose stratification of these
beds, not only are the walls of these ravines nearly vertical, but their
upper end is closed by an equally steep escarpment, so that the
western edge of the Makonde plateau is hemmed in by a series of
deep, basin-like valleys. In order to get from one side of such a ravine
to the other, I cut my way through the bush with a dozen of my men.
It was a very open part, with more grass than scrub, but even so the
short stretch of less than two hundred yards was very hard work; at
the end of it the men’s calicoes were in rags and they themselves
bleeding from hundreds of scratches, while even our strong khaki
suits had not escaped scatheless.
NATIVE PATH THROUGH THE MAKONDE BUSH, NEAR

MAHUTA
I see increasing reason to believe that the view formed some time
back as to the origin of the Makonde bush is the correct one. I have
no doubt that it is not a natural product, but the result of human
occupation. Those parts of the high country where man—as a very
slight amount of practice enables the eye to perceive at once—has not
yet penetrated with axe and hoe, are still occupied by a splendid
timber forest quite able to sustain a comparison with our mixed
forests in Germany. But wherever man has once built his hut or tilled
his field, this horrible bush springs up. Every phase of this process
may be seen in the course of a couple of hours’ walk along the main
road. From the bush to right or left, one hears the sound of the axe—
not from one spot only, but from several directions at once. A few
steps further on, we can see what is taking place. The brush has been
cut down and piled up in heaps to the height of a yard or more,
between which the trunks of the large trees stand up like the last
pillars of a magnificent ruined building. These, too, present a
melancholy spectacle: the destructive Makonde have ringed them—
cut a broad strip of bark all round to ensure their dying off—and also
piled up pyramids of brush round them. Father and son, mother and
son-in-law, are chopping away perseveringly in the background—too
busy, almost, to look round at the white stranger, who usually excites
so much interest. If you pass by the same place a week later, the piles
of brushwood have disappeared and a thick layer of ashes has taken
the place of the green forest. The large trees stretch their
smouldering trunks and branches in dumb accusation to heaven—if
they have not already fallen and been more or less reduced to ashes,
perhaps only showing as a white stripe on the dark ground.
This work of destruction is carried out by the Makonde alike on the
virgin forest and on the bush which has sprung up on sites already
cultivated and deserted. In the second case they are saved the trouble
of burning the large trees, these being entirely absent in the
secondary bush.
After burning this piece of forest ground and loosening it with the
hoe, the native sows his corn and plants his vegetables. All over the
country, he goes in for bed-culture, which requires, and, in fact,
receives, the most careful attention. Weeds are nowhere tolerated in
the south of German East Africa. The crops may fail on the plains,
where droughts are frequent, but never on the plateau with its
abundant rains and heavy dews. Its fortunate inhabitants even have
the satisfaction of seeing the proud Wayao and Wamakua working
for them as labourers, driven by hunger to serve where they were
accustomed to rule.
But the light, sandy soil is soon exhausted, and would yield no
harvest the second year if cultivated twice running. This fact has
been familiar to the native for ages; consequently he provides in
time, and, while his crop is growing, prepares the next plot with axe
and firebrand. Next year he plants this with his various crops and
lets the first piece lie fallow. For a short time it remains waste and
desolate; then nature steps in to repair the destruction wrought by
man; a thousand new growths spring out of the exhausted soil, and
even the old stumps put forth fresh shoots. Next year the new growth
is up to one’s knees, and in a few years more it is that terrible,
impenetrable bush, which maintains its position till the black
occupier of the land has made the round of all the available sites and
come back to his starting point.
The Makonde are, body and soul, so to speak, one with this bush.
According to my Yao informants, indeed, their name means nothing
else but “bush people.” Their own tradition says that they have been
settled up here for a very long time, but to my surprise they laid great
stress on an original immigration. Their old homes were in the
south-east, near Mikindani and the mouth of the Rovuma, whence
their peaceful forefathers were driven by the continual raids of the
Sakalavas from Madagascar and the warlike Shirazis[47] of the coast,
to take refuge on the almost inaccessible plateau. I have studied
African ethnology for twenty years, but the fact that changes of
population in this apparently quiet and peaceable corner of the earth
could have been occasioned by outside enterprises taking place on
the high seas, was completely new to me. It is, no doubt, however,
correct.
The charming tribal legend of the Makonde—besides informing us
of other interesting matters—explains why they have to live in the
thickest of the bush and a long way from the edge of the plateau,
instead of making their permanent homes beside the purling brooks
and springs of the low country.
“The place where the tribe originated is Mahuta, on the southern
side of the plateau towards the Rovuma, where of old time there was
nothing but thick bush. Out of this bush came a man who never
washed himself or shaved his head, and who ate and drank but little.
He went out and made a human figure from the wood of a tree
growing in the open country, which he took home to his abode in the
bush and there set it upright. In the night this image came to life and
was a woman. The man and woman went down together to the
Rovuma to wash themselves. Here the woman gave birth to a still-
born child. They left that place and passed over the high land into the
valley of the Mbemkuru, where the woman had another child, which
was also born dead. Then they returned to the high bush country of
Mahuta, where the third child was born, which lived and grew up. In
course of time, the couple had many more children, and called
themselves Wamatanda. These were the ancestral stock of the
Makonde, also called Wamakonde,[48] i.e., aborigines. Their
forefather, the man from the bush, gave his children the command to
bury their dead upright, in memory of the mother of their race who
was cut out of wood and awoke to life when standing upright. He also
warned them against settling in the valleys and near large streams,
for sickness and death dwelt there. They were to make it a rule to
have their huts at least an hour’s walk from the nearest watering-
place; then their children would thrive and escape illness.”
The explanation of the name Makonde given by my informants is
somewhat different from that contained in the above legend, which I
extract from a little book (small, but packed with information), by
Pater Adams, entitled Lindi und sein Hinterland. Otherwise, my
results agree exactly with the statements of the legend. Washing?
Hapana—there is no such thing. Why should they do so? As it is, the
supply of water scarcely suffices for cooking and drinking; other
people do not wash, so why should the Makonde distinguish himself
by such needless eccentricity? As for shaving the head, the short,
woolly crop scarcely needs it,[49] so the second ancestral precept is
likewise easy enough to follow. Beyond this, however, there is
nothing ridiculous in the ancestor’s advice. I have obtained from
various local artists a fairly large number of figures carved in wood,
ranging from fifteen to twenty-three inches in height, and
representing women belonging to the great group of the Mavia,
Makonde, and Matambwe tribes. The carving is remarkably well
done and renders the female type with great accuracy, especially the
keloid ornamentation, to be described later on. As to the object and
meaning of their works the sculptors either could or (more probably)
would tell me nothing, and I was forced to content myself with the
scanty information vouchsafed by one man, who said that the figures
were merely intended to represent the nembo—the artificial
deformations of pelele, ear-discs, and keloids. The legend recorded
by Pater Adams places these figures in a new light. They must surely
be more than mere dolls; and we may even venture to assume that
they are—though the majority of present-day Makonde are probably
unaware of the fact—representations of the tribal ancestress.
The references in the legend to the descent from Mahuta to the
Rovuma, and to a journey across the highlands into the Mbekuru
valley, undoubtedly indicate the previous history of the tribe, the
travels of the ancestral pair typifying the migrations of their
descendants. The descent to the neighbouring Rovuma valley, with
its extraordinary fertility and great abundance of game, is intelligible
at a glance—but the crossing of the Lukuledi depression, the ascent
to the Rondo Plateau and the descent to the Mbemkuru, also lie
within the bounds of probability, for all these districts have exactly
the same character as the extreme south. Now, however, comes a
point of especial interest for our bacteriological age. The primitive
Makonde did not enjoy their lives in the marshy river-valleys.
Disease raged among them, and many died. It was only after they
had returned to their original home near Mahuta, that the health
conditions of these people improved. We are very apt to think of the
African as a stupid person whose ignorance of nature is only equalled
by his fear of it, and who looks on all mishaps as caused by evil
spirits and malignant natural powers. It is much more correct to
assume in this case that the people very early learnt to distinguish
districts infested with malaria from those where it is absent.
This knowledge is crystallized in the
ancestral warning against settling in the
valleys and near the great waters, the
dwelling-places of disease and death. At the
same time, for security against the hostile
Mavia south of the Rovuma, it was enacted
that every settlement must be not less than a
certain distance from the southern edge of the
plateau. Such in fact is their mode of life at the
present day. It is not such a bad one, and
certainly they are both safer and more
comfortable than the Makua, the recent
intruders from the south, who have made USUAL METHOD OF
good their footing on the western edge of the CLOSING HUT-DOOR
plateau, extending over a fairly wide belt of
country. Neither Makua nor Makonde show in their dwellings
anything of the size and comeliness of the Yao houses in the plain,
especially at Masasi, Chingulungulu and Zuza’s. Jumbe Chauro, a
Makonde hamlet not far from Newala, on the road to Mahuta, is the
most important settlement of the tribe I have yet seen, and has fairly
spacious huts. But how slovenly is their construction compared with
the palatial residences of the elephant-hunters living in the plain.
The roofs are still more untidy than in the general run of huts during
the dry season, the walls show here and there the scanty beginnings
or the lamentable remains of the mud plastering, and the interior is a
veritable dog-kennel; dirt, dust and disorder everywhere. A few huts
only show any attempt at division into rooms, and this consists
merely of very roughly-made bamboo partitions. In one point alone
have I noticed any indication of progress—in the method of fastening
the door. Houses all over the south are secured in a simple but
ingenious manner. The door consists of a set of stout pieces of wood
or bamboo, tied with bark-string to two cross-pieces, and moving in
two grooves round one of the door-posts, so as to open inwards. If
the owner wishes to leave home, he takes two logs as thick as a man’s
upper arm and about a yard long. One of these is placed obliquely
against the middle of the door from the inside, so as to form an angle
of from 60° to 75° with the ground. He then places the second piece
horizontally across the first, pressing it downward with all his might.
It is kept in place by two strong posts planted in the ground a few
inches inside the door. This fastening is absolutely safe, but of course
cannot be applied to both doors at once, otherwise how could the
owner leave or enter his house? I have not yet succeeded in finding
out how the back door is fastened.
MAKONDE LOCK AND KEY AT JUMBE CHAURO

This is the general way of closing a house. The Makonde at Jumbe
Chauro, however, have a much more complicated, solid and original
one. Here, too, the door is as already described, except that there is
only one post on the inside, standing by itself about six inches from
one side of the doorway. Opposite this post is a hole in the wall just
large enough to admit a man’s arm. The door is closed inside by a
large wooden bolt passing through a hole in this post and pressing
with its free end against the door. The other end has three holes into
which fit three pegs running in vertical grooves inside the post. The
door is opened with a wooden key about a foot long, somewhat
curved and sloped off at the butt; the other end has three pegs
corresponding to the holes, in the bolt, so that, when it is thrust
through the hole in the wall and inserted into the rectangular
opening in the post, the pegs can be lifted and the bolt drawn out.[50]
MODE OF INSERTING THE KEY
With no small pride first one householder and then a second

showed me on the spot the action of this greatest invention of the
Makonde Highlands. To both with an admiring exclamation of
“Vizuri sana!” (“Very fine!”). I expressed the wish to take back these
marvels with me to Ulaya, to show the Wazungu what clever fellows
the Makonde are. Scarcely five minutes after my return to camp at
Newala, the two men came up sweating under the weight of two
heavy logs which they laid down at my feet, handing over at the same
time the keys of the fallen fortress. Arguing, logically enough, that if
the key was wanted, the lock would be wanted with it, they had taken
their axes and chopped down the posts—as it never occurred to them
to dig them out of the ground and so bring them intact. Thus I have
two badly damaged specimens, and the owners, instead of praise,
come in for a blowing-up.
The Makua huts in the environs of Newala are especially
miserable; their more than slovenly construction reminds one of the
temporary erections of the Makua at Hatia’s, though the people here
have not been concerned in a war. It must therefore be due to
congenital idleness, or else to the absence of a powerful chief. Even
the baraza at Mlipa’s, a short hour’s walk south-east of Newala,
shares in this general neglect. While public buildings in this country
are usually looked after more or less carefully, this is in evident
danger of being blown over by the first strong easterly gale. The only
attractive object in this whole district is the grave of the late chief
Mlipa. I visited it in the morning, while the sun was still trying with
partial success to break through the rolling mists, and the circular
grove of tall euphorbias, which, with a broken pot, is all that marks
the old king’s resting-place, impressed one with a touch of pathos.
Even my very materially-minded carriers seemed to feel something
of the sort, for instead of their usual ribald songs, they chanted
solemnly, as we marched on through the dense green of the Makonde
bush:—
“We shall arrive with the great master; we stand in a row and have
no fear about getting our food and our money from the Serkali (the
Government). We are not afraid; we are going along with the great
master, the lion; we are going down to the coast and back.”
With regard to the characteristic features of the various tribes here
on the western edge of the plateau, I can arrive at no other
conclusion than the one already come to in the plain, viz., that it is
impossible for anyone but a trained anthropologist to assign any
given individual at once to his proper tribe. In fact, I think that even
an anthropological specialist, after the most careful examination,
might find it a difficult task to decide. The whole congeries of peoples
collected in the region bounded on the west by the great Central
African rift, Tanganyika and Nyasa, and on the east by the Indian
Ocean, are closely related to each other—some of their languages are
only distinguished from one another as dialects of the same speech,
and no doubt all the tribes present the same shape of skull and
structure of skeleton. Thus, surely, there can be no very striking
differences in outward appearance.
Even did such exist, I should have no time
to concern myself with them, for day after day,
I have to see or hear, as the case may be—in
any case to grasp and record—an
extraordinary number of ethnographic
phenomena. I am almost disposed to think it
fortunate that some departments of inquiry, at
least, are barred by external circumstances.
Chief among these is the subject of iron-
working. We are apt to think of Africa as a
country where iron ore is everywhere, so to
speak, to be picked up by the roadside, and
where it would be quite surprising if the
inhabitants had not learnt to smelt the
material ready to their hand. In fact, the
knowledge of this art ranges all over the
continent, from the Kabyles in the north to the
Kafirs in the south. Here between the Rovuma
and the Lukuledi the conditions are not so
favourable. According to the statements of the
Makonde, neither ironstone nor any other
form of iron ore is known to them. They have
not therefore advanced to the art of smelting
the metal, but have hitherto bought all their
THE ANCESTRESS OF
THE MAKONDE
iron implements from neighbouring tribes.
Even in the plain the inhabitants are not much
better off. Only one man now living is said to
understand the art of smelting iron. This old fundi lives close to
Huwe, that isolated, steep-sided block of granite which rises out of
the green solitude between Masasi and Chingulungulu, and whose
jagged and splintered top meets the traveller’s eye everywhere. While
still at Masasi I wished to see this man at work, but was told that,
frightened by the rising, he had retired across the Rovuma, though
he would soon return. All subsequent inquiries as to whether the
fundi had come back met with the genuine African answer, “Bado”
(“Not yet”).
BRAZIER
Some consolation was afforded me by a brassfounder, whom I

came across in the bush near Akundonde’s. This man is the favourite
of women, and therefore no doubt of the gods; he welds the glittering
brass rods purchased at the coast into those massive, heavy rings
which, on the wrists and ankles of the local fair ones, continually give
me fresh food for admiration. Like every decent master-craftsman he
had all his tools with him, consisting of a pair of bellows, three
crucibles and a hammer—nothing more, apparently. He was quite
willing to show his skill, and in a twinkling had fixed his bellows on
the ground. They are simply two goat-skins, taken off whole, the four
legs being closed by knots, while the upper opening, intended to
admit the air, is kept stretched by two pieces of wood. At the lower
end of the skin a smaller opening is left into which a wooden tube is
stuck. The fundi has quickly borrowed a heap of wood-embers from
the nearest hut; he then fixes the free ends of the two tubes into an
earthen pipe, and clamps them to the ground by means of a bent
piece of wood. Now he fills one of his small clay crucibles, the dross
on which shows that they have been long in use, with the yellow
material, places it in the midst of the embers, which, at present are
only faintly glimmering, and begins his work. In quick alternation
the smith’s two hands move up and down with the open ends of the
bellows; as he raises his hand he holds the slit wide open, so as to let
the air enter the skin bag unhindered. In pressing it down he closes
the bag, and the air puffs through the bamboo tube and clay pipe into
the fire, which quickly burns up. The smith, however, does not keep
on with this work, but beckons to another man, who relieves him at
the bellows, while he takes some more tools out of a large skin pouch
carried on his back. I look on in wonder as, with a smooth round
stick about the thickness of a finger, he bores a few vertical holes into
the clean sand of the soil. This should not be difficult, yet the man
seems to be taking great pains over it. Then he fastens down to the
ground, with a couple of wooden clamps, a neat little trough made by
splitting a joint of bamboo in half, so that the ends are closed by the
two knots. At last the yellow metal has attained the right consistency,
and the fundi lifts the crucible from the fire by means of two sticks
split at the end to serve as tongs. A short swift turn to the left—a
tilting of the crucible—and the molten brass, hissing and giving forth
clouds of smoke, flows first into the bamboo mould and then into the
holes in the ground.
The technique of this backwoods craftsman may not be very far
advanced, but it cannot be denied that he knows how to obtain an
adequate result by the simplest means. The ladies of highest rank in
this country—that is to say, those who can afford it, wear two kinds
of these massive brass rings, one cylindrical, the other semicircular
in section. The latter are cast in the most ingenious way in the
bamboo mould, the former in the circular hole in the sand. It is quite
a simple matter for the fundi to fit these bars to the limbs of his fair
customers; with a few light strokes of his hammer he bends the
pliable brass round arm or ankle without further inconvenience to
the wearer.
SHAPING THE POT
SMOOTHING WITH MAIZE-COB
CUTTING THE EDGE

FINISHING THE BOTTOM
LAST SMOOTHING BEFORE

BURNING
FIRING THE BRUSH-PILE

LIGHTING THE FARTHER SIDE OF
THE PILE
TURNING THE RED-HOT VESSEL
NYASA WOMAN MAKING POTS AT MASASI

Pottery is an art which must always and everywhere excite the
interest of the student, just because it is so intimately connected with
the development of human culture, and because its relics are one of
the principal factors in the reconstruction of our own condition in
prehistoric times. I shall always remember with pleasure the two or
three afternoons at Masasi when Salim Matola’s mother, a slightly-
built, graceful, pleasant-looking woman, explained to me with
touching patience, by means of concrete illustrations, the ceramic art
of her people. The only implements for this primitive process were a
lump of clay in her left hand, and in the right a calabash containing
the following valuables: the fragment of a maize-cob stripped of all
its grains, a smooth, oval pebble, about the size of a pigeon’s egg, a
few chips of gourd-shell, a bamboo splinter about the length of one’s
hand, a small shell, and a bunch of some herb resembling spinach.
Nothing more. The woman scraped with the
shell a round, shallow hole in the soft, fine
sand of the soil, and, when an active young
girl had filled the calabash with water for her,
she began to knead the clay. As if by magic it
gradually assumed the shape of a rough but
already well-shaped vessel, which only wanted
a little touching up with the instruments
before mentioned. I looked out with the
MAKUA WOMAN closest attention for any indication of the use
MAKING A POT. of the potter’s wheel, in however rudimentary
SHOWS THE a form, but no—hapana (there is none). The
BEGINNINGS OF THE embryo pot stood firmly in its little
POTTER’S WHEEL
depression, and the woman walked round it in
a stooping posture, whether she was removing
small stones or similar foreign bodies with the maize-cob, smoothing
the inner or outer surface with the splinter of bamboo, or later, after
letting it dry for a day, pricking in the ornamentation with a pointed
bit of gourd-shell, or working out the bottom, or cutting the edge
with a sharp bamboo knife, or giving the last touches to the finished
vessel. This occupation of the women is infinitely toilsome, but it is
without doubt an accurate reproduction of the process in use among
our ancestors of the Neolithic and Bronze ages.
There is no doubt that the invention of pottery, an item in human
progress whose importance cannot be over-estimated, is due to
women. Rough, coarse and unfeeling, the men of the horde range
over the countryside. When the united cunning of the hunters has
succeeded in killing the game; not one of them thinks of carrying
home the spoil. A bright fire, kindled by a vigorous wielding of the
drill, is crackling beside them; the animal has been cleaned and cut
up secundum artem, and, after a slight singeing, will soon disappear
under their sharp teeth; no one all this time giving a single thought
to wife or child.
To what shifts, on the other hand, the primitive wife, and still more
the primitive mother, was put! Not even prehistoric stomachs could
endure an unvarying diet of raw food. Something or other suggested
the beneficial effect of hot water on the majority of approved but
indigestible dishes. Perhaps a neighbour had tried holding the hard
roots or tubers over the fire in a calabash filled with water—or maybe
an ostrich-egg-shell, or a hastily improvised vessel of bark. They
became much softer and more palatable than they had previously
been; but, unfortunately, the vessel could not stand the fire and got
charred on the outside. That can be remedied, thought our
ancestress, and plastered a layer of wet clay round a similar vessel.
This is an improvement; the cooking utensil remains uninjured, but
the heat of the fire has shrunk it, so that it is loose in its shell. The
next step is to detach it, so, with a firm grip and a jerk, shell and
kernel are separated, and pottery is invented. Perhaps, however, the
discovery which led to an intelligent use of the burnt-clay shell, was
made in a slightly different way. Ostrich-eggs and calabashes are not
to be found in every part of the world, but everywhere mankind has
arrived at the art of making baskets out of pliant materials, such as
bark, bast, strips of palm-leaf, supple twigs, etc. Our inventor has no
water-tight vessel provided by nature. “Never mind, let us line the
basket with clay.” This answers the purpose, but alas! the basket gets
burnt over the blazing fire, the woman watches the process of
cooking with increasing uneasiness, fearing a leak, but no leak
appears. The food, done to a turn, is eaten with peculiar relish; and
the cooking-vessel is examined, half in curiosity, half in satisfaction
at the result. The plastic clay is now hard as stone, and at the same
time looks exceedingly well, for the neat plaiting of the burnt basket
is traced all over it in a pretty pattern. Thus, simultaneously with
pottery, its ornamentation was invented.
Primitive woman has another claim to respect. It was the man,
roving abroad, who invented the art of producing fire at will, but the
woman, unable to imitate him in this, has been a Vestal from the
earliest times. Nothing gives so much trouble as the keeping alight of
the smouldering brand, and, above all, when all the men are absent
from the camp. Heavy rain-clouds gather, already the first large
drops are falling, the first gusts of the storm rage over the plain. The
little flame, a greater anxiety to the woman than her own children,
flickers unsteadily in the blast. What is to be done? A sudden thought
occurs to her, and in an instant she has constructed a primitive hut
out of strips of bark, to protect the flame against rain and wind.
This, or something very like it, was the way in which the principle
of the house was discovered; and even the most hardened misogynist
cannot fairly refuse a woman the credit of it. The protection of the
hearth-fire from the weather is the germ from which the human
dwelling was evolved. Men had little, if any share, in this forward
step, and that only at a late stage. Even at the present day, the
plastering of the housewall with clay and the manufacture of pottery
are exclusively the women’s business. These are two very significant
survivals. Our European kitchen-garden, too, is originally a woman’s
invention, and the hoe, the primitive instrument of agriculture, is,
characteristically enough, still used in this department. But the
noblest achievement which we owe to the other sex is unquestionably
the art of cookery. Roasting alone—the oldest process—is one for
which men took the hint (a very obvious one) from nature. It must
have been suggested by the scorched carcase of some animal
overtaken by the destructive forest-fires. But boiling—the process of
improving organic substances by the help of water heated to boiling-
point—is a much later discovery. It is so recent that it has not even
yet penetrated to all parts of the world. The Polynesians understand
how to steam food, that is, to cook it, neatly wrapped in leaves, in a
hole in the earth between hot stones, the air being excluded, and
(sometimes) a few drops of water sprinkled on the stones; but they
do not understand boiling.
To come back from this digression, we find that the slender Nyasa
woman has, after once more carefully examining the finished pot,
put it aside in the shade to dry. On the following day she sends me
word by her son, Salim Matola, who is always on hand, that she is
going to do the burning, and, on coming out of my house, I find her
already hard at work. She has spread on the ground a layer of very
dry sticks, about as thick as one’s thumb, has laid the pot (now of a
yellowish-grey colour) on them, and is piling brushwood round it.
My faithful Pesa mbili, the mnyampara, who has been standing by,
most obligingly, with a lighted stick, now hands it to her. Both of
them, blowing steadily, light the pile on the lee side, and, when the
flame begins to catch, on the weather side also. Soon the whole is in a
blaze, but the dry fuel is quickly consumed and the fire dies down, so
that we see the red-hot vessel rising from the ashes. The woman
turns it continually with a long stick, sometimes one way and
sometimes another, so that it may be evenly heated all over. In
twenty minutes she rolls it out of the ash-heap, takes up the bundle
of spinach, which has been lying for two days in a jar of water, and
sprinkles the red-hot clay with it. The places where the drops fall are
marked by black spots on the uniform reddish-brown surface. With a
sigh of relief, and with visible satisfaction, the woman rises to an
erect position; she is standing just in a line between me and the fire,
from which a cloud of smoke is just rising: I press the ball of my
camera, the shutter clicks—the apotheosis is achieved! Like a
priestess, representative of her inventive sex, the graceful woman
stands: at her feet the hearth-fire she has given us beside her the
invention she has devised for us, in the background the home she has
built for us.
At Newala, also, I have had the manufacture of pottery carried on
in my presence. Technically the process is better than that already
described, for here we find the beginnings of the potter’s wheel,
which does not seem to exist in the plains; at least I have seen
nothing of the sort. The artist, a frightfully stupid Makua woman, did
not make a depression in the ground to receive the pot she was about
to shape, but used instead a large potsherd. Otherwise, she went to
work in much the same way as Salim’s mother, except that she saved
herself the trouble of walking round and round her work by squatting
at her ease and letting the pot and potsherd rotate round her; this is
surely the first step towards a machine. But it does not follow that
the pot was improved by the process. It is true that it was beautifully
rounded and presented a very creditable appearance when finished,
but the numerous large and small vessels which I have seen, and, in
part, collected, in the “less advanced” districts, are no less so. We
moderns imagine that instruments of precision are necessary to
produce excellent results. Go to the prehistoric collections of our
museums and look at the pots, urns and bowls of our ancestors in the
dim ages of the past, and you will at once perceive your error.
MAKING LONGITUDINAL CUT IN
BARK
DRAWING THE BARK OFF THE LOG
REMOVING THE OUTER BARK

BEATING THE BARK
WORKING THE BARK-CLOTH AFTER BEATING, TO MAKE IT

SOFT
MANUFACTURE OF BARK-CLOTH AT NEWALA

To-day, nearly the whole population of German East Africa is
clothed in imported calico. This was not always the case; even now in
some parts of the north dressed skins are still the prevailing wear,
and in the north-western districts—east and north of Lake
Tanganyika—lies a zone where bark-cloth has not yet been
superseded. Probably not many generations have passed since such
bark fabrics and kilts of skins were the only clothing even in the
south. Even to-day, large quantities of this bright-red or drab
material are still to be found; but if we wish to see it, we must look in
the granaries and on the drying stages inside the native huts, where
it serves less ambitious uses as wrappings for those seeds and fruits
which require to be packed with special care. The salt produced at
Masasi, too, is packed for transport to a distance in large sheets of
bark-cloth. Wherever I found it in any degree possible, I studied the
process of making this cloth. The native requisitioned for the
purpose arrived, carrying a log between two and three yards long and
as thick as his thigh, and nothing else except a curiously-shaped
mallet and the usual long, sharp and pointed knife which all men and
boys wear in a belt at their backs without a sheath—horribile dictu!
[51]
Silently he squats down before me, and with two rapid cuts has
drawn a couple of circles round the log some two yards apart, and
slits the bark lengthwise between them with the point of his knife.
With evident care, he then scrapes off the outer rind all round the
log, so that in a quarter of an hour the inner red layer of the bark
shows up brightly-coloured between the two untouched ends. With
some trouble and much caution, he now loosens the bark at one end,
and opens the cylinder. He then stands up, takes hold of the free
edge with both hands, and turning it inside out, slowly but steadily
pulls it off in one piece. Now comes the troublesome work of
scraping all superfluous particles of outer bark from the outside of
the long, narrow piece of material, while the inner side is carefully
scrutinised for defective spots. At last it is ready for beating. Having
signalled to a friend, who immediately places a bowl of water beside
him, the artificer damps his sheet of bark all over, seizes his mallet,
lays one end of the stuff on the smoothest spot of the log, and
hammers away slowly but continuously. “Very simple!” I think to
myself. “Why, I could do that, too!”—but I am forced to change my
opinions a little later on; for the beating is quite an art, if the fabric is
not to be beaten to pieces. To prevent the breaking of the fibres, the
stuff is several times folded across, so as to interpose several
thicknesses between the mallet and the block. At last the required
state is reached, and the fundi seizes the sheet, still folded, by both
ends, and wrings it out, or calls an assistant to take one end while he
holds the other. The cloth produced in this way is not nearly so fine
and uniform in texture as the famous Uganda bark-cloth, but it is
quite soft, and, above all, cheap.
Now, too, I examine the mallet. My craftsman has been using the
simpler but better form of this implement, a conical block of some
hard wood, its base—the striking surface—being scored across and
across with more or less deeply-cut grooves, and the handle stuck
into a hole in the middle. The other and earlier form of mallet is
shaped in the same way, but the head is fastened by an ingenious
network of bark strips into the split bamboo serving as a handle. The
observation so often made, that ancient customs persist longest in
connection with religious ceremonies and in the life of children, here
finds confirmation. As we shall soon see, bark-cloth is still worn
during the unyago,[52] having been prepared with special solemn
ceremonies; and many a mother, if she has no other garment handy,
will still put her little one into a kilt of bark-cloth, which, after all,
looks better, besides being more in keeping with its African
surroundings, than the ridiculous bit of print from Ulaya.
MAKUA WOMEN

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Session 6.1 Visual Overview: Adding a Subform to a Form ................ AC 6-50

Changing a Lookup Field to a Adding Calculated Controls to a

Selecting, Moving, and Modifying a Report in Layout View .......... . . AC 7-8

Creating a Custom Report . . . ............... AC 7-25 Session 8.2 Visual Overview:

Understanding Events . . .. . .......... . .. AC 10-15 Testing a Procedure in the

Creating an Unbound Form ................ AC 10_28 Adding a Second Procedure to a

Module 12 Managing and Securing a Database Appendix A Relational Databases and

Getting to Know Microsoft Office Versions ~

saTi'+ Open the Start f ile you downloaded.

saTi'+ Save, close, and up load your completed p roject to receive

STARTING DATA FILES

\t;;;;J- IM~dulel I Re~;ew I

Support_AC_1_Donna.accdb Support_AC_l _ Company.accdb

Support_AC_l _Records.accdb Support_AC_l _Residents.accdb

Session 1.1 Visual Overview:

T ables : I~* (New)l..___

CJ Ta ble1 -+---- Access assigns the -

The Add & Delete group

Datasheet view shows

The Access Window

If you are signed into your

The title bar displays the

A datasheet displays the

Introduction to Database Concepts

Data organization for a table of patients

PatientiD FirstName LastName Phone

13264 Alex Olsen 404-555-9132

13273 Sofia Garcia 470-555-3 126

13276 Claire Wilson 678-555-1247

13290 Jim Williams 770-555-4910

13299 Terry Cruz 470-555-9982

Databases and Relationships

- i @ ! i $ 1 - Database relationship between tables for patients and visits

13273 Sofia Garcia 470-555-3126

13276 Claire Wilson 678-555-1247

13283 Harper Rowe 404-555-1712

13290 Jim Wil liams 770-555-4910

Storing Data in Separate Tables

Relational Database Management Systems

Relational database ent system

store, retrieve, and protect data

user interface printer

Specifically, a relational DBMS provides the fol lowing functions:

Starting Access and Creating a Database

Recent screen in view

option for creating a

a list of recently p 'tOOrName

To create the new Lakewood database:

Understanding the Database File Type

Working in Touch Mode

To switch to Touch Mode:

Touch/Mouse Mode ribbon includes more space

Creating a Table in Datasheet View

Creating a Table in Datasheet View

Plan for the Visit table

Decision Making: Naming Fields in Access Tables

Renaming the Default Primary Key Field

To rename the 10 field to the VisitiD field:

ID field renamed to VisitiD

AutoN umber data type

VisitiD field name entered option for specifying