… .. . .Energy and Life…… . . ...

particular system or it involves the release of 2. open system

metabolism…………………………… ……….
- the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in
living organisms
- the totality of an organism’s chemical reactions,
consisting of catabolic and anabolic pathways,
which manage the material and energy resources
of the organism
- emergent property of life because metabolism is an
emergent property that arises from the orderly
interactions of molecules and eventually all these
molecules would interact with each other to form
the cells
metabolic pathway……………………….. …..……………….
- a series of chemical reactions that either builds a
complex molecule (anabolic pathway) or breaks
down a complex molecule to simpler molecules
(catabolic pathway)
energy)
energy……….…………....……………………………………....
- the capacity to cause change, especially to do work
(to move matter against an opposing force)
- the capacity to do work
- energy can be converted from one form to another
forms of energy………….…………..………………………….
1. kinetic energy. energy associated with motion
➢ thermal energy
- a form of kinetic energy heavily
associated with the random
movement of molecules or atoms
- ex. heat (thermal energy transfer
between objects)
2. potential energy. anything that is not kinetic;
energy that a matter possesses because of its
location; energy stored by objects that is not in
motion or moving
➢ chemical energy
- the potential energy available for
release in a chemical reaction
- entirely opposite of isolated
system
- these are heavily associated with
living organisms
- for open systems: energy and
matter can be transferred between
the system and its surroundings
- it interact or exchange matter and
energy with their surroundings
first law of thermodynamics……..…………………...…
- it states that the energy of the universe is constant
meaning the amount of energy that is present in
the universe is constant and that it is only
converted from one form to another
- known as the principle of conservation of energy =
the energy of the universe is constant
- energy can be transferred and transformed, BUT it
cannot be created or destroyed

laws of energy transformation…………....…..……………….

➔ a starting molecule that will be
continuously altered by reactions catalyzed
by enzymes to produce a product
- A B C (anabolism or anabolic pathways consume
energy to build complex molecules from simpler
ones)
C D E (for catabolic pathways or catabolism, the
destruction of chemical bonds or the breaking
down of complex molecules into simpler
compounds results in the exit of energy in that
● thermodynamics
- the study of energy transformations that
occur in a collection of matter
- two types of system (easily differentiated
based on their ability to interact or
exchange matter or energy with their
surroundings):
1. isolated system ➢ ex. the bear takes in chemical energy from the
- these are systems that are unable food that he eats such as salmon and later on
to exchange energy or matter with will be converted into kinetic energy
its surroundings
second law of thermodynamics……..…....…………...…
- it states that every energy transfer or
transformation increases the entropy of the
universe
- entropy. the measure of molecular disorder or
randomness
➔ every time that there is an increase of
molecular disorder or there is a random
movement of molecules in the universe you
increase entropy
➔ the more that there is a molecular disorder
or random movement of atoms in the
universe then the more there is entropy
- unusable forms of energy are at least partly
converted to heat (kasi si heat is a form of thermal
energy associated with randomness
➢ ex. the chemical energy yung mga amino
acids later on irerelease na lang as carbon
dioxide and water and some are converted
to unusable forms of energy such as heat
(increases the level of disorderness in the
universe)
spontaneous reaction…...……..…..…………………...…
- reactions that are bound to happen
- they do not require energy input although they can
occur quickly or slowly
- to be considered spontaneous: they must increase - spontaneous processes can be harnessed to
the entropy of the universe perform work
- ex. chemical energy to kinetic energy - a living system’s free energy is energy that can do
1. a reaction that is bound to happen work when temperature and pressure are uniform,
2. it did not require an input of energy as in a living cell
3. although, there is a release of energy that - free energy. a measure of a system’s inability, its
further increases the entropy of the tendency to change to a more stable state
universe
- for a reaction to be considered spontaneous, the
value of △G should be negative (decrease in the
change of enthalpy, increase in temperature and
entropy)
nonspontaneous reaction……..…..…………………...…
- the opposite
- to be considered nonspontaneous: they will occur
only if energy is provided because they decrease
the entropy of the universe
- decrease entropy
- requires energy input
free energy of systems………...…..…………………...… free-energy and metabolism……..…………………...…
● biologists want to know which reactions occur - an exergonic reaction proceeds with a net
spontaneously and which require input of energy release of free energy and is spontaneous
● to do so, they need to determine the energy and - an endergonic reaction absorbs free energy
entropy changes that occur in chemical reactions from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous
● the change in free energy (△G) during a process is - exergonic reaction = catabolic pathway (they
related to the change in enthalpy 𑁋 change in total release energy)
energy (△H) 𑁋 change in entropy (△S), and - endergonic reaction = anabolic pathway (they
temperature in Kelvin units (T) absorb free energy to perform work)
(△G) = △H - T△S
free-energy change, △G…………..…………………...…
- △G is negative for all spontaneous processes;
processes with a zero or positive △G are never
spontaneous
 - ex. exergonic reaction - a catabolic pathway in a cell releases free - hydrolysis. the breaking down of complex
energy in a series of reactions molecules into simpler ones by the addition of
water
ATP and cellular work……………..…………………...…
- a cell does three main kinds of work:
● chemical work
- the role of ATP is to push
endergonic reactions
● transport work
- they help in pumping substances
against the direction of
spontaneous movement
- ex. endergonic reaction
● mechanical work
- contraction of muscle cells

- energy coupling. most of the chemical

equilibrium and metabolism……..…………………...…
- reactions in a closed system eventually reach
equilibrium and can do no work
- equilibrium. when the cell is no longer
working; no exchange with the surroundings
that is considered as equilibrium
- a defining feature of life is that metabolism is
never at equilibrium (because organisms are
constantly exchanging materials with their
surroundings)
reactions that occur in the body result from
this process wherein energy release from
exergonic reactions power endergonic
reactions
- atp will undergo hydrolysis and the energy
released from hydrolysis will power
endergonic reactions and at the same time this
phosphate groups will make reactants more
reactive and favorable for chemical reactions
- through ATP hydrolysis