called the vertex.

The line through the focus perpendicular to the direc

0 x Hig
axis of the parabola. EXAMPLE 1 Find the focus and direc
5 des
Review of conic sections In the 16th centuryx= 2 Galileo showed that
the graph.the path of a projectile tha
and
air at an angle to the ground is a parabola. Since then, parabolic shapes
Conic directrix
vertex sections are graphs If wetelescopes,
write the equation as
in of the form
designing automobile headlights,SOLUTIONreflecting and5 susp
(See Challenge Problem 2.14 for the see property
reflection that 4p !of!10 , so p !
parabolas that 2 . Thu
!make HY
FIGURE 2 5
parabolas FIGURE 5 ellipses
We obtain is xhyperbolas
a particularly simple equation 2 . The
! for sketch isif shown
a parabola in Fig
we place its
y gin O and its directrix parallel to the x-axis asy in Figure 3. If the focus h
A is
P(x, y) then the directrix has the equation y !ELLIPSES
!p. If P!x, y" is anyP(x, point fixep
y) on the
distance from P to the focus is
F(0, p) y An ellipse is the set of points in aeco pl
P
# #
F¡(_c, sx 2F0"
PF 0)F!1 and 2 is! y ! p"F™(c,
a constant
2
(seex Figure
0) can6
O p x focus). One of Kepler’s laws is that I an
and F¡the distance fromF™P to the directrix withistheySun#" pat. one #
(Figure
focus. 3 illustrate
y=_p p # 0.) The defining property of a parabola is that these distances
In order to obtain the simplestiseq are eq
t
the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in F
the
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 6 FIGURE
sx "Let
2 11
!y ! thep"
2
sum
P is on the hyperbola when
#
!ofythe p #
" distances fromasa Ep
y is a point on the ellipse when dist
We get an equivalent P(x,
equation |by
PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
squaring and simplifying:
y)
#P
2 2
that is, #
x " ! y ! p" ! y " p 2 ! ! y " p"2 2 # s!x " c" "
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, " y 2 !x 2py " p 2 ! y 2 " 2py " p 2
x 2 0)
or s!x ! c"2 "
2
x ! 4py wh
Squaring both sides, we have
!#a
FIGURE 7
1 An equation of the parabola y=_withb focus
x
xy 2 !0,
! 2cxp" and
y=
2
" cdirectrix
b " y !
x
2
y
y 22
4a
! !
a a wit
which
x !simplifies
2
4py to a s!x
le copyright 2007

(_a, 0) (a, 0)
We square again:
(c,a0)!x x"
2 2
(_c, 0) 0 2cx "
 called the vertex. The line through the focus perpendicular to the direc
0 x Hig
axis of the parabola. EXAMPLE 1 Find the focus and direc
5 des
Review of conic sections In the 16th centuryx= 2 Galileo showed that
the graph.the path of a projectile tha
and
air at an angle to the ground is a parabola. Since then, parabolic shapes
Conic directrix
vertex sections are graphs If wetelescopes,
write the equation as
in of the form
designing automobile headlights,SOLUTIONreflecting and5 susp
(See Challenge Problem 2.14 for the see property
reflection that 4p !of!10 , so p !
parabolas that 2 . Thu
!make HY
FIGURE 2 5
parabolas FIGURE 5 ellipses
We obtain is xhyperbolas
a particularly simple equation 2 . The
! for sketch isif shown
a parabola in Fig
we place its
y gin O and its directrix parallel to the x-axis asy in Figure 3. If the focus h
A is
P(x, y) then the directrix has the equation y !ELLIPSES !p. If P!x, y" is anyP(x, point fixep
y) on the
distance from P to the focus is
F(0, p) y An ellipse is the set of points in aeco pl
P
# #
PF 0)F!1 and
F¡(_c, sx 2F0" 2 is! y ! p"F™(c,
a constant
2
(seex Figure
0) can6
O p x focus). One of Kepler’s laws is that I an
and F¡the distance fromF™P to the directrix #
withistheySun " pat. one#
(Figure
focus. 3 illustrate
REVIEW OF CONIC SECTIONSy=_p p # 0 .) The defining property of a parabola is that these distances
In order to obtain the simplestiseq are eq
t
the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in F
the
FIGURE 3
They’re In
calledthis section
derive conic
we give FIGURE definitions
geometric
sections
their standard equations. They
6
because of parabolas,
they
are called conic
FIGURE
ellipses,
sections,can
sxbe
and
orPconics,
11
!y thep"
2 hyperbolas
"Let !
found
is on because
and 2
sum #
!ofythe
they by taking
the hyperbola
p #
" distances fromasa Ep
result from intersecting a cone with a plane asy shown in Figure 1. is a point on when the ellipse when dist
a doubled cone and slicing We get it an with a plane:
equivalent equation |by PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
squaring and simplifying:
P(x, y)
#P
2 2
that is, #
x " ! y ! p" ! y " p 2 ! ! y " p"2 2 # s!x " c" "
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, " y 2 !x 2py " p 2 ! y 2 " 2py " p 2
x 2 0)
or s!x ! c"2 "
2
x ! 4py wh
Squaring both sides, we have
ellipse parabola hyperbola !#a
FIGURE 7
1 An equation of the parabola y=_with b focus
x
xy 2 !0,
! 2cxp" and
y=
2
" cdirectrix
b " y !
x
2
y
y 22
4a
! !
a a wit
which
x !simplifies
2
4py to a s!x
le copyright 2007

(_a, 0) (a, 0)
FIGURE 1 We square again:
Conics
(c,a0)!x x"
2 2
(_c, 0) 0 2cx "
 called the vertex. The line through the focus perpendicular to the direc
0 x Hig
axis of the parabola. EXAMPLE 1 Find the focus and direc
Review of conic sections 5
x= 2 Galileo showed
des
In the 16th century that
the graph. the path of a projectile tha
and
air at an angle to the ground is a parabola. Since then, parabolic shapes
Conic sections are graphs
vertex directrix of the form
in designing automobile headlights,SOLUTION reflectingIf wetelescopes,
write the equation
and5 susp as
see property
(See Challenge Problem 2.14 for the reflection that 4p !of!10 , so p !
parabolas 2 . Thu
!make
that HY
FIGURE 2 5
parabolas FIGURE 5 ellipses
We obtain is xhyperbolas
a particularly simple equation 2 . The
! for sketch isif shown
a parabola in Fig
we place its
y y
gin O and its directrix parallel to the x-axis as in Figure 3. If the focus h
A is
P(x, y) then the directrix has the equation y !ELLIPSES!p. If P!x, y" is anyP(x, point fixep
y) on the
distance from P to the focus is
F(0, p) y An ellipse is the set of points in aeco pl
P
F¡(_c, # #
sx 2F0"
PF 0)F!1 and 2 is! y ! p"F™(c,
a constant
2
(seex Figure
0) can6
O p x focus). One of Kepler’s laws is that I an
and F¡the distance fromF™P to the directrix withistheySun #
" pat. one #
(Figure
focus.3 illustrate
y=_p p # 0.) The defining property of a parabola is that
In order to these
obtaindistances areiseq
the simplest eq
t
the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as inthe F
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 6 FIGURE
sx 2
" 11
!y ! p" 2
! y " # p
Let the sum of the distances fromasa E
P is on the hyperbola when
# p
y is a point on the ellipse when dist
We get an equivalent equation |by
PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
squaring and simplifying:
All conic sections satisfy an equation ofP(x,the y)
form #P
that is, #
x 2 " ! y ! p"2 ! y " p 2 ! ! y " p"2 2 #s!x " c" "
Ax2 + Bxy +F¡(_c, Cy 20) +0 DxF™(c, + Ey
x 2 0)
" y2 ! +x F = 0
2py " p 2 ! y 2 " 2py " p 2
or s!x ! c"2 "
2
for some constants A, B, C, D, E, F . x ! 4py wh
Squaring both sides, we have
!#a
FIGURE 7 y 2 ! 2cx " cb 2 " y 2 ! 4a
b x y 22
1 An equation of the parabola y=_witha
xfocus !0, p" and y= directrix
a
x y!!
wit
which
x 2 !simplifies
4py to a s!x
copyright 2007

(_a, 0) (a, 0)
We square again:
(c,a0)!x x"
2 2
(_c, 0) 0 2cx "
Parabolas PARABOLA

axis parabola A parabola

focus the focus) a
F Notice that t
called the v
axis of the p
In the 16
air at an ang
vertex directrix
in designin
Parabolas have a focus F (a point) and a directrix (a line), and are
FIGURE 2 (See Challenge
defined as all the points that are equidistant from the focus and
the directrix. We obtai
y gin O and it
P(x, y) then the dire
distance from
F(0, p) y
Parabolas PARABOLA

axis parabola A parabola

focus the focus) a
F Notice that t
called the v
axis of the p
In the 16
air at an ang
vertex directrix
in designin
Parabolas have a focus F (a point) and a directrix (a line), and are
FIGURE 2 (See Challenge
defined as all the points that are equidistant from the focus and
the directrix. We obtai
y gin O and it
They also have a vertex (the point on the curve closest to the
P(x, y)
directrix) and an axis (the line perpendicular to the directrixthen the dire
through the vertex and the focus). distance from
F(0, p) y
Ellipses ELLI

P An e
F1 a
focu
F¡ F™ with
In
Ellipses have two foci F1 and F2 (both points), and are defined as
FIGURE
the p
all the points (x, y) such 6that the distance from F1 to (x, y) plus
the distance from (x, y) to F2 is fixed.
Let t
y is a
P(x, y)

that
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x
Ellipses ELLI

P An e
F1 a
focu
F¡ F™ with
In
Ellipses have two foci F1 and F2 (both points), and are defined as the p
FIGURE
all the points (x, y) such 6that the distance from F1 to (x, y) plus
the distance from (x, y) to F2 is fixed.
Let t
y is a
They also have a major axis (the line through the foci) and vertices
P(x,
(the points on the curve intersecting the major y)
axis).

that
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x
Hyperbolas HYPERBOLA

y A hyperbola
P(x, y) fixed points F
Hyperbolas
economics (B
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x cant applicatio
I and II (see E
Notice that
is that the sum
Hyperbolas also have two foci F1 and F2 (both points), and
FIGURE 11 theare
equation o
defined as all the points (x, y) such that the difference between the
as Exercise 52
distances fromPFis1 on
to the hyperbola
and fromwhen
(x, y)
| PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
(x, y) to F2 is fixed.
$
distances is P

6
 where c 2 ! a
Hyperbolas
!#a, 0# are th
b
y b y 2 ! #b 2, w
y=_ a x y= a x
with respect t
To analyze
(_a, 0) (a, 0)

(_c, 0) 0 (c, 0) x

This shows th
Hyperbolas also have two foci F1 and F2 (both points), and are
means that th
FIGURE
defined as all the points12(x, y) such that the difference between
When
the we d
distances from ≈ F1-to¥ =1
(x, y) and from (x, y) to F2 is fixed. lines y ! !b"a
a@ b@ approach the
They also have vertices (one point on each piece which are closest
to each other) and asymptotes (lines which the curves approach at
infinity).
7 The hy
 FIGURE 2 (See Challenge P
Calculating equations for conic sections: ParabolasWe obtain a
y gin O and its d
P(x, y) then the direct
distance from
F(0, p) y

O p x
and the distan
y=_p p # 0.) The d
For a parabola with vertex at the origin and directrix y = −p
parallel to the FIGURE 3 definition “all the points P (x, y) that are
x-axis, the
equidistant from the focus and the directrix” says first that the
We get an equ
focus had better be at (0, p) (since the origin is on the curve)
 FIGURE 2 (See Challenge P
Calculating equations for conic sections: ParabolasWe obtain a
y gin O and its d
P(x, y) then the direct
distance from
F(0, p) y

O p x
and the distan
y=_p p # 0.) The d
For a parabola with vertex at the origin and directrix y = −p
parallel to the FIGURE 3 definition “all the points P (x, y) that are
x-axis, the
equidistant from the focus and the directrix” says first that the
We get
focus had better be at (0, p) (since the origin is on the curve), andan equ
then that
y + p = |P F |
 FIGURE 2 (See Challenge P
Calculating equations for conic sections: ParabolasWe obtain a
y gin O and its d
P(x, y) then the direct
distance from
F(0, p) y

O p x
and the distan
y=_p p # 0.) The d
For a parabola with vertex at the origin and directrix y = −p
parallel to the FIGURE 3 definition “all the points P (x, y) that are
x-axis, the
equidistant from the focus and the directrix” says first that the
We get
focus had better be at (0, p) (since the origin is on the curve), andan equ
then that p
y + p = |P F | = (x − 0)2 + (y − p).
 FIGURE 2 (See Challenge P
Calculating equations for conic sections: ParabolasWe obtain a
y gin O and its d
P(x, y) then the direct
distance from
F(0, p) y

O p x
and the distan
y=_p p # 0.) The d
For a parabola with vertex at the origin and directrix y = −p
parallel to the FIGURE 3 definition “all the points P (x, y) that are
x-axis, the
equidistant from the focus and the directrix” says first that the
We get
focus had better be at (0, p) (since the origin is on the curve), andan equ
then that p
y + p = |P F | = (x − 0)2 + (y − p).
Solving for x2 , this gives x2 = 4py .
 in designing automob
FIGURE 2 (See Challenge Problem 2.1
Calculating equations for conic sections: Parabolas
We obtain a particul
y gin O and its directrix
P(x, y) then the directrix has th
distance from P to the
F(0, p) y

O p x
and the distance from
y=_p p # 0.) The defining p
For a parabola with vertex at the origin and directrix y = −p
FIGURE 3
parallel to the x-axis, the definition “all the points P (x, y) that are
equidistant from the focus and the directrix” says firstWethat
get an
theequivalent eq
focus had better be at (0, p) (since the origin is on the curve), and
then that p
y + p = |P F | = (x − 0)2 + (y − p). x

Solving for x2 , this gives x2 = 4py . Similarly, if the parabola had

vertex at the origin and directrix x = −p, then the focus is at
copyright 2007

(p, 0) and the equation for the parabola is y 2 = 4px . 1 An equation of

 byby . .
!x!x
y y y y y

y=_p
y=_p
(0,(0,
p) p)
0 0
0 0 x x x x 0
(0, p)
(0, p)
a ! a1$!4p"
write , then, then
! 1$!4p" the standard
the standard y=_p
y=_p
equation of a of
equation parabola (1) becomes
a parabola (1) becomes x=_p
y ! yax!. ax 2. x=_p
2

rd if p 0 and downward if p 0 [see Figure 4, parts (a) and

upward if p # 0 and downward if p $ 0 [see Figure 4, parts (a) and (b)]. The
# $ (b)]. The
etric with with
ymmetric respect to thetoythe
respect -axis because
y-axis (1) is(1)
because unchanged whenwhen
is unchanged x is replaced
x is replaced
x2≈=4py,
(a)(a)
= 4py,p>0
≈=4py,
pp>0
>0 2 = 4py, p < 0
x(b) ≈=4py,
(b) p<0
≈=4py, p<0 (c) ¥=
(c) ¥
y y y y
FIGURE
FIGURE4 4
If we interchange
If we x and
interchange y iny (1),
x and we w
in (1),
_p
y=_p
( p, 0)( p, 0) ( p, 0)2( p,20)
y y
x x 0
¥+10x=0 0 x x 0 0 x x
¥+10x=0
p) which is an
which equation
is an of the
equation parabola
of the with
parabola w
x=_p
x=_p x=_px=_p
x and y amounts to reflecting
x and y amounts to reflecting aboutabout the
right if pif #
right p#0 and to the
0 and leftleft
to the if pif$p 0$[
5 5
”_ ”_, 0’
22 2 , 0’ graph is symmetric with respect to the x
y = 4px, p > 0 2 graph is symmetric with respect to th
y(d) = 4px, pp<0
< p<0
0
,0p<0 (c) ¥=4px,
(c) ¥=4px, p>0p>0 (d) ¥=4px,
¥=4px,
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Ans. This is a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, p) and
directrix y = −p where y = 4px2 (since x is the squared variable).
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Ans. This is a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, p) and
directrix y = −p where y = 4px2 (since x is the squared variable).
Thus p = 10/4 = 5/2.
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Ans. This is a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, p) and
directrix y = −p where y = 4px2 (since x is the squared variable).
Thus p = 10/4 = 5/2.
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Ans. This is a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, p) and
directrix y = −p where y = 4px2 (since x is the squared variable).
Thus p = 10/4 = 5/2.
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2).
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Ans. This is a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, p) and
directrix y = −p where y = 4px2 (since x is the squared variable).
Thus p = 10/4 = 5/2.
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Ans. This is a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, p) and
directrix y = −p where y = 4px2 (since x is the squared variable).
Thus p = 10/4 = 5/2.
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
Examples of parabola problems
1. What conic section is the curve 10y = x2 ? What are all
relevant points and lines?
Ans. This is a parabola with vertex (0, 0), focus (0, p) and
directrix y = −p where y = 4px2 (since x is the squared variable).
Thus p = 10/4 = 5/2.
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
−x2 − 4x
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
−x2 − 4x = −(x2 + 4x)
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
−x2 − 4x = −(x2 + 4x) = −(x2 + 4x + 4 − 4)
= −((x + 2)2 − 4)
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
−x2 − 4x = −(x2 + 4x) = −(x2 + 4x + 4 − 4)
= −((x + 2)2 − 4) = −(x + 2)2 + 4 ;
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
−x2 − 4x = −(x2 + 4x) = −(x2 + 4x + 4 − 4)
= −((x + 2)2 − 4) = −(x + 2)2 + 4 ;
So
0 = 10y + −x2 − 4x − 14
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans. Shift the coordinates! Let ŷ = y − 1 (so y = ŷ + 1) and
x̂ = x + 2 (so x = x̂ − 2). Then ŷ = 10(x̂)2 is the parabola in part
1, and we just have to shift all of our coordinates back.
vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)
focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2
3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?
Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
−x2 − 4x = −(x2 + 4x) = −(x2 + 4x + 4 − 4)
= −((x + 2)2 − 4) = −(x + 2)2 + 4 ;
So
0 = 10y + −x2 − 4x − 14
= 10y + −(x + 2)2 + 4 − 14
Examples of parabola problems
2. What conic section is the curve 10(y − 1) = (x + 2)2 ?
Ans.

vertex: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 0), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 0 + 1) = (−2, 1)

focus: (x̂, ŷ) = (0, 5/2), so (x, y) = (0 − 2, 5/2 + 1) = (−2, 7/2)
directrix: ŷ = −5/2, so y = −5/2 + 1 = −3/2

3. What conic section is the curve 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0?

Ans. Try to put in a form we recognize! Deal with the x and y
stuff separately and complete whatever squares appear.
−x2 − 4x = −(x2 + 4x) = −(x2 + 4x + 4 − 4)
= −((x + 2)2 − 4) = −(x + 2)2 + 4 ;
So
0 = 10y + −x2 − 4x − 14
= 10y + −(x + 2)2 + 4 − 14 = 10(y − 1) − (x + 2)2 .
Same as part 2!
Doing parabola problems

Look for x2 or y 2 , but not both!

Doing parabola problems

Look for x2 or y 2 , but not both!

Get into the proper form!

(x̂)2 = 4pŷ or (ŷ)2 = 4px̂.

Doing parabola problems

Look for x2 or y 2 , but not both!

Get into the proper form!

(x̂)2 = 4pŷ or (ŷ)2 = 4px̂.

If you’re given something like 10y − x2 − 4x − 14 = 0, separate the

x stuff and the y stuff and complete squares, and deal with shifting
coordinates if necessary.
 24. 16x 2 ! 9y 2 "
1–8 Find the vertex, focus, and directrix of the parabola and ■ ■ ■ ■

sketch its graph.

25–30 Identify
1. x ! 2y 2 2. 4y " x 2 ! 0 and find the vertic
3. 4x 2 ! !y 4. y 2 ! 12x 25. x 2 ! y " 1

5. !x " 2"2 ! 8! y ! 3" 6. x ! 1 ! ! y " 5"2 27. x 2 ! 4y ! 2y

29. y 2 " 2y ! 4x
7. y 2 " 2y " 12x " 25 ! 0
■ ■ ■ ■

8. y " 12 x ! 2x 2 ! 16
31–48 Find an
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■
conditions.
9–10 Find an equation of the parabola. Then find the focus and 31. Parabola, ve
directrix.
9. y 10. y 32. Parabola, ve

1 33. Parabola, fo
1
_2 x 34. Parabola, fo
0 2 x 35. Parabola, ve
passing throu

36. Parabola, ve
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ passing throu
 In order to obtain the simplest equatio
Calculating equations for conic sections: Ellipses
the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in Figure
FIGURE 6
Let the sum of the distances from a point
y is a point on the ellipse when
P(x, y)
#
PF1 #
that is, s!x " c"2 " y 2
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x
or s!x ! c"2 " y 2

Squaring both sides, we have

For an ellipse
FIGURE 7 with the foci on the x-axis at the points
2
F1 = (−c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) and the sum ofx the ! 2cx " c 2 "from
distances y 2 !a4a 2 ! 4
point on the ellipse to the foci be 2awhich
> 0. Then for any
simplifies to point as!x " c
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

P = P (x, y) on the curve

We square again:
2a = |P F1 | + |P F2 | a 2!x 2 " 2cx " c 2 "
which becomes !a 2 ! c 2 "x 2 "
 In order to obtain the simplest equatio
Calculating equations for conic sections: Ellipses
the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in Figure
FIGURE 6
Let the sum of the distances from a point
y is a point on the ellipse when
P(x, y)
#
PF1 #
that is, s!x " c"2 " y 2
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x
or s!x ! c"2 " y 2

Squaring both sides, we have

For an ellipse
FIGURE 7 with the foci on the x-axis at the points
2
F1 = (−c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) and the sum ofx the ! 2cx " c 2 "from
distances y 2 !a4a 2 ! 4
point on the ellipse to the foci be 2awhich
> 0. Then for any
simplifies to point as!x " c
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

P = P (x, y) on the curve

p We squarep again:
2a = |P F1 | + |P F2 | = (x + c)2 + y 2 + (x − c)a2 2+ 2
!x y2 ". 2cx " c 2 "
which becomes !a 2 ! c 2 "x 2 "
 From
In order to obtain the simplest equatio
a2 "
Calculating equations for conic sections: Ellipses
the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in Figure
b 2x 2
FIGURE 6 y
Let the sum of the distances from a point
y is a point on the ellipse when
(0, b)
(_a, 0) 3
P(x, y) a PF1
b (a, 0)
# #
Since
that(_c,
is,0) 0 c (c, 0)s!x
"x c"2 " y2
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x y ! 0
or (0, _b) s!x ! c"2 " y2
!"a,
is ca
Squaring both sides, we have y!#
For an ellipse
FIGURE 7 with the foci on the FIGURE
x-axis 8at the points
2 2 2 2ellips
x ! 2cx " c " y ! 4a ! 4
F1 = (−c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) and the ≈ sum ¥ of the distances from a and t
+ =1
point on the ellipse to the foci be 2a >b@0. Then
a@ which for any
simplifies to point as!x "W c
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

P = P (x, y) on the curve

p We squarep
again: 4
2a = |P F1 | + |P F2 | = (x + c)2 + y 2 + (x − c)a2 2+ 2
!x y2 ". 2cx " c 2 "
Since a > c, let b be defined by b2 =which c2 . y
a2 −becomes !a 2 ! c 2 "x 2 "
(0, a)
ha
(0, c)

If
 From
In order to obtain the simplest equatio
a2 "
Calculating equations for conic sections: Ellipses
the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in Figure
b 2x 2
FIGURE 6 y
Let the sum of the distances from a point
y is a point on the ellipse when
(0, b)
(_a, 0) 3
P(x, y) a PF1
b (a, 0)
# #
Since
that(_c,
is,0) 0 c (c, 0)s!x
"x c"2 " y2
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x y ! 0
or (0, _b) s!x ! c"2 " y2
!"a,
is ca
Squaring both sides, we have y!#
For an ellipse
FIGURE 7 with the foci on the FIGURE
x-axis 8at the points
2 2 2 2ellips
x ! 2cx " c " y ! 4a ! 4
F1 = (−c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) and the ≈ sum ¥ of the distances from a and t
+ =1
point on the ellipse to the foci be 2a >b@0. Then
a@ which for any
simplifies to point as!x "W c
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

P = P (x, y) on the curve

p We squarep
again: 4
2a = |P F1 | + |P F2 | = (x + c)2 + y 2 + (x − c)a2 2+ 2
!x y2 ". 2cx " c 2 "
Since a > c, let b be defined by b2 =which y
a2 −becomes
c2 . Manipulating
(0, a) !athe
2
! c 2 "x 2 "
equation above gives
ha
(0, c)
 x 2  y  2
+ = 1.
a b
If
 F¡ F™ with the Sun at one focus. From triangle F1 F
In order to obtain the simplest equation
a 2 " cfor
2
%an
0. ellipse
For co
CalculatingFIGURE
equations
6
for conic sections: Ellipses the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in Figure
b 2 2 7 so2 that
x ! a y 2
!the
a 2bo
y
Let the sum of the distances from a point on the ellipse
y is a point on the(0, ellipse
b) when
(_a, 0) 3
P(x, y)
b a #
PF1 " PF2 ! 2a
(a, 0)
# # #
2
that(_c,
is, 0) 0 c (c, 0)s!x "xc" " Since
y 2 "bs!x! a!2 "
c"2 c" 2

F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x y ! 0. Then x 2#a 2

or (0, _b) s!x ! c"2 "!"a,
y2 !0" 2a s!x "
are!called
is called the major
Squaring both sides, we have y ! #b. Equation 3
FIGURE with
For an ellipse 7 the foci on the FIGURE
x-axis8 xat 2 the points
2 2 2 ellipse is symmetric
! 2cx " c " y ! 4a ! 4as!x " c"2 "
≈ ¥ and the ellipse beco
F1 = (−c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) and the + sum=1 of the distances from a
b@ simplifies to
a@which as!x " We summarize
c"2 " y2 ! a2 " th
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

point on the ellipse to the foci be 2a > 0,

 x 2  y 2 We square again: 4 The ellipse
= 1, where b2 =y a2 −a c!x2 . " 2cx " c " y " ! a "
2 2 2 2 4
+
a b which becomes(0, a) !a 2 ! c 2 "x 2 " a 2 y 2 ! a 2!a 2
The major axis is the x-axis and the vertices are (±a, 0). has foci !#c, 0",
(0, c)

(_b, 0) (b, 0) If the foci of an

0 x tion by interchangin
(0, _c)
5 The ellipse
(0, _a)
 F¡ F™ with the Sun at one focus. From triangle F1 F
In order to obtain the simplest equation
a 2 " cfor
2
%an
0. ellipse
For co
CalculatingFIGURE
equations
6
for conic sections: Ellipses the points !!c, 0" and !c, 0" as in Figure
b 2 2 7 so2 that
x ! a y 2
!the
a 2bo
y
Let the sum of the distances from a point on the ellipse
y is a point on the(0, ellipse
b) when
(_a, 0) 3
P(x, y)
b a
(a, 0)
# # #
PF1 " PF2 ! 2a #
2
that(_c,
is, 0) 0 c (c, 0)s!x "xc" " Since
y 2 "bs!x! a!2 "
c"2 c"
2

F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x y ! 0. Then x 2#a 2

or (0, _b) s!x ! c"2 "!"a,
y2 !0" 2a s!x "
are!called
is called the major
Squaring both sides, we have y ! #b. Equation 3
FIGURE with
For an ellipse 7 the foci on the FIGURE
x-axis8 xat 2 the points
2 2 2 ellipse is symmetric
! 2cx " c " y ! 4a ! 4as!x " c"2 "
≈ ¥ and the ellipse beco
F1 = (−c, 0) and F2 = (c, 0) and the + sum=1 of the distances from a
b@ simplifies to
a@which as!x " We summarize
c"2 " y2 ! a2 " th
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

point on the ellipse to the foci be 2a > 0,

 x 2  y 2 We square again: 4 The ellipse
= 1, where b2 =y a2 −a c!x2 . " 2cx " c " y " ! a "
2 2 2 2 4
+
a b which becomes(0, a) !a 2 ! c 2 "x 2 " a 2 y 2 ! a 2!a 2
The major axis is the x-axis and the vertices are (±a, 0). has foci !#c, 0",
(0, c)
Similarly, if the foci are the points F1 = (0, −c) and F2 = (0, c)
and the sum of the distances from a(_b,point
0) (b, 0)
on the ellipse to theIffoci the foci of an
0 x tion by interchangin
be 2a > 0,
(0, _c)
 x 2  y 2
5 The ellipse
+ = 1, where b = a2 − c2 .
2
b a (0, _a)
The major axis is the y-axis and the vertices are (0, ±a).
Doing ellipse problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with the same sign.
Doing ellipse problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with the same sign.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2
x̂ ŷ
+ = 1.
a b
Doing ellipse problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with the same sign.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2
x̂ ŷ
+ = 1.
a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 + 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2
1= x + y
144 144
Doing ellipse problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with the same sign.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2
x̂ ŷ
+ = 1.
a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 + 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2
1= x + y = +
144 144 144/9 144/16
Doing ellipse problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with the same sign.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2
x̂ ŷ
+ = 1.
a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 + 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2 x2 y 2
1= x + y = + = +
144 144 144/9 144/16 16 9
Doing ellipse problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with the same sign.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2
x̂ ŷ
+ = 1.
a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 + 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2 x 2 y 2  x 2  y  2
1= x + y = + = + = + .
144 144 144/9 144/16 16 9 4 3
Doing ellipse problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with the same sign.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2
x̂ ŷ
+ = 1.
a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 + 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2 x 2 y 2  x 2  y  2
1= x + y = + = + = + .
144 144 144/9 144/16 16 9 4 3

If you’re given something like

y 2 + 2x2 − 2y + 8x = 0
separate the x stuff and the y stuff and complete squares, and deal
with shifting coordinates if necessary.
11–16 Find the vertices and foci of the ellipse and sketch 37. Ellipse, foc
its graph.
38. Ellipse, foc
x2 y2 x2 y2
11. " !1 12. " !1 39. Ellipse, foc
9 5 64 100

13. 4x 2 " y 2 ! 16 14. 4x 2 " 25y 2 ! 25 40. Ellipse, foc

15. 9x 2 ! 18x " 4y 2 ! 27 41. Ellipse, cen

16. x 2 " 2y 2 ! 6x " 4y " 7 ! 0 42. Ellipse, foc

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 43. Hyperbola,

17–18 Find an equation of the ellipse. Then find its foci. 44. Hyperbola,

17. y 18. y 45. Hyperbola,

vertices !2, 3

46. Hyperbola,
1 1
vertices !2, 0
0 1 x 2 x
47. Hyperbola,

48. Hyperbola,
asymptotes y
■ ■ ■ ■
 HYPERBOLAS
Calculating equations for conic sections: Hyperbolas
y A hyperbola is the set
P (x, y) fixed points F1 and F2
Hyperbolas occur fr
economics (Boyle’s La
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x cant application of hyp
I and II (see Exercise 5
Notice that the defin
is that the sum of dista
For a hyperbola with the
FIGURE 11 foci on the x-axis at the the equation of a hype
points
F1 = (−c, 0) and PFis = (c, 0) and the
2 on the hyperbola whendifference of as distances
the Exercise 52 to show
| PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
from a point on the ellipse to the foci be ±2a (a > distances
0). is $ PF1 $ # $

where c 2 ! a 2 " b 2. N
!#a, 0# are the vertic
b
y b y 2 ! #b 2, which is im
y=_ a x y= a x
with respect to both ax
 HYPERBOLAS
Calculating equations for conic sections: Hyperbolas
y A hyperbola is the set
P (x, y) fixed points F1 and F2
Hyperbolas occur fr
economics (Boyle’s La
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x cant application of hyp
I and II (see Exercise 5
Notice that the defin
is that the sum of dista
For a hyperbola with the
FIGURE 11 foci on the x-axis at the the equation of a hype
points
F1 = (−c, 0) and PFis = (c, 0) and the
2 on the hyperbola whendifference of as distances
the Exercise 52 to show
| PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
from a point on the ellipse to the foci be ±2a (a > distances
0). Then isfor$ PF1 $ # $
any point P = P (x, y) on the curve
6
±2a = |P F1 | − |P F2 |

where c 2 ! a 2 " b 2. N
!#a, 0# are the vertic
b
y b y 2 ! #b 2, which is im
y=_ a x y= a x
with respect to both ax
 HYPERBOLAS
Calculating equations for conic sections: Hyperbolas
y A hyperbola is the set
P (x, y) fixed points F1 and F2
Hyperbolas occur fr
economics (Boyle’s La
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x cant application of hyp
I and II (see Exercise 5
Notice that the defin
is that the sum of dista
For a hyperbola with the
FIGURE 11 foci on the x-axis at the the equation of a hype
points
F1 = (−c, 0) and PFis = (c, 0) and the
2 on the hyperbola whendifference of as distances
the Exercise 52 to show
| PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
from a point on the ellipse to the foci be ±2a (a > distances
0). Then isfor$ PF1 $ # $
any point P = P (x, y) on the curve
p p 6
±2a = |P F1 | − |P F2 | = (x + c)2 + y 2 − (x − c)2 + y 2 .

where c 2 ! a 2 " b 2. N
!#a, 0# are the vertic
b
y b y 2 ! #b 2, which is im
y=_ a x y= a x
with respect to both ax
 HYPERBOLAS
Calculating equations for conic sections: Hyperbolas
y A hyperbola is the set
P (x, y) fixed points F1 and F2
Hyperbolas occur fr
economics (Boyle’s La
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x cant application of hyp
I and II (see Exercise 5
Notice that the defin
is that the sum of dista
For a hyperbola with the
FIGURE 11 foci on the x-axis at the the equation of a hype
points
F1 = (−c, 0) and PFis = (c, 0) and the
2 on the hyperbola whendifference of as distances
the Exercise 52 to show
| PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
from a point on the ellipse to the foci be ±2a (a > distances
0). Then isfor$ PF1 $ # $
any point P = P (x, y) on the curve
p p 6
±2a = |P F1 | − |P F2 | = (x + c)2 + y 2 − (x − c)2 + y 2 .

Let b be defined by c2 = b2 + a2 . where c 2 ! a 2 " b 2. N

!#a, 0# are the vertic
b
y b y 2 ! #b 2, which is im
y=_ a x y= a x
with respect to both ax
 HYPERBOLAS
Calculating equations for conic sections: Hyperbolas
y A hyperbola is the set
P (x, y) fixed points F1 and F2
Hyperbolas occur fr
economics (Boyle’s La
F¡(_c, 0) 0 F™(c, 0) x cant application of hyp
I and II (see Exercise 5
Notice that the defin
is that the sum of dista
For a hyperbola with the
FIGURE 11 foci on the x-axis at the the equation of a hype
points
F1 = (−c, 0) and PFis = (c, 0) and the
2 on the hyperbola whendifference of as distances
the Exercise 52 to show
| PF¡|-| PF™ |=!2a
from a point on the ellipse to the foci be ±2a (a > distances
0). Then isfor$ PF1 $ # $
any point P = P (x, y) on the curve
p p 6
±2a = |P F1 | − |P F2 | = (x + c)2 + y 2 − (x − c)2 + y 2 .

Let b be defined by c2 = b2 + a2 . Manipulating the equation

where c 2 ! a 2 " b 2. N
above gives !#a, 0# are the vertic
 x 2 y  y  2
b y 2 ! #b 2, which is im
y=_ a x − y=
= 1.ab x
a b with respect to both ax
 whe
Calculating equations for conic HYPERBOLAS
sections: Hyperbolas !#a
b
y b y2 !
y A y=_ x
hyperbola
a is the sety= x points in a
ofaall with
P (x, y) fixed points F1 and F2 (the foci) is a con T
Hyperbolas occur frequently
(_a, 0) (a, 0) as graph
economics (Boyle’s Law, Ohm’s Law, su
0 x (_c, 0) (c, 0) x
0 of hyperbolas
F¡(_c, 0) F™(c, 0) cant application is found in
I and II (see Exercise 51).
Notice that the definition of a hyperbo
This
is that the sum of distances has become mea
a
For a hyperbola
FIGURE 11 with the foci on the the equation
x-axis
FIGURE 12 at of
the a hyperbola
points is also simil
W
FP1 is=on(−c, 0) and Fwhen
the hyperbola 2 = (c, 0) and the ≈asdifference
Exercise
¥ 52oftothe
show that when thelines
distances foc
| PF¡|-|
from PF™ |=!2a
a point on the ellipse to the foci $
beb@ ±2a (a > 0), $ $
- =1 is PF1 # PF2 ! !2a, then
a@distances $ appr
 x 2  y 2
− = 1, where6c2 = b2 + a2 . x2
a b a 27
Note that the x-intercepts are ±a (set y = 02 and2 solve). There is
where c ! a y " b 2. Notice that the x-i
no y-intercept (x = 0 has no solutions).
!#a, 0# are the vertices of the hyperbo
(0, c) h
b
y b y 2 ! #b 2, which is impossible, so ther
y=_ a x y= a x a a y
with bx
y=_respect y= b x
to both axes.
 whe
Calculating equations for conic HYPERBOLAS
sections: Hyperbolas !#a
b
y b y2 !
y A y=_ x
hyperbola
a is the sety= x points in a
ofaall with
P (x, y) fixed points F1 and F2 (the foci) is a con T
Hyperbolas occur frequently
(_a, 0) (a, 0) as graph
economics (Boyle’s Law, Ohm’s Law, su
0 x (_c, 0) (c, 0) x
0 of hyperbolas
F¡(_c, 0) F™(c, 0) cant application is found in
I and II (see Exercise 51).
Notice that the definition of a hyperbo
This
is that the sum of distances has become mea
a
For a hyperbola
FIGURE 11 with the foci on the the equation
x-axis
FIGURE 12 at of
the a hyperbola
points is also simil
W
FP1 is=on(−c, 0) and Fwhen
the hyperbola 2 = (c, 0) and the ≈asdifference
Exercise
¥ 52oftothe
show that when thelines
distances foc
| PF¡|-|
from PF™ |=!2a
a point on the ellipse to the foci $
beb@ ±2a (a > 0), $ $
- =1 is PF1 # PF2 ! !2a, then
a@distances $ appr
 x 2  y 2
− = 1, where6c2 = b2 + a2 . x2
a b a 27
Note that the x-intercepts are ±a (set y = 02 and2 solve). There is
where c ! a " b 2. Notice that the x-i
no y-intercept (x = 0 has no solutions). But as xy → ±∞,
!#a, 0# are the vertices of the hyperbo
y/x → ±b/a. So (0, c) h
b
y the vertices
b
are (±a,2 0) and2 the asymptotes are
y ! #b , which is impossible, so ther
y=_ a x
y = ±(b/a)x. y= a x a a y
with x
y=_respect y= x
to both axes.
b b
 7 The hyperbola

Calculating equations for conic sections: Hyperbolas

y
(0, c) has foci !!c, 0#, where
a
y=_ b x
a
y= b x
y ! !!b"a#x.

(0, a)
x
If the foci of a hyperbo
0 (0, _a)
obtain the following inform

(0, _c) The hyperbola

8

FIGURE 13with the foci on the y-axis at the points

Similarly, for a hyperbola
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

F1 = (0, −c) and ¥ F2-=≈(0, =1c) and the difference of the distances
from a point on the a@ b@
ellipse to the foci be ±2a (a > 0),has foci !0, !c#, where
 y 2  x 2 y ! !!a"b#x.
2 2 2
− = 1, where c = b + a .
a b
The y-intercepts are ±a (set x = 0 and solve). There is no
x-intercept (y = 0 has no solutions). And as x → ±∞,
y/x → ±a/b. So the vertices are (0, ±a) and the asymptotes are
y = ±(a/b)x. (Switch all x’s for y’s.)
Doing hyperbola problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with different signs.
Doing hyperbola problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with different signs.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2  2  2
x̂ ŷ ŷ x̂
− = 1 or − =1
a b a b
Doing hyperbola problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with different signs.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2  2  2
x̂ ŷ ŷ x̂
− = 1 or − =1
a b a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 − 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2
1= x − y
144 144
Doing hyperbola problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with different signs.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2  2  2
x̂ ŷ ŷ x̂
− = 1 or − =1
a b a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 − 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2
1= x − y = −
144 144 144/9 144/16
Doing hyperbola problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with different signs.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2  2  2
x̂ ŷ ŷ x̂
− = 1 or − =1
a b a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 − 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2 x2 y 2
1= x − y = − = −
144 144 144/9 144/16 16 9
Doing hyperbola problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with different signs.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2  2  2
x̂ ŷ ŷ x̂
− = 1 or − =1
a b a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 − 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2 x 2 y 2  x 2  y  2
1= x − y = − = − = − .
144 144 144/9 144/16 16 9 4 3
Doing hyperbola problems
Look for both x2 and y 2 , with different signs.
Get into the proper form!
 2  2  2  2
x̂ ŷ ŷ x̂
− = 1 or − =1
a b a b

For example, if you’re given

9x2 − 16y 2 = 144,
divide both sides by 144 first and factor into squares:
9 2 16 2 x2 y2 x 2 y 2  x 2  y  2
1= x − y = − = − = − .
144 144 144/9 144/16 16 9 4 3

If you’re given something like

y 2 − 2x2 − 2y − 8x = 0
separate the x stuff and the y stuff and complete squares, and deal
with shifting coordinates if necessary.
 asymptotes y
■ ■ ■ ■

■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

49. The point in a

19–20 Find the vertices, foci, and asymptotes of the hyperbola
called perilun
and sketch its graph.
apolune. The
x2 y2 y2 x2 lunar orbit wi
Thomson Brooks-Cole copyright 2007

19. ! !1 20. ! !1
144 25 16 36 314 km (abov
the radius of
21. y 2 ! x 2 ! 4 22. 9x 2 ! 4y 2 ! 36 is at one focu
23. 2y 2 ! 3x 2 ! 4y " 12x " 8 ! 0
s.
24. 16x 2 ! 9y 2 " 64x ! 90y ! 305
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

25–30 Identify the type of conic section whose equation is given

and find the vertices and foci.
25. x 2 ! y " 1 26. x 2 ! y 2 " 1
27. x 2 ! 4y ! 2y 2 28. y 2 ! 8y ! 6x ! 16
29. y 2 " 2y ! 4x 2 " 3 30. 4x 2 " 4x " y 2 ! 0
■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

31–48 Find an equation for the conic that satisfies the given
■
conditions.