Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Case Study
Case Study
Gestational
Diabetes
Mellitus
(CASE STUDY)
By:
BSN 2H - Group 2
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Table of Contents
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Etiology/Cause
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Anatomy:
Physiology:
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Mrs. Munoz, a 28-year-old G3P2 woman, arrives at the antenatal clinic at 30 weeks
gestation. In addition to her history of gestational diabetes and a family predisposition
to type 2 diabetes, she may be experiencing various symptoms common at this stage
of pregnancy.
Clinical observations include the cervix undergoing potential changes, with softening
(effacement) and dilation possible as the body readies for labor. Fetal heart tones are
monitored, aiming for a healthy rate of 120 to 160 beats per minute. Fundal height,
currently expected to be around 28-32 centimeters, provides insights into the
appropriate fetal growth.
Mrs. Munoz might report symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, albeit generally
diminished at this point. Backache, shortness of breath due to the expanding uterus,
and occasional Braxton Hicks contractions could be part of her experience. Edema,
particularly in the ankles and feet, may also be noted, alongside the expected fatigue
associated with the advanced stage of pregnancy.
ACTUAL
Based on the clinical description, Mrs. Munoz are experiencing the following signs
and symptoms:
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
THEORETICAL
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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
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● Heartburn. Pregnancy hormones may relax the valve between the stomach and
esophagus, leading to acid reflux. Dietary adjustments, such as eating small,
frequent meals and avoiding certain foods, are suggested.
● Spider Veins, Varicose Veins, and Hemorrhoids. Increased blood circulation
can cause spider veins, especially on the face, neck, and arms. Varicose veins
on the legs and painful, itchy hemorrhoids may also occur. Exercise, leg
elevation, a high-fiber diet, and fluid intake are recommended for relief.
● Frequent Urination. Increased pressure on the bladder as the baby descends
into the pelvis can lead to more frequent urination. This might also result in
occasional leakage, especially during activities like laughing or coughing.
● Emotional Changes. Anticipation and fears about childbirth may become more
persistent. Anxiety about parenthood may also arise, especially for first-time
parents.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Diagnostic Procedures
For Mrs. Muñoz, given her history of gestational diabetes in a previous pregnancy and
family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, both theoretical and actual diagnosis
procedures important for managing her current pregnancy.
1.Risk Assessment: Assessing Mr. Muñoz risk factors for gestational diabetes
& type 2 diabetes, such as her age, family history and previous pregnancy history
2.Review of symptoms: Inquiring about any symptoms suggestive of diabetes,
such as Increased thirst, frequent urination, and fatigue.
3.Laboratory Test: Ordering laboratory test such as fasting plasma glucose
( FPG) or Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to screen for gestational diabetes
4.Glycated Hemoglobin (HbAIc) Test: This test provides an indication of
average blood sugar levels over the past 2-3months & can help assess the risk of
developing gestational diabetes.
5.Urine Test: They are made in the liver from the breakdown of fats. Ketones
are formed when there is not enough sugar or glucose to supply the body’s fuel needs.
This occurs overnight and during dieting or fasting. During these periods, insulin
levels are low, but glucagon and epinephrine levels are relatively normal. High levels
of ketones and high blood glucose levels can mean your diabetes is out of control.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
grams of fiber per serving. Focus on whole foods instead of highly processed foods as
much as possible.
4.Gestational Diabetes Screening.
5.Educational counseling. High blood glucose levels can cause several
problems: Early in pregnancy, high glucose levels increase the risk of pregnancy loss
and congenital anomalies. Also check your blood sugar at least four times a day, or as
directed by your doctor. Check for fasting blood sugar first thing in the morning,
before having anything to eat or drink.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Risk Factors
Risk factors for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), which is a type of diabetes
mellitus that develops during pregnancy, include:
1. Obesity: Women who are overweight or obese before pregnancy are at a higher
risk of developing GDM.
2. Age: Women over the age of 25, especially those over 35, are at an increased risk.
3. Family history: Having a close family member with diabetes increases the risk of
developing GDM.
4. Previous history of GDM: Women who had GDM in a previous pregnancy are
more likely to develop it again.
5. Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups, including African American, Hispanic/Latina,
Native American, Asian American, and Pacific Islander women, have a higher risk.
6. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Women with PCOS have an increased risk of
developing GDM.
7. Previous large baby: Giving birth to a baby weighing 9 pounds (4,082 grams) or
more in a previous pregnancy increases the risk.
8. Previous unexplained stillbirth: Women who have experienced unexplained
stillbirth in a previous pregnancy may have an increased risk.
9. History of prediabetes: Women with a history of prediabetes or impaired glucose
tolerance are at a higher risk.
10. Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of physical activity or low levels of exercise before and
during pregnancy can increase the risk.
11. Glycosuria: Presence of glucose in the urine during early pregnancy may indicate
an increased risk of GDM. These risk factors help healthcare providers identify
women who may be at higher risk for developing gestational diabetes mellitus and
implement appropriate screening and management strategies during pregnancy.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Pathophysiology
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CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, accounting
for the majority of cases worldwide. Its pathophysiology involves a combination of
insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Here's a more detailed breakdown:
1. Insulin Resistance:
In T2DM, cells in the body, particularly muscle, liver, and fat cells,
become resistant to the action of insulin.
Insulin normally acts as a key to unlock cells, allowing glucose from
the bloodstream to enter and be used for energy or stored for later use.
With insulin resistance, cells do not respond adequately to insulin,
leading to decreased glucose uptake. As a result, blood glucose levels
rise.
2. Pancreatic Dysfunction:
Initially, in response to insulin resistance, the pancreas increases
insulin production to try to overcome the resistance and maintain
normal blood glucose levels.
Over time, however, the beta cells in the pancreas may become
exhausted or dysfunctional, leading to a decrease in insulin secretion.
This contributes to relative insulin deficiency.
The combination of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency
results in persistent hyperglycemia characteristic of T2DM.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
5. Other Factors:
Dysfunction in other organ systems, such as the liver, may also
contribute to the pathophysiology of T2DM. In particular, excessive
hepatic glucose production can exacerbate hyperglycemia.
Impaired incretin hormone signaling, which normally helps regulate
insulin secretion, is another aspect of T2DM pathophysiology.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Complications
Gestational diabetes that's not carefully managed can lead to high blood sugar
levels. High blood sugar can cause problems for you and your baby, including an
increased likelihood of needing a surgery to deliver (C-section).For example is,a
large baby – which increases the risk of a difficult birth, having your labour
induced or needing a Caesarean section. a miscarriage.Diabetes in pregnancy
increases risk of fetal macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, pre-eclampsia, cesarean
delivery, stillbirth, and, if preexisting or gestational diabetes is poorly controlled
during organogenesis, major congenital malformations and spontaneous abortion.
Complications that may affect your baby.If you have gestational diabetes, your baby
may be at increased risk of:
Excessive birth weight. If your blood sugar level is higher than the standard range,
it can cause your baby to grow too large. Very large babies. Those who weigh 9
pounds or more, are more likely to become wedged in the birth canal, have birth
injuries or need a C-section birth.
Early (preterm) birth. High blood sugar may increase the risk of early labor and
delivery before the due date.
Serious breathing difficulties. Babies born early may experience respiratory
distress syndrome, a condition that makes breathing difficult.
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia). Sometimes babies have low blood sugar
(hypoglycemia) shortly after birth. Severe episodes of hypoglycemia may cause
seizures in the baby. Prompt feedings and sometimes an intravenous glucose
solution can return the baby's blood sugar level to normal
Obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life. Babies have a higher risk of developing
obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.
Stillbirth. Untreated gestational diabetes can result in a baby's death either before
or shortly after birth.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
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High blood pressure and pre-eclampsia. Gestational diabetes raises your risk of
high blood pressure, as well as pre-eclampsia, a serious complication of
pregnancy that causes high blood pressure and other symptoms that can threaten
both your life and your baby's life.
Future diabetes. If you have gestational diabetes, you're more likely to get it again
during a future pregnancy. You also have a higher risk of developing type 2
diabetes as you get older.
Nursing Management
Eat healthy foods. Choose foods high in fiber and low in fat and calories. Focus
on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Strive for variety to help you achieve your
goals without compromising taste or nutrition. Watch portion sizes.
Keep active. Exercising before and during pregnancy can help protect you from
developing gestational diabetes. Aim for 30 minutes of moderate activity on most
days of the week. Take a brisk daily walk. Ride your bike. Swim laps. Short
bursts of activity
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Don't gain more weight than recommended. Gaining some weight during
pregnancy is typical and healthy. But gaining too much weight too quickly can
increase your risk of gestational diabetes.
It involves providing the client or couple with information regarding the disease
condition, teaching insulin administration, achieving and maintaining normoglycemia,
and evaluating the present client or fetal well-being.
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
Drug Study
Name Dosage/Frequen Mechanism of Indication Contraindi Adverse Nursing
of cy Action cation Effect Responsibilitie
Drug /Timing/Route s
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Republic of the Philippines
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Nabua, Camarines Sur
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Nabua, Camarines Sur
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Surgical Management
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Nabua, Camarines Sur
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Republic of the Philippines
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Nabua, Camarines Sur
Discharge Plan
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Patient's Education
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Republic of the Philippines
CAMARINES SUR POLYTECHNIC COLLEGES
Nabua, Camarines Sur
References:
3rd trimester pregnancy: What to expect. (2022, March 9). Mayo Clinic.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/pregnancy-week-by-week/in-
depth/pregnancy/art-20046767
Pillitteri, A. (2013). Maternal and child health nursing: Care of the childbearing and
Childrearing family. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-
causes/syc-
20355339?fbclid=IwAR1s7E9gYCjUr37ZyUWdqq_YG2HPeJxheI3tNg1yWN2_2-
rlle68-na45F8
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gestational-diabetes/symptoms-
causes/syc-20355339
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/pathophysiology-of-
diabetes#:~:text=The%20pathophysiology%20of%20diabetes%20is,resist%20the%20
effects%20of%20insulin.
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/eat-
well/meal-
planmethod.html%23:~:text%3DA%2520good%2520meal%2520plan%2520will%25
20also%253A,foods%2520as%2520much%2520as%2520possible.&sa=U&sqi=2&ve
d=2ahUKEwit3ty9hZmEAxVNklYBHZZ0DaQQFnoECA8QBQ&usg=AOvVaw2m
HnBzgJ57Hrspfd9Eij6T
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