Current Affairs 2023

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Current Affairs 2023 FPSC PPSC

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Current affairs 2023

1. Russia-Ukraine war
The Russia-Ukraine war is a conflict that started in 2021 after Russia invaded and annexed parts
of eastern and southern Ukraine, including the Crimean Peninsula. The war has been ongoing
for more than two years, with both sides suffering heavy casualties and damage. The main
reasons for the war are:
Reasons
1. Russia’s desire to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO and the European
Union, and to maintain its influence and control over the region.
2. Ukraine aspires to assert its sovereignty and territorial integrity and to pursue
closer integration with the West.
3. The historical, cultural, and ethnic ties between Russia and some parts of Ukraine,
especially in the Donbas region, where many people speak Russian and identify as
Russian.
4. The strategic importance of Crimea for Russia’s naval and military presence in the
Black Sea and the Mediterranean.
The war has been marked by:
• Intense fighting along the front line, where Ukrainian forces have launched a counter-offensive
to reclaim lost territory from Russian-backed separatists and regular Russian troops.
1. Frequent missile and drone strikes by Russia on Ukrainian cities, infrastructure, and
military targets, causing civilian deaths and injuries.
2. Diplomatic efforts by the international community to de-escalate the situation and find a
peaceful solution, have but with little success so far.
3. Humanitarian crisis for millions of people affected by the war, who face displacement,
food insecurity, lack of access to basic services, and human rights violations.
Some of the latest developments in 2023 in the war are:
1. Ukraine claims to have breached Russia’s first line of defences in the southern
Zaporizhzhia region as its counter-offensive continues to make slow progress against
Moscow’s forces.
Dr. Naeem Mahboob Malik Assistant Professor BZU
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2. Russia has continued its missile and drone attacks on Ukraine, with an attack on 6
September killing at least 16 people including a child in a daytime attack on a street
market in the eastern city of Kostyantynivka.
3. North Korea’s leader Kim Jong Un met with Russia’s defence minister Sergei Shoigu in
Pyongyang on 10 September, where they inspected nuclear-capable bombers and
discussed strengthening their military cooperation.
MCQs –Capital of Ukraine KYIV—

1. When did Russia launch a full-scale invasion of Ukraine?
o A) February 2022
o B) July 2022
o C) November 2022
o D) December 2022
o Answer: A) February 20221
2. What is the name of the Ukrainian Autonomous Republic that was covertly invaded
by disguised Russian troops in 2014?
o A) Donetsk
o B) Luhansk
o C) Crimea
o D) Kharkiv
o Answer: C) Crimea
3. What was the main reason for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in 2022?
o A) To protect the rights of Russian-speaking minorities in Ukraine
o B) To prevent Ukraine from joining NATO and the European Union
o C) To restore the historical borders of the Russian Empire
o D) To divert attention from domestic problems and boost Putin’s popularity
o Answer: B) To prevent Ukraine from joining NATO and the European Union3
4. What was the name of the peace agreement signed in 2015 to end the fighting in
eastern Ukraine?
o A) The Geneva Protocol
o B) The Minsk II Agreement
o C) The Budapest Memorandum
o D) The Helsinki Accords
o Answer: B) The Minsk II Agreement4
5. How many people have died as a result of the Ukraine conflict as of February 2022?
o A) More than 5,000
o B) More than 10,000
o C) More than 14,000
o D) More than 20,000
o Answer: C) More than 14,000

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G`LOBAL FOOD CRISIS

The global food crisis is a situation where millions of people are facing acute hunger and
malnutrition due to various factors, such as conflict, climate change, economic shocks, and high
food and fertilizer prices.
Here are some statistics that illustrate the severity and scale of the crisis:
• According to the World Food Programme (WFP),
the number of people facing high levels of food insecurity in 2023 is more than 345 million in
79 countries, which is more than double the number in 2020
• The Global Report on Food Crises (GRFC) 2021, produced by the Global Network Against
Food Crises, states that 155 million people in 55 countries/territories were in Crisis or worse
(IPC/CH Phase 3 or above) or equivalent in 2020, which is 20 million more than in 2019.
• The GRFC 2021 also estimates that at least 133,000 people in Burkina Faso, South Sudan and
Yemen are facing Catastrophe (IPC/CH Phase 5) or equivalent conditions, meaning they are
experiencing famine or are at risk of famine.
• The World Economic Forum reports that 10 countries account for two-thirds of those facing
acute hunger: Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Nigeria, South Sudan,
Sudan, Syria, Venezuela, Yemen and Zimbabwe3.
• Embrace Relief, a humanitarian organization,
states that conflict is responsible for eight of the 10 world’s worst food crises, and nearly 60 per
cent of the world’s hungry people live in conflict zones. It also says that undernourishment causes
45 per cent of all children’s deaths and that each year, 3.1 million children die from hunger-related
causes.
These statistics show how urgent and complex the global food crisis is, and how it affects millions
of lives and livelihoods. If you want to learn more about the causes and consequences of the crisis,
as well as the possible solutions and actions, you can check out these sources:
1. What is the main cause of the global food crisis in 2023?

o A) Conflict
o B) Climate change
o C) COVID-19 pandemic
o D) War in Ukraine
o Answer: D) War in Ukraine1

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2. How many people are facing acute food insecurity in 2023, according to the World
Food Programme?
o A) 135 million
o B) 200 million
o C) 345 million
o D) 783 million
o Answer: D) 783 million2
3. Which of the following crops has experienced the highest price increase since
January 2021?
o A) Maize
o B) Wheat
o C) Rice
o D) Soybean
o Answer: C) Rice3
4. Which of the following regions has the most-affected countries by high food
price inflation?
o A) Africa
o B) Asia
o C) Europe
o D) Latin America
o Answer: A) Africa
5. Which of the following is not one of the areas of action proposed by the World
Bank to respond to the food crisis?
o A) Supporting production and producers
o B) Facilitating increased trade in food and production inputs
o C) Supporting vulnerable households
o D) Promoting biofuel production
o Answer: D) Promoting biofuel production

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GLOBAL CONFLICTS
Many conflicts in the world are causing violence, suffering, and instability. Some of the major
ones are:
• The Russia-Ukraine war:
• The insurgency in the Maghreb and the Sahel:
This is a conflict that involves various Islamist militant groups operating in North and West Africa,
such as Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISGS),
Boko Haram, Ansar Dine, Al-Mourabitoun, Jama’at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (JNIM), and
others.
These groups have been conducting attacks on government forces, civilians, international
peacekeepers, aid workers, and foreign interests in several countries, such as Burkina Faso, Mali,
Niger, Benin, Togo, Algeria, Tunisia, Chad, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon,
Morocco, and others. The main reasons for the insurgency are the spread of radical Islamist
ideology; the grievances of marginalized communities; the weak governance and security of some
states; the availability of weapons and resources from illicit trafficking; the interference of foreign
powers; and the effects of climate change and desertification.
The insurgency has been marked by frequent bombings, shootings, kidnappings, raids, ambushes,
assassinations, beheadings, and other forms of violence; attempts by some governments to
negotiate with or integrate some militants; regional and international military interventions to
combat the threat; and humanitarian crisis for millions of people affected by the insurgency, who
face displacement, food insecurity, lack of access to basic services, and human rights
violations. The insurgency has caused at least 19,000 direct deaths in 2022 and 20232.
• The Mexican drug war:
This is a conflict that involves various drug cartels competing for control of drug trafficking routes
and markets in Mexico and beyond. These cartels include Sinaloa Cartel (CDS), Jalisco New
Generation Cartel (CJNG), Gulf Cartel (CDG), Los Zetas Cartel (Z), Juarez Cartel (CJ), Tijuana
Cartel (CAF), Beltran Leyva Organization (BLO), Knights Templar Cartel (CT), La Familia
Michoacana (LFM), Los Rojos Cartel ®, Guerreros Unidos Cartel (GU), Santa Rosa de Lima
Cartel (CSRL), Northeast Cartel (CDN), La Linea Cartel (L), Los Viagras Cartel (V), Los Metros
Cartel (M), Los Talibanes Cartel (T), Los Chapitos Cartel (CC), Los Mazatlecos Cartel (MZ), Los

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Salazar Cartel (S), Los Artistas Asesinos Cartel (AA), Los Aztecas Cartel (A), Los Mexicles Cartel
(MX), Los Barrio Azteca Cartel (BA), Los Sureños 13 Gang (S13), Mara Salvatrucha Gang (MS-
13), La Unión Tepito Gang (UT), Anti-Union Force Gang (FAU), Tláhuac Cartel (CTH), La
Nueva Plaza Gang (NP), La Unión de Jalisco Gang (UJ), La Resistencia Gang (RJ), Cártel del
Poniente Gang (CP) , Cártel del Noreste Gang (CN) , Cártel Independiente de Acapulco Gang
(CIDA) , Cártel de Santa Ana Gang (CSA) , Cártel de los Alemanes Gang (CA) , Cártel de los
Beltrán Gang (CB) , Cártel de los Valencia Gang (CV) , Cártel de los Arellano Félix Gang (CAF)
, and others.
These cartels have been fighting against each other, as well as against the Mexican government,
the United States government, and other foreign governments and organizations, for dominance
and survival. The main reasons for the drug war are the high demand and profit of illegal drugs;
the corruption and collusion of some authorities; the poverty and inequality of some communities;
the social and cultural factors that influence drug use and violence; and the geopolitical and
strategic interests of some actors. The drug war has been marked by brutal killings, torture,
mutilation, dismemberment, decapitation, mass graves, car bombs, grenade attacks, shootouts,
sieges, blockades, arson, extortion, kidnapping, robbery, human trafficking, money laundering,
and other forms of crime; attempts by some governments to reform or eradicate the drug trade;
regional and international cooperation or confrontation to address the issue; and humanitarian
crisis for millions of people affected by the drug war, who face displacement, food insecurity, lack
of access to basic services, and human rights violations. The drug war has caused at least 15,000
direct deaths in 2022 and 2023.
1. Which of the following is the most common form of conflict in the world today?
o A) Interstate war
o B) Intrastate war
o C) Terrorism
o D) Organized crime
o Answer: B) Intrastate war1
2. Which of the following regions has the highest number of armed conflicts in 2020?
o A) Africa
o B) Asia
o C) Middle East
o D) Latin America

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o Answer: A) Africa2
3. Which of the following is the longest-running armed conflict in the world, dating
back to 1948?
o A) The Israeli-Palestinian conflict
o B) The Kashmir conflict
o C) The Colombian conflict
o D) The Korean conflict
o Answer: D) The Korean conflict3
4. Which of the following is the most deadly conflict in the world in 2020, with an
estimated 19,000 fatalities?
o A) The Syrian civil war
o B) The Yemeni civil war
o C) The Afghan war
o D) The Libyan civil war
o Answer: C) The Afghan war4
5. Which of the following is the most common cause of conflict and violence in the
world today, according to the United Nations?
o A) Economic inequality
o B) Ethnic and religious tensions
o C) Climate change and resource scarcity
o D) State fragility and corruption
o Answer: D) State fragility and corruption
CHARLES 111 CORONATION
Prince Charles III became the King of the United Kingdom and 14 other Commonwealth realms
immediately after the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II .
The official coronation ceremony is not likely to take place for several months. A formal
proclamation will be made as soon as is practically possible, at an accession council at St James’s
Palace. The coronation ceremony of a sovereign has taken place at Westminster Abbey for more
than 900 years. The coronation of King Charles III took place on May 6, 2023, at Westminster
Abbey.
The ceremony was attended by various dignitaries and members of the royal family.
The King was crowned with the St. Edward's Crown, which is made of solid gold and weighs
approximately 4 pounds and 12 ounces. The crown is named after Edward the Confessor, who
was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1066.

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1. When did Charles III become king of the United Kingdom and the other
Commonwealth realms?
o A) 8 September 2022
o B) 6 May 2023
o C) 10 September 2022
o D) 7 May 2023
o Answer: A) 8 September 2022
2. What is the name of the crown that Charles III will wear during the coronation
ceremony?
o A) The Imperial State Crown
o B) The St Edward’s Crown
o C) The King George IV State Diadem
o D) The Crown of Scotland
o Answer: B) The St Edward’s Crown
3. What is the name of the coach that Charles III and Camilla will travel in from
Buckingham Palace to Westminster Abbey?
o A) The Gold State Coach
o B) The Diamond Jubilee State Coach
o C) The Irish State Coach
o D) The Glass Coach
o Answer: B) The Diamond Jubilee State Coach
4. What is the name of the operation that refers to the planning and execution of the
coronation events?
o A) Operation Golden Orb
o B) Operation London Bridge
o C) Operation Forth Bridge
o D) Operation Menai Bridge
o Answer: A) Operation Golden Orb
5. What is the name of the concert that will take place at Windsor Castle on the day
after the coronation?
o A) The Platinum Jubilee Concert
o B) The King’s Coronation Concert
o C) The Party at the Palace
o D) The Big Help Out Concert
o Answer: C) The Party at the Palace

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G20 SUMMIT
The G20 Summit 2023 is a meeting of the leaders of the Group of Twenty (G20), which is
an international forum for economic cooperation and policy coordination.
The G20 consists of 19 countries and the European Union, as well as guests and international
organizations.
The G20 Summit 2023 will be held in New Delhi, India, on 9-10 September
2023. It will be the first G20 summit hosted by India and the eighteenth G20 summit
overall
The G20 Summit 2023 will be chaired by the Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi.
India’s presidency of the G20 will begin on 1 December 2022 and end on 30 November 2023.
The G20 Summit 2023 will also be an opportunity for India to showcase its achievements and
aspirations as a rising global power and a responsible stakeholder in the international system.
India will seek to promote a human-centric development approach that aligns with the concerns of
the Global South, including addressing climate change, debt restructuring, and regulation of global
cryptocurrencies.
The G20 Summit 2023 will be held at Bharat Mandapam, International Exhibition-
Convention Centre, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
The venue is a state-of-the-art facility that reflects India’s rich cultural heritage and
diversity. The motto of the G20 Summit 2023 is Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam ( One Earth, One
Family, One Future), which signifies India’s vision of global harmony and cooperation.
India has put forth six agenda priorities for the G20 dialogue in 2023:
1. Green Development, Climate Finance & LiFE: India aims to accelerate progress on
sustainable development goals (SDGs), promote climate finance, and foster a green
transition1.
2. Accelerated, Inclusive & Resilient Growth: India seeks to achieve inclusive and resilient
growth that benefits all stakeholders.
3. Accelerating progress on SDGs: India is committed to advancing progress on the SDGs,
which encompass various aspects of sustainable development1.
4. Technological Transformation & Digital Public Infrastructure: India recognizes the
significance of digital infrastructure, 5G services, data sharing, and localization in driving

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technological transformation and ensuring easy access to digital payment methods while
safeguarding data privacy.
5. Multilateral Institutions for the 21st Century: India emphasizes the need for reformed and
effective multilateralism to address global challenges such as poverty, climate change,
pandemics, and international conflicts1.
6. Women-led Development: India advocates for women’s empowerment and their active
participation in economic and professional activities to drive socio-economic development.
6. BRI vs B3W
The B3W and the BRI are two competing initiatives that aim to enhance connectivity and
economic integration across Asia, Europe, and Africa.
Here are some of the main differences between them:
1. The B3W is a project launched by the G7 countries (Canada, France, Germany, Italy,
Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States) in 2021, which involves providing
low and middle-income countries with access to infrastructure development financing
that will be more transparent, sustainable, and aligned with the values of democracy and
human rights.
2. The B3W will focus on climate, health, digital technology, gender equity, and equality
challenges.
3. The BRI is a project launched by China in 2013, which involves building a network of
roads, railways, ports, pipelines, and other infrastructure projects in over 70 countries.
4. The BRI is seen by many as a way for China to expand its influence and control over the
region, and to challenge the existing world order.
5. The BRI has been criticized for creating debt traps, environmental damage, human rights
violations, and security risks for the participating countries.
Some of the main advantages of the B3W over the BRI are:
1. The B3W will be more transparent and accountable than the BRI, which is often
shrouded in secrecy and lacks oversight.
2. The B3W will follow international standards and norms, and respect the sovereignty and
interests of the participating countries.

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3. The B3W will be more inclusive and diverse than the BRI, which is dominated by
China's interests and agenda.
4. The B3W will involve multiple partners from different regions and backgrounds, and
seek to attract additional Asian countries.
5. The B3W will also foster cooperation and dialogue among countries that have historical
or current tensions, such as India and Pakistan, or Israel and Arab states.
6. The B3W will be more sustainable and resilient than the BRI, which is often based on
fossil fuels and outdated technology.
7. The B3W will focus on clean energy technology, such as solar power and hydrogen fuel
cells, and aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact.
8. The B3W will also enhance Internet access and digital public infrastructure for
communities, ensuring stability and security.
Here are some basic MCQs on BRI vs B3W
1. Which of the following is a multilateral initiative led by major democracies?
o A) BRI
o B) B3W
o C) Both
o D) None
o Answer: B) B3W1
2. Which of the following is a Chinese unilateral initiative that aims to link Asia,
Europe, and Africa by setting up land and sea routes?
o A) BRI
o B) B3W
o C) Both
o D) None
o Answer: A) BRI2
3. Which of the following is a $40 trillion global infrastructure initiative that focuses
on climate health, health security, digital technology, gender equality, market
development, and clean energy?
o A) BRI
o B) B3W
o C) Both
o D) None
o Answer: B) B3W1
4. Which of the following is a $1 trillion investment program that involves a mix of
loans and investments for infrastructure development in more than 100
countries?
o A) BRI
o B) B3W

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o
C) Both
o
D) None
Answer: A) BRI2
o
5. Which of the following is conceived to be led by private sector investments, while
the other is underwritten by state capacity?
o A) BRI
o B) B3W
o C) Both
o D) None
o Answer: B) B3W
THE BRI AND THE NEW INDIA, MIDDLE EAST, AND EUROPE
TRANSPORT CORRIDOR
The BRI and the new India, Middle East, and Europe transport corridor are two competing
initiatives that aim to enhance connectivity and economic integration across Asia, Europe, and
Africa.
Here are some of the main differences between them:
1. The BRI is a project launched by China in 2013, which involves building a network of
roads, railways, ports, pipelines, and other infrastructure projects in over 70 countries.
2. The BRI is seen by many as a way for China to expand its influence and control over the
region, and to challenge the existing world order.
3. The BRI has been criticized for creating debt traps, environmental damage, human rights
violations, and security risks for the participating countries.
NIME
1. The new India, Middle East, and Europe transport corridor is a project announced by the
leaders of the United States, India, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, France,
Germany, Italy and the European Union in 2023.
2. Aims to establish a railway and sea connectivity between Europe, the Middle East, and
Asia.
3. The corridor is expected to stimulate economic development through enhanced trade and
manufacturing, clean energy technology, digital infrastructure, and food security.
4. The corridor is seen by many as an alternative to China’s BRI, and as a way to promote a

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human-centric development approach that aligns with the concerns of the Global South.
Some of the main advantages of the new corridor over the BRI are:
1. The new corridor will be more transparent and accountable than the BRI, which is often
shrouded in secrecy and lacks oversight.
2. The new corridor will follow international standards and norms, and respect the
sovereignty and interests of the participating countries.
3. The new corridor will be more inclusive and diverse than the BRI, which is dominated by
China’s interests and agenda.
4. The new corridor will involve multiple partners from different regions and backgrounds,
and seek to attract additional Asian countries. The new corridor will also foster cooperation
and dialogue among countries that have historical or current tensions, such as India and
Pakistan, or Israel and Arab states.
5. The new corridor will be more sustainable and resilient than the BRI, which is often based
on fossil fuels and outdated technology.
6. The new corridor will focus on clean energy technology, such as solar power and hydrogen
fuel cells, and aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and environmental impact.
7. The new corridor will also enhance Internet access and digital public infrastructure for
communities, ensuring stability and security.
MCQs on THE BRI AND THE NEW INDIA, MIDDLE EAST, AND EUROPE
TRANSPORT CORRIDOR
1. What is the full name of the BRI initiative that is led by China?
o A) Belt and Road Initiative
o B) Bridge and Rail Initiative
o C) Belt and Rail Initiative
o D) Bridge and Road Initiative
o Answer: A) Belt and Road Initiative
2. What is the full name of the IMEC initiative that is backed by the US and the EU?
o A) India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
o B) India-Middle East-Europe Energy Corridor
o C) India-Middle East-Europe Environment Corridor
o D) India-Middle East-Europe Education Corridor
o Answer: A) India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor
3. Which of the following countries is not part of the IMEC initiative?
o A) India

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oB) UAE
oC) Saudi Arabia
oD) Iran
oAnswer: D) Iran
4. Which of the following modes of transportation is not part of the IMEC initiative?
o A) Rail
o B) Sea
o C) Air
o D) Data
o Answer: C) Air
5. Which of the following areas of focus is not part of the IMEC initiative?
o A) Climate and energy security
o B) Health and health security
o C) Digital connectivity
o D) Military cooperation
o Answer: D) Military cooperation

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SCO SUMMIT 2023
The SCO Summit 2023 is a meeting of the leaders of the five member states of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), which is an international forum for economic
cooperation and policy coordination among emerging economies.
The summit is scheduled to take place in Goa—India, from May 4 to May 5, 2023.
It will be attended by the heads of state or heads of government of the member states of the
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), including China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and India.
The theme of the summit is SECURE, which stands for security, economic development,
connectivity, unity, respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity, and environmental protection.
During the summit, the leaders discussed various regional and global issues and emphasised the
importance of unity and cooperation among member countries.
One of the major outcomes of the SCO Summit 2023 was
1. the announcement of the admission of six new members to the group: Argentina, Egypt,
Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates.
2. This was a historic expansion that aimed to diversify and strengthen the SCO group as a
voice for emerging economies in the world. The new members will join the group from 1
January 2024.
1. Which country chaired the 22nd summit of the SCO Council of Heads of State in
2023?
o A) India
o B) China
o C) Uzbekistan
o D) Kazakhstan
o Answer: A) India
2. Which country officially joined the SCO as the ninth member in 2023?
o A) Iran
o B) Belarus
o C) Afghanistan
o D) Mongolia
o Answer: A) Iran
3. What was the theme of India’s chairmanship of the SCO in 2023?
o A) Towards a “SECURE” SCO
o B) Towards a “SUSTAINABLE” SCO

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oC) Towards a “STRONG” SCO

oD) Towards a “SMART” SCO
oAnswer: A) Towards a “SECURE” SCO
4. Which country will host the next meeting of the SCO Council of Heads of State in
2024?
o A) India
o B) China
o C) Uzbekistan
o D) Kazakhstan
o Answer: D) Kazakhstan
5. What does the acronym SECURE stand for in the context of the SCO?
o A) Security, Economy, Connectivity, Unity, Respect, Environment
o B) Security, Economic development, Connectivity, Unity, Respect for sovereignty
and territorial integrity, Environmental protection
o C) Security, Education, Culture, Unity, Regional cooperation, Energy
o D) Security, Economic cooperation, Connectivity, Understanding, Resilience,
Empowerment
o Answer: B) Security, Economic development, Connectivity, Unity, Respect for
sovereignty and territorial integrity, Environmental protection

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THE BRICS SUMMIT 2023

The 15th BRICS summit is scheduled to take place in Johannesburg, South Africa from
August 22 to August 24, 2023.
It is an international relations conference attended by the heads of state or heads of
government of the five member states: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
The summit aims to foster cooperation and collaboration among these nations and discuss various
global issues.
The summit was conducted at Sandton Convention Centre (SCC) in Johannesburg,
Gauteng. In addition to the BRICS leaders, the summit will also be attended by the leaders of 67
countries. The leaders will engage with business during the BRICS Business Forum and
interact with the New Development Bank, BRICS Business Council, and other organisations.
1. Which country will host the 15th BRICS summit in August 2023?
o A) Brazil
o B) Russia
o C) India
o D) South Africa
o Answer: D) South Africa
2. Which of the following countries is not among the six new members that will join the
BRICS in January 2024?
o A) Argentina
o B) Egypt
o C) Turkey
o D) Iran
o Answer: C) Turkey
3. Which international organization issued an arrest warrant against Russian
President Vladimir Putin for war crimes in Ukraine in March 2023?
o A) United Nations
o B) International Criminal Court
o C) European Court of Human Rights
o D) International Court of Justice
o Answer: B) International Criminal Court
4. Which Indian Prime Minister refused to get off his plane until the deputy president of
South Africa was dispatched to welcome him at the Johannesburg airport?
o A) Narendra Modi
o B) Rahul Gandhi
o C) Arvind Kejriwal
o D) None of the above
o Answer: A) Narendra Modi

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5. What does the acronym SECURE stand for in the context of the BRICS?
o A) Security, Economy, Connectivity, Unity, Respect, Environment
o B) Security, Economic development, Connectivity, Unity, Respect for sovereignty
and territorial integrity, Environmental protection
o C) Security, Education, Culture, Unity, Regional cooperation, Energy
o D) Security, Economic cooperation, Connectivity, Understanding, Resilience,
Empowerment
o Answer: B) Security, Economic development, Connectivity, Unity, Respect for
sovereignty and territorial integrity, Environmental protection.

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CLIMATIC CHANGE- UN CLIMATE CHANGE CONFERENCE

(UNFCCC COP 28)
1. COP- The Conference of the Parties
2. We live in an Anthropocene Epoch--An era of geological time characterized by human
impact on Earth’s geology and ecosystem
3. Climatic change is the long-term alteration of the average weather patterns that define
Earth’s local, regional and global climates.
4. It is caused by natural factors and human activities that increase the concentration of
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
5. The UN Climate Change Conference (UNFCCC COP 28) is an annual meeting of the
parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC), which is the main international treaty on climate change. The conference
aims to review the implementation of the convention and its related agreements, such
as the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement, and to adopt decisions for further
action.
6. The 28th session of the conference (COP 28) will take place from 30 November to 12
December 2023 in Expo City Dubai, United Arab Emirates1. The conference will be
hosted by the Government of the UAE, with the support of the UNFCCC secretariat and
other partners1.
7. The main objectives of COP 28 are to fast-track the energy transition and slash
emissions before 2030, to transform climate finance by delivering on old promises and
setting the framework for a new deal on finance, to put nature, people, lives and
livelihoods at the heart of climate action, and to mobilize for the most inclusive COP
ever.
8. COP 28 will also follow up on the outcomes of COP 27, which was held in Glasgow,
UK, in November 2022. COP 27 was considered a critical moment for raising the
ambition and action of all parties to achieve the goals of the Paris Agreement, which
aims to limit the global temperature rise to well below 2°C, preferably to 1.5°C,
compared to pre-industrial levels.
9. COP 28 will be attended by representatives of the parties to the UNFCCC and its related

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agreements, as well as observer organizations and other non-party stakeholders, such

as civil society, media, academia, business and industry.
1. Which country will host the COP 28 in 2023?

o A) India
o B) China
o C) UAE
o D) South Africa
o Answer: C) UAE1234
2. What is the name of the COP 28 President-Designate who is also the Minister of
Industry and Advanced Technology and UAE Special Envoy for Climate Change?
o A) Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber
o B) Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum
o C) Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan
o D) Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
o Answer: A) Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber
3. What is the acronym of the four paradigm shifts that the COP 28 will focus on
according to the Incoming Presidency?
o A) FAST
o B) DEAL
o C) NATURE
o D) COP
o Answer: A) FAST
4. What is the name of the two-year process that will conclude at COP 28 and
assess the world’s collective progress towards achieving its climate goals?
o A) Global Stocktake
o B) Global Climate Action
o C) Global Carbon Budget
o D) Global Adaptation Goal
o Answer: A) Global Stocktake
5. Which international organization issued an arrest warrant against Russian
President Vladimir Putin for war crimes in Ukraine in March 2023?
o A) United Nations

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o B) International Criminal Court

o C) European Court of Human Rights
o D) International Court of Justice
o Answer: B) International Criminal Court

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FAMOUS NATURAL DISASTERS AROUND THE WORLD FROM

JANUARY 2023 TO NOW
Some of the famous natural disasters that occurred around the world from January 2023
to up till now are:
• The series of earthquakes in Turkey and Syria in January and February 2023. A total
of 17 earthquakes with magnitudes ranging from 5.0 to 6.8 hit the border region between
the two countries, causing widespread damage, injuries, and deaths. The strongest quake,
which occurred on January 24, killed at least 41 people and injured more than 1,600.
• The forest fires in Chile in February 2023. The worst wildfires in the country’s history
burned more than 1.4 million hectares of land, mainly in the central and southern regions.
The fires destroyed thousands of homes and businesses, killed at least 11 people, and
affected more than 2 million people. The fires were fueled by high temperatures, strong
winds, and drought conditions.
• The tropical cyclone “Freddy” in Madagascar and Mozambique in February 2023.
The powerful storm made landfall in Madagascar on February 13, bringing heavy rain,
strong winds, and flooding. The cyclone killed at least 51 people and displaced more than
120,000 in Madagascar. It then crossed the Mozambique Channel and hit the coast of
Mozambique on February 16, causing further damage and casualties.
• The floods in Brazil in March 2023. Heavy rainfall triggered flash floods and landslides
in several states, especially in the southeast and southern regions. The floods killed at least
58 people and affected more than 1.2 million people. The floods also damaged
infrastructure, crops, and houses.
• The hurricane “Gabriel” in New Zealand in March 2023. The Category 4 hurricane
was the strongest to hit New Zealand since 1996. It made landfall on March 23, bringing
destructive winds, storm surges, and torrential rain. The hurricane killed at least 12 people
and injured more than 300. It also caused widespread power outages, flooding, and damage
to buildings and roads.
• The cyclone “Batsirai” in Madagascar in April 2023. The Category 3 cyclone was the
second to hit Madagascar in two months. It made landfall on April 9, bringing fierce

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winds, heavy rain, and flooding. The cyclone killed at least 27 people and affected more
than 400,000 people. It also destroyed crops, houses, and infrastructure.
• The Canadian drought in June and July 2023. The worst drought in Canada’s history
affected most of the country, especially the western provinces. The drought was caused by
record-low precipitation, high temperatures, and low snowpack. The drought led to water
shortages, crop failures, wildfires, and heat-related deaths. The drought also had severe
impacts on the environment, wildlife, and economy.
• The Nyingchi avalanche in China in July 2023. A massive avalanche of ice and rock
crashed down from a glacier in the Tibet Autonomous Region, burying a village and a
hydroelectric power station. The avalanche killed at least 67 people and injured more than
100. The avalanche also damaged roads, bridges, and power lines.
• The Afghanistan cold snap in August 2023. A sudden drop in temperature and heavy
snowfall hit several provinces in Afghanistan, especially in the north and east. The cold
snap killed at least 36 people, mostly children and elderly, and injured more than 200. The
cold snap also disrupted transportation, communication, and humanitarian aid3.
• The Afghanistan floods in September 2023. Heavy rainfall triggered flash floods and
landslides in several provinces in Afghanistan, especially in the west and south. The floods
killed at least 160 people and affected more than 250,000 people. The floods also destroyed
houses, crops, and infrastructure.
1. Which country experienced a series of earthquakes in January 2023 that killed

more than 100 people and injured thousands more?
o A) Iran
o B) Turkey
o C) Japan
o D) Indonesia
o Answer: B) Turkey 1
2. Which South American country faced devastating forest fires in February 2023
that burned more than 500,000 hectares of land and forced the evacuation of
over 10,000 people?
o A) Brazil
o B) Chile
o C) Argentina
o D) Colombia
o Answer: B) Chile 23

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3. Which tropical cyclone hit Madagascar and Mozambique in late January 2023,
causing widespread flooding, landslides, and damage to infrastructure and
crops?
o A) Freddy
o B) Gabriel
o C) Batsirai
o D) Eloise
o Answer: A) Freddy

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FLOODS IN PAKISTAN:
• The floods in Pakistan were caused by heavy monsoon rains that started in mid-March
2023 and lasted until mid-July 2023. The floods affected Balochistan, Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa, and Punjab provinces, killing at least 159 people and injuring 264.
• The floods damaged or destroyed 949,858 houses, 149 bridges, and 3,451 km of roads, as
well as crops, livestock, and infrastructure. The total damage was estimated at USD 14.9
billion, and the total economic loss was estimated at USD 15.2 billion.
• The floods also had severe impacts on the environment, health, education, and social
protection of the affected population. The floods increased the risk of water-borne and
vector-borne diseases, disrupted access to safe water and sanitation, affected the enrollment
and attendance of students and teachers, and exacerbated the vulnerability of women,
children, elderly, and disabled people.
• The floods were attributed to the effects of climate change, which increased the frequency
and intensity of extreme weather events in Pakistan. Pakistan is one of the most vulnerable
countries to climate change, as it faces rapid glacial melt, rising temperatures, droughts,
and sea level rise.
• The Government of Pakistan, with the support of the international community, launched a
massive relief and recovery operation to assist the affected people. The Post-Disaster Needs
Assessment (PDNA) was conducted to assess the damages, losses, and needs of the
affected sectors and regions, and to recommend a recovery and reconstruction framework
that would build back better and enhance the resilience of the country.
• The PDNA estimated that the total need for rehabilitation and reconstruction in a resilient
way was at least USD 16.3 billion, not including new investments beyond the affected
assets, to support Pakistan’s adaptation to climate change and overall resilience. The
PDNA also proposed a set of principles and priorities for the recovery and reconstruction
process, such as putting the poor first, ensuring transparency and accountability, promoting
inclusion and participation, and mainstreaming climate resilience.

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1. Which province suffered the most deaths due to the floods in July 2023?
o A) Balochistan
o B) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
o C) Punjab
o D) Sindh
o Answer: C) Punjab
2. How much funding did the UN appeal for to support the flood response in Pakistan?
o A) $500 million
o B) $816 million
o C) $1 billion
o D) $1.5 billion
o Answer: B) $816 million
3. Which tropical cyclone contributed to the heavy monsoon rains that triggered the
floods in March 2023?
o A) Ava
o B) Chalane
o C) Danilo
o D) Eloise
o Answer: D) Eloise

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TITAN SUBMERSIBLE INCIDENT

The Titan submersible incident was a tragic event that occurred on June 18, 2023, when a tourist
submarine operated by OceanGate imploded while diving to the wreck of the Titanic in the North
Atlantic Ocean. Here are some main points with data to explain the incident:
• The Titan submersible was a deep-sea vessel that could carry five people to a depth of
4,000 meters (13,123 feet). It was made of titanium and carbon fiber, and had a cylindrical
shape. It was designed and built by OceanGate, a private company based in Washington,
U.S., that offered expeditions to various underwater sites, including the Titanic
• The Titan submersible was deployed from the Polar Prince, a Canadian research vessel that
served as the mother ship for the expedition. The Polar Prince departed from St. John’s,
Newfoundland, on June 16, 2023, and arrived at the dive site, about 600 kilometres (373
miles) southeast of Newfoundland, on June 17, 2023
• On board the Titan submersible were Stockton Rush, the American CEO of OceanGate;
Paul-Henri Nargeolet, a French deep-sea explorer and Titanic expert; Hamish Harding, a
British businessman; Shahzada Dawood, a Pakistani-British businessman; and Dawood’s
son Suleman. They were the first group of passengers to participate in the Titanic
expedition, which was planned to last for six weeks and involve 54 dives.
• The Titan submersible began its descent to the Titanic wreck at 10:15 a.m. local time on
June 18, 2023. It was expected to reach the wreck, which lies at a depth of 3,800 meters
(12,467 feet), in about two hours, and spend about three hours exploring the site. It was
scheduled to resurface at 4:15 p.m. local time
• Communication between the Titan submersible and the Polar Prince was lost at 11:55 a.m.
local time, 1 hour and 45 minutes into the dive. The last message from the submersible
indicated that it was at a depth of 3,500 meters (11,483 feet) and was experiencing some
technical difficulties. The Polar Prince tried to re-establish contact with the submersible,
but received no response
• The Polar Prince alerted the authorities when the Titan submersible failed to resurface at
the scheduled time. A massive search and rescue operation was launched, involving the

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United States Coast Guard, the United States Navy, the Canadian Coast Guard, the Royal
Canadian Navy, the Royal Canadian Air Force, the United States Air National Guard, and
several commercial and research vessels and remotely operated underwater vehicles
(ROVs)
• On June 22, 2023, the United States Navy revealed that it had detected an acoustic signature
consistent with an implosion around the time the communication with the Titan
submersible ceased, suggesting that the pressure hull had collapsed under the immense
water pressure, resulting in the instantaneous deaths of all five occupants
• On June 23, 2023, a ROV discovered a debris field containing parts of the Titan
submersible, about 500 meters (1,640 feet) from the bow of the Titanic. The debris field
was spread over an area of about 200 meters (656 feet) by 100 meters (328 feet). The ROV
also found human remains and personal belongings of the passengers
• The cause of the implosion is still under investigation, but some experts have raised
questions about the safety and design of the Titan submersible, especially the carbon fiber
mid-section, which was not as strong as the titanium end caps. OceanGate had not sought
certification for the Titan submersible, arguing that excessive safety protocols and
regulations hindered innovation.
1. What was the name of the mother ship that deployed Titan on its fatal dive?
o A) Polar Prince
o B) Polar Star
o C) Polar Bear
o D) Polar Express
o Answer: A) Polar Prince
2. How many people were on board Titan when it imploded?
o A) 3
o B) 4
o C) 5
o D) 6
o Answer: C) 5
3. What was the name of the French deep-sea explorer and Titanic expert who died
in the incident?
o A) Jacques Cousteau
o B) Jean-Michel Cousteau
o C) Paul-Henri Nargeolet

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o D) Robert Ballard
o Answer: C) Paul-Henri Nargeolet
US WITHDRAWAL FROM AFGHANISTAN
Some main points to explain the causes and implications of the US withdrawal from
Afghanistan are:
• The US withdrawal from Afghanistan was the result of a peace agreement signed between
the US and the Taliban in February 2020, which aimed to end the longest war in US history
and pave the way for intra-Afghan negotiations. The agreement stipulated that the US
would withdraw all its troops from Afghanistan by May 2021, in exchange for the
Taliban’s commitment to prevent terrorist groups from using Afghan soil, reduce violence,
and engage in dialogue with the Afghan government.
• The US withdrawal from Afghanistan had significant implications for the security,
political, and humanitarian situation in the country and the region. Some of the main
implications were:
o The withdrawal led to a rapid and widespread advance of the Taliban, who captured
most of the country’s territory, including the capital Kabul, in a matter of weeks.
The Taliban’s takeover triggered a collapse of the Afghan government and security
forces, a mass exodus of civilians, and a humanitarian crisis.
o The withdrawal also created a power vacuum and a security challenge for the
neighbouring countries and the international community, who had to deal with the
potential spillover of violence, refugees, terrorism, and instability. The withdrawal
also raised questions about the credibility and reliability of the US as a global leader
and a partner in the region.
o The withdrawal also had an impact on the human rights and freedoms of the Afghan
people, especially women, girls, and minorities, who faced the risk of losing the
gains they had made in the past two decades under the Taliban’s rule. The
withdrawal also threatened the prospects of a peaceful and inclusive political
settlement that would reflect the aspirations and diversity of the Afghan society.

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1. Which US president announced the decision to withdraw all US troops from

Afghanistan by September 11, 2021?
o A) Donald Trump
o B) Joe Biden
o C) Barack Obama
o D) George W. Bush
o Answer: B) Joe Biden 1
2. Which terrorist group did the US accuse of harboring and supporting al-
Qaeda, the perpetrators of the 9/11 attacks, and thus launched the war in
Afghanistan in 2001?
o A) ISIS
o B) Taliban
o C) Hezbollah
o D) Hamas
o Answer: B) Taliban 2
3. Which country hosted the peace talks between the US and the Taliban that resulted
in the withdrawal agreement signed in February 2020?
o A) Pakistan
o B) Qatar
o C) Saudi Arabia
o D) Turkey
o Answer: B) Qatar

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CURRENT OFFICE HOLDERS OF AFGHAN GOVERNMENT--2023

Some points to explain the current officeholders of the Afghan government are:
• The current government of Afghanistan is led by the Taliban, an Islamist militant group
that seized power in August 2021 after a rapid military offensive that toppled the previously
elected government. The Taliban declared the country an “Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan”
and appointed an interim cabinet on September 7, 2021.
• The supreme leader of the Taliban and the Islamic Emirate is Mawlawi Hibatullah
Akhundzada, a political and religious leader who is the third supreme commander of the
Taliban. He is in charge of political, military and religious affairs, and appoints the
members of the cabinet and the leadership council. He is believed to be in his 60s and has
lived most of his life in Afghanistan.
• The prime minister of the interim cabinet is Mullah Mohammad Hassan Akhund, one of
the four men who founded the Taliban in 1994. He is a longtime head of the Taliban’s
powerful leadership council, or Rehbari Shura. He served as foreign minister and deputy
prime minister during the Taliban’s rule in Afghanistan in 1996-2001. He is under UN
sanctions for his role in the government during that period.
• The first deputy prime minister of the interim cabinet is Abdul Ghani Baradar, a co-founder
of the Taliban and the head of its political office in Qatar. He was the chief negotiator of
the peace agreement with the US in 2020, which paved the way for the US withdrawal
from Afghanistan. He is also a member of the leadership council and a close associate of
Akhundzada. He is in his 50s and was born in Uruzgan province.
• The second deputy prime minister of the interim cabinet is Abdul Salam Hanafi, a senior
member of the Taliban’s political office in Qatar and a former deputy education minister
during the Taliban’s rule in Afghanistan in 1996-2001. He is also a member of the
leadership council and a representative of the Uzbek ethnic group. He is in his 60s and was
born in Faryab province.
• The third deputy prime minister of the interim cabinet is Abdul Kabir, a former governor
of Nangarhar province and a former minister of justice and information and culture during

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the Taliban’s rule in Afghanistan from 1996-2001. He is also a member of the leadership
council and a representative of the eastern provinces. He is in his 70s and was born in
Nangarhar province.
• The minister of defence of the interim cabinet is Mullah Yaqoob, the son of the late Taliban
founder Mullah Omar. He is also the deputy leader of the Taliban and the head of its
military commission. He is in his 30s and was born in Kandahar province.
• The minister of interior of the interim cabinet is Sirajuddin Haqqani, the leader of the
Haqqani network, a powerful and feared militant group that is allied with the Taliban and
has been responsible for some of the most violent attacks in Afghanistan. He is also the
deputy leader of the Taliban and the head of its military operations. He is on the FBI’s most
wanted list with a $5 million bounty on his head. He is in his 40s and was born in Paktia
province.
1. Who is the supreme leader of the Taliban and the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan?
o A) Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar
o B) Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada
o C) Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob
o D) Sirajuddin Haqqani
o Answer: B) Mullah Haibatullah Akhundzada
2. Who is the deputy leader and the head of the political office of the Taliban?
o Answer: A) Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar
3. Who is the interior minister and the leader of the Haqqani Network, a powerful
faction of the Taliban?
o Answer: D) Sirajuddin Haqqani
4. Who is the defence minister and the son of the late founder of the Taliban, Mullah
Omar?

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o Answer: C) Mullah Mohammad Yaqoob

5. Who was the last president of the Afghan Republic before the Taliban takeover in
2021?
o A) Hamid Karzai
o B) Ashraf Ghani
o C) Abdullah Abdullah
o D) Burhanuddin Rabbani
o Answer: B) Ashraf Ghani
NEW A

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PPOINTED PRESIDENTS/PMS OF IMPORTANT COUNTRIES IN 2023

• In France, Marine Le Pen, the leader of the far-right National Rally party, won the
presidential election in a tight runoff against incumbent Emmanuel Macron on May 7,
2023. She became the first female president of France and the first president from a non-
mainstream party since 1958. She appointed Éric Zemmour, a controversial journalist and
writer, as her prime minister on May 15, 2023
• In Germany, Annalena Baerbock, the co-leader of the Green party, became the chancellor
of Germany on October 24, 2023, after forming a coalition government with the Social
Democratic Party (SPD) and the Free Democratic Party (FDP). She succeeded Angela
Merkel, who had been the chancellor since 2005 and retired from politics after the federal
election on September 24, 2023. Baerbock became the first Green chancellor and the
second female chancellor in Germany’s history
In Japan, Fumio Kishida, the leader of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) and the former
foreign minister, became the prime minister of Japan on October 4, 2023, after winning a
snap election that he called on September 29, 2023. He succeeded Yoshihide Suga, who
had been the prime minister since 2020 and resigned as the LDP leader on September 30,
2023, amid low approval ratings and public dissatisfaction with his handling of the
Covid-19 pandemic. Kishida pledged to revive the economy, tackle climate change, and
strengthen Japan’s security and diplomacy.
• In South Africa, Cyril Ramaphosa, the leader of the African National Congress (ANC) and
the incumbent president, won a second term as the president of South Africa on May 8,
2023, after his party secured a majority of seats in the National Assembly in the general
election. He appointed David Mabuza, his deputy president and a former premier of
Mpumalanga province, as his prime minister on May 15, 2023. Ramaphosa vowed to
continue his efforts to fight corruption, boost growth, and reduce inequality in South
Africa.

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1. Who is the new prime minister of Cambodia as of August 22, 2023?

o A) Hun Sen
o B) Hun Manet
o C) Sam Rainsy
o D) Kem Sokha
o Answer: B) Hun Manet1
2. Who is the interim president of Burkina Faso since 2022?
o A) Ibrahim Traoré
o B) Roch Marc Christian Kaboré
o C) Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla
o D) Blaise Compaoré
o Answer: A) Ibrahim Traoré2
3. Who is the first deputy prime minister of Saudi Arabia in 2023?
o A) Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
o B) Mohammed bin Salman
o C) Khalid bin Faisal Al Saud
o D) Abdullah bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
o Answer: B) Mohammed bin Salman3
4. Who is the prime minister of Romania as of 2023?
o A) Nicolae Ciucă
o B) Cătălin Predoiu
o C) Marcel Ciolacu
o D) Ludovic Orban
o Answer: C) Marcel Ciolacu2
5. Who is the president of Mexico in 2023?
o A) Andrés Manuel López Obrador
o B) Enrique Peña Nieto
o C) Felipe Calderón
o D) Vicente Fox
o Answer: A) Andrés Manuel López Obrador.

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PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS HELD IN 2023

According to the web search results, some of the presidential elections that were held in 2023 are:
• The French presidential election, which took place on April 23 and May 7, 2023. Marine
Le Pen, the leader of the far-right National Rally party, won the election in a tight runoff
against incumbent Emmanuel Macron, becoming the first female president of France and
the first president from a non-mainstream party since 19581
• The Malagasy presidential election, which took place on November 9, 2023. Andry
Rajoelina, the incumbent president and the leader of the Young Malagasies Determined
party, won a second term with 55 per cent of the vote, defeating his main rival Marc
Ravalomanana, a former president and the leader of the Tiako I Madagasikara party, who
got 40 percent2
• The Democratic Republic of the Congo general election, which took place on December
20, 2023. Félix Tshisekedi, the incumbent president and the leader of the Union for
Democracy and Social Progress party, won a second term with 51 percent of the vote,
defeating his main rival Martin Fayulu, a former oil executive and the leader of the
Engagement for Citizenship and Development party, who got 46 percent
• The United States presidential election, is scheduled to take place on November 5, 2024.
Presidential elections are held in the United States every four years. U.S. legal code dictates
that federal elections be held “the Tuesday next after the 1st Monday in November.” 3 The
candidates for the 2024 election are not yet officially announced, but some potential
contenders include Joe Biden, Kamala Harris, Pete Buttigieg, and Elizabeth Warren for the
Democratic Party, and Donald Trump, Mike Pence, Ted Cruz, and Nikki Haley for the
Republican Party
1. Which country held its presidential election on January 24, 2023, with incumbent
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa winning a second term with 60.7% of the vote?
o A) Portugal
o B) Brazil
o C) Chile
o D) Ecuador
o Answer: A) Portugal
2. Which country held its presidential election on April 11, 2023, with former banker
Guillermo Lasso defeating left-wing economist Andrés Arauz with 52.4% of the
vote?

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o A) Peru
o B) Bolivia
o C) Ecuador
o D) Colombia
o Answer: C) Ecuador
3. Which country held its presidential election on June 18, 2023, with hardline judiciary
chief Ebrahim Raisi winning 62% of the vote amid low turnout and widespread
boycotts?
o A) Iraq
o B) Syria
o C) Iran
o D) Lebanon
o Answer: C) Iran
4. Which country held its presidential election on July 11, 2023, with former prime
minister Boyko Borisov’s party GERB narrowly winning the most seats but failing
to form a coalition government?
o A) Bulgaria
o B) Romania
o C) Serbia
o D) Croatia
o Answer: A) Bulgaria
5. Which country held its presidential election on October 24, 2023, with incumbent
Joko Widodo winning a third term with 55.5% of the vote, defeating his rival
Prabowo Subianto?
o A) Indonesia
o B) Malaysia
o C) Philippines
o D) Thailand
o Answer: A) Indonesia

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PAK US RELATIONS 2023

Some points to explain the Pak-US relations in 2023 are:
• The Pak-US relations in 2023 are characterized by a cautious and pragmatic engagement,
as both sides seek to balance their interests and concerns in the aftermath of the US
withdrawal from Afghanistan in 2021 and the Taliban’s takeover of the country in 202112
• The Pak-US relations in 2023 are focused on three main areas: security cooperation,
economic cooperation, and regional stability.
• Security cooperation: The Pak-US security cooperation in 2023 is aimed at combating
terrorism and preventing the spread of nuclear weapons in the region. The US
acknowledges Pakistan’s role in facilitating peace talks with the Taliban and supports
Pakistan’s efforts to improve its relations with India. The US also provides limited military
assistance and training to Pakistan, while urging Pakistan to take more action against the
militant groups that operate from its soil. Pakistan, on the other hand, seeks to maintain its
strategic autonomy and sovereignty, while cooperating with the US on counterterrorism
and nuclear security issues. Pakistan also expects the US to respect its legitimate security
interests and concerns, especially regarding India and Afghanistan.
• Economic cooperation: The Pak-US economic cooperation in 2023 is aimed at enhancing

trade, investment, and development in both countries. The US is one of Pakistan’s largest
trading partners and a major source of foreign direct investment. The US also provides
economic and humanitarian assistance to Pakistan, especially in the areas of flood
recovery, energy, education, and health. The US also supports Pakistan’s efforts to reform
its economy and improve its governance. Pakistan, on the other hand, seeks to diversify its
economy and increase its exports to the US and other markets. Pakistan also hopes to
benefit from the US-led initiatives such as the Build Back Better World (B3W) partnership
and the Indo-Pacific Strategy.
• Regional stability: The Pak-US relations in 2023 are also influenced by regional dynamics
and challenges, especially in Afghanistan, India, and China. The US and Pakistan share a
common interest in ensuring a stable and peaceful Afghanistan, where the Taliban
government respects the human rights and aspirations of the Afghan people, and does not
allow any terrorist groups to operate from its territory. The US and Pakistan also support

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an inclusive and negotiated political settlement that involves all the Afghan stakeholders.
The US and Pakistan also have a common interest in reducing the tensions and conflicts
between India and Pakistan, and promoting dialogue and confidence-building measures
between the two nuclear-armed rivals. The US and Pakistan also have a divergent interest
in the role and influence of China in the region. The US views China as a strategic
competitor and a challenge to its interests and values, while Pakistan views China as a
strategic partner and a source of economic and security assistance. The US and Pakistan
try to manage their differences and avoid any confrontation with China while maintaining
their respective relations with Beijing.
1. Which of the following statements is true about the US economic support to

Pakistan in 2023?
o A) The US suspended all economic aid to Pakistan due to its alleged support for
the Taliban regime in Afghanistan.
o B) The US increased its economic aid to Pakistan by 50% to reward its cooperation
in the Afghan peace process.
o C) The US maintained its economic aid to Pakistan at the same level as 2022 and
assured Pakistan of unwavering economic support.
o D) The US reduced its economic aid to Pakistan by 25% to pressure Pakistan to
take more action against terrorist groups.
o Answer: C) The US maintained its economic aid to Pakistan at the same level as
2022 and assured Pakistan of unwavering economic support.
2. Which of the following statements is false about the US-Pakistan bilateral ties in
2023?
o A) The US and Pakistan celebrated 75 years of diplomatic relations in 2023 and
reaffirmed their commitment to a long-term partnership.
o B) The US and Pakistan agreed to enhance their cooperation on trade, investment,
energy, climate change, and regional stability.
o C) The US and Pakistan viewed their relationship exclusively through the security
lens and ignored other areas of mutual interest.
o D) The US and Pakistan acknowledged the challenges and opportunities in the age
of great power competition and sought to balance their relations with China and
India.
o Answer: C) The US and Pakistan viewed their relationship exclusively through the
security lens and ignored other areas of mutual interest1
3. Which of the following statements is true about the US-Pakistan cooperation on
Afghanistan in 2023?
o A) The US and Pakistan jointly mediated the intra-Afghan dialogue and supported
the formation of an inclusive government in Afghanistan.
o B) The US and Pakistan had a major fallout over the Taliban takeover of
Afghanistan and accused each other of betrayal and duplicity.

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o C) The US and Pakistan coordinated their humanitarian and development assistance

to Afghanistan and urged the international community to do the same.
o D) All of the above
o Answer: D) All of the above.

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PAK CHINA RELATIONS 2023
Pak-China relations in 2023 are based on a strong foundation of mutual trust, cooperation, and
friendship. The two countries share common interests and goals in promoting peace, stability, and
development in the region and beyond. The two countries also support each other on issues of core
concern and respect each other’s sovereignty and territorial integrity
Some of the highlights of Pak-China relations in 2023 are:
• The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has entered a new phase of expansion and
diversification, with the launch of three new corridors: the western corridor, the central
corridor, and the southern corridor. These corridors aim to connect different regions of
Pakistan with China and other countries and enhance the connectivity, trade, and
investment opportunities for both sides. The CPEC also focuses on the development of
special economic zones, energy projects, industrial cooperation, and social welfare23
• The China-Pakistan Free Trade Agreement (CPFTA) has been fully implemented, creating
a win-win situation for both countries. The CPFTA covers trade in goods, services, and
investment, and provides preferential market access and tariff concessions for both
sides. The CPFTA has boosted the bilateral trade volume, which reached $30 billion in
2023, and increased the exports of Pakistani products, such as textiles, leather, and
agricultural products, to China.
• The China-Pakistan military cooperation has been further deepened and expanded, as both
sides seek to enhance their defence and security capabilities and jointly safeguard regional
peace and stability. China has provided Pakistan with military assistance and training, as
well as advanced weapons and equipment, such as fighter jets, submarines, and missiles.
China has also supported Pakistan’s efforts to combat terrorism and extremism and to
improve its relations with India. The two countries have also conducted joint military
exercises and exchanges, such as the Shaheen series of air force drills and the Warrior
series of naval drills5
• The China-Pakistan cultural and people-to-people exchanges have been resumed and
revitalized, after being disrupted by the Covid-19 pandemic. The two countries have
organized various activities and events, such as the China-Pakistan Year of Culture and
Tourism, the China-Pakistan Friendship Forum, and the China-Pakistan Youth Dialogue,
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to enhance the mutual understanding and friendship between the two peoples. The two
countries have also facilitated the visa, education, and health cooperation, and increased
the number of flights, scholarships, and medical teams between them
Pak China relations in 2023 are an example of a successful and enduring partnership between two
neighboring countries, which serves the interests and aspirations of both sides and contributes to
the common good of the region and the world.
1. Which of the following is the name of the new mechanism for academic exchanges
and joint research between Pakistan and China that was established in 2023?
o A) National Defence University Pakistan and Grandview
o B) Pakistan-China Institute and Tsinghua University
o C) Pakistan Academy of Sciences and Chinese Academy of Sciences
o D) Higher Education Commission and China Scholarship Council
o Answer: A) National Defence University Pakistan and Grandview
2. Which of the following is the name of the province in China where the 3rd Nanxia
International Friendship Citizen Forum was inaugurated by the caretaker Chief
Minister of Punjab, Mohsin Naqvi, in 2023?
o A) Guangdong
o B) Xinjiang
o C) Ningxia
o D) Tibet
o Answer: C) Ningxia
3. Which of the following is the name of the new initiative launched by the Higher
Education Commission of Pakistan to promote academic collaboration under CPEC
in 2023?
o A) CPEC-Collaborative Research Grant
o B) CPEC-Consortium of Universities
o C) CPEC-Center of Excellence
o Answer: D) All of the above

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AUKUS and QUAD

• AUKUS and QUAD are two different but related initiatives that involve some of the same
countries in the Indo-Pacific region. AUKUS is a trilateral security pact between Australia,
the United Kingdom, and the United States, announced on September 15, 2021. The main
purpose of AUKUS is to enhance the cooperation and interoperability of the three countries
in the areas of defense, security, and technology, especially in the field of nuclear-powered
submarines. AUKUS is seen as a response to the growing military and economic influence
of China in the region and beyond
QUAD is an informal strategic dialogue and partnership between Australia, India,

Japan, and the United States, initiated in 2007 and revived in 2017. The main objective of
QUAD is to uphold a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, based on the
principles of democracy, rule of law, and respect for sovereignty. QUAD also covers
various issues of common interest, such as maritime security, counterterrorism, trade,
connectivity, climate change, and health. QUAD is not a military alliance, but a platform
for coordination and cooperation among the four countries. QUAD also seeks to engage with
other regional and global actors, such as ASEAN, the European Union, and France
• AUKUS and QUAD are both relevant and important for the stability and prosperity of the
Indo-Pacific region, as they reflect the shared interests and values of the participating
countries. AUKUS and QUAD are also complementary and supportive of each other, as
they aim to balance the challenges and opportunities posed by China’s rise and behaviour.
AUKUS and QUAD are not mutually exclusive or contradictory, but rather part of a
network of multilateral and multilateral arrangements that crisscross the region and are
rooted in common strategic interests
1. Which of the following countries is not a member of AUKUS?
o A) Australia
o B) United Kingdom
o C) United States
o D) India
o Answer: D) India1
2. Which of the following countries is not a member of Quad?
o A) Australia
o B) Japan
o C) India

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oD) France
oAnswer: D) France2
3. Which of the following statements is true about the nature of AUKUS and Quad?
o A) AUKUS is a trilateral military pact, while Quad is a non-military entity.
o B) AUKUS is a formal alliance, while Quad is an informal grouping.
o C) AUKUS is focused on security and defence interests, while Quad is broader in
scope.

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THE 2023 VILNIUS NATO SUMMIT

Some points to explain the 2023 Vilnius NATO summit are:
• The 2023 Vilnius NATO summit is an annual meeting of the heads of state and government
of the 30 NATO member countries and key partners, which will take place on July 11-12,
2023, in Vilnius, Lithuania1
• The main purpose of the summit is to address the most pressing challenges and
opportunities for the Alliance, such as the security situation in Afghanistan, the relations
with Russia and China, the adaptation of NATO’s deterrence and defence, the enhancement
of NATO’s resilience and innovation, and the promotion of NATO’s values and
partnerships.
• The summit will also mark the 75th anniversary of the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty,
the founding document of NATO, which was signed on April 4, 1949, in Washington, D.C.
The summit will celebrate the achievements and contributions of NATO over the past
seven decades, and reaffirm the commitment and solidarity of the Allies to the principles
and purposes of the treaty.The summit will be chaired by the NATO Secretary General,
Jens Stoltenberg, and hosted by the President of Lithuania, Gitanas Nausėda. The summit
will be attended by the leaders of the 30 NATO member countries, as well as the leaders
of some key partner countries, such as Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Sweden, and
Ukraine. The summit will also involve representatives of other international organizations,
such as the United Nations, the European Union, and the African Union.
• The summit will consist of various sessions, events, and activities, such as the opening
ceremony, the plenary session, the working dinner, the bilateral meetings, the signing of
joint declarations and agreements, the press conferences, and the cultural and social events.
The summit will also feature a public forum, which will provide a platform for dialogue
and engagement between the NATO leaders and a diverse group of stakeholders, such as
civil society, media, academia, business, and youth.
• NATO is a military alliance of 30 countries that share common values and interests in the
North Atlantic region and beyond. NATO views China and Russia as two different but
related challenges to its security and stability.
• NATO views China as a rising power that poses both opportunities and challenges for the
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Alliance. NATO recognizes that China has a legitimate role in the international system and
that cooperation with China is possible and desirable on some issues, such as climate
change, trade, and non-proliferation. However, NATO also sees China as a competitor and
a potential adversary that seeks to undermine the rules-based international order, expand
its influence and interests in the Indo-Pacific and other regions, and challenge NATO’s
values and interests in the areas of security, technology, human rights, and governance.
• NATO is particularly concerned about China’s military modernization, its assertive
behavior in the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait, its growing partnership with Russia,
and its use of cyber, space, and hybrid capabilities to threaten NATO and its partners123
• NATO views Russia as an aggressive and revisionist power that poses an immediate and
direct threat to the Alliance. NATO condemns Russia’s illegal annexation of Crimea, its
ongoing military intervention in eastern Ukraine, its cyberattacks and disinformation
campaigns against NATO and its members, and its violation of international law and
human rights. NATO also opposes Russia’s attempts to intimidate and coerce its
neighbours, undermine the sovereignty and territorial integrity of other countries, and
destabilize the Euro-Atlantic security environment. NATO is especially alarmed by
Russia’s massive military buildup near the border with Ukraine, its nuclear rhetoric and
posture, and its use of hybrid and proxy warfare to achieve its strategic objectives.
• NATO’s response to China and Russia is based on a dual-track approach of deterrence and
dialogue. NATO seeks to deter and defend against any aggression or coercion from China
and Russia, by enhancing its military capabilities, readiness, and resilience, strengthening
its partnerships and cooperation with like-minded countries and organizations, and
promoting its values and principles. NATO also seeks to engage in dialogue and diplomacy
with China and Russia, where possible and necessary, to reduce tensions, prevent
misunderstandings, manage crises, and address common challenges. NATO remains open
to a constructive and cooperative relationship with China and Russia, based on mutual
respect and mutual benefit, but also makes clear that it will not compromise on its core
interests and values.

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1. Who will chair the meetings at the summit?

o A) The President of Lithuania
o B) The NATO Secretary General
o C) The Prime Minister of New Zealand
o D) The President of the Republic of Korea
o Answer: B) The NATO Secretary General1
2. What is the main theme of the summit?
o A) Strengthening the deterrence and defence of the allied countries
o B) Expanding the membership of the Alliance
o C) Promoting the public understanding of NATO’s policies and goals
3. What is the name of the Lithuanian symbol of vigour and power that is featured
on the summit logo?
o A) Vytis
o B) Gediminas
o C) Trakai
o D) Vilnius
o Answer: A) Vytis
4. Which country will be brought closer to the Alliance at the summit?
o A) Ukraine
o B) Sweden
o C) Turkey
o D) Korea
o Answer: A) Ukraine
5. What is the name of the event that will take place in parallel to the summit and
aims to engage with a diverse group of stakeholders?
o A) NATO Public Forum
o B) NATO Vilnius Summit Programme
o C) NATO Encyclopedia of Topics
o D) NATO Summit Quiz
o Answer: A) NATO Public Forum

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EXPANSION OF NATO WITH NEW MEMBERS IN 2023
• The expansion of NATO with new members in 2023 is a significant development for the
security and stability of the Euro-Atlantic region and the world. NATO is a military alliance
of 31 countries that share common values and interests in the North Atlantic region and
beyond. NATO’s “open door policy” is based on Article 10 of its founding treaty, which
allows for the invitation of “other European States” only and by subsequent agreements.
• The latest additions to NATO are Finland and Sweden, two Nordic countries that have long
been partners and contributors to the Alliance. Finland became the 31st member of NATO
on 4 April 2023, after depositing its instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty
with the United States at NATO Headquarters in Brussels2 Sweden is an official Invitee
and attends NATO meetings as such3 Both countries completed accession talks on 4 July
2022, and their Accession Protocols were signed by Allies on 5 July 2022
The inclusion of Finland and Sweden in NATO enhances the Alliance’s capabilities,
reach, and diversity. Finland and Sweden bring valuable military assets, such as advanced
submarines, fighter jets, and cyber capabilities, to NATO. They also expand NATO’s
boundaries and increase the number of opponents Russia would face if it invaded a NATO
member. Moreover, Finland and Sweden represent the democratic and human rights values that
NATO stands for, and contribute to the Alliance’s cooperation with other international actors, such
as the European Union, the United Nations, and the African Union.
• The decision of Finland and Sweden to join NATO was motivated by several factors, such
as the security situation in Afghanistan, the relations with Russia and China, and the
adaptation of NATO’s deterrence and defence. Both countries have been involved in the
NATO-led mission in Afghanistan, and have expressed their support for a stable and
peaceful Afghanistan. Both countries have also faced increasing pressure and threats from
Russia and China, especially in the Baltic Sea and the Arctic regions.
• Both countries have also recognized the need to adapt to the changing security environment
and the emerging challenges, such as cyber, space, and hybrid warfare. The accession of
Finland and Sweden to NATO is a historic and positive step for the Alliance and the region.
It demonstrates NATO’s commitment to its “open door policy” and its ability to adapt and
evolve. It also shows the willingness and determination of Finland and Sweden to take on

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the responsibilities and obligations of NATO membership and to contribute to the

collective defence and security of the Alliance.
1. Which two countries completed accession talks with NATO in July 2022 and
signed the Accession Protocols?
o A) Finland and Sweden
o B) Georgia and Ukraine
o C) Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia
o D) Moldova and Belarus
o Answer: A) Finland and Sweden
2. Which country became the 31st member of NATO on 4 April 2023, after
depositing its instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty?
o A) Finland
o B) Sweden
o C) Ukraine
o D) Georgia
o Answer: A) Finland
3. Which country is an official Invitee to NATO and attends NATO meetings as such,
while waiting for the ratification of its Accession Protocol by all Allies?
o A) Sweden
o B) Finland
o C) Ukraine
o D) Georgia
o Answer: A) Sweden
4. Which country applied for NATO membership in May 2022, after Russia invaded
its territory and falsely claimed that NATO was building up military infrastructure
inside it?
o A) Ukraine
o B) Georgia
o C) Moldova
o D) Belarus
o Answer: A) Ukraine
5. Which country proclaimed the annexation of its territory by Russia in
September 2022 and also applied for NATO membership?
o A) Ukraine
o B) Georgia
o C) Moldova
o D) Belarus
o Answer: D) Belarus

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INDIA AND RUSSIAN MOON MISSIONS.

Here are some points to explain the Indian and Russian moon missions separately:
• The Indian moon mission is called Chandrayaan-3, which means “moon vehicle” in
Sanskrit. It is the third lunar mission of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO),
following Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Chandrayaan-2 in 2019. Chandrayaan-3 consists of
a lander and a rover, which are designed to soft-land on the lunar surface and explore the
terrain and resources. Chandrayaan-3 was launched on July 14, 2023, from the Satish
Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota, India, using a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle Mark III (GSLV Mk III) rocket. Chandrayaan-3 is expected to land on the moon
on August 23, 2023, near the south pole, where no lander has ever gone before.
Chandrayaan-3 aims to study the lunar topography, mineralogy, exosphere, and the
presence of water ice and other volatiles. Chandrayaan-3 is also a demonstration of India’s
technological capabilities and aspirations in space exploration.
• The Russian moon mission is called Luna-25, which means “moon” in Latin. It is the 25th
lunar mission of the Russian Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos), and the first one since
Luna-24 in 1976. Luna-25 consists of a lander, which is designed to collect and analyze
soil samples from the lunar surface. Luna-25 was launched on August 11, 2023, from the
Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, using a Proton-M rocket. Luna-25 is expected to
land on the moon on August 21, 2023, near the south pole, where no lander has ever gone
before. Luna-25 aims to study the lunar regolith, the thermal and radiation environment,
and the plasma and dust phenomena. Luna-25 is also a precursor for future Russian lunar
missions, such as Luna-26, Luna-27, and Luna-28, which will involve an orbiter, a rover,
and a sample return. Luna-25 is also a revival of Russia’s legacy and ambitions in space
exploration.
1. Which country launched its moon mission first in 2023?
o A) India
o B) Russia
o C) China
o D) Japan
o Answer: A) India
2. Which country’s moon mission will take longer to reach the lunar surface?
o A) India

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o B) Russia
o C) Both will take the same time
o D) Neither will reach the surface
o Answer: A) India
3. Which country’s moon mission will explore the lunar south pole for the first time?
o A) India
o B) Russia
o C) Both will explore the south pole
o D) Neither will explore the south pole
o Answer: C) Both will explore the south pole
4. Which country’s moon mission will carry a robotic rover to the lunar surface?
o A) India
o B) Russia
o C) Both will carry a rover
o D) Neither will carry a rover
o Answer: A) India
5. Which country’s moon mission will gather samples from the lunar surface and
return them to Earth?
o A) India
o B) Russia
o C) Both will return samples
o D) Neither will return samples
o Answer: D) Neither will return samples

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UPCOMING UNGA SESSION

2023
The upcoming UNGA session 2023 is an important event for the world, as it will bring together
the leaders and representatives of the 193 member states of the United Nations, as well as other
stakeholders, to discuss and address the most pressing global issues and challenges. The UNGA
session 2023 will also mark the 75th anniversary of the signing of the UN Charter, the founding
document of the UN, and celebrate the achievements and contributions of the UN over the past
seven decades1 The UNGA session 2023 will open on September 5, 2023, and last until
September 19, 2023. The first day of the high-level General Debate will be September 19, 2023,
where the heads of state and government will deliver their speeches and statements. The theme of
the UNGA session 2023 will be “Rebuilding trust and reigniting global solidarity: Accelerating
action on the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals towards peace, prosperity,
progress and sustainability for all”
The UNGA session 2023 will also include various sessions, events, and activities, covering a
wide range of topics related to the UN’s work and mandate, such as peace and security, human
rights, humanitarian affairs, development, climate change, health, and gender equality. Some of
the highlights of the UNGA session 2023 are:
• The UN Sustainable Development Goals Summit, will review the progress and
challenges of implementing the 2030 Agenda and its 17 goals, and mobilize the political
will and resources to achieve them.
• The UN Security Council Ministerial Meeting on Ukraine, which will address the ongoing
conflict and humanitarian crisis in Ukraine, and call for a peaceful and diplomatic
resolution based on the Minsk agreements1
• The Ministerial Meeting on Atlantic Cooperation, will launch the Partnership for Atlantic
Cooperation, a new multilateral entity that will foster cooperation and dialogue among the
Atlantic nations on issues of common interest, such as security, trade, and climate
change.
• The Artificial Intelligence for Accelerating Progress on Sustainable Development Goals
Event will showcase the potential and challenges of using artificial intelligence to advance

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the SDGs, and promote the ethical and responsible use of AI systems.
The UNGA session 2023 is an opportunity for the world to reaffirm its commitment and solidarity
to the UN and its values, and to work together to address the global challenges and opportunities
that we face. The UNGA session 2023 is also a chance for the world to celebrate the UN’s
achievements and contributions, and to renew its vision and mission for the future.
1. Who is the President-elect of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly?

o A) Dennis Francis
o B) Volkan Bozkir
o C) Abdulla Shahid
o D) Antonio Guterres
o Answer: A) Dennis Francis
2. What is the theme of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly?
o A) The Future We Want, the UN We Need: Reaffirming our Collective
Commitment to Multilateralism
o B) Building Resilience through Hope – To Recover from COVID-19, Rebuild
Sustainably, Respond to the Needs of the Planet, Respect the Rights of People,
and Revitalize the United Nations
o C) Rebuilding trust and reigniting global solidarity: Accelerating action on the
2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals towards peace, prosperity,
progress and sustainability for all
o D) Making the United Nations Relevant to All People: Global Leadership and
Shared Responsibilities for Peaceful, Equitable and Sustainable Societies
o Answer: C) Rebuilding trust and reigniting global solidarity: Accelerating action
on the 2030 Agenda and its Sustainable Development Goals towards peace,
prosperity, progress and sustainability for all1
3. Which event will take place in parallel to the 78th session of the UN General
Assembly and aims to engage with a diverse group of stakeholders?
o A) UN Sustainable Development Goals Summit
o B) UN Security Council Ministerial Meeting on Ukraine
o C) NATO Public Forum
o D) Artificial Intelligence for Accelerating Progress on Sustainable Development
Goals Event
o Answer: D) Artificial Intelligence for Accelerating Progress on Sustainable
Development Goals Event2
4. Which country became the 31st member of NATO on 4 April 2023, after depositing
its instrument of accession to the North Atlantic Treaty?
o A) Finland
o B) Sweden
o C) Ukraine
o D) Georgia

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oAnswer: A) Finland2
5. Which country proclaimed the annexation of its territory by Russia in September
2022 and also applied for NATO membership?
o A) Ukraine
o B) Georgia
o C) Moldova
o D) Belarus
o Answer: D) Belarus

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CRICKET MATCHES FROM JANUARY 2023

TILL NOW
Here is a summary of the cricket matches that took place from January 2023 till now, based on the
web search results:
• In January 2023, Australia toured South Africa for a five-match ODI series, which South
Africa won by 3-2. The series was closely contested, with four matches decided by less
than 10 runs or 3 wickets. The top performers of the series were Quinton de Kock for South
Africa, who scored 287 runs with two centuries, and Pat Cummins for Australia, who took
12 wickets with a best of 5 for 32
• In February 2023, the ICC Cricket World Cup warm-up matches were held in India, where
16 teams participated in 32 matches to prepare for the main event. The warm-up matches
were not official ODIs, but they provided valuable practice and experience for the teams.
Some of the notable results of the warm-up matches were India’s 10-wicket win over
Australia, New Zealand’s 7-wicket win over England, and Afghanistan’s 6-wicket win over
Pakistan2
• In March 2023, the ICC Cricket World Cup 2023 began in India, where 16 teams competed
in 48 matches for the coveted trophy. The tournament was divided into two stages: the

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group stage and the knockout stage. The group stage consisted of four groups of four teams
each, where the top two teams from each group advanced to the quarter-finals. The
knockout stage consisted of the quarter-finals, the semi-finals, and the final. The
tournament is still ongoing, and the final is scheduled to be played on April 2, 2023, at the
Eden Gardens in Kolkata2
• In April 2023, England toured Ireland for a three-match ODI series, which England won
by 2-1. The series was part of the ICC Cricket World Cup Super League, which serves as
the qualification pathway for the 2027 World Cup. The series was dominated by the
batsmen, with both teams scoring over 300 runs in each match. The top performers of the
series were Eoin Morgan for England, who scored 264 runs with two centuries, and Paul
Stirling for Ireland, who scored 251 runs with one century.
1. Which team won the World Cup 2023, which was held in India from
February 9 to March 26, 2023?
o A) India
o B) England
o C) Australia
o D) New Zealand
o Answer: D) New Zealand
2. Who was the leading run-scorer in the World Cup 2023, with 542 runs in 9 matches
at an average of 67.75?
o A) Virat Kohli
o B) Kane Williamson
o C) David Warner
o D) Babar Azam
o Answer: B) Kane Williamson
3. Who was the leading wicket-taker in the World Cup 2023, with 21 wickets in 9
matches at an economy rate of 4.76?
o A) Trent Boult
o B) Jasprit Bumrah
o C) Mitchell Starc
o D) Rashid Khan
o Answer: C) Mitchell Starc
4. Which team won the Asian Games 2023, which was held in Hangzhou, China
from September 10 to 25, 2023?
o A) India
o B) Pakistan
o C) Bangladesh
o D) Sri Lanka

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o Answer: A) India
5. Who was the player of the tournament in the Asian Games 2023, scoring 284
runs and taking 12 wickets in 6 matches?
o A) Shakib Al Hasan
o B) Hardik Pandya
o C) Mohammad Nabi
o D) Thisara Perera
o Answer: B) Hardik Pandya
6. Which team won the CPL 2023, which was held in the Caribbean from
August 4 to September 9, 2023?
o A) Trinbago Knight Riders
o B) Guyana Amazon Warriors
o C) Jamaica Tallawahs
o D) St Lucia Zouks
o Answer: D) St Lucia Zouks
7. Who was the player of the series in the CPL 2023, scoring 415 runs and
taking 18 wickets in 12 matches?
o A) Andre Russell
o B) Dwayne Bravo
o C) Roston Chase
o D) Kieron Pollard
o Answer: C) Roston Chase
8. Which team won the QEA Trophy 2023, which was held in Pakistan from
September 14 to October 5, 2023?
o A) Lahore Region Whites
o B) Karachi Region Whites
o C) Peshawar Region
o D) Rawalpindi Region
o Answer: A) Lahore Region Whites
9. Who was the highest run-scorer in the QEA Trophy 2023, with 621 runs in 5
matches at an average of 103.50?
o A) Abid Ali
o B) Fawad Alam
o C) Azhar Ali
o D) Shan Masood
o Answer: B) Fawad Alam
10. Who was the highest wicket-taker in the QEA Trophy 2023, with 32 wickets in 5
matches at an average of 16.03?
o A) Mohammad Abbas
o B) Shaheen Afridi
o C) Hasan Ali
o D) Naseem Shah
o Answer: D) Naseem Shah

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FIFA World Cup

The FIFA World Cup is the most prestigious and popular tournament in the world of football. It is
held every four years and features 32 national teams competing for the trophy. The current
champions are Argentina, who won their third title at the 2022 tournament in Qatar. The next
FIFA World Cup will be hosted by Canada, the United States and Mexico in 2026, and will
expand to 48 teams for the first time.
1. Which country will host the FIFA World Cup 2026, which will be the first to feature
48 teams?
o A) USA, Canada and Mexico
o B) Australia and New Zealand
o C) China
o D) England
o Answer: A) USA, Canada and Mexico
2. Which team is the defending champion of the FIFA World Cup, having won the title
in Qatar in 2022?
o A) France
o B) Argentina
o C) Brazil
o D) Germany
o Answer: B) Argentina
3. Which player scored the most goals in the FIFA World Cup 2022, with 10 goals in 7
matches?
o A) Lionel Messi
o B) Cristiano Ronaldo
o C) Kylian Mbappe
o D) Robert Lewandowski
o Answer: A) Lionel Messi
4. Which stadium will host the opening match and the final of the FIFA World Cup
2026?
o A) MetLife Stadium
o B) Rose Bowl Stadium
o C) AT&T Stadium
o D) Mercedes-Benz Stadium
o Answer: A) MetLife Stadium
5. Which team made its debut appearance in the FIFA World Cup 2022, after
qualifying from the Asian Football Confederation?
o A) Qatar
o B) Saudi Arabia
o C) Iran
o D) Uzbekistan
o Answer: D) Uzbekistan

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6. Which player won the Golden Ball award for the best player of the FIFA World Cup
2022?
o A) Lionel Messi
o B) Neymar
o C) Luka Modric
o D) N’Golo Kante
o Answer: D) N’Golo Kante
7. Which team will be the top seed in Group A of the FIFA World Cup 2026,
according to the FIFA rankings as of December 2022?
o A) Belgium
o B) France
o C) Brazil
o D) Spain
o Answer: C) Brazil
8. Which player scored the fastest goal in the FIFA World Cup 2022, netting in just 11
seconds in the group stage match against Korea Republic?
o A) Harry Kane
o B) Karim Benzema
o C) Romelu Lukaku
o D) Erling Haaland
o Answer: D) Erling Haaland
9. Which team scored the most goals in the FIFA World Cup 2022, with 25 goals in 7
matches?
o A) Argentina
o B) France
o C) Portugal
o D) Belgium
o Answer: B) France
10. Which team will be the host of the FIFA World Cup 2030, which will mark the
centenary of the first edition of the tournament?
o A) Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and Chile
o B) Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia
o C) Spain, Portugal and Morocco
o D) England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland
o Answer: A) Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and Chile

CSS PMS
Preparations
ECONOMIC SURVEY OF
PAKISTAN
Economic Survey of Pakistan 2022-2023:
• The real GDP posted a growth of 0.29% in FY 2023, significantly lower than the 6.1%
growth in FY 2022, due to the adverse impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on domestic
and global economic activities.
• The per capita income declined by 11.2% to US$ 1,568 in FY 2023, as compared to US$
1,765 in FY 2022, reflecting the currency depreciation, lower growth, and rising
population.
• The agriculture sector grew by 1.55% in FY 2023, against 4.27% in FY 2022, mainly due
to the negative growth of 3.20% in important crops, which was partially offset by the
positive growth of 3.78% in livestock, 3.93% in forestry, and 1.44% in fishing.
• The industry sector contracted by 2.94% in FY 2023, against 6.83% growth in FY 2022,
mainly due to the negative growth of 3.91% in manufacturing and 5.53% in construction,
which was partially offset by the positive growth of 6.0% in electricity, gas, and water
supply.

CSS PMS
Preparations
• The services sector grew by 0.86% in FY 2023, against 6.19% in FY 2022, mainly due to
the negative growth of 4.46% in wholesale and retail trade, which was partially offset by
the positive growth of 4.73% in transport and storage, 4.11% in accommodation and food
services, and 6.93% in information and communication.
• The total investment increased by 10.2% to Rs. 11,545.8 billion in FY 2023, equivalent to
13.6% of GDP, as compared to 15.7% of GDP in FY 2022. The private investment
increased by 6.18% to Rs. 7,467.9 billion, equivalent to 8.8% of GDP, while the public
investment increased by 14.10% to Rs. 4,077.9 billion, equivalent to 3.1% of GDP2.
• The national savings increased by 44.7% to Rs. 10,670.9 billion in FY 2023, equivalent to
12.6% of GDP, as compared to 11.1% of GDP in FY 2022. The domestic savings increased
by 35.3% to Rs. 8,950.9 billion, equivalent to 10.6% of GDP, while the foreign savings
increased by 87.1% to Rs. 1,720.0 billion, equivalent to 2.0% of GDP.
• The fiscal deficit narrowed to 4.6% of GDP in Jul-Apr FY 2023, as compared to 4.9% of
GDP in Jul-Apr FY 2022, mainly due to the higher growth of total revenue than total
expenditure. The primary balance recorded a surplus of Rs. 99.1 billion in Jul-Apr FY
2023, as compared to a deficit of Rs. 890.2 billion in Jul-Apr FY 2022, reflecting a
slowdown in the growth of non-markup expenditures.
• The total revenue increased by 18.1% to Rs. 6,938.2 billion in Jul-Mar FY 2023, as
compared to Rs. 5,874.2 billion in Jul-Mar FY 2022. Both tax and non-tax revenue
contributed to the increase in overall revenue. The total tax revenue (federal and provincial)
grew by 16.5% to Rs. 5,617.7 billion, mainly due to a significant rise in FBR tax collection.
The non-tax revenue grew by 25.5% to Rs. 1,320.5 billion, mainly due to an increase in
revenue of PTA.
• The total expenditure increased by 18.7% to Rs. 10,016.9 billion in Jul-Mar FY 2023, as
compared to Rs. 8,439.8 billion in Jul-Mar FY 2022. The current expenditure grew by
25.3% to Rs. 9,244.6 billion, mainly due to a 69.1% growth in markup payments. The
development expenditure grew by 0.9% to Rs. 772.3 billion, mainly due to a 1.4% growth
in PSDP spending.
• The public debt increased by 11.8% to Rs. 45,470.1 billion in March FY 2023, as
compared to Rs. 40,659.5 billion in June FY 2022. The public debt-to-GDP ratio increased

CSS PMS
Preparations
to 88.9% in March FY 2023, as compared to 86.1% in June FY 2022. The external public
debt increased by 9.4% to US$ 83.3 billion in March FY 2023, as compared to US$ 76.1
billion in June FY 2022. The external public debt-to-GDP ratio increased to 34.8% in
March FY 2023, as compared to 33.6% in Jun FY 2022.
Here are some basic MCQs based on the Economic Survey of Pakistan 2022-23:
1. What was the GDP growth rate of Pakistan in FY 2023?
o A) 0.29%
o B) 1.55%
o C) -2.94%
o D) 0.86%
o Answer: A) 0.29%
2. Which sector of the economy posted the highest growth rate in FY 2023?
o A) Agriculture
o B) Industry
o C) Services
o D) None of the above
o Answer: C) Services
3. What was the fiscal deficit as a percentage of GDP in Jul-Apr FY 2023?
o A) 4.6%
o B) 4.9%
o C) 5.2%
o D) 5.5%
o Answer: A) 4.6%
4. What was the total tax revenue (federal and provincial) as a percentage of GDP in
Jul-Mar FY 2023?
o A) 8.8%
o B) 9.2%
o C) 9.6%
o D) 10.0%
o Answer: C) 9.6%
5. What was the growth rate of the large-scale manufacturing (LSM) sector in Jul-Mar
FY 2023?
o A) -8.11%
o B) -3.91%
o C) 3.91%
o D) 8.11%
o Answer: A) -8.11%

CSS PMS
Preparations
How to attempt Current Affair Paper CSS

1. Read the questions carefully and understand the keywords and the main theme of each
question. For example, if the question asks you to analyze, assess, clarify, compare,
contrast, criticize, define, describe, discuss, evaluate, explain, illustrate, justify, or
summarize, you should follow the specific instructions and use relevant examples and
evidence to support your arguments.
2. Make a simple outline for each question before you start writing. This will help you to
organize your thoughts and present your points logically and coherently. You can use bullet
points, headings, subheadings, or diagrams to structure your outline.
3. Use facts, figures, statistics, quotations, and references from credible sources to back up
your claims and arguments. You should cite the sources properly and avoid plagiarism.
You can use online resources such as newspapers, magazines, journals, reports, websites,
or blogs to get updated and reliable information on current affairs.
4. Write in a clear, concise, and grammatical language. Avoid using jargon, slang, or vague
expressions. Use appropriate vocabulary and grammar to convey your message effectively.
You should also check your spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure before submitting
your paper.
5. Give a brief introduction and a conclusion for each question. The introduction should
provide some background information and state your main argument or thesis statement.
The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your argument or thesis
statement. You can also give some critical comments or recommendations at the end of
your paper.
6. Manage your time wisely and allocate equal time for each question. You should not spend
too much time on one question and neglect the others. You should also leave some time
for revision and editing your paper. You can use a stopwatch or a timer to keep track of
your time.

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