Numpy

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Numpy
Numpy is an python library We call it a python library because it supports python syntax.
It stands for numerical python.
Numpy is used to perform advance numerical computations on large data sets.
By using, Numpy we can perform complex operations with less line of code.
Numpy provides very useful Data-structure known as Array.
How to import Numpy ?

In [1]: import numpy as np
In [3]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

print(arr , type(arr))
[1 2 3 4 5] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
In [11]: lavish = np.array(["lavish","gangwani",23,2.0] , dtype = 'object')

print(lavish , type(lavish))
['lavish' 'gangwani' 23 2.0] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
In [12]: lavish
array(['lavish', 'gangwani', 23, 2.0], dtype=object)

Out[12]:
Why we always use np.array function in every numpy dataset .?
np.array is a function in the numpy library that creates an array object. It is used to create
arrays of any dimension and data type. The numpy library is optimized for numerical
operations and provides a large number of functions for mathematical operations on arrays.
On the other hand, np.anything is not a valid function in the numpy library. If you meant to
ask whether you can use other functions in the numpy library instead of np.array, the answer
is yes. The choice of function depends on the specific task you are trying to accomplish. For
example, if you want to create an array of zeros, you can use the np.zeros function 1.
NumPy is a famous Python library used for working with arrays. One of the important
functions of this library is stack ().
NumPy is a library for the Python programming language, adding support for large, multi-
dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a large collection of high-level mathematical
functions…
NumPy is a famous Python library used for working with arrays. One of the important
functions of this library is stack ().
NumPy was created based on the Numeric code. The Numeric code was rewritten to be
easier to maintain, and new features could be added to the library.
localhost:8888/doc/tree/OneDrive/Desktop/PYTHON'S FILES/NUMPY.ipynb 1/80

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Most of the math functions have the same name in NumPy, so we can easily switch from
the non-vectorized functions from Python’s math module to NumPy’s versions.
What is the most important benefit of using NumPy?
A- Faster execution
B- Ease of use
C- Compatibility with other libraries
D- Availability of documentation
In [18]: a = np.array([1,2,3,"45"])
a
array(['1', '2', '3', '45'], dtype='<U11')

Out[18]:
In [19]: a = np.array([1,2,3,"45"] , dtype = 'object')

a
array([1, 2, 3, '45'], dtype=object)

Out[19]:
To Check the Version of your Numpy Library:
In [4]: np.__version__
'1.24.3'
Out[4]:
How to update Numpy?
conda update Numpy on anaconda prompt

Start> anaconda prompt
ARRAY :
It is an collection of Homogenous data.
Example : np.array([1,2,3,4,5])
As you can see all are in integer datatype.
In [23]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])

print(arr , type(arr))
[1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
LISTS VS ARRAY :
With array we can perform some operations which we can't perform with lists.
Array are way faster than list.
With list if we have to print a range or make changes in the range then we have to write
whole line of code.

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But with array we can simply do it.
In [27]: lst = [i for i in range(1,11)]

print(lst)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
In [31]: print(lst*5)
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
In [25]: # Multiply all the elements by 5.

lst = [i*5 for i in range(1,11)]
print(lst)
[5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50]
In [28]: arr = np.array(lst)

arr
array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
Out[28]:
In [29]: arr*5
array([ 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50])
Out[29]:
As you can see the differences in upper codes like in list we cannot multiply *5 doesn't get
the multiplication elements but if you see with array we don't even have to mention print
function with it.
In [32]: arr*8
array([ 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 72, 80])
Out[32]:
In [33]: import time
In [37]: starTTime = time.time()
lst = [ i for i in range(1000000)]
endTime = time.time()
ActaulTime = endTime - starTTime
print(ActaulTime)
0.14682960510253906
In [36]: starTTime = time.time()
arr = np.array(100000)
endTime = time.time()
ActaulTime = endTime - starTTime
print(ActaulTime)

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0.0010006427764892578
Why Arrays are faster than list:

On list we can perform some operations.
List make proccess slow.
Array uses vectorisation method by using array broadcasting which make array way faster.
List contains Heterogenous data elements.
Array contains of homogenous Data elements.
As Lists have Heterogenous data elements it has to store each element seprately by which
it makes proccess slow.
As with Array have homogenous data elements so it cannot have to store elements
seprately.
Array upcasting :
We can store heterogenous elements in array by using array upcasting.
array upcasting converts all the heterogenous elements in 1 data type this is known as array
upcasting.
int < float < complex < string < object
In [38]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

arr
array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
Out[38]:
In [39]: arr = np.array([1,2.0,3,4,5])

arr
array([1., 2., 3., 4., 5.])

Out[39]:
In [40]: arr = np.array([1,2,3+2j,4,5])

arr
array([1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+2.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j])

Out[40]:
In [41]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,'4',5])

arr
array(['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'], dtype='<U11')

Out[41]:
In [42]: arr = np.array([1,2.0,3+4j,'4',5], dtype= 'object')

arr
array([1, 2.0, (3+4j), '4', 5], dtype=object)

Out[42]:
By using dtype = 'object' We can make array with heterogenous data elements as you can
see in above code.
In [44]: arr.dtype

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dtype('O')
Out[44]:
Create Different kinds of array :
np.arange()
It creates an array of numbers.
Syntax - np.arange(start , stop , step)
start - inclusive (0 By default)

stop - exclusive
step_size = 1 (By default)
In [45]: arr = np.arange(1,20,1)

arr
array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,

Out[45]:
18, 19])
In [46]: arr = np.arange(1,11)

arr
array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
Out[46]:
In [47]: arr = np.arange(11)

arr
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10])
Out[47]:

arr = np.arange(1,len(lst))
arr**3
array([ 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729], dtype=int32)

Out[9]:

arr = np.arange(1,len(lst),dtype = 'object')
arr**3
array([1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729], dtype=object)

Out[62]:
np.linspace()
It creates an array of equally spaced values within the range of values.
Syntax -
np.linspace(start , stop , Number of values you want within it)
By default, in linspace both the start and stop values are included
By default, linspace will return the answer in float

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In [63]: arr = np.linspace(2,5,4)

arr
array([2., 3., 4., 5.])

Out[63]:
As you can see start value is 2 and stop value is 5 by which in the range of 2,5 We need 4
values within it.

arr
array([2. , 2.33333333, 2.66666667, 3. , 3.33333333,

Out[66]:
3.66666667, 4. , 4.33333333, 4.66666667, 5. ])

arr
array([ 1. , 1.42857143, 1.85714286, 2.28571429, 2.71428571,

Out[74]:
3.14285714, 3.57142857, 4. , 4.42857143, 4.85714286,
5.28571429, 5.71428571, 6.14285714, 6.57142857, 7. ,
7.42857143, 7.85714286, 8.28571429, 8.71428571, 9.14285714,
9.57142857, 10. , 10.42857143, 10.85714286, 11.28571429,
11.71428571, 12.14285714, 12.57142857, 13. , 13.42857143,
13.85714286, 14.28571429, 14.71428571, 15.14285714, 15.57142857,
16. , 16.42857143, 16.85714286, 17.28571429, 17.71428571,
18.14285714, 18.57142857, 19. , 19.42857143, 19.85714286,
20.28571429, 20.71428571, 21.14285714, 21.57142857, 22. ])
np.zeros()
It will return an array of the given shape with all the elements of the array as zero.
Syntax
np.zeros((rows,columns))
By default it will return object in float datatype.
In [76]: np.zeros((3,3))
array([[0., 0., 0.],

Out[76]:
[0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0.]])
In [77]: np.zeros((3,4))
array([[0., 0., 0., 0.],

Out[77]:
[0., 0., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 0.]])
In [80]: np.zeros((3,4,6), dtype = 'int')

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array([[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[80]:
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]],
[[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]]])
np.ones()
It will return an array of the given shape with all the elements of the array as 1
Syntax
np.ones((rows , columns))
- By default it will return the object in float datatype.
In [81]: np.ones((3,3))
array([[1., 1., 1.],

Out[81]:
[1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1.]])
In [82]: np.ones((3,4))
array([[1., 1., 1., 1.],

Out[82]:
[1., 1., 1., 1.],
[1., 1., 1., 1.]])
In [83]: np.ones((3,4,6), dtype ='int')
array([[[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
Out[83]:
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]],
[[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]],
[[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]]])
np.full()

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It will return an array of the given shape with all the elements of the array as value you have
entered.
Syntax
np.full((rows , columns), values)
By default it will return the object in float datatype.
In [94]: np.full((3,3) , 22)
array([[22, 22, 22],

Out[94]:
[22, 22, 22],
[22, 22, 22]])
In [7]: np.full((3,4) ,"lavish", dtype = 'object')
array([['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish'],

Out[7]:
['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish'],
['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish']], dtype=object)
AS you can see in above code np.full is used for creating an specific numbers array as you can
first we have to give rows and columns and then value we have to put it in.
In [6]: np.full((3,4) , 2.2)
array([[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2],

Out[6]:
[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2],
[2.2, 2.2, 2.2, 2.2]])
In [105… np.full((3,4) , 2+32j)
array([[2.+32.j, 2.+32.j, 2.+32.j, 2.+32.j],

Out[105]:
[2.+32.j, 2.+32.j, 2.+32.j, 2.+32.j],
[2.+32.j, 2.+32.j, 2.+32.j, 2.+32.j]])
In [108… np.full((3,4) , 2+32j , dtype = 'object')
array([[(2+32j), (2+32j), (2+32j), (2+32j)],

Out[108]:
[(2+32j), (2+32j), (2+32j), (2+32j)],
[(2+32j), (2+32j), (2+32j), (2+32j)]], dtype=object)
np.eye()
It will return an identity matrix
In an identity matrix, the diagonal elements are 1's and the non diagonal elements are 0's
By default, the values will be in float
Syntax :
np.eye(rows , columns)
In [85]: np.eye(4,4)

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array([[1., 0., 0., 0.],
Out[85]:
[0., 1., 0., 0.],
[0., 0., 1., 0.],
[0., 0., 0., 1.]])
In [93]: np.eye(3,4,6, dtype= 'int')
array([[0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[93]:
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]])
As you can see in upper code I've given 3 values it is giving all in 0's not giving diagonals of
1's in it.
In [91]: np.eye(4,4, dtype= 'int')
array([[1, 0, 0, 0],
Out[91]:
[0, 1, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 1]])
np.zeros_like()
It returns an array of 0's of the given shape of another array
In [3]: arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4],[2,3,4,5],[5,6,7,8]])

arr
array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
Out[3]:
[2, 3, 4, 5],
[5, 6, 7, 8]])
In [5]: np.zeros_like(arr)
array([[0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[5]:
[0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0]])
np.ones_like()
It returns an array of 1's of the given shape of another array
In [113… arr
array([[1, 2, 3, 4],
Out[113]:
[2, 3, 4, 5],
[5, 6, 7, 8]])
In [114… np.ones_like(arr)
array([[1, 1, 1, 1],
Out[114]:
[1, 1, 1, 1],
[1, 1, 1, 1]])
np.full_like()

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It will return an array of the given shape with all the elements of the array as value you have
entered.
In [134… arr
array([[ 24, 96, 25, 34, 103],

Out[134]:
[ 33, 28, 31, 71, 86],
[101, 33, 9, 19, 100],
[ 43, 71, 87, 19, 85],
[ 82, 7, 4, 45, 63]])
In [135… np.full_like(arr , 22)
array([[22, 22, 22, 22, 22],

Out[135]:
[22, 22, 22, 22, 22],
[22, 22, 22, 22, 22],
[22, 22, 22, 22, 22],
[22, 22, 22, 22, 22]])
In [137… np.full_like(arr , 23)
array([[23, 23, 23, 23, 23],

Out[137]:
[23, 23, 23, 23, 23],
[23, 23, 23, 23, 23],
[23, 23, 23, 23, 23],
[23, 23, 23, 23, 23]])
np.diagonal()
It returns an array diagonal principal from an array.
By default , function value of offset = 0
In [126… arr = np.random.randint(1,122,25)

arr
array([ 24, 96, 25, 34, 103, 33, 28, 31, 71, 86, 101, 33, 9,
Out[126]:
19, 100, 43, 71, 87, 19, 85, 82, 7, 4, 45, 63])
In [127… arr = arr.reshape(5,5)

arr
array([[ 24, 96, 25, 34, 103],

Out[127]:
[ 33, 28, 31, 71, 86],
[101, 33, 9, 19, 100],
[ 43, 71, 87, 19, 85],
[ 82, 7, 4, 45, 63]])
In [128… np.diagonal(arr)
array([24, 28, 9, 19, 63])

Out[128]:
In [129… np.diagonal(arr , offset=1)
array([96, 31, 19, 85])

Out[129]:
In [130… np.diagonal(arr , offset=-1)

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array([33, 33, 87, 45])
Out[130]:
In [131… np.diagonal(arr , offset=0)
array([24, 28, 9, 19, 63])

Out[131]:
In [132… np.diagonal( arr , offset=2)
array([ 25, 71, 100])

Out[132]:
In [133… np.diagonal( arr , offset=-2)
array([101, 71, 4])

Out[133]:
np.diag()
It creates an diagonal array.
In a diagonal array, the diagonal elements are non-zero rest every element is zero
Syntax:-
np.diag([diagonal])
In [141… arr1 = np.diag([1,2,3,4,5])

arr1
array([[1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[141]:
[0, 2, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 3, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 4, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 5]])
In [139… arr1.T
array([[1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[139]:
[0, 2, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 3, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 4, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 5]])
In [142… arr2 = np.diag([[1,2,3,4,5] , [6,7,89,8,9]])

arr2
array([1, 7])
Out[142]:
In [143… arr2.T
array([1, 7])
Out[143]:
In [144… arr3 = np.diag([[1,2,3] , [4,5,6] , [7,8,9]])

arr3
array([1, 5, 9])
Out[144]:

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In [145… arr3.T
array([1, 5, 9])
Out[145]:
In [23]: np.random.seed(1)
arr1 = np.random.randint(1,50,16)
print(arr1)
print("--------------------------------------------------------------------------")
print(arr1.reshape(4,4))
[38 44 13 9 10 12 6 16 1 17 2 13 8 46 7 26]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
[[38 44 13 9]
[10 12 6 16]
[ 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26]]
random.seed() function use for seeding the value at one time only because random.randint
gives new values every time you run the cell so it is used to stop that regular changingvalues.
In [3]: a = np.random.randint(1,20,16)
a
array([16, 14, 2, 9, 7, 1, 5, 5, 19, 14, 8, 13, 10, 3, 1, 5])

Out[3]:
In [4]: numpyyy = a.reshape(4,4)

numpyyy
array([[16, 14, 2, 9],

Out[4]:
[ 7, 1, 5, 5],
[19, 14, 8, 13],
[10, 3, 1, 5]])
In [5]: np.diagonal(numpyyy)
array([16, 1, 8, 5])
Out[5]:
In [6]: print(np.diagonal(numpyyy, offset=0))

print(np.diagonal(numpyyy , offset=1))
print(np.diagonal(numpyyy , offset=-1))
print(np.diagonal(numpyyy , offset=2))
print(np.diagonal(numpyyy , offset=-2))
[16 1 8 5]
[14 5 13]
[ 7 14 1]
[2 5]
[19 3]
In [7]: np.diag(numpyyy)
array([16, 1, 8, 5])
Out[7]:
In [8]: x = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)
x

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array([[0, 1, 2],
Out[8]:
[3, 4, 5],
[6, 7, 8]])
In [9]: print(np.diag(x))
print(np.diag(x, k=1))
print(np.diag(x, k=-1))
[0 4 8]
[1 5]
[3 7]
np.trace()
It gives the sum of diagonals of array.
In [10]: numpyyy
array([[16, 14, 2, 9],

Out[10]:
[ 7, 1, 5, 5],
[19, 14, 8, 13],
[10, 3, 1, 5]])
In [11]: np.trace(numpyyy)
30
Out[11]:
In [12]: 19+15+1+2
37
Out[12]:
In [13]: np.trace(numpyyy,offset=1)
32
Out[13]:
In [14]: 6+19+14
39
Out[14]:
In [15]: #As you can see it gives values between 0 and 1 whichever value you entered.
np.random.rand(2)
array([0.06796111, 0.86749409])
Out[15]:
In [16]: np.random.randn(21)
array([-0.40622342, 0.1723978 , -0.51049901, 1.30585644, -0.07427142,

Out[16]:
1.05716872, -0.11081497, 0.51242269, -0.57330986, -1.01703679,
0.37237331, 0.57008987, 0.08343948, 0.68627796, -0.27789231,
1.20125542, 0.6408641 , -0.17652394, -0.06708326, 0.36646244,
-0.82416616])
In [50]: np.random.random_integers(1,22)

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C:\Users\hp\AppData\Local\Temp\ipykernel_7640\3284952165.py:1: DeprecationWarning: Th
is function is deprecated. Please call randint(1, 22 + 1) instead
np.random.random_integers(1,22)
8
Out[50]:
Attributes Description
ndim - returns number of dimension of the array

size - returns number of elements in the array
dtype - returns data type of elements in the array
shape - returns the size of the array in each dimension.
itemsize - returns the size (in bytes) of each elements in the array
data - returns the buffer containing actual elements of the array in memory
shape()
This tell us about the shape of array.
It tells us about the columns and rows. first it will tell about the columns then rows.
In [54]: arr1 = np.random.randint(1,22,20)

arr1
array([18, 19, 2, 21, 11, 1, 8, 1, 20, 18, 15, 14, 21, 21, 12, 7, 14,
Out[54]:
16, 10, 3])
In [55]: arr1.shape
(20,)
Out[55]:
In [17]: numpyyy
array([[16, 14, 2, 9],

Out[17]:
[ 7, 1, 5, 5],
[19, 14, 8, 13],
[10, 3, 1, 5]])
In [57]: numpyyy.shape
(4, 4)
Out[57]:
In [23]: a
array([16, 14, 2, 9, 7, 1, 5, 5, 19, 14, 8, 13, 10, 3, 1, 5])

Out[23]:
In [24]: print(a.shape)
print(a.itemsize)
print(a.data)
(16,)
4
<memory at 0x0000026E45289180>
In [21]: numpyyy.itemsize

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4
Out[21]:
In [19]: numpyyy.data
<memory at 0x0000026E45A6CA00>
Out[19]:
As you can see in upper codes it is giving columns first then rows
Reshape
It reshapes the array as per the shape we have passed
It return a new array of the given shape, it doesnot make the changes in the existing array
In [27]: a
array([16, 14, 2, 9, 7, 1, 5, 5, 19, 14, 8, 13, 10, 3, 1, 5])

Out[27]:
In [28]: a.reshape(2,2,4)
array([[[16, 14, 2, 9],

Out[28]:
[ 7, 1, 5, 5]],
[[19, 14, 8, 13],

[10, 3, 1, 5]]])
In [29]: a.reshape(4,2,2)
array([[[16, 14],
Out[29]:
[ 2, 9]],
[[ 7, 1],
[ 5, 5]],
[[19, 14],
[ 8, 13]],
[[10, 3],
[ 1, 5]]])
In [30]: a.itemsize
4
Out[30]:
In [7]: np.size(a)
16
Out[7]:
In this upper code (2,2,4) and (4,2,2) reliee on this concept

number of layers, list in each layer, elements in each list
dtype()

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dtype tells us about what type of data in the array.
In [64]: numpyyy
array([[19, 6, 19, 12],

Out[64]:
[11, 15, 19, 5],
[10, 18, 1, 14],
[10, 10, 8, 2]])
In [65]: numpyyy.dtype
dtype('int32')
Out[65]:
In [66]: a
array([19, 6, 19, 12, 11, 15, 19, 5, 10, 18, 1, 14, 10, 10, 8, 2])
Out[66]:
In [67]: a.dtype
dtype('int32')
Out[67]:
In [72]: b = np.full((4,3), "lavish" )

b
array([['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish'],

Out[72]:
['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish'],
['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish']], dtype='<U6')
In [73]: b.dtype
dtype('<U6')
Out[73]:
In [74]: b = np.full((4,3), "lavish" , dtype = 'object')

b

Out[74]:
['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish']], dtype=object)
In [75]: b.dtype
dtype('O')
Out[75]:
ndim() - Dimensionality
It tell us about the dimensions of array.
In [76]: a
array([19, 6, 19, 12, 11, 15, 19, 5, 10, 18, 1, 14, 10, 10, 8, 2])
Out[76]:
In [77]: a.ndim

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
1
Out[77]:
In [78]: numpyyy
array([[19, 6, 19, 12],

Out[78]:
[11, 15, 19, 5],
[10, 18, 1, 14],
[10, 10, 8, 2]])
In [79]: numpyyy.ndim
2
Out[79]:
In [80]: b

Out[80]:
['lavish', 'lavish', 'lavish']], dtype=object)
In [82]: b.ndim
2
Out[82]:
In [91]: arr1 = np.array([[[1,2,3,4],[5,6,7,8],

[2,3,4,5],[56,6,7,8]]])
arr1
array([[[ 1, 2, 3, 4],
Out[91]:
[ 5, 6, 7, 8],
[ 2, 3, 4, 5],
[56, 6, 7, 8]]])
In [92]: arr1.ndim
3
Out[92]:
In [95]: num = np.random.randint(1,50,25).reshape(5,5)

num
array([[20, 25, 43, 21, 45],

Out[95]:
[16, 31, 28, 15, 20],
[27, 44, 23, 8, 36],
[48, 47, 35, 37, 37],
[33, 20, 4, 25, 20]])
In [96]: num.ndim
2
Out[96]:
In [97]: num1 = np.random.randint(1,40,24).reshape(2,3,4)

num1

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[[38, 31, 39, 6],
Out[97]:
[16, 24, 33, 11],
[ 3, 25, 35, 31]],
[[18, 5, 1, 15],
[18, 36, 18, 29],
[23, 39, 11, 14]]])
In [98]: num1.ndim
3
Out[98]:
In [104… num2 = np.random.randint(1,40,36).reshape(2,3,3,2)

num2
array([[[[37, 17],
Out[104]:
[31, 21],
[36, 18]],
[[ 3, 22],
[30, 37],
[17, 28]],
[[ 9, 29],
[ 3, 36],
[14, 37]]],
[[[37, 19],
[34, 39],
[26, 38]],
[[ 3, 35],
[29, 15],
[12, 27]],
[[22, 17],
[29, 38],
[12, 23]]]])
In [105… num2.ndim
4
Out[105]:
How to Create a 2D array and 3D array

In [107… arr = np.array([[1,2,3,4,5],[7,8,9,0,2]])
arr
array([[1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
Out[107]:
[7, 8, 9, 0, 2]])
In [111… arr.ndim
2
Out[111]:

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [115… arr1 = np.array([[[1,2,3,4],[2,3,4,5]],[[3,4,5,6],[5,6,7,8]]])

arr1
array([[[1, 2, 3, 4],
Out[115]:
[2, 3, 4, 5]],
[[3, 4, 5, 6],
[5, 6, 7, 8]]])
In [116… arr1.ndim
3
Out[116]:
Indexing and Slicing in Array

Indexing and Slicing in 1-D array
the indexing and the slicing of a 1-D array is similar to the indexing and the slicing of a list
Array will support both Positive and negative indexing
Indexing and Slicing in 2-D array

How many list are there in an array and how many elements are there in each list
How many list out of the total we want and how many elements from the total we want
Indexing
Fetching the elements out form a particular position or index
Syntax:
arr[index]
In [167… numpyyy
array([[52, 6, 52, 12],

Out[167]:
[11, 15, 19, 5],
[10, 18, 1, 14],
[10, 10, 8, 2]])
In [166… print(numpyyy[0])
print(numpyyy[1])
print(numpyyy[-1])
print(numpyyy[-2])
print(numpyyy[0][0])
print(numpyyy[-1][-1])
print(numpyyy[len(numpyyy)-1])
print(numpyyy[len(numpyyy)-1][-2])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
[52 6 52 12]
[11 15 19 5]
[10 10 8 2]
[10 18 1 14]
52
2
[10 10 8 2]
8
14
10
In [169… numpyyy[2,0] = 55
In [170… numpyyy
array([[52, 6, 52, 12],

Out[170]:
[11, 15, 19, 5],
[55, 18, 1, 14],
[10, 10, 8, 2]])
In [161… np.random.seed(1)
arr1 = np.random.randint(1,50,24)
arr1
array([38, 44, 13, 9, 10, 12, 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13, 8, 46, 7, 26, 21,
Out[161]:
38, 19, 21, 12, 43, 29, 30])
In [162… arr = arr1.reshape(4,6)

arr
array([[38, 44, 13, 9, 10, 12],

Out[162]:
[ 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13],
[ 8, 46, 7, 26, 21, 38],
[19, 21, 12, 43, 29, 30]])
In [163… arr.ndim
2
Out[163]:
In [168… len(arr)
4
Out[168]:
In [171… arr
array([[38, 44, 13, 9, 10, 12],

Out[171]:
[ 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13],
[ 8, 46, 7, 26, 21, 38],
[19, 21, 12, 43, 29, 30]])
In [172… arr[1,4]
2
Out[172]:
Slicing :
rows Slicing :

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
variable[row_startingindex : row_endingindex : step_size]
Columns Slicing :
variable[column_startindex : column_endingindex : step_size]
Rows and columns Slicing :

variable[row_startingindex : row_endingindex : step_size , column_startindex :
column_endingindex : step_size]
startingindex = 0 (By default)
endingindex = Exclusive (len(variable)+1)
step_size = 0
In [173… arr
array([[38, 44, 13, 9, 10, 12],

Out[173]:
[ 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13],
[ 8, 46, 7, 26, 21, 38],
[19, 21, 12, 43, 29, 30]])
In [177… print(arr[0])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[-1])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[::1])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[::-1])
[38 44 13 9 10 12]
----------------------
[19 21 12 43 29 30]
----------------------
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]
----------------------
[[19 21 12 43 29 30]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[38 44 13 9 10 12]]
In [180… print(arr[0:2:])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[:len(arr):])
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]]
----------------------
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [190… print(arr[::,::])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[1:3:,::])
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]
----------------------
[[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]]
In [187… print(arr[:2:,:5:])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[:2:,:1:])
[[38 44 13 9 10]
[ 6 16 1 17 2]]
----------------------
[[38]
[ 6]]
In [193… print(arr[::,::])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[2:4:,2:-1:])
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]
----------------------
[[ 7 26 21]
[12 43 29]]
In [194… print(arr[::,::])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[2::,:2:])
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]
----------------------
[[ 8 46]
[19 21]]
In [195… print(arr[::,::])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[1::,2:3:])
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]
----------------------
[[ 1]
[ 7]
[12]]
In [196… print(arr[::,::])
print("----------------------")
1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
print(arr[::,5::])
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]
----------------------
[[12]
[13]
[38]
[30]]
In [200… print(arr[::,::])
print("----------------------")
print(arr[::-1,5:len(arr):-1])
[[38 44 13 9 10 12]
[ 6 16 1 17 2 13]
[ 8 46 7 26 21 38]
[19 21 12 43 29 30]]
----------------------
[[30]
[38]
[13]
[12]]
arr2 = np.random.randint(22,222,81).reshape(9,9)
arr2
array([[ 59, 162, 94, 159, 155, 101, 214, 166, 151],
Out[201]:
[ 93, 156, 47, 200, 42, 123, 168, 161, 178],
[179, 164, 72, 90, 118, 108, 163, 159, 29],
[ 85, 83, 44, 79, 23, 150, 82, 30, 163],
[137, 197, 143, 52, 93, 153, 220, 171, 71],
[ 79, 25, 218, 46, 65, 98, 48, 74, 102],
[131, 137, 63, 37, 86, 218, 47, 133, 157],
[ 48, 175, 126, 44, 31, 217, 148, 45, 147],
[122, 177, 187, 79, 105, 188, 158, 54, 184]])
In [205… print(arr2[::,::])
print("----------------------")
print(arr2[:: ,8:len(arr2):])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
[[ 59 162 94 159 155 101 214 166 151]
[ 93 156 47 200 42 123 168 161 178]
[179 164 72 90 118 108 163 159 29]
[ 85 83 44 79 23 150 82 30 163]
[137 197 143 52 93 153 220 171 71]
[ 79 25 218 46 65 98 48 74 102]
[131 137 63 37 86 218 47 133 157]
[ 48 175 126 44 31 217 148 45 147]
[122 177 187 79 105 188 158 54 184]]
----------------------
[[151]
[178]
[ 29]
[163]
[ 71]
[102]
[157]
[147]
[184]]
In [207… print(arr2[::,::])
print("--------------------------------------------------------")
print(arr2[::-1,8:len(arr2):])
[[ 59 162 94 159 155 101 214 166 151]

[ 93 156 47 200 42 123 168 161 178]
[179 164 72 90 118 108 163 159 29]
[ 85 83 44 79 23 150 82 30 163]
[137 197 143 52 93 153 220 171 71]
[ 79 25 218 46 65 98 48 74 102]
[131 137 63 37 86 218 47 133 157]
[ 48 175 126 44 31 217 148 45 147]
[122 177 187 79 105 188 158 54 184]]
--------------------------------------------------------
[[184]
[147]
[157]
[102]
[ 71]
[163]
[ 29]
[178]
[151]]
In [215… print(arr2[::,::])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(arr2[::-1,4:5:])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
[[ 59 162 94 159 155 101 214 166 151]
[ 93 156 47 200 42 123 168 161 178]
[179 164 72 90 118 108 163 159 29]
[ 85 83 44 79 23 150 82 30 163]
[137 197 143 52 93 153 220 171 71]
[ 79 25 218 46 65 98 48 74 102]
[131 137 63 37 86 218 47 133 157]
[ 48 175 126 44 31 217 148 45 147]
[122 177 187 79 105 188 158 54 184]]
----------------------------------------------
[[105]
[ 31]
[ 86]
[ 65]
[ 93]
[ 23]
[118]
[ 42]
[155]]
In [217… print(arr2[::,::])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(arr2[::,6:7:])
[[ 59 162 94 159 155 101 214 166 151]

[ 93 156 47 200 42 123 168 161 178]
[179 164 72 90 118 108 163 159 29]
[ 85 83 44 79 23 150 82 30 163]
[137 197 143 52 93 153 220 171 71]
[ 79 25 218 46 65 98 48 74 102]
[131 137 63 37 86 218 47 133 157]
[ 48 175 126 44 31 217 148 45 147]
[122 177 187 79 105 188 158 54 184]]
----------------------------------------------
[[214]
[168]
[163]
[ 82]
[220]
[ 48]
[ 47]
[148]
[158]]
In [233… print(arr2[::,::])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(np.diagonal(arr2)[::])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(np.diagonal(arr2)[::-1])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(np.diagonal(arr2, offset=1)[::])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(np.diagonal(arr2, offset=-1)[::])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(np.diag(arr2 , k=6)[::])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(np.diagonal(arr2 , offset=8)[::])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
[[ 59 162 94 159 155 101 214 166 151]
[ 93 156 47 200 42 123 168 161 178]
[179 164 72 90 118 108 163 159 29]
[ 85 83 44 79 23 150 82 30 163]
[137 197 143 52 93 153 220 171 71]
[ 79 25 218 46 65 98 48 74 102]
[131 137 63 37 86 218 47 133 157]
[ 48 175 126 44 31 217 148 45 147]
[122 177 187 79 105 188 158 54 184]]
----------------------------------------------
[ 59 156 72 79 93 98 47 45 184]
----------------------------------------------
[184 45 47 98 93 79 72 156 59]
----------------------------------------------
[162 47 90 23 153 48 133 147]
----------------------------------------------
[ 93 164 44 52 65 218 148 54]
----------------------------------------------
[214 161 29]
----------------------------------------------
[151]
You're on the right track – np.diagonals is well suited for this, but you need to take care
computing the offsets. In numpy (and in matrix math by convention) the diagonals run {{top-
left to bottom-right.}} The main diagonal has offset 0; the diagonals above this have positive
offsets, and the diagonals below have negative offsets.
In [234… arr2
array([[ 59, 162, 94, 159, 155, 101, 214, 166, 151],
Out[234]:
[ 93, 156, 47, 200, 42, 123, 168, 161, 178],
[179, 164, 72, 90, 118, 108, 163, 159, 29],
[ 85, 83, 44, 79, 23, 150, 82, 30, 163],
[137, 197, 143, 52, 93, 153, 220, 171, 71],
[ 79, 25, 218, 46, 65, 98, 48, 74, 102],
[131, 137, 63, 37, 86, 218, 47, 133, 157],
[ 48, 175, 126, 44, 31, 217, 148, 45, 147],
[122, 177, 187, 79, 105, 188, 158, 54, 184]])
In [235… np.diag(arr2)
array([ 59, 156, 72, 79, 93, 98, 47, 45, 184])
Out[235]:
In [236… np.diag(np.diag(arr2))
array([[ 59, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],

Out[236]:
[ 0, 156, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 72, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 79, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 93, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 98, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 47, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 45, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 184]])
In [5]: arr1 = np.random.randint(30,70,121).reshape(11,11)

arr1

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[60, 66, 69, 63, 45, 61, 49, 45, 69, 31, 67],
Out[5]:
[64, 50, 64, 53, 69, 44, 56, 45, 56, 58, 50],
[32, 34, 45, 36, 59, 55, 66, 45, 59, 69, 64],
[52, 59, 66, 41, 31, 43, 41, 50, 69, 53, 46],
[65, 35, 56, 62, 51, 37, 45, 61, 59, 42, 46],
[61, 59, 69, 59, 34, 38, 53, 49, 48, 63, 59],
[59, 38, 69, 57, 69, 49, 45, 64, 41, 49, 55],
[36, 69, 34, 35, 51, 33, 67, 58, 62, 50, 40],
[46, 62, 54, 32, 37, 58, 37, 34, 42, 54, 54],
[30, 31, 44, 32, 64, 44, 33, 41, 62, 31, 48],
[57, 44, 54, 33, 32, 66, 49, 67, 36, 41, 47]])
In [4]: np.diag(np.diag(arr1))
array([[47, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[4]:
[ 0, 68, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 40, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 56, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 63, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 54, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 56, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 31, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 30, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33]])
In [6]: arr1
array([[60, 66, 69, 63, 45, 61, 49, 45, 69, 31, 67],
Out[6]:
[64, 50, 64, 53, 69, 44, 56, 45, 56, 58, 50],
[32, 34, 45, 36, 59, 55, 66, 45, 59, 69, 64],
[52, 59, 66, 41, 31, 43, 41, 50, 69, 53, 46],
[65, 35, 56, 62, 51, 37, 45, 61, 59, 42, 46],
[61, 59, 69, 59, 34, 38, 53, 49, 48, 63, 59],
[59, 38, 69, 57, 69, 49, 45, 64, 41, 49, 55],
[36, 69, 34, 35, 51, 33, 67, 58, 62, 50, 40],
[46, 62, 54, 32, 37, 58, 37, 34, 42, 54, 54],
[30, 31, 44, 32, 64, 44, 33, 41, 62, 31, 48],
[57, 44, 54, 33, 32, 66, 49, 67, 36, 41, 47]])
In [8]: np.diagflat(np.diagflat(arr1))
array([[60, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],

Out[8]:
[ 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
...,
[ 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, ..., 0, 0, 47]])
diagflat() :
It creates the diagonals from given array and rest of non diagonal values becomes 0's.
In [11]: numm = np.diagflat([[22,23,2,4],[11,13,12,1]])

numm

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[11]:
[ 0, 23, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 12, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1]])
In [12]: numm.ndim
2
Out[12]:
In [19]: x = np.diagflat([[[12,12],[22,22],
[33,33],[44,44]]])
x
array([[12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[19]:
[ 0, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 22, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 33, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 44, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 44]])
In [20]: x.ndim
2
Out[20]:
In [21]: x = np.diagonal([[[12,12],[22,22],
[33,33],[44,44]]])
x
array([[12],
Out[21]:
[12]])
In [24]: x = np.diag([[[12,12],[22,22],
[33,33],[44,44]]])
x
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[24], line 1
----> 1 x = np.diag([[[12,12],[22,22],
2 [33,33],[44,44]]])
3 x
File <__array_function__ internals>:200, in diag(*args, **kwargs)
File ~\anaconda3\Lib\site-packages\numpy\lib\twodim_base.py:309, in diag(v, k)

307 return diagonal(v, k)
308 else:
--> 309 raise ValueError("Input must be 1- or 2-d.")
ValueError: Input must be 1- or 2-d.

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
As you can see in above codes np.diag and np.diagonal doesn't create a array
by giving arrays it is only applicable in np.diagflat
In [25]: arr = np.random.random(9).reshape(3,3)

arr
array([[0.48998727, 0.05287216, 0.6760068 ],

Out[25]:
[0.21407884, 0.41751812, 0.16895348],
[0.11383233, 0.06469908, 0.70521954]])
In [26]: arr1 = np.random.rand(3,4)

arr1
array([[0.15206723, 0.91247594, 0.27013392, 0.36346606],

Out[26]:
[0.81680048, 0.97292427, 0.61096113, 0.13051703],
[0.46627602, 0.09510123, 0.49002573, 0.05610081]])
arr3
array([[139, 107, 110, 80, 107, 81, 63, 26],

Out[29]:
[ 2, 76, 78, 186, 27, 162, 111, 69],
[162, 9, 131, 32, 195, 134, 126, 155],
[ 16, 87, 115, 172, 198, 178, 133, 63],
[ 81, 195, 128, 67, 64, 148, 86, 125],
[ 29, 44, 58, 134, 51, 27, 79, 120],
[ 41, 198, 71, 64, 11, 68, 86, 140],
[130, 83, 164, 151, 42, 124, 106, 25]])
Indexing and Slicing in 3-D Array

Indexing :
Syntax :
arr[arr_index] --- It fetches the layer
arr[arr_index , arr_row] ---- It fetches the layer and the list
arr[arr_index , arr_row , arr_column] ---- It fetches layer

and thelist and the elements inside lists.
np.random.seed(1)
arr1 = np.random.randint(30,70,48).reshape(3,4,4)
arr1

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],
Out[6]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[46, 31, 42, 37],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 62, 52],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[37, 33, 36, 51],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [7]: arr1[0]
array([[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[7]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[46, 31, 42, 37],
[36, 55, 50, 67]])
In [8]: arr1[0,2] = 22
In [9]: arr1
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[9]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 22, 22, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 62, 52],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[37, 33, 36, 51],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [12]: arr1[0,2,(1,2)] = 11,12

arr1
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[12]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 62, 52],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[37, 33, 36, 51],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [13]: arr1[2,2,(0,3)] =73,63

arr1
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[13]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 62, 52],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [14]: arr1[1,2,(2,3)] = 26,25
In [15]: arr1
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[15]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 26, 25],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
Slicing :
Syntax :
arr[layer_startindex : layer_endindex : step_size]
layer_startindex = 0
layer_endindex = Exclusive (by default)
step size = 1 (By default)
In [16]: arr1

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],
Out[16]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 26, 25],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [17]: arr1[:len(arr1):2]
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[17]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [18]: arr1[::]
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[18]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 26, 25],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [19]: arr1[::-1]
array([[[31, 30, 47, 38],

Out[19]:
[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 26, 25],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[67, 42, 38, 39],

[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]]])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
Now,
arr[layer_startindex : layer_endindex : step_size ,

row_startindex : row_endindex : step_size]
startindex = 0
endindex = Exclusive (by default)
In [20]: arr1
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[20]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 26, 25],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [21]: arr1[:2: , :2:]
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[21]:
[41, 35, 45, 30]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53]]])
In [26]: arr1[2:: , 2:4:]
array([[[73, 33, 36, 63],

Out[26]:
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [30]: arr1[:len(arr1):2 , -1:-3:-1]
array([[[36, 55, 50, 67],

Out[30]:
[22, 11, 12, 22]],
[[33, 34, 54, 42],

[73, 33, 36, 63]]])
In [32]: arr1[2,2]
array([73, 33, 36, 63])

Out[32]:
In [36]: arr1[:2: , -1:-4:-2]

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[[36, 55, 50, 67],
Out[36]:
[41, 35, 45, 30]],
[[43, 39, 37, 52],

[59, 44, 34, 53]]])
In [37]: arr1
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[37]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 26, 25],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [43]: print(arr1[:1: , 1:2:])

print("----------------------------------------------")
print(arr1[:3:2 , 2:3:])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(arr1[:3:2 , 1:3:])
print("----------------------------------------------")
print(arr1[:3:2 , -2:-4:-1])
[[[41 35 45 30]]]
----------------------------------------------
[[[22 11 12 22]]
[[73 33 36 63]]]
----------------------------------------------
[[[41 35 45 30]
[22 11 12 22]]
[[54 43 38 60]
[73 33 36 63]]]
----------------------------------------------
[[[22 11 12 22]
[41 35 45 30]]
[[73 33 36 63]
[54 43 38 60]]]
In [44]: print(arr1[:: , ::-2])
[[[36 55 50 67]
[41 35 45 30]]
[[43 39 37 52]
[59 44 34 53]]
[[33 34 54 42]
[54 43 38 60]]]

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [45]: print(arr1[:: , ::-3])
[[[36 55 50 67]
[67 42 38 39]]
[[43 39 37 52]
[48 50 41 58]]
[[33 34 54 42]
[31 30 47 38]]]
In [46]: print(arr1[:: ,::-4])
[[[36 55 50 67]]
[[43 39 37 52]]
[[33 34 54 42]]]
Now,
arr[layer_startindex : layer_endindex : step_size , row_startindex :
row_endindex : step_size , column_startindex : column_endindex : step_size]
startindex = 0
endindex = Exclusive (by default)
In [48]: arr1
array([[[67, 42, 38, 39],

Out[48]:
[41, 35, 45, 30],
[22, 11, 12, 22],
[36, 55, 50, 67]],
[[48, 50, 41, 58],

[59, 44, 34, 53],
[53, 60, 26, 25],
[43, 39, 37, 52]],
[[31, 30, 47, 38],

[54, 43, 38, 60],
[73, 33, 36, 63],
[33, 34, 54, 42]]])
In [49]: print(arr1[:: , :: , 3::])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
[[[39]
[30]
[22]
[67]]
[[58]
[53]
[25]
[52]]
[[38]
[60]
[63]
[42]]]
In [53]: print(arr1[::2 , :2: , 3::])
[[[39]
[30]]
[[38]
[60]]]
In [55]: print(arr1[:2: , 2:: , 1:3:])
[[[11 12]
[55 50]]
[[60 26]
[39 37]]]
In [56]: print(arr1[::2 , 2:: , 1:3:])
[[[11 12]
[55 50]]
[[33 36]
[34 54]]]
varr = np.random.randint(22,172,49).reshape(7,7)
varr
array([[ 59, 162, 94, 159, 155, 101, 166],

Out[57]:
[151, 93, 156, 47, 42, 123, 168],
[161, 164, 72, 90, 118, 108, 163],
[159, 29, 85, 83, 44, 79, 23],
[150, 82, 30, 163, 137, 143, 52],
[ 93, 153, 171, 71, 79, 25, 46],
[ 65, 98, 48, 74, 102, 131, 137]])
In [58]: np.diag(varr)
array([ 59, 93, 72, 83, 137, 25, 137])

Out[58]:
In [60]: np.diag(varr)[::-1]
array([137, 25, 137, 83, 72, 93, 59])

Out[60]:

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
Now Now Now, You can see in Below code that in diagonal it is possible that
we can extract the diagonal from {right-top-left-bottom}
In [66]: np.diag(varr[::-1])[::]
array([ 65, 153, 30, 83, 118, 123, 166])

Out[66]:
In [67]: np.diag(varr[::-1])[::-1]
array([166, 123, 118, 83, 30, 153, 65])

Out[67]:
Array of Random Value

In numpy, we have a random module that is used to create array of random values in it
##### random.random()
It generates a specified number of random values
The random valuws are always between 0 and 1
Syntax:
np.random.random(number of values)
In [69]: x = np.random.random(24)
x
array([0.41417927, 0.04995346, 0.53589641, 0.66379465, 0.51488911,

Out[69]:
0.94459476, 0.58655504, 0.90340192, 0.1374747 , 0.13927635,
0.80739129, 0.39767684, 0.1653542 , 0.92750858, 0.34776586,
0.7508121 , 0.72599799, 0.88330609, 0.62367221, 0.75094243,
0.34889834, 0.26992789, 0.89588622, 0.42809119])
In [70]: i = np.random.random(36).reshape(3,4,3)
i
array([[[0.96484005, 0.6634415 , 0.62169572],

Out[70]:
[0.11474597, 0.94948926, 0.44991213],
[0.57838961, 0.4081368 , 0.23702698],
[0.90337952, 0.57367949, 0.00287033]],
[[0.61714491, 0.3266449 , 0.5270581 ],

[0.8859421 , 0.35726976, 0.90853515],
[0.62336012, 0.01582124, 0.92943723],
[0.69089692, 0.99732285, 0.17234051]],
[[0.13713575, 0.93259546, 0.69681816],

[0.06600017, 0.75546305, 0.75387619],
[0.92302454, 0.71152476, 0.12427096],
[0.01988013, 0.02621099, 0.02830649]]])
random.randint()
It returns a 1-D array of random numbers (integers) between a specified range

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
Synatx:
np.random.randint(start, stop, number of values)
By default, both the start and the stop values are excluded
In [71]: v = np.random.randint(1,22,16).reshape(4,4)
v
array([[14, 18, 18, 16],

Out[71]:
[14, 9, 15, 14],
[17, 11, 14, 4],
[21, 3, 15, 15]])
random.seed(random state)
It is used to set the random state of the randomized value
Random state is an integer number in the range 0 to (2**32)-1
arrr = np.random.randint(0,51,36).reshape(6,6)
arrr
array([[ 9, 36, 15, 0, 49, 28],

Out[72]:
[25, 29, 48, 29, 49, 8],
[ 9, 0, 42, 40, 36, 16],
[36, 47, 11, 24, 43, 33],
[ 8, 36, 14, 49, 13, 5],
[13, 25, 13, 28, 22, 30]])
arr1 = np.random.rand(6,6)
arr1
array([[0.77132064, 0.02075195, 0.63364823, 0.74880388, 0.49850701,

Out[74]:
0.22479665],
[0.19806286, 0.76053071, 0.16911084, 0.08833981, 0.68535982,
0.95339335],
[0.00394827, 0.51219226, 0.81262096, 0.61252607, 0.72175532,
0.29187607],
[0.91777412, 0.71457578, 0.54254437, 0.14217005, 0.37334076,
0.67413362],
[0.44183317, 0.43401399, 0.61776698, 0.51313824, 0.65039718,
0.60103895],
[0.8052232 , 0.52164715, 0.90864888, 0.31923609, 0.09045935,
0.30070006]])
In [75]: (2**32)-1
4294967295
Out[75]:
random.normal()
It returns an array of random value those are normally distributed
Syntax: np.random.normal(mean, sd, size)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [82]: varry = np.random.normal(22, 4 , 50)

varry
array([25.02648743, 19.08240311, 26.8591306 , 26.03313187, 22.29313204,

Out[82]:
26.69492965, 29.45180667, 14.06545401, 26.62675572, 24.43712907,
20.70719507, 24.65658243, 23.58690397, 19.69553256, 27.95287357,
22.56098747, 26.75326702, 21.01701845, 15.45765353, 22.97919235,
21.05967108, 16.95668878, 15.23212828, 24.46580369, 27.07876513,
27.58935191, 24.13689985, 22.01640815, 22.75767937, 22.17909874,
25.1787411 , 20.02743703, 16.95364104, 21.12295894, 22.7890889 ,
20.97887818, 22.10323037, 30.80386575, 25.53747041, 16.45270986,
24.61464926, 13.29356546, 24.4757957 , 23.90893721, 22.10438611,
18.12117731, 18.0650875 , 23.65013086, 19.54278061, 25.3483271 ])
Functions in Array
np.sum()
It returns the sum of the array.
Syntax :
np.sum(arr , axis = 0)
arr.sum(axis = 0,1)
axis = 0 ------> Interpreter reads the array from top to bottom which known as row
wise operation.
axis = 1 ------> Interpreter reads the array from left to right which known as column
wise operation.
axxxiiss = np.random.randint(1,22,14)
axxxiiss
array([ 6, 12, 13, 9, 10, 12, 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13, 8, 14])

Out[83]:
In [84]: np.sum(axxxiiss, axis=0)
139
Out[84]:
In [87]: axxxiiss.sum()
139
Out[87]:
In [86]: axxxiiss.sum(axis = 1)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AxisError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[86], line 1
----> 1 axxxiiss.sum(axis = 1)
File ~\anaconda3\Lib\site-packages\numpy\core\_methods.py:49, in _sum(a, axis, dtype,

out, keepdims, initial, where)
47 def _sum(a, axis=None, dtype=None, out=None, keepdims=False,
48 initial=_NoValue, where=True):
---> 49 return umr_sum(a, axis, dtype, out, keepdims, initial, where)
AxisError: axis 1 is out of bounds for array of dimension 1
As you can see in upper code is giving error by out of bound for array of 1-D ,
axis = 0,1 is applicable in 2-D , 3-D
i_ = np.random.randint(0,51,16).reshape(4,4)
i_
array([[37, 43, 12, 8],

Out[97]:
[ 9, 11, 5, 15],
[ 0, 16, 1, 12],
[ 7, 45, 6, 25]])
In [103… np.sum(i_ , axis= 0)
array([ 53, 115, 24, 60])

Out[103]:
In [104… i_.sum(axis = 1)
array([100, 40, 29, 83])

Out[104]:
In [100… val = np.random.randint(22,52,16).reshape(2,2,4)

val
array([[[40, 42, 27, 40],

Out[100]:
[42, 33, 50, 32]],
[[50, 51, 36, 40],

[26, 45, 45, 31]]])
In [102… np.sum(val , axis=0)
array([[90, 93, 63, 80],

Out[102]:
[68, 78, 95, 63]])
In [105… np.sum(val , axis = 1)
array([[82, 75, 77, 72],

Out[105]:
[76, 96, 81, 71]])
np.mean()
It returns the average (mean) of the array
Syntax:

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
np.mean(arr, axis = 0,1)
arr.mean(axis = 0,1
arr = np.random.randint(1,51,36).reshape(6,6)
arr
array([[38, 44, 13, 9, 10, 12],

Out[106]:
[ 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13],
[ 8, 46, 7, 26, 21, 38],
[19, 21, 12, 43, 29, 30],
[15, 5, 24, 24, 42, 50],
[31, 33, 23, 14, 42, 10]])
In [107… np.mean(arr)
22.055555555555557
Out[107]:
In [109… (38+ 44 + 13 + 9 + 10 + 12 + 6 + 16 + 1 + 17 + 2 + 13 + 8 + 46 + 7
+ 26 + 21 + 38 + 19 + 21 + 12 + 43 + 29 + 30 + 15 + 5 + 24 + 24 + 42 + 50 + 31 + 33 +
22.055555555555557
Out[109]:
To Calculate mean,
Formula : sum of array / no. of elements
In [114… print(np.mean(arr ,axis=0))

print("--------------------------")
(38+
6+
8+
19+
15+
31)/6
# no of rows = 6
[19.5 27.5 13.33333333 22.16666667 24.33333333 25.5 ]

--------------------------
19.5
Out[114]:
In [115… print(np.mean(arr ,axis=1))

print("--------------------------")
(38 + 44 + 13 + 9 + 10 + 12)/6
# no of columns = 6
[21. 9.16666667 24.33333333 25.66666667 26.66666667 25.5 ]

--------------------------
21.0
Out[115]:
np.median()
It return the median of an array
Syntax:

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
np.median(arr, axis = 0,1)
In [116… arr
array([[38, 44, 13, 9, 10, 12],

Out[116]:
[ 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13],
[ 8, 46, 7, 26, 21, 38],
[19, 21, 12, 43, 29, 30],
[15, 5, 24, 24, 42, 50],
[31, 33, 23, 14, 42, 10]])
In [117… np.median(arr , axis = 0)
array([17. , 27. , 12.5, 20.5, 25. , 21.5])

Out[117]:
In [126… print("sorted of rows axis 6 + 8 + 15 + 19 + 31 + 38 : ", (15 + 19)/2)

print("15 AND 19 are the sorted middle numbers of rows axis ")
sorted of rows axis 6 + 8 + 15 + 19 + 31 + 38 : 17.0

15 AND 19 are the sorted middle numbers of rows axis
In [127… np.median(arr , axis = 1)
array([12.5, 9.5, 23.5, 25. , 24. , 27. ])

Out[127]:
In [128… print("sorted of columns axis 9 + 10 + 12 + 13 + 38 + 44 : ", (12 + 13)/2)

print("12 AND 13 are the sorted middle numbers of columns axis ")
sorted of columns axis 9 + 10 + 12 + 13 + 38 + 44 : 12.5

12 AND 13 are the sorted middle numbers of columns axis
Formula for median is : sorted middle indexes of (rows/columns)

of an array /2
np.var()
It return the variance of the array
Syntax:
np.var(arr, axis = 0,1)
np.random.seed(1)
x = np.random.randint(1,51,16).reshape(4,4)
x
array([[38, 44, 13, 9],

Out[3]:
[10, 12, 6, 16],
[ 1, 17, 2, 13],
[ 8, 46, 7, 26]])
In [4]: x.var()

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
190.3125
Out[4]:
In [5]: np.var(x , axis=0)
array([199.1875, 236.1875, 15.5 , 39.5 ])

Out[5]:
In [8]: np.mean(x , axis=0)
array([14.25, 29.75, 7. , 16. ])

Out[8]:
In [7]: np.mean(x)
16.75
Out[7]:
In [6]: np.var(x , axis=1)
array([231.5 , 13. , 47.6875, 253.1875])

Out[6]:
In [10]: np.mean(x , axis=1)
array([26. , 11. , 8.25, 21.75])

Out[10]:
Formula : Number of axis(0 (rows),1(Columns)) - Mean of axis(0(rows)

,1(columns))**2 + That whole axis(0,1) / number of layers or array
In [9]: ((38-14.25)**2 + (10-14.25)**2 +(1-14.25)**2 +(8-14.25)**2)/4
199.1875
Out[9]:
In [11]: ((38-26)**2 + (44-26)**2 +(13-26)**2 +(9-26)**2)/4
231.5
Out[11]:
np.std()
It returns the standard deviation of an array
Syntax:
np.std(arr, axis = 0,1)
axisss = np.random.randint(1,30,25).reshape(5,5)
axisss
array([[ 6, 12, 13, 9, 10],

Out[8]:
[12, 6, 16, 1, 17],
[ 2, 13, 8, 14, 29],
[ 7, 26, 19, 21, 6],
[19, 21, 12, 29, 11]])
In [10]: v = np.mean(axisss , axis=0)

c = np.var(axisss , axis=0)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
print(v)
print(c)
[ 9.2 15.6 13.6 14.8 14.6]

[34.16 49.84 13.84 92.96 64.24]
Solving of Variances
In [16]: ((6-9.2)**2 + (12-9.2)**2 + (2-9.2)**2 + (7-9.2)**2 + (19-9.2)**2)/5
34.160000000000004
Out[16]:
In [11]: np.std(axisss , axis= 0)
array([5.84465568, 7.05974504, 3.72021505, 9.64157663, 8.01498596])

Out[11]:
Formula : sqrt(variance of axis (0,1))
In [12]: import math
In [14]: math.sqrt(34.16)
5.844655678480983
Out[14]:
Note : For finding Standard Deviation : 1. We have to first find the

mean(np.mean()) of the array of axis(0,1)
2. After that from mean we have to find the variance(np.var()) of the array of
axis(0,1)
3. Afterwards from that We have to do square of variances of that particular

axis(0,1) for standard deviation(np.std()) we have to find.
garryy = np.random.randint(1,22,25).reshape(5,5)
garryy
array([[ 6, 12, 13, 9, 10],

Out[5]:
[12, 6, 16, 1, 17],
[ 2, 13, 8, 14, 7],
[19, 21, 6, 19, 21],
[12, 11, 15, 19, 5]])
In [18]: print(np.mean(garryy))
print(np.var(garryy))
print(np.std(garryy))
11.76
31.862399999999997
5.644678910265844
In [19]: math.sqrt(31.862399999999997)
5.644678910265844
Out[19]:

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
np.min()
It return the minimum value of the arary
Syntax:
np.min(arr, axis = 0,1)
In [20]: garryy
array([[ 6, 12, 13, 9, 10],

Out[20]:
[12, 6, 16, 1, 17],
[ 2, 13, 8, 14, 7],
[19, 21, 6, 19, 21],
[12, 11, 15, 19, 5]])
In [21]: np.min(garryy)
1
Out[21]:
As you can see in below it shows that by finding np.min() we find minimum value and it
checks the all the axis of 0 (rows) of the array and give each value from each row specifically
minimum value.
In [22]: np.min(garryy , axis=0)
array([2, 6, 6, 1, 5])
Out[22]:
In [23]: np.min(garryy , axis=1)
array([6, 1, 2, 6, 5])
Out[23]:
np.max()
It return the maximum value of the arary
Syntax:
np.max(arr, axis = 0,1)
In [24]: garryy
array([[ 6, 12, 13, 9, 10],

Out[24]:
[12, 6, 16, 1, 17],
[ 2, 13, 8, 14, 7],
[19, 21, 6, 19, 21],
[12, 11, 15, 19, 5]])
In [25]: np.max(garryy)
21
Out[25]:
As you can see in below it shows that by finding np.max() we find maximum value and it
checks the all the axis of 0 (rows) of the array and give each value from each row specifically

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
maximum value.
In [26]: np.max(garryy , axis= 0)
array([19, 21, 16, 19, 21])

Out[26]:
In [27]: np.max(garryy , axis=1)
array([13, 17, 14, 21, 19])

Out[27]:
np.percentile()
It return the specified percentile value of the array
In [6]: garryy
array([[ 6, 12, 13, 9, 10],

Out[6]:
[12, 6, 16, 1, 17],
[ 2, 13, 8, 14, 7],
[19, 21, 6, 19, 21],
[12, 11, 15, 19, 5]])
In [32]: np.percentile(garryy , 10)
5.4
Out[32]:
In [8]: flat_array = garryy.flatten()

sorted_array = np.sort(flat_array)
Index = (10 / 100) * (25 - 1)
percentile_index = (10 / 100) * (len(sorted_array) - 1)
interpolated_value = np.interp(percentile_index, np.arange(len(sorted_array)), sorted_
print(interpolated_value)
5.4
In [36]: len(garryy)
5
Out[36]:
In [33]: np.percentile(garryy , 7)
4.040000000000001
Out[33]:
In [53]: a = garryy.flatten()
a
array([ 6, 12, 13, 9, 10, 12, 6, 16, 1, 17, 2, 13, 8, 14, 7, 19, 21,
Out[53]:
6, 19, 21, 12, 11, 15, 19, 5])
In [54]: np.sort(a)
array([ 1, 2, 5, 6, 6, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 12, 12, 13, 13, 14,

Out[54]:
15, 16, 17, 19, 19, 19, 21, 21])
astype() :

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
It typecast one data type to another.
In [20]: arr1 = np.array([2,3.8 , 8 ,89 , 77.3 , 66.5 ,33.2 , 12.3])

arr1
array([ 2. , 3.8, 8. , 89. , 77.3, 66.5, 33.2, 12.3])

Out[20]:
In [21]: arr1.astype(int)
array([ 2, 3, 8, 89, 77, 66, 33, 12])

Out[21]:
In [22]: arr1.astype(complex)
array([ 2. +0.j, 3.8+0.j, 8. +0.j, 89. +0.j, 77.3+0.j, 66.5+0.j,

Out[22]:
33.2+0.j, 12.3+0.j])
In [23]: arr1.astype(str)
array(['2.0', '3.8', '8.0', '89.0', '77.3', '66.5', '33.2', '12.3'],

Out[23]:
dtype='<U32')
In [25]: arr1.astype(float)
array([ 2. , 3.8, 8. , 89. , 77.3, 66.5, 33.2, 12.3])

Out[25]:
In [26]: arr1.astype(bool)
array([ True, True, True, True, True, True, True, True])

Out[26]:
In [27]: arr1.astype(list)
array([2.0, 3.8, 8.0, 89.0, 77.3, 66.5, 33.2, 12.3], dtype=object)

Out[27]:
In [28]: arr1.astype(set)
array([2.0, 3.8, 8.0, 89.0, 77.3, 66.5, 33.2, 12.3], dtype=object)

Out[28]:
Null Values in NUMPY

In Python normal null value represent by the NONE
But in Numpy library We can represent the null value by np.nan
by default np.nan is 1 ----> which means that np.nan is true by default.
NAN stands for Not A Number
By default np.nan gives value in float datatype.
In [29]: a = None
print(a , type(a))
None <class 'NoneType'>
In [30]: arr1 = np.array([np.nan])

print(arr1 , type(arr1))

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
[nan] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>
In [31]: arr1.dtype
dtype('float64')
Out[31]:
In [32]: arr2 = np.array([12, 34, np.nan , 32 , np.nan , 45 , 67, np.nan , 99 ]).reshape(3,3)

arr2
array([[12., 34., nan],

Out[32]:
[32., nan, 45.],
[67., nan, 99.]])
As you can see now by default array is in float data type. because of np.nan
In [33]: arr2.dtype
dtype('float64')
Out[33]:
Operations on Null Values

Count the number of null values in array.
Accessing the null values from an array.
Count the non null values in the array.
Accessing the non null values from an array.
Replacing the null values in the array.
np.isnan()
It checks for nan values and returns a boolean array, where True means the null value is
present and False means the non-null values is present
In [34]: arr2
array([[12., 34., nan],

Out[34]:
[32., nan, 45.],
[67., nan, 99.]])
In [35]: np.isnan(arr2)
array([[False, False, True],

Out[35]:
[False, True, False],
[False, True, False]])
Count the null values and Non null values inside the array
Syntax :
np.isnan().sum() ----- For Null values
(~ np.isnan()).sum() ----- For non Null Values

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [37]: arr2
array([[12., 34., nan],

Out[37]:
[32., nan, 45.],
[67., nan, 99.]])
In [38]: np.isnan(arr2)
array([[False, False, True],

Out[38]:
[False, True, False],
[False, True, False]])
In [36]: np.isnan(arr2).sum()
3
Out[36]:
In [65]: (~np.isnan(arr2)).sum()
6
Out[65]:
In [68]: (np.isnan(arr2) == False ).sum()
6
Out[68]:
In [70]: len(arr2[np.isnan(arr2) == False])
6
Out[70]:
In [66]: arr2[np.isnan(arr2) == True]
array([nan, nan, nan])

Out[66]:
In [67]: arr2[(~np.isnan(arr2) == True)]
array([12., 34., 32., 45., 67., 99.])

Out[67]:
Accessing the null values from an array

Syntax :
np.where(condition)
np.where(condition)
- It helps to fetch the values based on some

conditions
It returns the index of the element where the

condition is True

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
To fetch the element we pass np.where () as the index to the array object
In [39]: arr2
array([[12., 34., nan],

Out[39]:
[32., nan, 45.],
[67., nan, 99.]])
In [40]: np.where(np.isnan(arr2))
(array([0, 1, 2], dtype=int64), array([2, 1, 1], dtype=int64))

Out[40]:
As you can see in above code that it is returning two arrays first tarray tells us about the
layers or lists in the array by indexing numbers and the another array states the position
where nan values are there.
As you can see at 0th list --- at 2nd position there is an nan value.
arr3
array([[38, 44, 13, 9, 10, 12, 6, 16, 1],

Out[41]:
[17, 2, 13, 8, 46, 7, 26, 21, 38],
[19, 21, 12, 43, 29, 30, 15, 5, 24],
[24, 42, 50, 31, 33, 23, 14, 42, 10]])
In [43]: np.where(arr3 > 35)
(array([0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3], dtype=int64),

Out[43]:
array([0, 1, 4, 8, 3, 1, 2, 7], dtype=int64))
arr = np.random.randint(10,100,12).reshape(3,2,2)
arr
array([[[85, 40],
Out[44]:
[13, 42]],
[[71, 95],
[45, 78]],
[[25, 75],
[24, 63]]])
In [46]: np.where(arr > 40)
(array([0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2], dtype=int64),

Out[46]:
array([0, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 1], dtype=int64),
array([0, 1, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1], dtype=int64))
In [45]: arr > 50

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[[ True, False],
Out[45]:
[False, False]],
[[ True, True],
[False, True]],
[[False, True],
[False, True]]])
In [32]: arr7 = np.array([12, np.nan , np.nan , 55 , np.nan , 99 , np.nan , 76 , np.nan , 45 ,

arr7
array([[ 12., nan, nan, 55.],

Out[32]:
[ nan, 99., nan, 76.],
[ nan, 45., 345., nan]])
In [33]: np.where(np.isnan(arr7))
(array([0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2], dtype=int64),

Out[33]:
array([1, 2, 0, 2, 0, 3], dtype=int64))
In [34]: arr7[np.where(np.isnan(arr7))]
array([nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan])

Out[34]:
In [35]: arr7[np.isnan(arr7) == True]
array([nan, nan, nan, nan, nan, nan])

Out[35]:
Accessing the non Null Values

In [56]: arr
array([[[85, 40],
Out[56]:
[13, 42]],
[[71, 95],
[45, 78]],
[[25, 75],
[24, 63]]])
In [71]: arr[np.where(arr > 20)]
array([85, 40, 42, 71, 95, 45, 78, 25, 75, 24, 63])
Out[71]:
In [62]: arr[(arr> 20) == True]
array([85, 40, 42, 71, 95, 45, 78, 25, 75, 24, 63])
Out[62]:
np.where --- Case 2

Syntax : np.where(condition, x, y)
If the condition is True, then x is the result, otherwise y is the result

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
arr2
array([[10, 37, 16, 1, 50, 29],

Out[74]:
[26, 30, 49, 30, 50, 9],
[10, 1, 43, 41, 37, 17],
[37, 48, 12, 25, 44, 34],
[ 9, 37, 15, 50, 14, 6],
[14, 26, 14, 29, 23, 31]])
In [75]: np.where(arr2%2==0 , "Even" , "Odd")
array([['Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Odd'],

Out[75]:
['Even', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Even', 'Odd'],
['Even', 'Odd', 'Odd', 'Odd', 'Odd', 'Odd'],
['Odd', 'Even', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Even'],
['Odd', 'Odd', 'Odd', 'Even', 'Even', 'Even'],
['Even', 'Even', 'Even', 'Odd', 'Odd', 'Odd']], dtype='<U4')
In [77]: np.where(arr2 < 40 , True , False)
array([[ True, True, True, True, False, True],

Out[77]:
[ True, True, False, True, False, True],
[ True, True, False, False, True, True],
[ True, False, True, True, False, True],
[ True, True, True, False, True, True],
[ True, True, True, True, True, True]])
np.where -- Case 3
Syntax : - np.where(condition, x, arr)
If the condition is True, then x is the result, otherwise the value remains the same
In [78]: arr2
array([[10, 37, 16, 1, 50, 29],

Out[78]:
[26, 30, 49, 30, 50, 9],
[10, 1, 43, 41, 37, 17],
[37, 48, 12, 25, 44, 34],
[ 9, 37, 15, 50, 14, 6],
[14, 26, 14, 29, 23, 31]])
In [79]: np.where(arr2%2 , "even" , arr2)
array([['10', 'even', '16', 'even', '50', 'even'],

Out[79]:
['26', '30', 'even', '30', '50', 'even'],
['10', 'even', 'even', 'even', 'even', 'even'],
['even', '48', '12', 'even', '44', '34'],
['even', 'even', 'even', '50', '14', '6'],
['14', '26', '14', 'even', 'even', 'even']], dtype='<U11')
In [80]: np.where(arr2 < 40 , 1 , arr2)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 50, 1],
Out[80]:
[ 1, 1, 49, 1, 50, 1],
[ 1, 1, 43, 41, 1, 1],
[ 1, 48, 1, 1, 44, 1],
[ 1, 1, 1, 50, 1, 1],
[ 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]])
Replace the Null Values in an array

In [36]: arr7
array([[ 12., nan, nan, 55.],

Out[36]:
[ nan, 99., nan, 76.],
[ nan, 45., 345., nan]])
In [37]: arr7[np.isnan(arr7)] = 1
In [41]: arr7
array([[ 12., 1., 1., 55.],

Out[41]:
[ 1., 99., 1., 76.],
[ 1., 45., 345., 1.]])
array([[ 12, 1, 1, 55],

Out[40]:
[ 1, 99, 1, 76],
[ 1, 45, 345, 1]])
Replacing all the Null values with means , medians
Both are the ways : arr[np.isnan(arr) == False].mean()
arr[np.isnan(arr)] = arr(~np.isnan(arr)).mean()
By mean
In [42]: arr = np.array([10,20,30, np.nan, 50, np.nan, 45, 60, np.nan, np.nan, 78, 62]).reshape
arr
array([[10., 20., 30., nan],

Out[42]:
[50., nan, 45., 60.],
[nan, nan, 78., 62.]])
In [43]: arr.mean()
nan
Out[43]:
In [44]: m = arr[np.isnan(arr) == False].mean()

m
44.375
Out[44]:
In [45]: arr[np.isnan(arr)] = arr[np.isnan(arr) == False].mean()

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [46]: arr
array([[10. , 20. , 30. , 44.375],

Out[46]:
[50. , 44.375, 45. , 60. ],
[44.375, 44.375, 78. , 62. ]])
In [64]: a = np.array([ 1 ,2 , 3 , np.nan , 5 ,6 , np.nan , np.nan , 76]).reshape(3,3)

a
array([[ 1., 2., 3.],

Out[64]:
[nan, 5., 6.],
[nan, nan, 76.]])
In [48]: a.mean()
nan
Out[48]:
In [49]: y = a[np.isnan(a) == False].mean()

y
15.5
Out[49]:
In [62]: a[np.isnan(a)] = y
In [63]: a
array([[ 1. , 2. , 3. ],
Out[63]:
[15.5, 5. , 6. ],
[15.5, 15.5, 76. ]])
By Median
In [65]: a
array([[ 1., 2., 3.],

Out[65]:
[nan, 5., 6.],
[nan, nan, 76.]])
In [67]: np.median(a)
nan
Out[67]:
In [71]: m = a[np.isnan(a) == False]
In [72]: np.median(m)
4.0
Out[72]:
In [73]: a[np.isnan(a)] = np.median(m)
In [74]: a
array([[ 1., 2., 3.],

Out[74]:
[ 4., 5., 6.],
[ 4., 4., 76.]])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [76]: z = np.array([ 12 , np.nan , 24 , np.nan , 36 , np.nan , 48 , np.nan , 60 , np.nan , 7

z
array([[12., nan, 24., nan],

Out[76]:
[36., nan, 48., nan],
[60., nan, 72., 84.]])
In [77]: np.mean(z)
nan
Out[77]:
In [79]: meannn = z[np.isnan(z) == False].mean()

meannn
48.0
Out[79]:
In [81]: z[np.isnan(z)] = meannn
In [82]: z
array([[12., 48., 24., 48.],

Out[82]:
[36., 48., 48., 48.],
[60., 48., 72., 84.]])
In [83]: b = np.array([23 , 32 , np.nan , np.nan , 45 , 54 , np.nan , 67 , np.nan]).reshape(3,3

b
array([[23., 32., nan],

Out[83]:
[nan, 45., 54.],
[nan, 67., nan]])
In [84]: np.median(b)
nan
Out[84]:
In [86]: v = b[np.isnan(b) == False]
In [90]: mediannn = np.median(v)

mediannn
45.0
Out[90]:
In [91]: b[np.isnan(b)] = mediannn
In [92]: b
array([[23., 32., 45.],

Out[92]:
[45., 45., 54.],
[45., 67., 45.]])
In [93]: b.astype(int)
array([[23, 32, 45],

Out[93]:
[45, 45, 54],
[45, 67, 45]])
Replacing Null values By mean

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [94]: arr1 = np.array([np.nan , 32 , 23 , np.nan , np.nan , np.nan , 76 , 87 , np.nan]).resh

arr1
array([[nan, 32., 23.],

Out[94]:
[nan, nan, nan],
[76., 87., nan]])
In [96]: print(arr.mean())
print("----------------------------------------------------------")
w = arr1[np.isnan(arr1) == False].mean()
print(w)
print("----------------------------------------------------------")
arr1[np.isnan(arr1)] = w
print(arr1)
44.375
----------------------------------------------------------
54.5
----------------------------------------------------------
[[54.5 32. 23. ]
[54.5 54.5 54.5]
[76. 87. 54.5]]
Replacing Null values By Median

In [97]: arr9 = np.array([np.nan , 101 , 223 , np.nan , np.nan , np.nan , 676 , 787 , np.nan]).
arr9
array([[ nan, 101., 223.],

Out[97]:
[ nan, nan, nan],
[676., 787., nan]])
In [98]: print(np.median(arr9))
print("-------------------------------------------------------")
qqq = arr9[np.isnan(arr9) == False]
x = np.median(qqq)
print(x)
print("-------------------------------------------------------")
arr9[np.isnan(arr9)] = x
print(arr9)
nan
-------------------------------------------------------
449.5
-------------------------------------------------------
[[449.5 101. 223. ]
[449.5 449.5 449.5]
[676. 787. 449.5]]
In [122… arr9 = np.array([np.nan , 101 , 223 , np.nan , np.nan , np.nan , 676 , 787 , np.nan]).
arr9
array([[ nan, 101., 223.],

Out[122]:
[ nan, nan, nan],
[676., 787., nan]])
As you can see in below code , I've replaced non null values with 22 and null values with
zero(0)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [123… arr9[np.isnan(arr9) == False]= 22

arr9[np.isnan(arr9) == True] = 0
In [124… arr9
array([[ 0., 22., 22.],

Out[124]:
[ 0., 0., 0.],
[22., 22., 0.]])
In [126… arr9.astype(int)
array([[ 0, 22, 22],

Out[126]:
[ 0, 0, 0],
[22, 22, 0]])
np.argwhere()
It returns an array object that contains the indexes of all the non zero element from the
array
Syntax:
np.argwhere(arr)
In [127… arr9
array([[ 0., 22., 22.],

Out[127]:
[ 0., 0., 0.],
[22., 22., 0.]])
In [128… np.argwhere(arr9)
array([[0, 1],
Out[128]:
[0, 2],
[2, 0],
[2, 1]], dtype=int64)
In [129… arr1
array([[54.5, 32. , 23. ],

Out[129]:
[54.5, 54.5, 54.5],
[76. , 87. , 54.5]])
In [130… np.argwhere(arr1)
array([[0, 0],
Out[130]:
[0, 1],
[0, 2],
[1, 0],
[1, 1],
[1, 2],
[2, 0],
[2, 1],
[2, 2]], dtype=int64)
As you can see that in this array there is no zero elements so it giving all the indexes

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [145… argg = np.array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 0, 78, 9, 0, 7, 89, 0, 222, 0])

print(argg)
print("-------------------------------------------------------------------")
print("Non - Zero elements Indexes : " , np.argwhere(argg))
print("-------------------------------------------------------------------")
print("Zero Elements Indexes : ", np.argwhere(argg == 0))
[ 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 78 9 0 7 89 0 222 0]
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Non - Zero elements Indexes : [[ 0]
[ 1]
[ 2]
[ 3]
[ 4]
[ 7]
[ 8]
[10]
[11]
[13]]
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Zero Elements Indexes : [[ 5]
[ 6]
[ 9]
[12]
[14]]
As you can see we can see the indexes of zero elements also by giving conditions in it.
np.argmax()
It returns the index of the maximum number
In case of multiple maximum number, it will return the index of the first maximum number
It treats the n-d array as 1-D array
In [147… arr1
array([[54.5, 32. , 23. ],

Out[147]:
[54.5, 54.5, 54.5],
[76. , 87. , 54.5]])
In [148… np.argmax(arr1)
7
Out[148]:
As you can see , it is giving index 7th of the arr1 which is 87 . as you can see it treats the array
ino 1D array.
np.argmin()
It returns the index of the minimum number
In case of multiple minimum number, it will return the index of the first minimum number
It treats the n-d array as 1-D array
In [149… arr1

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[54.5, 32. , 23. ],
Out[149]:
[54.5, 54.5, 54.5],
[76. , 87. , 54.5]])
In [150… np.argmin(arr1)
2
Out[150]:
As you can see , it is giving index 2nd of the arr1 which is 23 . as you can see it treats the
array ino 1D array.
Capping The Value

arrg = np.random.randint(1,51,36).reshape(6,6)
arrg
array([[10, 37, 16, 1, 50, 29],

Out[159]:
[26, 30, 49, 30, 50, 9],
[10, 1, 43, 41, 37, 17],
[37, 48, 12, 25, 44, 34],
[ 9, 37, 15, 50, 14, 6],
[14, 26, 14, 29, 23, 31]])
cap the value of the above the above array between the range 40 -70
any value less than 40-->40 || any value greater than 70 --->70
In [160… np.where(arrg > 70 , 70 , np.where(arrg < 40 , 40 , arrg))
array([[40, 40, 40, 40, 50, 40],

Out[160]:
[40, 40, 49, 40, 50, 40],
[40, 40, 43, 41, 40, 40],
[40, 48, 40, 40, 44, 40],
[40, 40, 40, 50, 40, 40],
[40, 40, 40, 40, 40, 40]])
arrg2 = np.random.randint(100,510,36).reshape(6,6)
arrg2
array([[137, 335, 496, 172, 355, 493],

Out[178]:
[303, 233, 435, 244, 229, 171],
[337, 490, 381, 278, 376, 354],
[457, 502, 495, 352, 256, 498],
[150, 168, 315, 341, 452, 186],
[241, 493, 107, 419, 417, 122]])
cap the value of the above the above array between the range 250
any value less than 250-->"Less Than 250" || any value greater than 250 --->"Greater than
250"
In [179… strr_ = np.where(arrg2 > 250 , "Greater than 250", np.where(arrg < 250 , "Less than 25
strr_.astype(str)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([['Less than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250',
Out[179]:
'Less than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250'],
['Greater than 250', 'Less than 250', 'Greater than 250',
'Less than 250', 'Less than 250', 'Less than 250'],
['Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250',
'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250'],
['Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250',
'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250'],
['Less than 250', 'Less than 250', 'Greater than 250',
'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Less than 250'],
['Less than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Less than 250',
'Greater than 250', 'Greater than 250', 'Less than 250']],
dtype='<U16')
np.clip()
It is used to clipping the value between lower limit to upper limit.
Syntax
np.clip(arr , lower_limit , upper_limit)
In [206… arrg
array([[10, 37, 16, 1, 50, 29],

Out[206]:
[26, 30, 49, 30, 50, 9],
[10, 1, 43, 41, 37, 17],
[37, 48, 12, 25, 44, 34],
[ 9, 37, 15, 50, 14, 6],
[14, 26, 14, 29, 23, 31]])
In [208… np.clip(arrg , 20 , 30)
array([[20, 30, 20, 20, 30, 29],

Out[208]:
[26, 30, 30, 30, 30, 20],
[20, 20, 30, 30, 30, 20],
[30, 30, 20, 25, 30, 30],
[20, 30, 20, 30, 20, 20],
[20, 26, 20, 29, 23, 30]])
In [209… arrg2
array([[137, 335, 496, 172, 355, 493],

Out[209]:
[303, 233, 435, 244, 229, 171],
[337, 490, 381, 278, 376, 354],
[457, 502, 495, 352, 256, 498],
[150, 168, 315, 341, 452, 186],
[241, 493, 107, 419, 417, 122]])
In [210… np.clip(arrg2 , 200 , 350)
array([[200, 335, 350, 200, 350, 350],

Out[210]:
[303, 233, 350, 244, 229, 200],
[337, 350, 350, 278, 350, 350],
[350, 350, 350, 350, 256, 350],
[200, 200, 315, 341, 350, 200],
[241, 350, 200, 350, 350, 200]])

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
arr = np.random.randint(1,51,36).reshape(6,6)
arr
array([[48, 5, 26, 4, 20, 24],

Out[5]:
[40, 29, 15, 24, 9, 26],
[47, 43, 27, 9, 40, 39],
[ 5, 49, 8, 45, 1, 12],
[ 7, 20, 45, 6, 25, 49],
[ 1, 35, 10, 15, 39, 5]])
In [6]: np.diag(arr)
array([48, 29, 27, 45, 25, 5])

Out[6]:
In [7]: np.diag(np.diag(arr))
array([[48, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
Out[7]:
[ 0, 29, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 27, 0, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 45, 0, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 25, 0],
[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 5]])
In [8]: arr
array([[48, 5, 26, 4, 20, 24],

Out[8]:
[40, 29, 15, 24, 9, 26],
[47, 43, 27, 9, 40, 39],
[ 5, 49, 8, 45, 1, 12],
[ 7, 20, 45, 6, 25, 49],
[ 1, 35, 10, 15, 39, 5]])
In [10]: print(np.mean(arr))
print(np.var(arr))
print(np.std(arr))
23.666666666666668
253.16666666666666
15.911211979816832
In [11]: import math

math.sqrt(253.16666666666666)
15.911211979816832
Out[11]:
In [12]: np.median(arr)
24.0
Out[12]:
In [13]: arr3 = np.array([12, np.nan , 31 , np.nan , np.nan , np.nan , 34 ,35 , 89]).reshape(3,

arr3
array([[12., nan, 31.],

Out[13]:
[nan, nan, nan],
[34., 35., 89.]])
In [15]: arr3[np.isnan(arr3) == False]

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([12., 31., 34., 35., 89.])
Out[15]:
In [17]: meann = arr3[np.isnan(arr3) == False].mean()

meann
40.2
Out[17]:
In [21]: arr3[np.isnan(arr3)] = meann

print(arr3)
[[12. 40.2 31. ]

[40.2 40.2 40.2]
[34. 35. 89. ]]
array([[12, 40, 31],

Out[20]:
[40, 40, 40],
[34, 35, 89]])
In [22]: arr
array([[48, 5, 26, 4, 20, 24],

Out[22]:
[40, 29, 15, 24, 9, 26],
[47, 43, 27, 9, 40, 39],
[ 5, 49, 8, 45, 1, 12],
[ 7, 20, 45, 6, 25, 49],
[ 1, 35, 10, 15, 39, 5]])
In [23]: arr[1,(0,1,2,3,4,5)] = 22,21,19,15,51,21

arr
array([[48, 5, 26, 4, 20, 24],

Out[23]:
[22, 21, 19, 15, 51, 21],
[47, 43, 27, 9, 40, 39],
[ 5, 49, 8, 45, 1, 12],
[ 7, 20, 45, 6, 25, 49],
[ 1, 35, 10, 15, 39, 5]])
In [28]: arr[:: , :1:]
array([[48],
Out[28]:
[22],
[47],
[ 5],
[ 7],
[ 1]])
Condition Statements on Array

It returns boolean values of array. Syntax
arr_name[condition]
arr1

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[49, 28, 24, 25, 70, 44],
Out[3]:
[71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 22],
[35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52],
[85, 40, 72, 28, 67, 52],
[54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78],
[26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69]])
As you can see in below code that it is giving bool values of arrays because we directly put
arr1>25 if we put the same condition inside arr_name then it'll only show the greater
elements of arr1 by 25 you can see in below codes.
In [4]: arr1>25
array([[ True, True, False, False, True, True],

Out[4]:
[ True, True, True, True, True, False],
[ True, True, True, True, True, True],
[ True, True, True, True, True, True]])
In [5]: arr1[arr1>25]
array([49, 28, 70, 44, 71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52, 85, 40,
Out[5]:
72, 28, 67, 52, 54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78, 26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69])
In [7]: arr1[arr1<36]
array([28, 24, 25, 27, 35, 22, 35, 28, 26])

Out[7]:
Filtering elements by giving conditions

In [8]: arr1
array([[49, 28, 24, 25, 70, 44],

Out[8]:
[71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 22],
[35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52],
[85, 40, 72, 28, 67, 52],
[54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78],
[26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69]])
In [11]: arr1[(arr1 % 3 ==0) & (arr1 % 2 == 0) ]
array([24, 84, 72, 54, 78, 66])

Out[11]:
In [12]: import seaborn as sns
In [14]: df = sns.load_dataset("titanic")
df.head()

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
Out[14]: survived pclass sex age sibsp parch fare embarked class who adult_male deck
0 0 3 male 22.0 1 0 7.2500 S Third man True NaN
1 1 1 female 38.0 1 0 71.2833 C First woman False C
2 1 3 female 26.0 0 0 7.9250 S Third woman False NaN
3 1 1 female 35.0 1 0 53.1000 S First woman False C
4 0 3 male 35.0 0 0 8.0500 S Third man True NaN
In [16]: # As you can see the filtering in titanic dataset of in sex column of female
df[df["sex"] =="female"]
Out[16]: survived pclass sex age sibsp parch fare embarked class who adult_male de
1 1 1 female 38.0 1 0 71.2833 C First woman False
2 1 3 female 26.0 0 0 7.9250 S Third woman False N
3 1 1 female 35.0 1 0 53.1000 S First woman False
9 1 2 female 14.0 1 0 30.0708 C Second child False N
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
880 1 2 female 25.0 0 1 26.0000 S Second woman False N
885 0 3 female 39.0 0 5 29.1250 Q Third woman False N
888 0 3 female NaN 1 2 23.4500 S Third woman False N
314 rows × 15 columns
In [21]: df[(df["who"] == "woman") & (df["class"]== "First")]

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
Out[21]: survived pclass sex age sibsp parch fare embarked class who adult_male dec
31 1 1 female NaN 1 0 146.5208 C First woman False
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
856 1 1 female 45.0 1 1 164.8667 S First woman False Na
In [23]: df[(df["class"] == "First") & (df["survived"] == 1) & (df["embark_town"] == "Southampt
Out[23]: survived pclass sex age sibsp parch fare embarked class who adult_male dec
23 1 1 male 28.0 0 0 35.5000 S First man True
55 1 1 male NaN 0 0 35.5000 S First man True
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
856 1 1 female 45.0 1 1 164.8667 S First woman False Na
857 1 1 male 51.0 0 0 26.5500 S First man True
Array Concatination
Vertical Concatination
Horizontal Concatination

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
Syntax
np.concatenate((x,y) , axis = 0,1)
In [24]: a = np.arange(24).reshape(4,6)
a
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
Out[24]:
[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17],
[18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]])
In [26]: a.shape
(4, 6)
Out[26]:
In [27]: b = np.arange(6).reshape(1,6)
b
array([[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]])
Out[27]:
In [30]: np.concatenate((a,b) , axis = 0)
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
Out[30]:
[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17],
[18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23],
[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]])
As you can see in below code that why it's throwing an error because of 1-D array itcan't
concatinate with columns which is axis = 1
In [31]: np.concatenate((a,b) , axis = 1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ValueError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[31], line 1
----> 1 np.concatenate((a,b) , axis = 1)
File <__array_function__ internals>:200, in concatenate(*args, **kwargs)
ValueError: all the input array dimensions except for the concatenation axis must mat
ch exactly, but along dimension 0, the array at index 0 has size 4 and the array at i
ndex 1 has size 1
In [32]: a
array([[ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
Out[32]:
[ 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11],
[12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17],
[18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]])
Watch the shape and size of "a" array which is shape(4,6) means 4 rows and 6 columns thats
why now we have to make the another array in that suitable way
In [35]: c = np.arange(4).reshape(4,1)
print(c)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
print("------------------------------------------")
print(np.concatenate((a,c) , axis = 1))
[[0]
[1]
[2]
[3]]
------------------------------------------
[[ 0 1 2 3 4 5 0]
[ 6 7 8 9 10 11 1]
[12 13 14 15 16 17 2]
[18 19 20 21 22 23 3]]
Arthemetic Operations on Array

In [41]: arr1
array([[49, 28, 24, 25, 70, 44],

Out[41]:
[71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 22],
[35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52],
[85, 40, 72, 28, 67, 52],
[54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78],
[26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69]])
In [42]: arr1+5
array([[54, 33, 29, 30, 75, 49],

Out[42]:
[76, 79, 32, 40, 61, 27],
[40, 62, 89, 62, 60, 57],
[90, 45, 77, 33, 72, 57],
[59, 54, 86, 86, 52, 83],
[31, 71, 64, 80, 80, 74]])
In [43]: arr1//3
array([[16, 9, 8, 8, 23, 14],

Out[43]:
[23, 24, 9, 11, 18, 7],
[11, 19, 28, 19, 18, 17],
[28, 13, 24, 9, 22, 17],
[18, 16, 27, 27, 15, 26],
[ 8, 22, 19, 25, 25, 23]], dtype=int32)
In [44]: arr1*5
array([[245, 140, 120, 125, 350, 220],

Out[44]:
[355, 370, 135, 175, 280, 110],
[175, 285, 420, 285, 275, 260],
[425, 200, 360, 140, 335, 260],
[270, 245, 405, 405, 235, 390],
[130, 330, 295, 375, 375, 345]])
In [45]: arr1%4
array([[1, 0, 0, 1, 2, 0],
Out[45]:
[3, 2, 3, 3, 0, 2],
[3, 1, 0, 1, 3, 0],
[1, 0, 0, 0, 3, 0],
[2, 1, 1, 1, 3, 2],
[2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 1]], dtype=int32)

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [47]: arr1 - 4
array([[45, 24, 20, 21, 66, 40],

Out[47]:
[67, 70, 23, 31, 52, 18],
[31, 53, 80, 53, 51, 48],
[81, 36, 68, 24, 63, 48],
[50, 45, 77, 77, 43, 74],
[22, 62, 55, 71, 71, 65]])
As you can see all these arthemetic operations are done over arrays which is basically asked
by the interviewer how these operations are handled by numpy.
That where we can say that we are using array Broadcasting.
Array Broadcasting
- When we perform some array to array operation on

an array of different size then to make the operation
possible Numpy adds some dumpy rows and dummy
columns to match the shape of both the arrays
This process is called as Array Broadcasting
NOTE : - Atleast one dimension should be same and the other dimension should be 1 in either
of the array
[[49, 28, 24, 25, 70, 44],

+ [[5,5,5,5,5,5],
[71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 22],
+ [5,5,5,5,5,5],
[35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52],
+ [5,5,5,5,5,5],
[85, 40, 72, 28, 67, 52],
+ [5,5,5,5,5,5],
[54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78],
+ [5,5,5,5,5,5],
[26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69]]
+ [5,5,5,5,5,5]]
In [49]: arr1 + 5
array([[54, 33, 29, 30, 75, 49],

Out[49]:
[76, 79, 32, 40, 61, 27],
[40, 62, 89, 62, 60, 57],
[90, 45, 77, 33, 72, 57],
[59, 54, 86, 86, 52, 83],
[31, 71, 64, 80, 80, 74]])
Iterate over an Array

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
In [50]: w = np.arange(24)
w
array([ 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16,

Out[50]:
17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23])
In [51]: for i in w:
print(i)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
In [52]: arr1
array([[49, 28, 24, 25, 70, 44],

Out[52]:
[71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 22],
[35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52],
[85, 40, 72, 28, 67, 52],
[54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78],
[26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69]])
In [56]: for i in arr1:

print(i)
print("-------------------")
# As you can se that it is only giving lists of arrays in iterating not giving an elem

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
[49 28 24 25 70 44]
-------------------
[71 74 27 35 56 22]
-------------------
[35 57 84 57 55 52]
-------------------
[85 40 72 28 67 52]
-------------------
[54 49 81 81 47 78]
-------------------
[26 66 59 75 75 69]
-------------------
As you can see it is not giving elements over an iteration so we have a function for that in
numpy which is known as np.nditer()
np.nditer()
It returns an iterable object.
In [57]: arr1
array([[49, 28, 24, 25, 70, 44],

Out[57]:
[71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 22],
[35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52],
[85, 40, 72, 28, 67, 52],
[54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78],
[26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69]])
In [59]: for i in np.nditer(arr1):

print(i, end=" ")
49 28 24 25 70 44 71 74 27 35 56 22 35 57 84 57 55 52 85 40 72 28 67 52 54 49 81 81 4
7 78 26 66 59 75 75 69
Determinant
It is used to find the determinant of the array.
Formula
det=a(ei−fh)−b(di−fg)+c(dh−eg)
Which differs to array like this:
[[a,b,c], [d,e,f],
[g,h,i]
Syntax
np.linalg.det(arr)]]
In [60]: arr1

1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY
array([[49, 28, 24, 25, 70, 44],
Out[60]:
[71, 74, 27, 35, 56, 22],
[35, 57, 84, 57, 55, 52],
[85, 40, 72, 28, 67, 52],
[54, 49, 81, 81, 47, 78],
[26, 66, 59, 75, 75, 69]])
In [62]: np.linalg.det(arr1)
2266430643.0000033
Out[62]:
In [69]: arr2 = np.arange(9).reshape(3,3)

arr2
array([[0, 1, 2],
Out[69]:
[3, 4, 5],
[6, 7, 8]])
In [70]: np.linalg.det(arr2)
0.0
Out[70]:
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1/13/24, 10:51 AM NUMPY

How to import Numpy ?

In [3]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

In [11]: lavish = np.array(["lavish","gangwani",23,2.0] , dtype = 'object')

['lavish' 'gangwani' 23 2.0] <class 'numpy.ndarray'>

array(['lavish', 'gangwani', 23, 2.0], dtype=object)

Why we always use np.array function in every numpy dataset .?

localhost:8888/doc/tree/OneDrive/Desktop/PYTHON'S FILES/NUMPY.ipynb 1/80

What is the most important benefit of using NumPy?

array(['1', '2', '3', '45'], dtype='<U11')

In [19]: a = np.array([1,2,3,"45"] , dtype = 'object')

array([1, 2, 3, '45'], dtype=object)

To Check the Version of your Numpy Library:

How to update Numpy?

conda update Numpy on anaconda prompt

In [23]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8])

localhost:8888/doc/tree/OneDrive/Desktop/PYTHON'S FILES/NUMPY.ipynb 2/80

But with array we can simply do it.

In [27]: lst = [i for i in range(1,11)]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,

In [25]: # Multiply all the elements by 5.

In [28]: arr = np.array(lst)

In [33]: import time

In [37]: starTTime = time.time()

lst = [ i for i in range(1000000)]

ActaulTime = endTime - starTTime

In [36]: starTTime = time.time()

ActaulTime = endTime - starTTime

localhost:8888/doc/tree/OneDrive/Desktop/PYTHON'S FILES/NUMPY.ipynb 3/80

Why Arrays are faster than list:

int < float < complex < string < object

In [38]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,4,5])

In [39]: arr = np.array([1,2.0,3,4,5])

array([1., 2., 3., 4., 5.])

In [40]: arr = np.array([1,2,3+2j,4,5])

array([1.+0.j, 2.+0.j, 3.+2.j, 4.+0.j, 5.+0.j])

In [41]: arr = np.array([1,2,3,'4',5])

array(['1', '2', '3', '4', '5'], dtype='<U11')

In [42]: arr = np.array([1,2.0,3+4j,'4',5], dtype= 'object')

array([1, 2.0, (3+4j), '4', 5], dtype=object)

localhost:8888/doc/tree/OneDrive/Desktop/PYTHON'S FILES/NUMPY.ipynb 4/80

Create Different kinds of array :

Syntax - np.arange(start , stop , step)

start - inclusive (0 By default)

In [45]: arr = np.arange(1,20,1)

array([ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,

In [46]: arr = np.arange(1,11)

In [47]: arr = np.arange(11)

In [9]: lst = [i for i in range(1,11)]

array([ 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729], dtype=int32)

In [62]: lst = [i for i in range(1,11)]

array([1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729], dtype=object)

np.linspace(start , stop , Number of values you want within it)

localhost:8888/doc/tree/OneDrive/Desktop/PYTHON'S FILES/NUMPY.ipynb 5/80

In [63]: arr = np.linspace(2,5,4)

array([2., 3., 4., 5.])

In [66]: arr = np.linspace(2,5,10)

array([2. , 2.33333333, 2.66666667, 3. , 3.33333333,

In [74]: arr = np.linspace(1,22,50)

array([ 1. , 1.42857143, 1.85714286, 2.28571429, 2.71428571,

By default it will return object in float datatype.

array([[0., 0., 0.],

array([[0., 0., 0., 0.],