Unit 2 : Networking

Lesson [03]
Networking Standards

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Module Learning Outcomes

▪ LO1. Examine networking principles and their protocols.

▪ LO2. Explain networking devices and operations.

▪ LO3. Design efficient networked systems.

▪ LO4. Implement and diagnose networked systems.

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Networking Standards- Introduction

• A Standard is an agreed upon definition of a protocol.

• Standards are industry wide protocol definitions that are not

tied to a particular manufacturer.

• Many organizations are involved in setting standards for

networking

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Networking Standards

• The five most important organizations are:

• American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

• Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

• International Organization for standardization (ISO)

• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)

• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

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IEEE

▪ The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) is a global

association and organization of professionals working toward the
development, implementation and maintenance of technology-centered
products and services.

▪ IEEE is a nonprofit organization founded in 1963.

▪ It works solely toward innovating, educating and standardizing the

electrical and electronic development industry.

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IEEE 802 Standards

• In 1985,the computer society of the IEEE started a project called , Project

802,to set standards to enable intercommunication among equipment from
a variety of manufactures .

• Instead , it is away of specifying functions of the physical layer and the

data link layer of major LAN protocols.

IEEE 802 is a family of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) standards for local area networks
(LANs). It defines specifications for media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) protocols

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IEEE Standards Formats
IEEE 802 Description

Standards for LAN/MAN bridging and management and remote

IEEE 802.1
media access control (MAC) bridging.
Standards for Logical Link Control (LLC) standards for
IEEE 802.2
connectivity.
Ethernet Standards for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
IEEE 802.3
Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

IEEE 802.4 Standards for token passing bus access.

Standards for Logical Link Control (LLC) standards for
IEEE 802.24
connectivity.
Standards for token ring access and for communications
IEEE 802.5
between LANs and MANs

IEEE 802.6 Standards for information exchange between systems.

IEEE 802.7 Standards for broadband LAN cabling.
IEEE 802.8 Fiber optic connection.

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 Standards for integrated services, like voice and
IEEE 802.9
data.
IEEE 802.10 Standards for LAN/MAN security implementations.

IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking – "WiFi".

IEEE 802.12 Standards for demand priority access method.

Standards for cable television broadband
IEEE 802.14
communications.
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth

IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Sensor/Control Networks – "ZigBee"

Wireless Body Area Network[3] (BAN) – (e.g.
IEEE 802.15.6
Bluetooth low energy)
IEEE 802.16 Wireless Networking – "WiMAX"

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Conceptual Models - Introduction

▪ TCP/IP and OSI are hierarchical models to define how

network devices and their applications follow protocols
that have a set of rules to communicate with each other,
similar to Human Laws such as country’s Constitution

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OSI Model

• Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is a

conceptual model that covers all aspects of network
communications.
• This model characterizes and standardizes the internal
functions of a communications system by partitioning it into
abstraction layers.
• This is a model that allows any two different systems to
communicate regardless of their underlying architecture
(hardware or software).

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OSI Model

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 Sender
The application layer responsible for organizing the
Application Layer message into a block of data.

The Presentation layer is responsible for

compressing the data to storage and transmission
Presentation Layer process. Encrypting the data and security reasons

The session layer is responsible for marking the

Session Layer beginning and end of the message.

The transport layer is responsible for dividing the

message into segments and tracking the sequence
Transport Layer of the segments.
TCP.H Data The TCP header is added to each segments. It includes a
port numbers, sequence numbers and frame check
sequence for error detection.

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Network Layer The network layer is responsible for making sure that
the data packet is received by correct receiver
IP.H. TCP.H. Data IP header is added. It includes a source destination IP
address

Data Link Layer The data link layer is responsible for forming and
transferring frames and making copies of the frame in
case retransmission is required.
Frame.H IP.H TCP.H Data The framer header is added. It contains MAC address
and control information. A data link trailer is added. It
contains Frame Check Sequence (FCS) and additional
framing characters.
Physical Layer
The physical layer is responsible for encoding the data
for transmission accessing the transmission medium
bits monitoring the serial bit transmission.

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HTTP Req

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TCP/IP Model
▪ TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) /IP (Internet Protocol) was developed by the
Department of Defense (DoD) project agency.
▪ Unlike OSI Model, it consists of four layers each having its own protocols. Internet
Protocols are the set of rules defined for communication over the network.
▪ The TCP/IP model is mostly used for interconnecting computers over the internet.

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TCP/IP Model Layers
▪ Application Layer: This layer permits users to access the services of
global or private internet. Some protocols described in this layer are
TELNET,SMTP ,FTP. The working of this layer is a combination of
application, presentation and session layer of the OSI model.
▪ Transport Layer: It enables a fault-free end-to-end delivery of the data
between the source and destination hosts in the form of datagrams. The
protocols defined by this layer are TCP and UDP.
▪ Internet Layer: The purpose of this layer is to transmit an independent
packet into any network which travels to the destination. It includes the IP ,
ICMP and ARP as the standard packet format for the layer.
▪ Network Interface Layer: This layer acts as an interface between hosts
and transmission links and used for transmitting datagrams.

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Summary

▪ Networking Standards
▪ IEEE 802 Standard
▪ Conceptual Models
▪ OSI Model
▪ TCP/IP Model

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Thank You

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