Basic relationship between pixels

BITS Pilani Instructor-In-Charge: Rajitha K

Hyderabad Campus
 Basic Relationships Between Pixels

• Neighborhood
• Adjacency
• Connectivity
• Paths
• Regions and boundaries
 Neighbors of a pixel

Any pixel p(x, y) has two vertical and two horizontal

neighbors, given by (x+1, y), (x-1, y), (x, y+1), (x, y-1)
Neighbors of a pixel
Neighbors of a Pixel

• Any pixel p(x, y) has two vertical and two

horizontal neighbors, given by
(x+1, y), (x-1, y), (x, y+1), (x, y-1)
• This set of pixels are called the 4-neighbors of
P, and is denoted by N4(P).
Each of them are at a unit distance from P.
Neighbors of a Pixel (Contd..)
• The four diagonal neighbors of p(x,y) are
given by, (x+1, y+1), (x+1, y-1), (x-1, y+1),
(x-1 ,y-1)
• This set is denoted by ND(P).
• Each of them are at Euclidean distance of
1.414 from P.
Neighbours of a pixel

=
Neighbors of a Pixel (Contd..)
• The points ND(P) and N4(P) are together
known as 8-neighbors of the point P, denoted
by N8(P).
• Some of the points in the N4, ND and N8 may
fall outside image when P lies on the border
of image.
Connectivity

• It is very useful for establishing object

boundaries
• Defining image components and
regions etc

Brightness values more than

200 is assigned as 1 and less
than 200 is assigned 0
Brightness values more
than 30 is assigned as 0
and less than 30 is
assigned 1
Connectivity

• Two pixels are connected if they are neighbors

N4(P), ND(P) or N8(P) and their gray levels are
similar
• For example, in a binary image two pixels
are connected if they are 4-neighbors and
have same value (0/1).
Connectivity(Conditions)
Q Q

P P P

They are neighbours(N4,ND or N8)

B(Q) B(Q)

B(P) B(P) B(P)

B(Q)

Their intensity values(Gray levels are same), B(P)=B(Q)

M-connectivity (mixed connectivity)

: Two pixels p and q with values from V are

m-connected
i) if, q is in N4(p) or
ii) q is in ND(p) and the set N4(p)∩ N4(q)
is empty (has no pixels whose values are
from V).
Connectivity (Contd.)

8-Connected
4-Connected

V=(1,2)

M-
Connected
M-connected examples
Set V = { 10, 20,30) Connection between P and Q
is
R 10 40 20 a) 4 connected
Q b) 8 connected
c) m-connected
40 10 40
P

20 40 40 Connection between P and R is

a) 4 connected
b) 8 connected
c) m-connected
Adjacency
Mainly there are three types of adjacency
Let V be set of gray levels values used to define
adjacency.
• 4-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from
V are 4- adjacent if q is in the set N4(P).
• 8-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from
V are 8-adjacent if q is in the set N8(P).
Adjacency (Contd.)
• m-adjacency: Two pixels p and q with values from V are m-
adjacent
i) if, q is in N4(p) or
ii) q is in ND(p) and the set N4(p)∩ N4(q) is empty (has no
pixels whose values are from V).
Connectivity/Adjacency
Connectivity/Adjacency
• Pixel p is adjacent to pixel q if they are connected.
• Two image subsets S1 and S2 are adjacent if some
pixels in S1 is adjacent to some pixels in S2
Paths & Path lengths
• A path from pixel p with coordinates (x, y) to pixel
q with coordinates (s, t) is a sequence of distinct
pixels with coordinates:
(x0,y0),(x1,y1)…(xn,yn) Where (x0,y0) = (x, y) and
(xn,yn) = (s,t)
n is the length of the path
Connectivity between subsets of
images

S1 S2

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

4- connected , M –connected and 8-

connected
Connectivity between subsets of
images

S1 S2

0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1

M –connected & 8
connected
Connected Components
Image I

• Subset s

p
Connected Components
• If p and q are pixels of an image subset S then p is
connected to q in S if there is a path from p to q
consisting entirely of pixels in S.
• For every pixel p in S, the set of pixels in S that are
connected to p is called a connected component of S.
• Distinct connected components are disjoint
Connected component labeling
• Ability to assign different labels to various disjoint
components of an image.
• It facilitates automatic image analysis
• Shape matching
• Area calculation
Algorithm
• Scan the image from left to right
and top to bottom fashion
• Assume 4- connectivity
• ‘A’ be a pixel at any instant of
scanning process. ‘B’ and ‘C’ are
the pixels scanned before scanning
the pixel A.
Steps
Algorithm
l(a) => Pixel value at position A
L(a)=> Label Assigned to pixel location A
If l(a) = 0, move to next scanning position
If l(a)=1 and l(b) = l(c) = 0
then assign a new label to position A
If l(a) =1 and only one of the two neighbor is one
then assign its label to A
If l(a) =1 and both B and C are 1’s ,
then
if l(b) = l(c) than l(a) = l(b)
if l(b) ≠ l(c) then assign one of the labels to A and make a note that
the two labels are equivalent
CCL- Algorithm

C
B A
Connected components labeling
CCL- Algorithm Contd.

1
2 2
Connected components labeling

1
2 2 2

(1,2) are equivalent

Connected components labeling

1
2 2 2
Connected components labeling

1
2 2 2
2 2

(1,2) are equivalent

Connected components labeling

1
2 2 2
2 2 3
2 4 4
2 4
5 5 5 5

(1,2) are equivalent

Connected components labeling

2
2 2 2
2 2 3
2 4 4
2 4
5 5 5 5

(1,2) are equivalent

(3,4) are equivalent
(4,5) are equivalent
Regions and Boundaries
• A subset R of pixels in an image is called a
Region of the image if R is a connected set.
• The boundary of the region R is the set of
pixels in the region that have one or more
neighbors that are not in R.
Count the number of birds…………
can we do this using ccl…..