QUESTION 1: Scroll through the prisons dataset above. What do you notice?

What do the rows and

columns mean?

After two years many prisons had an increase in total confirmed cases from 2020 to 2022 but a very small
increase in total deaths. Additionally, the number of disctinct patients that were tested is a very small
proportion of the confirmed cases. The rows in the table are by institution at different times, with the
columns containing information such as latitude, longitude, total confirmed cases and deaths, and also the
distinct patients tested and how many new cases there were in the past two weeks.

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QUESTION 2: Replicate the code from the cell above to find the amount of rows/records from San Quentin
State Prison. (Feel free to copy & paste the above cell.)

Note: For your code to work, the prison name needs to be written identically to how it is represented in
institution_names (including spaces, capitalization, and parenthesis). It is written in institution_names
as: ‘San Quentin State Prison (SQ)’

In [7]: sum(covid_in_prisons['InstitutionName'] == 'San Quentin State Prison (SQ)')

Out[7]: 736

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Your answer should again be 736!

QUESTION 3: The table above is sorted in decreasing order according to the “TotalConfirmed” column.
Do you recognize any prisons that are at the top of the table?

I recognized Valley State Prison (VSP) from the First Juypter Notebook assignment and also Pelican Bay
State Prison (PBSP) which is shown at the bottom as it is a well-known Bay Area institution.

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QUESTION 4: What are some potential issues in drawing conclusions based on solely totals in data?

Hint: Consider how the populations of each prison may relate to the number of positive cases.

A big issue is the fact that totals can be large due to a large population. 20% of 100 people is more than 40%
of 40 people. Totals dont really show what proportion of the population of the institutions was confirmed to
have COVID.

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QUESTION 5: What do you notice about the above line plot? In what months and years do the two main
peaks seem to coincide with? Optional: Any ideas about what was going on during these times in regards
to COVID-19?

New cases spiked during the end of 2020 and beginning of 2021 mostly during the months of December,
January, February and early March and then again during the beginning of 2022. This is likely because of a
correlation between sickness thriving during the cold, dry winter months.

Below, calculate the death rate for each institution (from Jan 6, 2022).

In [14]: # Since the data is cummulative, the data from the jan6_22 DataFrame is the sum. Then find the
# Recall that 736 is the number of rows in the DataFrame for each institution
rates = jan6_22['TotalDeaths']/736

# Create a new column in the jan6_22 DataFrame

jan6_22['DeathRates'] = rates

# Sort the DeathRates column in descending order.

jan6_22.sort_values('DeathRates', ascending=False)

Out[14]: Date InstitutionName \

25731 2022-01-06 California Institution for Men (CIM)
25754 2022-01-06 San Quentin State Prison (SQ)
25737 2022-01-06 Correctional Training Facility (CTF)
25730 2022-01-06 California Health Care Facility (CHCF)
25749 2022-01-06 Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility (RJD)
25744 2022-01-06 California State Prison-Los Angeles County (LAC)
25733 2022-01-06 California Men's Colony (CMC)
25734 2022-01-06 California Medical Facility (CMF)
25745 2022-01-06 Mule Creek State Prison (MCSP)
25738 2022-01-06 Chuckawalla Valley State Prison (CVSP)
25723 2022-01-06 Avenal State Prison (ASP)
25751 2022-01-06 Substance Abuse Treatment Facility (SATF)
25753 2022-01-06 California State Prison-Solano (SOL)
25735 2022-01-06 California State Prison-Corcoran (COR)
25755 2022-01-06 Salinas Valley State Prison (SVSP)
25743 2022-01-06 Kern Valley State Prison (KVSP)
25746 2022-01-06 North Kern State Prison (NKSP)
25727 2022-01-06 California Correctional Institution (CCI)
25725 2022-01-06 Calipatria State Prison (CAL)
25748 2022-01-06 Pleasant Valley State Prison (PVSP)
25724 2022-01-06 California City Correctional Facility (CAC)
25757 2022-01-06 Wasco State Prison (WSP)
25756 2022-01-06 Valley State Prison (VSP)
25741 2022-01-06 High Desert State Prison (HDSP)
25750 2022-01-06 California State Prison-Sacramento (SAC)
25740 2022-01-06 Folsom State Prison (FSP)
25732 2022-01-06 California Institution for Women (CIW)
25736 2022-01-06 California Rehabilitation Center (CRC)
25728 2022-01-06 Central California Women's Facility (CCWF)

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25729 2022-01-06 California State Prison-Centinela (CEN)
25742 2022-01-06 Ironwood State Prison (ISP)
25726 2022-01-06 California Correctional Center (CCC)
25739 2022-01-06 Deuel Vocational Institution (DVI)
25752 2022-01-06 Sierra Conservation Center (SCC)
25747 2022-01-06 Pelican Bay State Prison (PBSP)

Latitude Longitude TotalConfirmed TotalDeaths \

25731 34.015963 -117.687370 1942 30
25754 37.943365 -122.490290 2269 28
25737 36.411760 -121.326170 2741 21
25730 37.955474 -121.190640 686 19
25749 32.572602 -116.918724 1079 18
25744 34.728857 -118.326830 1564 14
25733 35.221085 -120.636399 2498 13
25734 38.348960 -121.908324 772 12
25745 38.346132 -120.945160 1937 9
25738 33.628333 -114.619050 1824 9
25723 35.930766 -120.100570 3145 8
25751 36.177361 -119.820420 3137 7
25753 38.344010 -121.953330 1404 7
25735 36.085342 -119.554800 1448 7
25755 36.518179 -121.425570 689 6
25743 35.771876 -119.269840 1002 6
25746 35.774967 -119.233710 1398 5
25727 35.132673 -118.507810 1424 4
25725 33.131764 -115.512080 1173 3
25748 36.194736 -120.308650 2047 3
25724 35.139327 -117.914730 1073 2
25757 35.605045 -119.371430 2441 2
25756 37.127525 -120.505740 1783 2
25741 40.474951 -120.676850 2087 2
25750 38.694033 -121.152413 355 2
25740 38.672127 -121.157830 1477 2
25732 33.903803 -117.602210 530 1
25736 33.925885 -117.559780 2499 1
25728 37.100417 -120.278640 969 1
25729 32.853471 -115.589420 909 1
25742 33.598690 -114.652517 1649 1
25726 40.446063 -120.664132 1466 0
25739 37.728417 -121.423990 545 0
25752 37.867243 -120.491570 1731 0
25747 41.782681 -124.167030 332 0

DistinctPatientsTested NewInTheLast14Days DeathRates

25731 393 340 0.040761
25754 27 5 0.038043
25737 82 1 0.028533
25730 311 17 0.025815
25749 52 58 0.024457
25744 364 33 0.019022
25733 110 4 0.017663
25734 347 42 0.016304
25745 167 32 0.012228

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 25738 103 11 0.012228
25723 91 9 0.010870
25751 100 5 0.009511
25753 131 7 0.009511
25735 189 80 0.009511
25755 63 5 0.008152
25743 91 23 0.008152
25746 234 157 0.006793
25727 54 7 0.005435
25725 87 4 0.004076
25748 297 19 0.004076
25724 28 57 0.002717
25757 306 471 0.002717
25756 161 20 0.002717
25741 146 11 0.002717
25750 146 16 0.002717
25740 647 96 0.002717
25732 79 21 0.001359
25736 883 460 0.001359
25728 528 7 0.001359
25729 64 11 0.001359
25742 38 61 0.001359
25726 81 1 0.000000
25739 0 0 0.000000
25752 228 64 0.000000
25747 11 0 0.000000

QUESTION 6: Name the three institutions with the highest COVID-19 death rates based on the
DataFrame above. Read through the comments of the cell above for an explanation of how the DataFrame
above was created.

The three institutions with the highest COVID-19 death rates are California Institution for Men (CIM), San
Quentin State Prison (SQ), and Correctional Training Facility (CTF).

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QUESTION 7: Which institution seems to have had a major spike in Total Positive COVID Cases in
2020? Approximately what month(s) did this take place in?

Both California Institution for Men (CIM) and San Quentin State Prison (SQ) had large spike in 2020 but
San Quentin State Prison’s spike was much more sharp and vertical occurring primarily during the month
of June.

0.0.1 San Quentin State Prison in 2020

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QUESTION 8: Based on this graph, assign a range of months to the following:

(Replace each … below with your response.)

Little to no COVID cases in the following month range: January to May

Rapidly increasing amount of COVID cases in the following month range: May to August

High but plateauing/minimally changing amount of COVID cases in the following month range:
August to December

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QUESTION 9: What are your opinions on this quotation? What are the consequences (positive and/or
negative) of these reactions to the COVID outbreak in San Quentin State Prison? There is no right answer;
This question looking for you to consider the quotation and the context of the data to formulate an opinion
of your own.

I believe that it is great that the population was decreased at the San Quentin State Prison not only for saefty
reasons but for overall occupancy reasons as well. Although, it is sad to see the prison use the pandemic
as an excuse to hit the goals of legislation to lower inmate populations, at least the population is decreasing
which is better for the safety of all inmate.

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QUESTION 10: Reflection time! Please write a minimum of 4 sentences about what you’ve come to
realize from this COVID_in_Prisons Homework Notebook.

If you need any ideas for what to brainstorm, consider these topics: * San Quentin SP’s response to COVID
outbreak in 2020 * The prisons with the most and least COVID cases (seen before Question 4) * The spread
of COVID-19 and diseases in institutions * How the methods of data collected were or weren’t helpful *
(how would you change it if you collected the data?)

During the whole pandemic I have never thought about the condition of the prisons and their prisoners. I
have come to realize that COVID-19 was a real motivator (or possibly an excuse) for many institution to
reduce occupancy and lower overall populations. But in the end that is a benefit to the prisoners, bettering the
conditions in which they reside. However tragic the pandemic was, the need for better ventilation to combat
the disease also meant better conditions as well. Overall, this COVID_in_Prisons Homework Notebook has
opened my eyes to the situation in the carceral system in California and the effect the pandemic has had on
the state’s institutions.

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