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QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network

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ISSN: 2332-0796
Research Article
Research Article
QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network
Ahmed J Jameel1* and Maryam M Shafiei2
1
Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain
2
Department of Information Technology, Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain
Abstract
This paper describes the QoS performance evaluation of voice over LTE network using OMNeT++; an open-source
system-level simulator and SimuLTE. OMNet++ is a well-known, widely-used modular simulation framework, which
offers a high degree of experiment support. As a result, it can be integrated with all the network oriented modules such
as INET. We describe the voice over LTE, and show performance evaluation results obtained using the simulator.
Keywords: OMNeT++; INET; VoLTE; LTE; Voice over LTE simulation
Introduction
In the past few decades, the mobile communication industries have
evolved very fast to shift between each generation ranging from the
1G to LTE. This evolution from 1G to 4G was not as easy as it took a
lot of work to make 4G technology the fastest network rollout. Long
Term Evolution (LTE) was designed for the data transfer and also
as a packet switched all-IP system. It does not contain any circuit
switched domain for the purpose of providing with the regular voice
and SMS services. The increase of the data traffic raised the issue of
mobile broadband services by the consumers. The latest of these
developments is the voice over LTE (VoLTE) it is devised scheme for
standardized system between the mobile operators to carry out voice
over Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology by replacing voice over
the old technologies. The idea of the voice over LTE based on simply
adapt to a completely new infrastructure based on internet protocol
(IP) to replace the old legacy (2G-3G). The VoLTE specifications are
based on air-interface, which is based on orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) [1].
The new technology VoLTE can provide a combined system for
transfer the voice traffic over the long term evolution air network
access and employ the voice-over-IP (voice over internet protocol)
technology, which is based on the (IP)- multimedia and IMS sub system
to provide an appropriate service and video calling. The setup protocol
for connection control is the session initiated protocol (SIP) which built
to work with generic open IP network. The LTE is acclimatized with
the current networks (3GPP, GSM, WCDMA, HSPA) and support for
full forward and backward compatibility, until the LTE network voice
service is fully implemented so the voice calls will automatic shift and
full back to the best old bearer available (2G and 3G) [2].
This paper is organized as follows: section 2 presents the LTE
network architecture, in section 3, the simulation results are presented
in section 4, and section 5 concludes the paper.
LTE Network Architecture
The high level of the LTE network architecture as shown in Figure
1 is mainly composed of three main components:
UE (the User Equipment)
This component mainly consists of few of the functionalities
of Mobile Terminal (MT) that is held responsible for all kinds of
functioning of the call. On the other hand, the Terminal Equipment,
which is also considered as one of the major devices of UE serves
the function of data streaming and Universal Subscriber Identity
J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal
ISSN: 2332-0796
Jameel and Shafiei, J Electr Electron Syst 2017, 6:1
DOI: 10.4172/2332-0796.1000216
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Module (USIM). The USIM stores the network identification and
user information. In this simulation of the LTE network, the User
Equipment such as mobile, tablet, laptop etc., has been used [1].
E-UTRAN
The Evolved UTMS Terrestrial Radio Access Network used to
handle the radio communication between the user equipment (UE)
and the EPC. E-UTRAN composed of one or more base station called
eNB or eNodeB. One of the parts of E-UTRAN is also termed as The
Radio Access Network (RAN). The eNB or eNodeB serves the function
of providing E-UTRA user plane and also it controls the plane protocol
terminators along the user equipment [3].
EPC (Evolved Packet Core)
Evolved Packet Core is composed of two main elements: The
Service Gateway (S-GW) which allows the user to communicate
with other users of LTE network and PDN Gateway (P-GW) which
is responsible to provide the connectivity between UE and external
network like Internet. It serves the function of controlling the network
access, management of mobility, and the other functions of network
management. The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) present in the EPC
stores all the information related with the subscriber. The entity of
management of mobility controls the release and set-up of connections
existing between the packet data network and user. It also accomplishes
its activity through the registration of UE authentication location and
using valuable information from the HSS. The Packet Data Gateway
(P-GW) does the function of GGSN and SGSN, which also signifies
the connectivity to the IP network. This system is assigned with the
varied tasks of assignment of IP address, DHCP functions, user
authentication, Quality of Service (QoS), charging data creation Deep
Packet Inspection (DPI) [3].
Simulator Overview
Simulation software accomplishes a major role in the analysis of
complex automation system and non-linear control system. Few of
*Corresponding author: Ahmed J Jameel, Department of Telecommunication
Engineering, Ahlia University, Manama, Bahrain, Tel: +973 36833172; E-mail:
adulaimi@ahlia.edu.bh
Received March 01, 2016; Accepted March 16, 2017; Published March 24, 2017
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice
over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-0796.1000216
Copyright: © 2017 Jameel AJ, et al. This is an open-access article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
original author and source are credited.
Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216
Figure 1: LTE Network architecture.
the software of computer that are designed for the dynamic system
simulation at higher level than that of programming languages can be
named as simulation languages, simulation software, simulation system,
simulation environment and the simulators. Basically, simulation is
explained as a particular method which is used for the solving of a
problem in the dynamical systems, and which also finds out the model
of the system rather than the real system. Simulation process follows
few of the steps in sequence, which can be listed as formulation of
problem, collection of data, mathematical modelling, identification of
the model, and experiments with the model, representation of the result
and interpretation of the result. Simulation software is usually used
for designing, studying and analyzing the network communications.
There are various software’s available in the market that can serve this
purpose. Most of the simulation software’s are commercial but some of
them are free for non-commercial use such as OMNET++.
OMNeT framework
OMNET++ is and extensible open-source library and framework
primarily used to simulate networks. It can be used in various problem
domains such as modelling of wired and wireless communications
networks, evaluating performance aspects of complex networks.
OMNET++ is widely used by academic institutions and educational
environments for teaching purpose. It’s also used by students and
researchers to study and analyze the performance of the networks.
The basic building block of OMNeT++ is modules, either simple
module or compound module. These modules communicate through
messages that are sent and received through connection linking
the gates of the modules. OMNeT++ facilitates the user to keep the
implementation, description and parameter values of the model
separate. C++ is used as the coding of the implementation. The files
written in Network Description (NED) language is used for expressing
the description. Theses NEDs also allow for writing of the parametric
topologies. The major reasons for selecting OMNeT++ as the major
tool for the simulation is that it is one of the most mature, stable and
enriched with features framework [4].
INET framework
OMNET++ has some of external extensions that can be used to
design and simulate the wireless network such as INET Framework.
The INET framework is an open-source model that should be installed
on top of OMNET++. In addition to the wireless network, it can be
used to simulate wired and mobile networks. It contains IPv4, IPv6,
TCP, SCTP, UDP protocol implementations and some of the other
application models. As that of OMNeT++, INET framework also uses
the similar modules that communicate through the passing of message [5].
SimuLTE
SimuLTE for OMNeT++ can be used to analyze and evaluate the
J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal
ISSN: 2332-0796
Page 2 of 10
performance of LTE and LTE Advanced networks. It is an open source
project developed by group of researchers to evaluate the complex
network environments. It should be installed on top of OMNET++
and INET Framework. It simulates the data plane of the LTE Radio
Access Network and Evolved Packet Core. SimuLTE has a special
feature that it contains around 40000 lines of codes that helps in the
extra functionalities such as the applications, mobility, event queues,
ID/UDP, and so on. However, in this particular study of the voice over
LTE, this distinguished feature of SimuLTE has been extracted from
the OMNeT++ and INET frameworks. [5].
Simulation Results
This section describes the implemented simulation topology in
OMNET++, GUI and explains the simulation parameters used in the
experiment.
Quality of Service (QoS) criteria
The performance of Voice over LTE can be measured with the help
of various criteria. In this experiment the major focus will lie on the
following four of the major criteria.
Mean Opinion Score (MOS): MOS is the grading system that is
used for the measuring of the quality of a voice call. It is usually graded
by the user with the scale of 1 to 5, which means bad to excellent. This
particular score is determined by few of the factors such as end to end
delay, jitter and packet loss. One of the empirical formula that can be
used for the calculation of MOS score from the packet loss in terms of
percentage in milliseconds is as follows [6].
MOS=ln( loss )-0.1ln( size ) (1)
The following Table 1 shows the standard and the ideal quality
values for the Mean Opinion Score (MOS).
End to end delay: End to End Delay is the time taken for a voice
packet to be transmitted from the source UE to the destination UE
across the LTE network. In simple words, it can be explained as the
difference in the time between the sending and receiving of the packet.
It basically takes place due to the performance of the network and the
distance that exists between two of the nodes. This parameter is crucial
so as to receive more information on the voice of a real time. There
would be difficulty in having the effective communication in case of
too much delay.
The following Table 2 shows the average and the ideal quality
values for the VoLTE End to End Delay.
Packet loss: Packet Loss can be defined as the number of the
transmitted packets that are failed to reach its destination. It can also
be described as the particular rate in which the packets that are being
sent do not reach at the receiving end. The real time communications
Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216

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MOS Quality architecture for the first and second scenarios is illustrated in Figure 2.
5 Excellent The high level VoLTE network is composed by the following elements:
4 Good
• Two User Equipment Support Voice Over LTE
3 Fair
2 Poor • Two eNodeB
1 Bad
• Four Routers
Table 1: MOS standard.
• Two S-GW
End to end delay Quality
<50 ms Ideal
• One P-GW
<150 ms Average • One Internet Host
Table 2: End to end delay standard.
Scenario (1 and 2) Voice over LTE network: The third scenario
of the VoLTE network (Figure 3) is composed with the help of below
Packet loss rate Quality
mentioned elements:
<1% Ideal
<5% Average • Six User Equipment
Table 3: Packet loss rate standard. • Two eNodeB
Jitter Quality • Four Routers
<20 ms Ideal
• Two S-GW
<50 ms Average
Table 4: Jitter standard. • One P-GW

are based on the UD protocols. This protocol is usually without any
connections and it cannot be send again if the packet is lost. The loss of
the packages can also take place by removing all those packets that do
not arrive to the end of the receiver on time. It becomes problematic
whenever the loss of packet takes place in a bulk. The highest rate of
packet loss so the voice can be heard with enough quality must be 1%.
The following Table 3 shows the average and the ideal quality
values for the Packet Loss during Voice over LTE session.
Jitter: Jitter is the variation in the latency of the voice packets
sent from the source to the destination. This basically occurs due to
the congestion in the network. These similar cases can be solved with
the addition of jitters buffers. This is an important parameter to be
considered while measuring the quality of service since the high jitter
can lead to poor quality of voice. The high jitter usually leads to the
weaker quality of call as the information of the voice will not be received
within the timely manner and thus, the information will not make any
sense. In the technical terms, jitter is the measure of the variability of
the latency over the time and also across the network [7].
The jitter that exists between the starting and final point of the
communication must always be less than 100 ms. If the value of the
jitter becomes smaller than 100 ms, it can be adjusted with the addition
of jitter buffers [7]. The following Table 4 shows the average and the
ideal quality values for the Jitter:
• One Internet Host.
Simulation analysis and result
This section presents the simulation analysis and result for the
conducted experiment. The quality of service can be measured by
several of the factors. In this experiment, the quality of the network for
each scenario has been compared in terms of MOS, End to End Delay,
Packet Loss Rate and Jitter.
Scenario 1: This scenario has been implemented to conduct an
evaluation analysis of the performance of VoLTE between two UEs.
The speed of the sender and receiver of the voice is 0 m/s. The following
Figures have been obtained after running the simulation of the first
scenario.
MOS: The MOS of the first scenario stayed above 4 during the
simulation which falls under the category ranging between the scale of
good and excellent. The average of MOS we obtained is 4.36, which is
the normal value of any VoLTE service.
The following Figure 4 shows the MOS obtained after running the
simulation of Scenario 1
End to end delay: As we can see in Figure 5, we have delay for
about 8 sec between the period 7 s-11 s. The average end to end delay is
1.77 ms which meets the standard since it’s below 50 ms.

Simulation configuration Packet loss rate: According to the explanation and description
of the packet loss, the average value obtained from the simulation is
This section presents all the general parameters used in the 0.21%. This rate is very small as compared to that of the ideal value
conduction of the simulation.
(1%) (Figure 6).
• Ethernet Link Data Rate: 10 Mbps
Jitter: The jitter as seen in Figure 7 remained static and didn’t
• Simulation Time: 20 sec change over the time. It stayed at the same value (8 ms) till the end of
• Packet Size: 40 byte the call. Since the result is less than 20 ms this means that the quality of
voice in this scenario was excellent.
• Queue Size: 1 MB
Scenario 2: In this scenario, we studied the evaluation of the
Voice Over LTE Scenarios performance of VoLTE between the sender (UE1) and receiver (UE2).
Scenario (1 and 2) Voice over LTE network: OMNET++ The simulation was conducted for about 20 s and the speed of the UEs

J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216

ISSN: 2332-0796
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216

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Figure 2: OMNeT++ LTE Network topology (Scenarios 1 and 2).

Figure 3: OMNET++ LTE Network topology (scenario 3).

J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216

ISSN: 2332-0796
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216

Page 5 of 10

Figure 4: Scenario 1 MOS.

Figure 5: Scenario 1 end to end delay.

Figure 6: Scenario 1 packet loss rate.

Figure 7: Scenario 1 jitter.

J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216

ISSN: 2332-0796
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216

Page 6 of 10

during the voice conversation was 100 km/h (28 m/s).
The following Figures are obtained after running the simulation of
the second scenario:
MOS: As the following Figure 8 shows, the MOS for the second
scenarios is varying over the time. It started with 4.4, and then dropped
to 1.7, then again increased to 4.4 and finally ended up with 1.7.
The average value is 3.35 and based on the standard rating, it can be
determined that the quality of the voice is ranging between fair and
good.
End to end delay: As we can see in the Figure 9, the delay started
with 0 ms then after 4 seconds from the beginning of the conversation
it reached 8 ms then again it decreased to 0 ms. The average delay we
got in this term is 2.6 ms, which is acceptable since it is less than 50 ms.
Packet loss rate: The average percentage of the packets loss for
scenario 2 is 7.86%. This value is more than the ideal (1%) and the
average (5%) percentage of the acceptable loss in VoLTE service. This
variance in the percentage may affect the quality of the voice between
the sender and the receiver.
From this result we can conclude that the speed of UEs during
the VoLTE session possess the capacity of directly affecting the
performance of the call (Figure 10).
Jitter: The following figure shows the jitter result for the second

Figure 8: Scenario 2 MOS.

Figure 9: Scenario 2 end to end delay.

Figure 10: Scenario 2 packet loss rate.

J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216

ISSN: 2332-0796
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216

Page 7 of 10

scenario. As we can see from the chart, the jitter started to increase
after 4 seconds from the start of the call. It increased from 8 ms to 23
ms and then dropped to 3 ms. The average jitter we got is 7.7 ms, which
is acceptable as per the standard grading.
From the result we can conclude that making VoLTE call while
driving may affect the quality of voice depending on the speed of the
UEs (Figure 11).
Scenario 3: In this scenario, the sender (UE1) is calling the receiver
(UE2) via VoLTE service while other four UEs are downloading a video
of size 200 mb from the server. The other four UEs are connected to the
same eNodeB as UE1.
MOS: The MOS of scenario 3 does not have a big difference when
it is compared to the first Scenario (Figure 12). The MOS average value
we obtained after conducting the simulation is 4.192, which can be
considered to be close to the value of scenario 1 (4.3619).
End to end delay: The average delay value obtained from the
simulation of scenario 3 is 2.5 ms which is much less than the ideal
value (50 ms) and the average value (150 ms). This means that having a
congested eNodeB while making a call in LTE network should not lead
to a big delay in the packets sent (Figure 13).
Packet loss rate: The line chart in Figure 14 shows the packet
loss during the simulation of scenario 3. As we can see the average
percentage of the packet loss are less than 1% of the total packets sent
which is acceptable (Figure 14).
Jitter: The below mentioned diagram represent the jitter result
from the third scenario. It can be seen that the jitter started to increase

Figure 11: Scenario 2 jitter.

Figure 12: Scenario 3 MOS.

Figure 13: Scenario 3 end to end delay.

J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216

ISSN: 2332-0796
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216

Page 8 of 10

after 3 sec from the start of the call and again decreased to 1 ms after 17
sec. By 17 sec, it again increased to 7 ms and by 20 sec, it again declined
to 1 ms Figure 15.
Scenarios result side by side: In this section, a brief comparison
between the three scenarios based on the average QoS parameters
values has been introduced.
The following Table 5 and charts compare the performance of the
three conducted scenarios.
MOS: In the following diagram, the comparison of the voice call
over LTE has been compared by keeping into consideration the three
of the scenarios. Three of the different scenarios are displaying the
irregular frequency of the VoLTE MOS vector.
End to end delay: The average delay value of the three scenarios has
been compared in the above diagram. It can be observed that the first
scenario is increasing at 7 sec and then again declining to o ms at 11
sec. The second scenario shows that at 4 sec, it is increasing and again
it declines at slow rate. The final third scenario is showing a fluctuating
rate with both increase and decline (Figures 16 and 17).
Packet loss: In the above diagram, the comparison of the packet
loss during the simulation of three of the scenarios is demonstrated.
The diagram shows a fluctuating rate in the different scenarios. Thus, if
there is a fluctuation in the rate of packet loss, it might have adequate
effect on the quality of voice between the sender and receiver [8,9].
Jitter: Similar to that of the above diagrams, in this, the comparison
of the jitter results of all the three scenarios has been mentioned. The
second scenario’s jitter result show that it is increasing from 4 sec and
again at 20 sec, it declined. In the first scenario, the jitter result is seen
to be stable throughout the call. Finally, the third scenario declines
initially and then rises to certain point and again declines drastically
(Figures 18 and 19).
Conclusion
In this paper, performance analysis of Voice over LTE network is
presented by studying the quality of service based on four of the major
factors such as MOS, End to End Delay, Packet Loss Rate and Jitter.
The simulation is designed and implemented with major simulation
tools of OMNeT++ 4.6, INET Framework 2.6 and SimuLTE. Based
on the simulated scenarios, we found that the speed of the sender and
Receivers (UEs) are the crucial motivators that possess the capacity of
seriously affecting the quality of the call. Once, the speed of the UEs

Figure 14: Scenario 3 packet loss.

Figure 15: Scenario 3 jitter.

Scenarios QoS
No. MOS End to end delay Packet loss Jitter
Scenario 1 4.3619 1.7 ms 0.0021 8 ms
Scenario 2 3.3489 2.6 ms 0.0786 7.7 ms
Scenario 3 4.1942 2.5 ms 0.0096 2.8 ms
Table 5: Scenarios comparison.

J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216

ISSN: 2332-0796
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216

Page 9 of 10

Figure 16: Scenarios MOS.

Figure 17: Scenarios end to end delay.

Figure 18: Scenarios packet loss.

Figure 19: Scenarios jitter.

J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 1 • 1000216

ISSN: 2332-0796
Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216
is changed from 0 to 100 km/s, the average value of MOS has been
dropped from 4.3619 to 3.3489.
The jitter and the packet loss percentage were also affected by the
speed of UEs. Therefore, taking into consideration, all these facts and
other measures, the simulation module of the LTE network with the help
of OMNeT++, INET Framework and SimuLTE has been successfully
done for this particular study. Apart from the above mentioned
information, this particular section explains the operation of the LTE
network under the variety of scenarios. Each of the scenarios explains
the performance of data and voice under the different configurations.
In all the scenarios, the description of the performance of voice has been
explained according to the increase in the times of the general response
due to the increase in the demand for traffic along with maximum bit
rate from the different users and the maximum throughput.
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Citation: Jameel AJ, Shafiei MM (2017) QoS Performance Evaluation of
Voice over LTE Network. J Electr Electron Syst 6: 216. doi:10.4172/2332-
0796.1000216
J Electr Electron Syst, an open access journal
ISSN: 2332-0796
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