PREVALENCE AND PATTERN OF MUSCULOSKELETAL INJURIES AMONG

AMATEUR BASKETBALL PLAYERS IN BOWEN UNIVERSITY TEACHING

HOSPITAL AND LADOKE AKINTOLA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
OGBOMOSHO, NIGERIA

BY

NWOGU, KAMSIYO TOCHI

CHS/018/19773

A DISSERTATION PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO PHYSIOTHERAPY PROGRAMME,

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BOWEN UNIVERSITY IWO, IN PARTIAL
FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF
PHYSIOTHERAPY (B.PT) DEGREE

APRIL, 2023

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The term musculoskeletal refers to the muscles and skeleton, including the joints,

ligaments, tendons, and other connective tissues (AAOS, 2018). An injury is seen as the physical

harm that happens when a human body is unexpectedly exposed to energy levels that are higher

than the physiological tolerance threshold (WHO, 2021). Musculoskeletal injuries are defined by

the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) as trauma to or disorders of

the muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, or spinal discs brought on by or

aggravated by work-related activities (NIOSH, 2019).

Millions of people around the world participate in basketball, from amateurs to

professional athletes (Smith, 2018). A sizeable number of basketball players are amateurs,

including those who compete in leisure leagues, varsity teams, and community initiatives.

Basketball puts a lot of stress on the musculoskeletal system due to its dynamic and fast-paced

character, which makes players vulnerable to injuries (Jones et al., 2019). Musculoskeletal

injuries have a significant impact on players' performance, participation, and general quality of

life in addition to their physical health (Brown & Johnson, 2020).

Epidemiology research has also shown that male basketball players are more likely to

sustain injuries than their female counterparts (Fong et al., 2018; Emery et al, 2017; Steffen et al,

2016). This finding has been linked to the fact that male players exert more physical effort when

playing than female players. Moreover, psychological conditioning and drug usage were noted as

significant influences because males played with a higher level of competitiveness and used

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drugs more frequently (Andreoli et al, 2015). The frequency of musculoskeletal injuries among

basketball players of varying ability levels has been the subject of several studies (Deitch et al.,

2021; Eirale et al, 2020; Williams et al, 2020; Hesphanol Junior et al, 2019; Montalvo et al,

2019). Even though the precise incidence rates and injury profiles may differ, it is well-known

that amateur basketball players frequently sustain musculoskeletal injuries (Brown & Johnson,

2020). Lower extremities like the ankle, knee, and foot, as well as upper extremities like the

shoulder and wrist, are common places for injuries to occur (Smith, 2018). From mild sprains

and strains to more serious conditions including ligament tears, fractures, and dislocations, these

wounds can range in severity (Jones et al., 2019). Basketball injuries come in many different

forms, and in terms of frequency, the following are the most common: sprain (52.7%), bruising

(32.7%), dislocation (29.1%), congestion (18.2%), strain (10.9%), fracture (10%), and laceration

(3.6%), as well as concussion (0.9%). (Ayanniyi et al, 2015). Andreoli et al. looked into the

occurrence of Musculoskeletal Injuries per body region. It shown that, irrespective of gender,

lower limb injuries were more common than those in any other part of the body. Knee (17.8%)

and ankle (21.9%) were the two body parts where injuries were most common.

Certain basketball-related motions or behaviors, like jumping and landing techniques,

abrupt changes in direction, or physical contact with other players, may be linked to certain

injury patterns (Adams et al., 2019). Moreover, extrinsic factors like the playing surface,

footwear, and training methods, as well as intrinsic factors like age, gender, body composition,

injury history, and degree of conditioning, may influence the frequency and severity of injuries

(Johnson & Thompson, 2017). Although amateur basketball players make up a sizable section of

the game's population, they may not receive the same amount of support and resources as

professional players, who frequently receive thorough medical treatment and attention (Adams et

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al., 2019). In order to provide targeted interventions and spread knowledge about injury

prevention, it is crucial to determine the prevalence and patterns of injuries in this group.

Amateur basketball players face a serious challenge from musculoskeletal injuries

(Adams et al., 2019). In order to create efficient prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation

methods, it is essential to comprehend the occurrence and patterns of these injuries (Davis et al.,

2021). Compared to professional athletes, amateurs may have varied training schedules, skill

levels, and access to medical care. Understanding the specific injury profile and characteristics of

musculoskeletal injuries in amateur basketball players is therefore critical (Williams, 2019).

Identifying high-risk groups or certain damage mechanisms, medical professionals and coaches

can create specialized rehabilitation plans to hasten healing and reduce long-term effects (Jones

et al., 2019). Furthermore, by enabling comparisons with other sports and informing future

research, this study can add to the body of knowledge already available on basketball-related

musculoskeletal injuries (Smith, 2018).

It is essential to comprehend the frequency and pattern of musculoskeletal injuries among

amateur basketball players for a number of reasons (Williams et al., 2020). At the beginning, it

enables focused injury prevention techniques, such as player education, suitable warm-up

procedures, strength and conditioning programs, and appropriate equipment selection (Brown &

Johnson, 2020). This study seeks to offer insightful information that will ultimately enhance the

health and performance of amateur basketball players by examining the origins, distribution, and

potential risk factors linked to these injuries (Williams et al., 2020). The purpose of this study is

to evaluate and examine the musculoskeletal injuries that are frequently sustained by amateur

basketball players in order to better understand their origins, distribution, and potential risk

factors.

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1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

People of all ages and skill levels participate in amateur basketball (Dixon et al, 2019),

which is a very well-liked sport. Although studies have looked into musculoskeletal injuries in

basketball, the majority of these studies concentrate on professional or elite athletes, and there is

little research especially aimed towards the amateur basketball community (Smith et al., 2022;

Johnson & Brown, 2020).

In order to better understand the precise risk factors and mechanisms at play, it is

important to look at the prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur

basketball players, including the types, sites, and severity of injuries. The development of

focused injury prevention strategies and interventions suited to the requirements of amateur

athletes will be aided by this information (Jones & Smith, 2021). Also, being aware of the

frequency and pattern of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur basketball players can help

players, coaches, and medical professionals become more aware of the dangers and negative

effects that could result from playing this activity. To encourage safer involvement and improve

the general wellbeing of amateur basketball players, it will also make it easier to establish

suitable training regimens, conditioning drills, and injury management procedures (Robinson,

2018).

By looking into and examining the occurrence and pattern of musculoskeletal injuries

among amateur basketball players, this research attempts to close the knowledge gap that

currently exists. Examining elements like injury rates, types, causes, and risk factors connected

5
with them will help develop evidence-based injury prevention methods and encourage safer

amateur basketball participation (Brown et al., 2023).

This study is therefore designed to answer the following questions:

1. What is the overall prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur basketball

players?

2. What are the most frequently affected anatomical sites (e.g., ankle, knee, shoulder) in

musculoskeletal injuries among amateur basketball players?

3. What are the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal injuries among amateur

basketball players including factors such as age, gender, level of training, court

surface, type of shoes used, weight, previous injury history?

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1.3 AIMS OF THE STUDY

1. To Evaluate the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in amateur basketball

players in the selected universities in Ogbomosho, Oyo state.

2. To identify the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders in selected

amateur basketball players.

3. Examine the association between the prevalence and socio-demographic variables of

selected participants.

1.4 DELIMITATION

This study is delimited to amateur basketball players in Bowen University Teaching Hospital,

Ladoke Akintola university of Technology and the Nordic Musculoskeletal Disorder

questionnaire.

1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

It is hoped that the findings of this study will reveal the prevalence as well as the pattern of ankle

injuries among amateur basketball players. studying the prevalence and pattern of ankle injuries

in amateur basketball players can provide valuable insights for injury prevention, training

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modifications, rehabilitation and treatment, equipment development, performance

enhancement, and overall player health and well-being.

1.6 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1. Musculoskeletal injury: Injuries to the muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, and tendons of

the musculoskeletal system, frequently brought on by trauma, overuse, or repetitive

stress.

2. Pattern: A particular or set of disorder's recurring and distinguishable traits or features.

3. Prevalence: The percentage of people in a population that are afflicted with a specific

illness or condition at any given time.

4. Amateur basketball players: People who play basketball for fun or non-competitive

objectives, such as in school or community teams.

1.7 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

I. MSDs- Musculoskeletal disorders.

II. MSK- Musculoskeletal.

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

II.1 Overview of musculoskeletal injuries in basketball.

II.2 Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries in amateur basketball players.

II.3 Patterns and Characteristics of Musculoskeletal injuries in amateur basketball

players.

II.4 Risk factors of musculoskeletal injuries.

II.5 Symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries.

II.6 Diagnosis of musculoskeletal injuries.

II.7 Prevention of musculoskeletal injuries.

II.8 Treatment of musculoskeletal injuries.

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 CHAPTER THREE

3.1 PARTICIPANTS

Participants for this study will be male and female amateur basketball players in selected

Universities in Ogbomosho Oyo state.

3.1.1 Inclusion criterion

The consenting male and female amateur basketball players in the Bowen university teaching

hospital and Ladoke Akintola university of Technology who have been actively competing or

training for a minimum of one year will be used in this study.

3.1.2 Exclusion criteria

Amateur basketball players who have not been actively competing or training for a minimum of

one year and those involved in any other kind of sports-related occupation like football,

volleyball, tennis, boxing, rugby, cricket etc.

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3.2 MATERIALS

3.2.1 Instruments

The following instruments will be used for the study.

I. Nordic questionnaire of musculoskeletal disorders (NMQ).

II. Stadiometer.

III. Pen and paper.

IV. Weighing scale.

3.2.2 Description of instruments

I. Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal disorders: The Nordic questionnaire of

musculoskeletal disorders, also known as the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ), is a

widely used tool for assessing and evaluating musculoskeletal disorders in various populations,

including workers, athletes, and general individuals. It is designed to gather information about

the presence, location, and severity of musculoskeletal symptoms or disorders (Kuorinka et al.,

1987). The questionnaire consists of a series of questions related to different body regions, such

as the neck, shoulders, elbows, wrists/hands, upper back, lower back, hips/thighs, knees, and

ankles/feet. The questions typically inquire about the occurrence and frequency of pain,

discomfort, or other symptoms in each body region over a defined period, often the past 12

months. The NMQ follows a standardized format, and respondents are asked to indicate the

11
presence and duration of symptoms using categorical response options (e.g., yes/no, frequency

scales). Additionally, the questionnaire may include questions related to the impact of symptoms

on daily activities, work performance, and overall well-being. The data collected through the

NMQ can provide valuable insights into the prevalence, distribution, and severity of

musculoskeletal disorders within a specific population. It can help identify high-risk areas or

body regions prone to musculoskeletal issues and assess the overall burden of musculoskeletal

disorders within a given context. The questionnaire is often used in research studies,

occupational health assessments, and epidemiological surveys to gather information on

musculoskeletal symptoms and their associated factors (Hagberg et al., 1995).

II. Stadiometer: This will be used to measure the height of the participants and will be taken to

the nearest 0.1cm

III. Pen and paper: Used to record information of participants and results.

IV. Weighing scale: This will be used to check the body weight of participants.

3.3 METHOD

3.3.1 Research design

The design for this study will be a cross-sectional study design.

3.3.2 Sampling technique

Participants of this study will be recruited using purposive sampling technique.

3.3.3 Sample size

Determination of sample size (Yamane, 1967)

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Using the simplified formula for proportions;

N
n=
1+ N × ¿ ¿

Where;

n= the desired sample size

N= the population size

e= the acceptable sampling error

Note: 95% confidence level and p= 0.5 are assumed.

Ladoke Akintola University of Technology has 46 active amateur basketball players

Bowen University Teaching Hospital has 44 active amateur basketball players

So Total population size N= 46+44= 90

e= 5%= 5/100= 0.05

So;

90
n= 2
1+ 90∗(0.05)

90
n=
1.225

n=73.5

Therefore n is approximately 74 amateur basketballers.

3.3.4 Procedure for data collection

Ethical approval will be sought and obtained from the Bowen University Teaching

Hospital Health Research and Ethics Committee (BUTH-HREC). Informed consent will be

sought and obtained from prospective participants prior to participating in the study. The Nordic

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questionnaire of musculoskeletal disorders (NMQ) will be self-administered and collected

immediately after completion.

The following variables will be measured:

1. Height: To measure height using a stadiometer, participants are required to follow

specific instructions. These instructions include removing shoes and heavy outer

garments, standing with their back against a height rule, ensuring that the back of the

head, back, buttocks, calves, and heels touch the upright rule, and keeping their feet

together. The stadiometer consists of a rigid vertical backboard and a horizontal

headboard. Participants are positioned so that the top of their external ear canal aligns

with the inferior margin of the cheekbone while maintaining a straight gaze. The

headpiece of the stadiometer is then lowered, gently pressing any hair flat if present. The

measurement is obtained and recorded to the nearest 0.1 cm.

2. Body weight: To measure body weight using a weighing scale, participants are instructed

to follow specific guidelines. These guidelines include removing footwear and any heavy

outer garments or objects from their bodies. The participants position themselves on the

footpad of the scale, ensuring that the weight is evenly distributed between both feet. To

record the weight, the participant leans forward slightly over the scale, and the reading is

recorded.

3. Body Mass Index (BMI): the weight of each participant is divided by the square of their

height. The resulting value categorizes individuals into different weight ranges.

Typically, a BMI between 16 and 18.5 is classified as underweight, 18.5 to 25 falls

within the normal weight range, 25 to 30 is considered overweight, and 30 to 35 is

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 categorized as obese. A BMI below 16 indicates severe underweight, while a BMI above

35 is regarded as severely obese.

4. Nordic Questionnaire of Musculoskeletal disorders (NMQ): The participants will be

given on the basketball court and it will be self-administered after it has been explained

to them.

3.4 Data analysis

The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 is used to enter the data. Using

mean and standard deviation, the complete participant description is summarized. Using

frequency and percentages, the injury pattern is displayed. The association between MSIs and

age, height, weight, BMI, and playing hours per day is established using the Spearman's and

Pearson's correlation tests. A 0.05 alpha level is used.

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Adams, J., et al. (2019). The impact of musculoskeletal injury on mental health outcomes: A

systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 125, 109794.

American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. (2018). Glossary of orthopaedic terms. Retrieved

from https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/glossary/

Andreoli O, Abiodun BO, Adekanla BA (2015) The pattern of musculoskeletal injuries among

soccer and basketball players in a Nigerian University. Medicina Sportiva 11: 2676-2681.

Ayanniyi O, Oluwasegun AB, Babatunde AA (2015) The pattern of musculoskeletal injuries

among soccer and basketball players in a Nigerian university. Medicina Sportiva 11: 2676-2681.

Brown, D., et al. (2023). Prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur

basketball players: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Sports Science, 41(4),

Brown, R., & Johnson, M. (2020). Musculoskeletal injuries in amateur basketball players: A

comprehensive review. Sports Medicine - Open, 6(1), 1-10.

Davis, L., et al. (2021). Factors influencing injury risk in amateur basketball players: A

systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(5), 449-456.

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Deitch, J. R., Collins, C. L., & Pontell, M. E. (2021). Epidemiology of basketball injuries in high

school athletes in the United States, 2005-2006 through 2016-2017. Orthopaedic Journal of

Sports Medicine, 9(6), 23259671211009447.

1. Dixon, M. A., Warner, S., Reid, M., & Cooper, C. (2019). Motives for playing
amateur basketball: A cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Sport Behavior, 42(2),
206-222.

Eirale, C., Farooq, A., Smiley, F. A., Tol, J. L., & Chalabi, H. (2020). Epidemiology of injuries

in male international basketball players: A prospective comparison of FIBA World Cup 2014

and FIBA World Cup 2019. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(3), 158-163.

1. Emery, C. A., Myrer, J. W., & Côté, J. N. (2017). The association of injury history
and sex with movement quality in youth basketball athletes. Journal of Strength
and Conditioning Research, 31(4), 909-918.

1. Fong, D. T., Ha, S. C., Mok, K. M., Chan, C. W., Chan, K. M., & Kin, F. T. (2018).
Gender differences in the incidence and pattern of acute basketball injuries. Hong
Kong Medical Journal, 24(2), 144-149.

Hagberg, M., Tornqvist, E. W., & Toomingas, A. (1995). Self-reported reduced productivity due

to musculoskeletal symptoms: associations with workplace and individual factors among white

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Hespanhol Junior, L. C., Pillay, J. D., van Mechelen, W., & Verhagen, E. (2019). Meta-analyses

of the effects of habitual running on indices of health in physically inactive adults. Sports

Medicine, 49(6), 905-919.

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https://clinmedjournals.org/articles/ijsem/international-journal-of-sports-and-exercise-medicine-

ijsem-8-212.php?jid=ijsem#ref5

Johnson, R., & Brown, M. (2020). Musculoskeletal injuries in amateur basketball: A

systematic review. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(7), 567-579.

Johnson, S., & Thompson, C. (2017). The role of conditioning programs in reducing

musculoskeletal injuries in amateur basketball players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning

Research, 31(12), 3458-3464.

Jones, A., et al. (2019). Lower extremity injuries in amateur basketball players: A systematic

review. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(8), 837-845.

Jones, K., & Smith, J. (2021). Patterns and mechanisms of musculoskeletal injuries in amateur

basketball players: A prospective cohort study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 24(3),

278-285.

Kuorinka, I., Jonsson, B., Kilbom, Å., Vinterberg, H., Biering-Sørensen, F., Andersson, G., ... &

Sjøgaard, G. (1987). Standardised Nordic questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal

symptoms. Applied Ergonomics, 18(3), 233-237.

Montalvo, A. M., Schneider, D. K., Yut, L., Webster, K. E., & Beynnon, B. D. (2019). The

impact of a knee injury prevention program on lower extremity biomechanics during a drop land:

A prospective cohort study. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(11), 2677-2687.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2019). Musculoskeletal Health Program.

Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/musculoskeletal/

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Robinson, L. (2018). Injury prevention strategies for amateur basketball players: A

comprehensive review. Sports Health, 10(6), 532-541.

Smith, A., Johnson, B., & Brown, C. (2022). Prevalence and patterns of musculoskeletal

injuries in amateur basketball players. Journal of Sports Medicine, 10(2), 123-145.

Smith, T. (2018). Patterns and risk factors of musculoskeletal injuries in amateur basketball

players. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 13(2), 209-218.

1. Steffen, K., Myklebust, G., & Olsen, O. E. (2016). Self-reported injury history and
lower limb function as risk factors for injuries in female youth soccer. The
American Journal of Sports Medicine, 44(12), 2912-2920.

Williams, E. (2019). Musculoskeletal injury risk factors in amateur basketball players. Journal of

Orthopaedic Sports Physical Therapy, 49(5), A145-A152.

Williams, K., et al. (2020). Prevalence and types of musculoskeletal injuries in amateur

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678.

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https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/injuries-and-violence-the-facts

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York

APPENDIX I

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

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Title of research: Prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal injuries among amateur basketball

players in Bowen university teaching hospital and Ladoke akintola university of technology

Ogbomosho, Nigeria.

Name and affiliation of researcher: This study is being conducted by Mr Nwogu Kamsiyo

Tochi, an undergraduate student of the Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health

Sciences, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria.

Sponsor of research: Nwogu Kamsiyo Tochi.

Purpose of research: The purpose of this research is to determine the Prevalence and pattern of

musculoskeletal disorders in amateur basketball players in the selected universities in

Ogbomosho, Oyo state.

Procedure of the Research: Information from the participants would be retrieved through self-

administered questionnaires.

Risks: There will be no risk in participating in this study.

Cost of participation: There will be no financial implication.

Benefits: There will be no direct benefits for you. However, the research might provide

information on prevalence and pattern of musculoskeletal disorders in amateur basketball

players.

Confidentiality: All information collected will be confidential and only used for the purpose of

this research work.

Voluntariness: It is voluntary to take part in this study and you can decide to pull out of this

study at any time.

Compensation: There is no compensation for taking part in this study.

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Conflict of interest: I declare no conflict of interest for this study. This study is not sponsored

by any organization.

Statement of person obtaining informed consent:

I have fully explained this research to ______________________________________ and have

given sufficient information, including risks and benefits to make an informed decision

DATE: __________________ SIGNATURE:________________________________

NAME: NWOGU KAMSIYO TOCHI.

Statement of person giving consent:

I have read the description of this research. I understand that my participation is voluntary. I

know about the purpose, methods, risks and benefits of the research study to judge that I want to

take part in it. I understand that I can withdraw from the study at any time. I have received a

copy of this consent form.

DATE: __________________ SIGNATURE: ________________________________

NAME: _______________________________________________________________

Contact information:

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This research has been approved by the Bowen University Teaching Hospital Health Research

and Ethics Committee and the chairman of this committee can be contacted at Bowen University

Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Oyo State.

In addition, if you have any question about your participation in this research, you can contact

the principal investigator.

Name: Nwogu Kamsiyo Tochi.

Address: Room S13, Male Medical Hostel, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Takie,

Ogbomoso, Oyo State.

Phone: 07030034405

E-mail: kamsiyonwogu7@gmail.com

APPENDIX II

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 DATA SHEET

Gender: Male ( ) Female ( )

Age (as at last Birthday): __________________________

University: Bowen University Teaching Hospital, BUTH ( )

Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, LAUTECH ( )

School Team: Yes ( ) No ( )

Level: 100 ( ) 200 ( ) 300 ( ) 400 ( ) 500 ( )

600 ( ) 700 ( ) 800 ( )

Religion: Christianity ( ) Islam ( ) Traditional ( )

Others, specify ______________

APPENDIX III

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QUESTIONNAIRE Serial Number ____________

Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ)

This survey asks for your views about your health. This information will help keep track of how

your health has been in the last twelve months and last seven days. Answer each question by

choosing just one answer. If you are unsure how to answer a question, please give the best

answer you can.

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25