Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980

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Petroleum Science
journal homepage: www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/petroleum-science

Original Paper

A novel production data analysis method for multi-fractured

horizontal wells with infill well-caused fracture interference
Yong-Hui Wu a, *, Si-Dong Fang b, Su-Ran Wang c, Shi-Jun Huang d, Li-Qiang Ma a,
Guo-Qiang Fu a, **
a
China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
b
Sinopec Exploration and Production Research Institute, Beijing, 100083, China
c
CNOOC Research Institute Co.,Ltd., Beijing, 100028, China
d
China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102200, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Tightening the well spacing for unconventional tight reservoirs is an efficient technique to enhance oil
Received 22 November 2022 and gas recoveries. Infill well-caused fracture connection between wells is widely reported in the field
Received in revised form with small well spacing. This will make it difficult to make formation evaluation and fracture charac-
31 March 2023
terization between wells compared to single well cases. In this paper, a novel production data analysis
Accepted 2 April 2023
Available online 6 April 2023
(PDA) method is proposed for fracture characterization with the consideration of interwell fracture
connections after the hydraulic fracturing of the infill. The PDA method is based on a semianalytical
Edited by Yan-Hua Sun model, in which the small-scaled fractures are treated with the concept of stimulated reservoir volume
(SRV). Thus, the fracture connections between wells are classified into three types, including SRV, frac-
Keywords: tures, and both SRV and fractures. The physical model is discretized into several linear flow regions, so
Fracture characterization the mathematical model can be solved semianalytically. An integrated workflow is proposed to analyze
Infill well the production data for the wellpad, and three steps are mainly included in the workflow, including PDA
Well interference for the parent well before infill, PDA for the parent well after infill, and PDA for the infill well. In each
Tight formation
step, the production performance in the early linear and bilinear flow regimes are analyzed with
Hydraulic fracturing
approximate solutions in the square and fourth root-of-time plots. Because only the relationship be-
tween unknown model parameters can be obtained with the approximate solutions, history matching to
the production data in log-log plots is further used to determine each unknown parameter. The PDA
method is benchmarked with a synthetic case generated by the numerical simulator tNavigator and a
field case from Southwestern China. The results show that both good matches and precise parameters
can be obtained with the proposed PDA method. The connected fracture number will not be sensitive in
PDA when the wells are connected with high-conductive dSRV. The innovation of this paper is that a
practical method is provided for PDA analysis of well groups with fracture connection, and it will be a
good technique for fracture characterization and well-interference analysis for tight formations.
© 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This
is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/
4.0/).

1. Introduction Zou et al., 2010; Cao and Sharma, 2022a). However, the oil and gas
recoveries are quite low for the limited drainage area in the tight
Unconventional oil and gas resources have played an important formation at present, and measures should be taken to enhance the
role in meeting the demand of energy around the world with the recoveries (Malpani et al., 2015; Safari et al., 2015; Huang et al.,
application of multi-fractured horizontal wells (Cipolla et al., 2010; 2021). One widely used approach by the operators is tightening
the well spacing with infill drilling. At present, the well spacing has
been tightened to 200e300 m in many tight gas fields to stimulate
* Corresponding author. the zone between adjacent parent wells. Fracture connections be-
** Corresponding author. tween parent and infill wells are very likely to happen after the
E-mail addresses: wuyonghuijr@cumt.edu.cn (Y.-H. Wu), fgq_6666@yeah.net hydraulic fracturing of the infill well with the tight well spacing
(G.-Q. Fu).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.petsci.2023.04.002
1995-8226/© 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Y.-H. Wu, S.-D. Fang, S.-R. Wang et al. Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980

Nomenclature VL Langmuir volume, m3/m3

wf Fracture aperture, m
B Fluid volume factor, m3/m3 x x-direction, m
ct Total compressibility, MPa
1 xf Half-length of hydraulic fractures, m
Gp Cumulative gas production, m3 xw Well spacing, m
H Formation thickness, m y y-direction, m
k Permeability, mD yf Half-length of fracture spacing, m
kf Permeability of the hydraulic fracture, mD ywell Length of the lateral, m
kr Reference permeability, mD
Lr Reference length, mD Greeks symbols
Nf Number of fractures in the nSRV J Pseudo-pressure of gas, MPa2/(mPa,s)
Ncf Number of connected fractures h Diffusivity, 106 mD/s
p Pressure, MPa u Coefficient
pi Initial pressure, MPa f Formation porosity, m3/m3
pL Langmuir pressure, MPa m Fluid viscosity, mPa,s
psc Pressure at surface condition, MPa ag Correction factor
pwf Flowing pressure, MPa
qsc Production rate at the surface condition, m3/d Subscripts
Sg Gas saturation cf Connected fractures
s Laplace constant D Dimensionless
sc Skin factor elf End of linear flow
t Time, day f Hydraulic fracture
ta Pseudo-time, day i Initial condition
tca Material balance time, day sc At standard surface condition
telf Time of derivation from LF/BLF, day r Reference variable
T Temperature, K wf Flowing variable of the wellbore

(Esmaili et al., 2021; Wu et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2021; Cao and
Sharma, 2023). This makes it difficult to make well interference
evaluation and informed completion design for the difficulties in
characterizing the complex fracture networks for the whole well
pad.
Microseismic monitoring has been widely used in stimulated
reservoir volume (SRV) characterization for hydraulic fractured
unconventional reservoirs. The microseismic image or “cloud” is
also used to qualitatively evaluate the well connections between
parent and infill wells (Detring and Grealy, 2014; Ejofodomi and
Silva, 2015; Esmaili et al., 2021; Cao and Sharma, 2022b), as
shown in Fig. 1. It is shown that the fractures generated during the
fracturing of the infill well tend to grow toward the depletion areas
of the parent well, resulting in the interwell connections via frac-
tures. Field operators also use pressure and production tests to
identify the intensity of fracture connections between wells. Field
studies show that the production performance of the parent well
can change abruptly because of interwell communications after the
fracturing stimulation of the infill well (Lawal et al., 2013; Kurtoglu
and Salman, 2015; Ataei et al., 2018).
After demonstrating the existence of the fracture connections
between wells, an important issue is to quantify the response of
production performance to the connected fractures which are
conductive. Some operators use the Distributed Fiber Optics (DFO)
to infer interwell communications throughout the lateral pre and
post-fracturing of the infill well by measuring the distributed

Fig. 1. Microseismic events for infill/child wells located in sections with existing parent wells for cases from Delaware Basin (Esmaili et al., 2021).

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acoustic sensing and distrusted temperature sensing (Grubert et al., 2. Mathematical model
2021). However, the complex fractures and the well interference
mechanism cannot be directly obtained using the DFO, so numer- 2.1. Physical model
ical reservoir simulation should be used for this kind of complex
problems (Fang et al., 2021b; Wu et al., 2021a; Yu et al., 2021; Yan Microseismic monitoring can be used to recognize the fracture
et al., 2022). The Discrete-Fracture Models (DFMs) and Embedded- interferences for unconventional tight reservoirs. As shown in Fig. 1,
Discrete-Fracture Models (EDFMs) are widely used for unconven- a case from Delaware Basin shows that many microseismic events
tional reservoir simulations because the complex fractures in the for the infill/child wells locate in the sections with existing parent
formation can be represented explicitly (Li and Lee, 2008; Moinfar wells. This shows that the parent and infill wells are connected with
et al., 2014; Wu et al., 2020; Rao et al., 2022). Recently, a multi- either small-scaled induced fractures or large-scaled hydraulic
resolution simulation scheme based on Fast Marching Method fractures. Therefore, it is of great significance to characterize the
(FMM) is proposed for EDFM simulation, where the calculation is hydraulic fractures generated in the tight formations for both the
significantly accelerated by orders of magnitude (Chen et al., 2021, parent and infill wells.
2023). Integrated workflow by combining fracture modeling and The mathematical model proposed in our previous work for the
reservoir simulation is used by many researchers to study the ef- well interference problem is also used in this work (Fang et al.,
fects of interwell connections on production performances 2021a). As shown in Fig. 2, the small-scaled induced fractures are
(Ejofodomi and Silva, 2015; Tang et al., 2018; Yu et al., 2018; Sen handled with the concept of SRV while the large-scaled hydraulic
et al., 2022). The models can be further used to optimize stimula- fractures are handled with an individual media. For distinction, the
tion design parameters for the infill well. SRV region near the horizontal well is regarded as near-well SRV
Numerical reservoir simulation is efficient in forward modeling, (nSRV) in this study, while the SRV region between the two nSRVs
but it is time-consuming in reverse problems when there are many of the parent and infill wells are regarded as distant-well SRV
fractures in the model. Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) and Pro- (dSRV). For either two-well or three-well cases, the wells can be
duction Data Analysis (PDA) based on analytical and semianalytical connected with dSRV (the small-scaled fractures), fractures (the
models are utilized to characterize the fracture parameters and large-scaled fractures), or both dSRV and fractures. The model
evaluate the well connections. Source functions and the Boundary- shown in Fig. 2(a) can be used for wells connected with dSRV, and
Element Method (BEM) are used in the PTA to capture the discrete Fig. 2(b) can be used for wells connected with fractures or both
fractures (Chen et al., 2016; Jia et al., 2016). Several studies analyzed dSRV and fractures. For three wells connected with fractures or
the response of pressure transient behavior to well interferences both dSRV and fractures, the physical model shown in Fig. 2(c) can
through different media, including matrix, small-scale fractures,
and large-scale fractures (Xiao et al., 2018; Chu et al., 2020, 2022;
Cui et al., 2022). Although fractures and well connections can be
handled efficiently using source functions and BEM, PTA is not often
used for unconventional wells because of the long shut-in time to
obtain the transient behavior. PDA for multi-fractured horizontal
wells from unconventional reservoirs is often based on linear flow
models, which can be solved analytically by treating the reservoir
with several linear flow zones using the concept of SRV (Brown
et al., 2009; Al-Ahmadi and Wattenbarger, 2011; Stalgorova and
Mattar, 2013). This is because the linear flow model is not only
computationally efficient but also practical in parameter interpre-
tation by using the approximate solutions in the linear/bilinear
flow regimes (Clarkson, 2013; Clarkson and Qanbari, 2014; Yuan
et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2019, 2020; Wu et al., 2021b). This
approach is also used in some studies to diagnose interwell inter-
ference and evaluate the parent well production changes (Esquivel
and Blasingame, 2017; He et al., 2019; Esmaili et al., 2021). How-
ever, the present PDA method is limited to single well cases and
should be considered to make it suitable for the whole well pad.
First, the interwell fracture connections should be considered in the
method. In addition, the production time for different regions
should be different after the completion of the infill well.
In this paper, we will present a novel PDA method for multi-
fractured horizontal wells with infill well-caused fracture inter-
ference. First, the mathematical model provided in our previous
work (Fang et al., 2021a) is applied to generate the theoretical so-
lutions. The problem of interwell connections and different pro-
duction times for different regions is handled in the model. Second,
the novel PDA method for wells with interwell fracture connections
is proposed for different production periods, including the parent
well before infill, the parent well after infill, and the infill well. An
integrated workflow is used to integrate the whole PDA process.
Finally, synthetic and field cases from Southwestern China are
applied to demonstrate the efficiency and practicability of the
Fig. 2. Schematic of interwell connections for two- and three-well cases.
proposed PDA method.

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be applied. In the model, both the nSRV and dSRV properties for the Table 1
parent and infill wells are assumed to be different to capture the The model composition of the seven typical regions.

heterogeneities in different regions. Region types Model composition Same production time or not?
The models shown in Fig. 2 can be assumed to be formed with A SL þ TRL No
similar typical regions because several parts of the models are B SL þ CL No
similar in geometry. Considering the differences between the pro- C SL þ TRL Yes
duction times of the parent and infill wells, the typical regions can D SL þ CL Yes
E TRL þ TRL Yes
be categorized into 7 types based on the geometry and production
F CL þ CL Yes
time, including regions AeG. Taking half of these regions, three G TRL þ CL Yes
kinds of typical models can be concluded in the analysis, including
single linear (SL), two-region linear (TRL), and convergence linear
(CL) flow models, as shown in Fig. 3. The model compositions of the
limitation of the model is that real heterogeneities cannot be
seven typical regions are shown in Table 1.
handled, and fracture networks cannot be discretely represented.
Eq. (1) can be used for single-phase oil or gas case just by
2.2. Mathematical model defining pD with different forms. The dimensionless variables are
defined in Table 2. For shale gas cases, the gas desorption and
The mathematical model for single linear flow model shown in nonlinear transport mechanisms can be respectively handled by
Fig. 3(a) is given by defining the desorption compressibility and modified pseudo-
pressure (Fang et al., 2021a).
8
>
> v2 p D 1 vpD Using the results of our previous work (Fang et al., 2021a), the
>
> ¼
>
> h production solution for the case shown in Fig. 3(a) can be obtained
D vtD
2
>
> vy
>
>
D using the Laplace transformation and given by
>
< pD j
tD ¼0 ¼ 0 rffiffiffiffiffiffi rffiffiffiffiffiffi 
 (1) 1 þ sc kD xfD s s
>
> vpD  qD ¼ tanh ,yfD (3)
>
> ¼0 s p hD hD
>
>
>
> vyD yD ¼yfD
>
>
>
:p j For the two-region linear and convergence linear flow model
D yD ¼0 ¼ 1 þ sc
shown in Fig. 3(b) and (c), the production is the combination of two
SL results of the model shown in Fig. 3(a). However, the solutions of
where sc is the convergence skin. For flow perpendicular to a the two parts cannot be added up in the Laplace domain to derive
fracture, sc ¼ 0; for flow converging to the fracture tip just like the the production solution for typical regions A and B for the parent
case shown in Fig. 3(c), the result derived by Lichtenberger (1993) well. This is because the production times for the nSRV and dSRV
can be modified to obtain the skin factor are different, and the Laplace constants for the two parts are not the
" !# same. Therefore, it is essential to obtain the alternative solutions of
pwf pxf2 Eq. (5) in the time domain, and the regional approximations can be
sc ¼
ln sin (2)
yf 2yf applied for this purpose.
For linear and bilinear flow regimes (LF/BLF), the dimensionless
The assumptions of the model are: (1) the formation is hori- production solution can be derived and respectively given by (Wu
zontal and with constant width; (2) the upper, lower, and sur- et al., 2019)
rounding boundaries are assumed to be closed; (3) Darcy's law is
applied to derive the governing equation; (4) only single-phase gas 1 1 p pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
or oil is governed; (5) each region shown in Fig. 2 is homogeneous, ¼ phD tD (4)
qD 1 þ sc 2kD xfD
but different regions can be with different properties. The
1 1 1:2254p pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4 hD tD (5)
qD 1 þ sc 2kD kfD wfD

Substituting the dimensionless variables into Eqs. (4) and (5),

the gas production in linear and bilinear flow regimes can be
obtained

 
2 ð1 þ sc ÞkH ji
jwf xf
qsc ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (6)
p 1:291  10
3 T phta
 
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi ð1 þ sc ÞH ji
jwf
qsc ¼ 284:8 kkf wf pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi (7)
T 4 hta
The solution for boundary dominated flow (BDF) regime can be
written as
 
p kH j
jwf xf
qsc ¼ ag (8)
2 1:291  10
3 T yf
Fig. 3. Schematic of the typical linear flow models. ag is a correction factor to make the production rate curves
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Table 2
Dimensionless variables used in the model.

Variable Definition Variable Definition

Dimensionless pressure for gas (at constant BHP) j
j Dimensionless pressure for gas (at constant rate) kr Hðji
jÞ
jD ¼ i jD ¼
ji
jwf 1:291  10
3 qsc T
Dimensionless pressure for oil (at constant BHP) pi
p Dimensionless pressure for oil (at constant rate) kr Hðpi
pÞ
jD ¼ jD ¼
pi
pwf 1:842qsc Bm
6
Reference diffusivity, 10 mD/s 0:0864kr Dimensionless time h r
hr ¼ tD ¼ ta
ðfct mÞr L2r
Dimensionless length in the X-direction x Dimensionless length in the Y-direction y
xD ¼ yD ¼
Lr Lr
Dimensionless diffusivity h 1 0:0864k Dimensionless permeability k
hD ¼ ¼ kD ¼
hr hr fct m kr

continuous, and ag can be calculated by

ywell
Nf ¼ (14)
qsc jLF=BLF;telf ¼ qsc jBDF;telf (9) 2yf

In this way, several equations can be obtained using Eqs. (11)e(14)

where telf is the time of deviation from the LF/BLF to BDF, and given
in PDA for the parent well before infill. These equations can be used
by
to obtain the fracture length, the permeability of the nSRV, and
 2 fracture spacing and fracture number for the parent well. Because
fmi cti yf
telf ¼ (10) the number of unknown parameters is larger than the independent
k 0:5836
equations, history matching should also be used to determine the
Using Eqs. (6)e(8), the production contribution from different parameters.
typical regions shown in Table 1 can be obtained, and the pro-
duction of both the parent and infill wells can be calculated.
Because some parameters in Eqs. (6)e(8) are pressure-dependent, 3.2. PDA for the parent well after infill
material balance method and a step-by-step iteration should be
applied to handle the nonlinear factors (Fang et al., 2021a). After the fracturing of the infill well, the parent well will be
interfered when the wells are connected with fractures. The pro-
duction of the parent well is made up of two parts, respectively
3. PDA method from the nSRV and dSRV. The nSRV of the parent well is often in
boundary dominated flow regime when the infill well starts pro-
In this section, we will present the PDA techniques for tight gas ducing, while the dSRV of the parent well is in the linear/bilinear
wells with infill well-caused fracture interference. For tight oil flow regime because it is generated by the hydraulic fracturing of
wells, the workflow is the same, and the equations used in the the infill well. During the PDA for the parent well after infill, the
analysis can be derived by instituting the dimensionless variables composite flow regime of boundary-dominated flow in the nSRV
defined for the oil case, as shown in Table 2. and linear/bilinear flow in the dSRV is too complex to analyze.
Because the nSRV properties have been obtained in the PDA of the
3.1. PDA for the parent well before infill parent well before infill, we should propose a method to eliminate
the influence of the nSRV and obtain the properties of the dSRV.
The present method can be used for the PDA of the parent well In this section, a new technique is proposed to preprocess the
before the completion of the infill well. The classical linear and production data of the parent well after infill. The production
bilinear flow regimes can be used in the analysis. contributed from the nSRV can be predicted with the nSRV prop-
If linear flow regime is exhibited by the production data, the erties obtained in the PDA of the parent well before infill, so the
equation used in PDA can be obtained based on Eq. (6) and given by production contributed from the dSRV of the parent well can be
obtained since the total production is known. The production time
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ji
jwf pffiffiffiffiffiffi 1:291  10
3 pT ph=k of the dSRV is the same as the production time of the infill well.
qgsc
¼ tca 
P pffiffiffi  (11)
2ð1 þ sc ÞH k xf qdSRV ¼ qt
qnSRV (15)
If bilinear flow regime is exhibited instead of the linear flow
regime, the equation used in PDA can be derived based on Eq. (7)
tdSRV ¼ tp
tinf (16)
and given by
where qt is the total production of the parent well after infill; qdSRV
pffiffiffi
ji
jwf T 4h p ffiffiffiffiffiffi and qnSRV are respectively the production contributed from the
¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi 4
tca (12) dSRV and nSRV of the parent well; tp and tdSRV are respectively the
qsc 284:8 kkf wf ð1 þ sc ÞHNf
production time of the nSRV and the dSRV; tinf is the previous
The half-length of the fracture spacing yf can be obtained based production time of the parent well before infill.
on the end time of the linear or bilinear flow regimes. Using Eq. The major task of this method for the PDA analysis of the parent
(10), we can obtain well after infill is to predict qnSRV of the parent well. qnSRV can be
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi predicted with Eq. (8) in the boundary-dominated flow regime of
ktelf the nSRV of the infill well. The material balance method can be used
yf ¼ 0:5836 (13)
fmi cti to calculate the average pressure.
After predicting the qnSRV after infill, qdSRV can be obtained. In
The fracture number for the parent well can be obtained by this way, the production data of the parent well after infill can be
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Y.-H. Wu, S.-D. Fang, S.-R. Wang et al.
analyzed using the method presented in Section 3.1. Multiple
fracture parameters can be obtained using Eqs. (11)e(14) and the
history matching method, including the permeability of the dSRV,
the number of the connected fractures, and the length of the con-
nected fractures in the parent well sector.
If a linear flow is exhibited by the production data, the term
P pffiffiffi
ð k xf Þ in Eq. (11) consists of two parts, including linear flow to
the connected fractures shown in Fig. 3(b) and convergence linear
flow to the unconnected fractures shown in Fig. 3(c). If there are Nf
fractures in the nSRV of the parent well and Ncf fractures are con-
nected with the infill well, we obtain
X  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi  
kxf ¼ kdSRV Ncf xf 2 2 þ kdSRV Nf
Ncf yf 2
(17)
where xf 2 and yf are respective the fracture length in the parent
well sector and fracture spacing of the parent well, as shown in
Fig. 3.
If a bilinear flow is exhibited by the production data, Eq. (12) can
be used in analysis without modifications because Eq. (12) is not
related with fracture length.
3.3. PDA for the infill well
After PDA for the parent well after infill, the connected fracture
number and permeability of the dSRV have been obtained, and
these parameters can be used as known parameters in analyzing
the production data for the infill well. One should note that the
production of the infill well is also made up of two parts, including
the nSRV and dSRV of the infill well.
Here, the fracture length in the dSRV for the infill well can be
calculated with
xf
p þ xf
c þ xf
p1 þ xf
c1 ¼ xw (18)
where xw is the well spacing; xf
p is the fracture half-length in the
nSRV region of the parent well; xf
p1 is the fracture half-length in
the dSRV region between wells; xf
c is the fracture half-length in
the nSRV region of the infill well; and xf
c1 is the fracture half-
length in the dSRV region of the infill well.
There are mainly two steps for the PDA of the infill well. The first
step is to analyze the early linear/bilinear flow regime using Eqs.
(11) and (12), and the relationship between the nSRV permeability
and fracture half-length in the near wellbore region can be ob-
P and (14) are used to analyze the early production data. The jiq
gsc jwf
tained. It should be noted that the term ðkxf Þ in Eq. (11) is made
up of two parts, respectively from the nSRV and dSRV of the infill
well, as shown in Eq. (19). Another issue is that the fracture half-
length in the nSRV region of the infill well, xf
c , should be used
in Eq. (13) for the PDA of the infill well.
qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
X pffiffiffi  pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
k xf ¼ knSRV Nf
c xf
c þ kdSRV Ncf xf
c1 (19)
infill
weher Nf
c is the number of fractures in the nSRV of the infill well.
One should note that the kdSRV has been obtained after the PDA for
the parent well after infill.
The second step is to determine the end time of the linear/
bilinear flow regime, another equation can be obtained using Eqs.
(13) and (14). In this way, nSRV permeability, the fracture number
and half-length in the nSRV region of the infill well can be
determined.
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Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980
3.4. Integrated workflow
In this section, an integrated workflow is proposed to charac-
terize the fractures generated for the well pad, as shown in Fig. 4.
The techniques provided in Sections 3.1e3.4 are integrated into
the workflow. First, the production data of the parent well before
infill is analyzed to obtain the nSRV properties of the parent well.
Second, the production of the nSRV for the parent well is predicted
after infill, and the production contributed from the dSRV for the
infill well can be obtained and analyzed. In this way, the dSRV
properties between wells can be obtained. Finally, the production
data of the infill well is analyzed to interpret the nSRV properties of
the infill well. It should be noted that the sequence of the three
steps cannot be changed because the parameters obtained in the
former steps are inputs for the later steps.
4. Results and discussion
In this section, both synthetic and field cases are used to test the
proposed PDA method for tight formations with infill well-caused
fracture interference. The production data for the synthetic case
is generated using the numerical simulator tNavigator, so this case
is also used for validation of the proposed method. After that, a field
case from Southwestern China is applied to show the practicability
and efficiency of the proposed PDA method.
4.1. Synthetic case
In this section, the numerical simulator tNavigator is used to
validate the proposed PDA method. As shown in Fig. 2(b), a two-
well interference case is applied, in which nSRV1 is generated by
the fracturing stimulation of the parent well, and nSRV2 and dSRV
are generated by the fracturing stimulation of the infill well. The
formation properties are shown in Table 3, in which some param-
eters are marked with ‘*’ to show that these parameters are used in
the numerical simulation and should be interpreted in PDA. The gas
PVT properties and production data are provided in Fig. 5.
Following the procedure presented in Fig. 4, three major steps
are applied to analyze the production data for the two-well case
with fracture connections and interferences, including PDA for the
parent well before infill, PDA for the parent well after infill, and PDA
for the infill well. The details of the three steps are presented below.
PDA for the parent well before infill. The production data of
the parent well before infill is first processed using the normalized
rate and material balance time concept. Both the early linear flow
regime (1/2 slope) and boundary-dominated flow regime are
exhibited on the log-log plot shown in Fig. 6(b), so Eqs. (11), (13)
pffiffiffiffiffiffi
vs. tca plot presented in Fig. 6(a) is used to analyze the early linear
flow regime.
The slope of the early linear regime is 0.3451, and the end time
of the linear flow regime is about 120 days. We can obtain
pffiffiffi P
k xf ¼ 11:2 using Eq. (11), so the accuracy rate is about 91.4%
since the reference value is 12.25 from Table 3. The history
matching results to the numerical simulation data is shown in
Fig. 6(b), from which the nSRV permeability and total fracture half-
length of the parent well are determined, and respectively equaled
to 9.2  10
5 mD and 1169 m (xf ¼ 106 m). The fracture spacing and
fracture number can be obtained by using Eqs. (13) and (14), which
are respectively 28 m and 11. It should be noted that the results are
with high accuracy using the proposed PDA method (see Table 4).
PDA for the parent well after infill. The production contribu-
tion from the nSRV of the parent well should first be predicted
using the parameters obtained in the previous step. Then the
Y.-H. Wu, S.-D. Fang, S.-R. Wang et al. Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980

Fig. 4. Integrated workflow for fracture characterization using PDA method considering infill well-caused fracture interference.

Table 3
Parameters for the synthetic case.

Parameters Value Parameters Value

Initial pressure, MPa 75 Formation temperature, K 408

Matrix permeability, mD 1  10
5 Formation thickness, m 25
Rock compressibility, MPa
1 8  10
5 The porosity of the matrix 0.051
Initial water saturation (irreducible) 0.56 Hydraulic fracture porosity 0.3
Length of the horizontal wells, m 300 Bottom hole pressure, MPa 5
Hydraulic fracture conductivity, mD,m 100 *Fracture half-length of the infill well, m 82.5
Well spacing, m 300 *Number of fractures for the infill well 7
*Fracture half-length of the parent well, m 122.5 *Permeability of the region between the two wells, mD 3  10
5
*Number of fractures for the parent well 10 *Permeability of the SRV for the infill well, mD 6  10
5
*Permeability of the SRV for the parent well, mD 1  10
4 *Number of connected fractures 4

Fig. 5. Gas PVT properties and gas production rates.

production contribution from the dSRV can be obtained using Eq. the BHP of the wells is kept constant in this case, the production can
(15). Then the production contribution from the dSRV can be be directly predicted using the proposed model. The results of the
analyzed to interpret the formation properties of the dSRV. Because production contribution from both the nSRV and dSRV are shown in

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Table 4
Comparison between the PDA results and the reference values.
Parameters
Parameters for the nSRV of the parent well
Parameters for the dSRV
Parameters for the nSRV of the infill well
Fig. 7. The results of production contribution from both the nSRV and dSRV.
Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980
Fig. 6. PDA results for the parent well before infill.
Reference value PDA results Relative error
Fracture half-length of the parent well, m 122.5 106 13.47%
Number of fractures for the parent well 10 11 10.00%
Fracture spacing of the parent well, m 30 28 6.67%
Permeability of the nSRV for the parent well, mD 1  10
4 9.2  10
5 8.00%
Number of connected fractures 4 4 0
Permeability of the region between the two wells, mD 3  10
5 2.43  10
5 19.00%
Fracture half-length of the infill well, m 82.5 79.8 3.27%
Number of fractures for the infill well 7 7 0
Fracture spacing of the infill well, m 42.86 45.6 6.39%
Permeability of the SRV for the infill well, mD 6  10
5 5.6  10
5 6.67%
Fig. 7. One should note that the production time is the same as the
infill well.
The PDA method shown in Fig. 4 can be used for the dSRV of the
parent well, and the results are shown in Fig. 8. Eq. (11) is used to
analyze the production since the linear flow regime (1/2 slope) is
exhibited on the log-log plot shown in Fig. 8(b). Square-root-of-
time plot is applied to analyze the production data, as shown in
Fig. 8(a). The results show that the slope of the early linear flow
regime is about 5.861 and the end time of the linear flow regime is
about 470. In this way, the permeability of the dSRV can be obtained
to be 2.43  10
5 mD using Eq. (13). In addition, we can obtain the
following equation Ncf xf 2 =2 þ ðNf
Ncf Þyf =2 ¼ 134 by using Eqs.
(11) and (17). If history matching is used, just as shown in Fig. 8(b),
the number of the connected fractures Ncf is 4 and the length of the
connected fractures contributing to the parent well xf 2 is 42.5 m.
PDA for the infill well. The production data of the infill well is
first processed using the normalized rate and material balance time
concept. As shown in Fig. 9(b), the log-log plot shows that both
linear flow and boundary-dominated flow regimes are exhibited by
the production data. In this way, the method provided in Section
3.3 is used to analyze the production data. First, the early linear
flow regime is analyzed using the square-root-of-time plot, as
shown in Fig. 9(a). The slope and the end time of the early linear
flow regime are respectively 0.8769 and 540 days. We can obtain
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Y.-H. Wu, S.-D. Fang, S.-R. Wang et al.
Fig. 8. PDA results for the parent well after infill.
Fig. 9. PDA results for the infill well.
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
knSRV xf
c Nf
c þ kdSRV xf
c1 Ncf ¼ 4:4 by using Eqs. (11) and (19).
One should note that kdSRV and Ncf have been obtained previously
in the PDA for the parent well after infill. Besides, the equations
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
xf
c þ xf
c1 ¼ 151:5 and yf ¼ 3046:9 knSRV can be obtained
respectively by using Eqs. (18) and (13). Because the number of
unknowns is one more than the equations, history matching should
be used to obtain all the unknowns, as shown in Fig. 9(b). The re-
sults show that the fracture spacing is 45.6 m (the fracture number
is about 7), the nSRV permeability is 5.6  10
5 mD, and the frac-
ture half-length in the nSRV of the infill well is 79.8 m.
All the model parameters obtained using the proposed PDA
method are presented in Table 3. Almost all the interpreted pa-
rameters are with <10% relative error except the permeability of the
dSRV region between the two wells, this could be caused by the
assumption that the linear flow region of the dSRV is within the
width of yf in Fig. 3(b). In this way, the calculated dSRV permeability
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Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980
using Eq. (13) would be smaller than the actual value. In general,
the PDA results are in good agreement with the reference values for
the synthetic case with infill well-caused fracture interferences.
4.2. Field case
In this section, a field case from Southwestern China is used to
test the proposed PDA method. The producing lengths of the parent
and infill wells are both about 1450 m and the well spacing is
300 m, as shown in Fig. 10.
The infill well is fractured and starts to produce after the parent
well produces for 1484 days. Fig. 11 shows that the production rates
of the parent well are dramatically enhanced after the completion
of the infill well, so there is a significant fracture interference be-
tween the parent and infill wells. Therefore, the production data are
analyzed step by step using the proposed PDA method and
Y.-H. Wu, S.-D. Fang, S.-R. Wang et al. Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980

model parameters. The fitted fracture spacing and number are

Fig. 10. The schematic to show the parent and infill wells.
workflow shown in Fig. 4, with the consideration of the infill well-
caused fracture interference. Some of the known formation pa-
rameters are shown in Table 5.
PDA for the parent well before infill. The variable rate/BHP
production data is processed first with the material balance
concept for the parent well before infill, as shown in Fig. 12. The log-
log plot shows that there are mainly two flow regimes, including
the early bilinear flow and boundary dominated flow regimes.
Therefore, Eqs. (12)e(14) are used to analyze the production data in
the early bilinear flow regime and history matching is also used to
analyze both the bilinear and boundary-dominated flow regimes.
The results are as shown in Fig. 12. A straight-line fitting with a
slope of 0.4402 is obtained on the fouth-root-of-time plot. Using
Eqs. (12)e(14), we can obtain the following formulations, including
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
knSRV kf wf ¼ 4:16  10
3 , yf = knSRV ¼ 4:6  103 and 2yf Nf ¼
1450. We can further use history matching to acquire the specific
respectively 37 m and 20. The fitted fracture half-length and con-
ductivity are respectively 130 m and 0.54 mD,m. The fitted
permeability of the nSRV is 6  10
5 mD.
PDA for the parent well after infill. The nSRV of the parent well
has been in the boundary-dominated flow regime before the infill
well starts to produce as shown in Fig. 12, so Eq. (8) and the material
balance method are used to predict the production contribution
from the nSRV of the parent well. The results are shown in Fig. 13.
Then, the production contribution from the dSRV of the parent well
after infill can be obtained and analyzed.
Fig. 14 is the PDA results for the parent well after infill. There are
two flow regimes for the dSRV after infill, including the early
bilinear and boundary-dominated flow regime. The fouth-root-of
time plot is used for the PDA in the early bilinear flow regime,
and Fig. 14(a) shows that the slope of the early bilinear flow regime
is about 2.1974 and the end time of the bilinear flow regime is about
230 for the parent well after infill. Therefore, Eqs. (12) and (13) are
used to generate two equations among the unknown parameters,
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
including kdSRV kf wf ¼ 1:67  10
4 , xf 2 = kdSRV ¼ 2:0  103 . It
should be noted that Eq. (14) is not suitable for analyzing the
production contributed from the dSRV, because the dSRV region is
composited with both convergence bilinear flow and bilinear flow
in connected fractures. After analyzing the straight line in the early
bilinear flow regime, history matching to the production data in the
log-log plot is used to obtain the values of all the model parameters,
as shown in Fig. 14(b). The fitted length of the fracture in the dSRV
sector of the parent well is 28 m. The fitted permeability of the
dSRV is 2  10
4 mD. The fitted conductivity and number of the
connected fractures in the dSRV are respectively 0.01 mD and 10.
This shows that the parent and infill wells are in good connection.
In this case, we find that the history matching result is not sensitive

Fig. 11. The production data for the field case.

Table 5
The known formation parameters for the field case.

Parameters Value Parameters Value

Initial pressure, MPa 75 Initial water saturation (irreducible) 0.56

Formation thickness, m 25 Formation temperature, K 408
Matrix permeability, mD 1  10
5 Matrix porosity 0.051
Rock compressibility, MPa
1 8  10
5 Well spacing, m 300
Langmuir pressure, MPa 5 Langmuir volume, m3/t 3

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Fig. 12. PDA results for the parent well before infill.

Nf
c ¼ ywell =2=yf . Fig. 15(b) is the history matching result to the

production data in log-log plot, thus all the unknown parameters
can be obtained. The results show that the fracture spacing is
45.8 m (the fracture number is about 16, the nSRV permeability is
about 2  10
4 mD, and the fracture half-length in the nSRV and
dSRV of the infill well are respectively about 131 and 11 m.
From the field case studied previously, we can not only obtain
the nSRV properties for the parent and infill wells by using the
proposed PDA method but also have a good understanding of the
dSRV properties and fracture connectivity between wells after infill.
The proposed PDA method provides a good technique for well
interference analysis from tight oil and gas reservoirs. However,
there are still some uncertainties in the present PDA method since
the number of independent equations obtained using Eqs.
(11)e(19) is smaller than the number of unknown parameters and
history matching is needed to obtain each parameter. In addition,
the interpreted parameters are based on the specific physical
model, in which multiple assumptions are made to model the
complex fracture networks. Therefore, more monitoring techniques
and interpretation methods should be proposed in future to
minimize the uncertainties for the inverse problem.

Fig. 13. The results of production contribution from both the nSRV and dSRV.

5. Conclusions
to the fracture number because the fracture length in the dSRV
In this paper, a PDA method is proposed for shale gas wells with
region is only 28 m and the dSRV permeability is much higher than
infill well-caused fracture interference. The following conclusions
the nSRV permeability of the parent well. The connected fracture
can be obtained based on the studies in this paper:
number has multiple solutions in history matching, but this does
not influence our evaluation of the dSRV region. The results show
(1) The model for gas flow in tight/shale formations with infill
that the parent and infill wells are well connected in this case.
well-caused fracture interference is with serious non-
PDA for the infill well. Fig. 15 shows the processed production
linearities and heterogeneities. The semianalytical model
data of the infill well with the material balance concept. Two flow
provides a practical approach to handle this problem by
regimes are exhibited on the log-log plot, including an early linear
dividing the model into several linear flow regions. In this
flow regime and a boundary-dominated flow regime. Fig. 15 shows
way, each linear flow region can be regarded as homoge-
that the slope and the end time of the early linear flow regime are
neous. In addition, the regional approximations in the time
respectively 0.0866 and 611 days from the square-root-of-time and
domain for both linear/bilinear and boundary-dominated
log-log plots. In this way, several equations can be generated by
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi flow regimes can be used to make production predictions.
using Eqs. (11), (13), (14), (18) and (19), including knSRV xf
c Nf
c þ Thus, the nonlinearities in the model can be handled with a
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
kdSRV xf
c1 Ncf ¼ 31:8, yf ¼ 3241 knSRV , xf
c þ xf
c1 ¼ 142 and simple iteration and the flowing material balance method.
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Y.-H. Wu, S.-D. Fang, S.-R. Wang et al.
Fig. 14. PDA results for the parent well after infill.
Fig. 15. PDA results for the infill well.
(2) There are multiple unknown parameters for the model with
infill well-caused fracture interference, so the uncertainty
problem in PDA is a major concern. The presented PDA
method provides an efficient approach to this problem by
using an integrated workflow. Three steps are used to
analyze the production data and interpret the SRV and
fracture parameters, including PDA for the parent well before
infill, PDA for the parent well after infill, and PDA for the infill
well.
(3) The combination of the straight-line analysis method and
history matching is efficient in PDA for multi-fractured hor-
izontal wells from tight formations. The straight-line analysis
in the linear and bilinear flow regimes can be used to
generate several equations, which can be used as constraints
to decrease the uncertainties in history matching. The results
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Petroleum Science 20 (2023) 2967e2980
of the synthetic case show that good precisions can be ob-
tained using the proposed PDA method.
(4) Both good matches and precision are obtained by using the
proposed PDA method, which provides an efficient technique
for well interference analysis from tight oil and gas reser-
voirs. It is also shown that the fitted connected fracture
number will not be sensitive in PDA when the parent and
infill wells are connected with short fractures and high-
conductive dSRV (small-scaled fractures).
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing
financial interests or personal relationships that could have
appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Y.-H. Wu, S.-D. Fang, S.-R. Wang et al.
Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge that this study was supported by the
Jiangsu Province Carbon Peak Carbon Neutral Technology Innova-
tion Project in China (BE2022034-2), the foundation of the National
Natural Science Foundation of China (51974328), the Fundamental
Research Funds for the Central Universities (2021QN1005), and the
Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20210520) and
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M713372).
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