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#6
MTCROBIOLOGY
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BACTERIA
I
el
9
They are the perfect example of PROhIARYOTE that contains DNA only. 2
BACICTiAI DNA is assOciated with a POS]TIVE EEULGEN REACT]ON.
POLYRIBOSOME is the site of the protein synthesis.
MESOSOME has a function same with MITOCHONDRIA-
CELL MEI4BRANE STTREACE is the slte of OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION.
CYTOPLASMIC MEI'{BRA}IE functions as an osmotic permeability barrier which is
AQUEOUS and HYDROP}IIL]C
BIOLOGY OE BACTERIA:
7. LAG PHASE is the staqe when they are metabolically active but- NOT reproducing"
This is reguired for microbi-al adaptarion ro a rlew errvironment - This may be
prolonged by certain antibiotics.
2. I.oG (EXPONENTIAI) PIIA.SE is the staqe when there is cell division" It lasts for
3-24 hours" Majority of antibiotic inhibits this phase.
3. STATIOIiIARY PHASE (SPORULATION) is when they reacheci a steady state.
4. is when they die due to nutrient depletion-
DEATII PHASE
Bacteria are AUTOTROPHS that they can satisfy their energy requirements by
oxidation of substances.
BACTERIAI GENE TRANSEER:
1. TRANSFORT"IATION:Uptake of DNA from outside the CELL WALL.
2. TRiNiISDUCIION: Del-ivering bacterial DNA to the next hose to produce LYSOGEN"
3. CONJTIGATfON: Process by which PI,ASMID is transferred- from an E* into an F-"

The most distinguishing characteristics of bacteriaf genes include:

A. Self-duplication
B. Mutabiiity
CI.ASSIETCAT]ON OE BACTERIA BASED ON TEMPERATURE:
1. THERMOPHfTE: Bacteria Iive at 45-1:t2C, heaL-Iovrng
2. MESOPHILE: Bacteria live at 25-45oC
3. PSYCHROPHILE (Cryophile): Bacteria live 15-2OaC, cold-loving.
NOEE: MfCROBIAI GROWTH may be estlmated quantitively by determining:
CelI nitrogen, ce11 dry weiqht, culture turbiditv and cul ture oxvgen consum tion
CI.ASSIEICATION BASED ON THEIR METABOL]C CHARACTERISTICS :
A. OBLIGATE AEROBES: They carry out oxidative phosphorylation to obtain energy.
ENZYMES: Catalase, Peroxidase anci Superoxicie disnrutase.

B. EACULATAIIIIE AI{AEROBES: They are mainly aerobic, but they have the faculty to
carry out anaerobic respiration Ihru EERMENTATION.
ENZYMES: Catalase and Superoxide dismut,ase "

C. OBLIGA,Y& ANAEROBES: They canr t iiye v;irh O

SIGNIFICAIICE:CATA.LASE ?EST is used to different ja.te aerobj i-' and anaerobic.

Catalase enzyne brea-ks Cciwn nird.r:ogreir percxide " Theref ore, Lhe bacieria with
catalase enzyme will be SENSITiVE to HlOld-,;rjng cul,i-urirr,3.
f3
CLASS]EICATION BASED ON THEIR SHAPES:
A- C@CI: Spherical or oval-shaped D. SPIROCHETE: Spiral-shaped
B. BACILLI: Rod-shaped E. ACTINOMfCETES: Branching filament
C. \I"IBRIO: Comma-shaped
STATNTNG
Due to the differences on their CELL WAIL thickness and component.

1. GRAM STAIN is ihe most common.

EIXATION Colorless
PR]MARY STA]N Crystal viol-et Blue
IODINE TREATMENT I'tlordant VIOLET
DECOI,ORIZER Acid Alcohol VIOLET, if Gram (+)
COLORLESS, if Gram (-)
COUNTER STAIN Safranin VIOT.E:T, if Gram (+)
PfNK, if Gram (-)
NOTE: GRAII POSITryE is more susceptible to dyes due to MAGNESIUM RIBONUCLEATE.

2. ACID-EAST SIArN (ZIEL-NIELSEN METHOD) is used for MYCOBACTERIUM spp.

PRTMARY STAIN (Mordant) CarbolEuschin
DECOLORIZER Acid alcohof RED
COUNTER STAIN Methvlene Blue
CELL ?IAIL is composed of PEPTIDOGLYCAN (murein) layers which is made up of
POLYSACCHARIDE chains of NAG-NAM.

GR.AI'I-POSITM GRAIvI-NEGATTVE
I,AYER SINGLE but THICK DOUBLE but THIN with periplasmic space
PATEOGENECITY EXOTOXIN (Teichoic acid) ENDOTOXIN ( Lipopolysaccharide)
HEAT_I,ABTLE HEAT-STABLE
OTHERS MAGNES TTIM RTBONUCLEATE BETA_LACTAMASE enZVme

REMEMBER:
A. f'ffCOPLAStiA SPP has NO CELL WAIL. They have CELL MEMBRANE which rs mainly made
up of CHOLESTEROL. (ex. Mycoplasma pneumoniae)
B. PROTOPLAST is the bacteria which have NEITHER a CELL WALL nor a CAPSULE.
C. ENDOTOXfN will respond to SHWARTZT"AnI REACTION.

SPECIAIIZED STRUCTURE OF CELL WA.T,L:

1. CAPSTLE: It prevents PHAGOCYTIC activity made up of POLYSACCHARIDES
POSITIVE QUELLING REACTION is when the capsule sweli with the presence of
antigen
2. SPORE: This will allow them to survive in an unfavorabfe environment. It is
unusuafly dehydrated, highly refractile and are not readily gram-stained.
3. FLAGELLA (TRICHOUS) is the hair-Iike structure for MOTILITY which sives
bacteria survival advantage 1n HOSI-PARiASIIE INTERACTION.
This can be oetecteci bry: A. Phase contrast mi-croscope
B. Electron microscope
C. Darkfield microscope
A. I0NOTRICHOIJS is a sinqle flagellum can extend from one end.
B. &b{PIIITRICI{OUS is a single flag'ellum on both srdes"
74
 C. LOPHOTRICOUS is a group of flagella at one or both sides.
D- PERITRICHOUS is a group of flagell-a all over the ceII walf.
4. PfLI is the hair-Iike structure for ATTACHMENT onto the tissue surfaces and
may serve as receptor si-tes for bacterial viruses.

CULTURE
DR. ROBERT KOCH was the first one who identified the cause of the disease using
single species of organisms, AXENIC CULTURE.
KOCH'S POSTTII,ATES:
FIRST: The microorganisms must be found in abundance in al-I organisms suffering
from the disease, but shoul-d not be found in heal-thy organisms.
SECOND: The microcrqanisms must be isolated from a diseased organism and eroh,D in
pure cul-ture.
THIRD: The cultured microorganisms shoul-d cause disease when introduced into a
healthy organism.
FOTRTH: The microorganisms must be isolated from the inoculated, diseased
experimental host and identified as being identical to the oriqinal specific
causat j-ve agent.

I"fYCOBACTERIITM contains MYCOLIC acid that resists decolorization by ditute

minera1 acids during Gram staining. They have the most abundant LIPID in their
ceI1 wal-l-.
PATHOGENECITY: Cord factor
1. MTCOBACTERIITM TTBERCITLOSIS causes lung infection"
2. M:|COBACTERIUM LEPRAE causes skin infection.
PATHOGNOMONfC SfGN: Leoni-ne facies

GRAM-POSITI\IE
1. ACTfNOMfCETES are facul-tative anaerobic microorganisms found normal- in the
oral cavity but causes infection. They are normal microbiota of the OROPHARYNX.
I fney contain SULFUR GRANULES causes YELLOW pigment infection.
I
A. A. ISRAELLI causes suppurative infection in cervico-facial area. This is the
most the most coflrmon Actinomycetes.
TREAITTIENT : Penicil-1in VK.

B. A. \I"fSCOSUS causes root surface caries.

C. OTHERS: A. MEY-ERI, A. NAESLUNDII and A.ODONTOLYTTCUS
| 2. BACILLUS
B.
is a qroup of AEROBIC bacteria whi-ch contains ENDOSPORE.
A.
Ir B. B. AIITHRACIS causes ANTHRAX or WOOL-SORTER'S disease.
CEREUS causes food poisoning.

|I:. LACTOBACILLUS is a factic-acid group, facultative anaerobic bacteria. They are

acidic in nature that they can tolerate the fowest pH in the body. They are [he
normal microbiota in GIT, VAGIN-A and SALIVA.
I B. L.
a.
L-
ACIDOPHILUS causes DENTINAI CARIES.
BREVIS is commonly iound 1n SAIIERKRAUT and PICKLES
CULTURING MEDILT}1:
I EO}B,EO AGSR
C. L. CASEI is normal in urinarv tract.
I
I 4. CLOSTRIDIUM is a group of ANAEROBIC bacteria which contains ENDOSPORE.
A. C. TETAI{I causes tetanus to facial muscles and trismus.
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It is the only bacteria that affects the ANTERIOR HORN of SPINAI CORD causlng
OPISTHOTHONUS. But this infection CANNOT AEEECT the CARDIAC MUSCLE due to 1ts
LONG REFRACTORY PERIOD.

B- C. BOTULINTM causes FLACCID PARAIYSIS- It is conimon in canned goods and

undercooked food that causes INTOXICATION rather than infection.
NOTE: TAENIA SOLfUM (Worms) is the most common in undercooked food.

C. C. DIFFICILE is a "drug-induced" bacteria that causes PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS

D. C. PERE"RINGENS produces LECITHENASE that causes GAS GANGRENE.

5. COR$EBACIRfUM is the only microorganism that can be a BACTERIOPHAGE. It

stains metachromatic because of
A. C. DIPHTIIERIA (Klebs-Loffler bacill-us) causes DIPHTHERIA and pseudomembranous
pharyngitis.
6. STAPHYIOCOCCTS is a FACULTATIVE ANAEROBIC. The only gram-positive
that produces BETA-LACT
A. STAPH. SAPROPEYTICUS causes uri-nary tract infection-
r 9.qoc liUt-
B. SIAPH. AT REUS is a normal- microbiota of the _SKIN.. It can cause i-nfection
mostlv in the form of with golden-yellow pigmentation.
VIRULENT FACTORS:
1- PROTEIN A inhibits complement fixation.
2. COActLASE clots the blood around the infection site.
*:. STAPHYLoKTNASE (FTBRTNOLYSTN) converts plasminogen to plasmi-n.
4. IIYALITRONIDA.SE is the spreading factor.

cavity. ' 5" lo sl'ce?

'
orqrnY
,blool
CI,ASSIEICATION OE P. ACCORDING TO HEMOLYTIC ACTIVITY BY
there is IS " They
are the most abundant group in the ORAL CAVITY-
in the C Y.

OPTOCHIN TEST

3- IG A PROTEiASE inhibits mucus secretion. no!.i^roo

DISEiA,SES: Pneumonia, sinusitis and otitis -m'; l -i aaJ

NOTE: The st severe PNEUMONIA is caused

}'lq1 , vrQ.r0t.7N tZ-ZnhJ t (z*)
B. STREP. 1IIRIDAIIS is the most numerous in P N and in
of the oral cavity. The most common microorganism that causes ENDOCARDITTS.
C.

2.
fu
A GROUP-A BETA: S S is the most common of a}1 BETA-STREP.
VIRULENT FACTORS:
1" I.{ PROTEIN inhibits complementfixation"
{-2. sTREPToLysrN is the }@JoR-v.j@rt factor.
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 3. STREPTOKITiIASE
4- HYAIT'RONIDASE is the spr 7J€^crGlo*6 /.ns /"-'qfh'c44-$
DISEASES: SCar]-et
'S+rel. lqo 6e n{g h"rruf & betr. Srrof
nlpi a"^ n r,t)
.,\*e o +(rr,i{
usual-Iy symptoms: Pharyngitis, tbnsiflitid, fever,
lymphadenopathy, mal-aise & headache.
qLIIllAt _qlGN: Red skin rashes starts on the and spread to the other
surface.
rSf
'/r
B. GROUP-B BETA: STREP. AGAI.ACTIAE CAUSES

L- 3. GAMIB, ST
They are th
A. ENTERO. FAECALIS i-s a facultative anaerobic that causes infection in failed
r t' ueuJ V"tn - skntl ovat ccr.ritj clz'Lt'l hr")
&rs",t 5w*as1 6l -bn1no
, "+ rn' & [r'gs'.(
h (

^r \
E !.rr^ er - Yn e nlr r\- l7^r.\wbAct A 'JLor\(
There is an average of 10,000 - 1,000,000 CEU of 5t ococcus mutansl
spp ly1!"irri{5 Vuon,A.z
There are 750 MILLION/mL of bacteria in the saliva-
8. LfSTERLitr is the on gram-positive that contains ENDOTOXINS.
A- L. MON@YTOGENES cause iosis from contaminated food.
\ Lr^qr€l Iia".7l--t
*
9- NOCARDIA forms partiafly acid-fast, which is found in the Y gingiva.
A. N.ASTEROIDES causes NOCARDIOSIS, a severe pulmonary infection rn
immunocompromi- sed person.

GR,,AM-NEGATT\lE
1. ENTEROBACTERICIAE Spp -
\ I@-$te,<tra
1,4v hoq)
A. SAID{ONELI,A TYPHI
infection can cause ZENKER HYAIINE DEGENERATION (coagu]ative necrosis) that
LBLADDERdurino the course of
TREjAII'IENT: Primarily with ER and BED REST.
In life-threatening, qa\, b,oli c LqL./e r{e ? €kct te ch, lJ*)
427 <tcc ( Lort r^arrot4) + tlr'vtlt4
z at bnr)roWS

C. YERSINIA, PESTfS causes .- Ro&.al 1) u-zt

NOTE: BIIBONIC PI.AGUE or His one of the most devastatrng pandemic
diseases resultinq to 15 - 200 million dead Ie
D. ENTEROBACTER is an opportunlstic infection of URINARY and RES

This species is always checked in

the y of metropolitan water supply.
DISEASES: Eood pois-ning, NEONATAI meningitis and - ,n6t(t to6rc^ t coli
tr" KLEESIELIA a non-motile with prominent ooJ-ysaccharicie c
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 K. PNEUMONIAE causes lung abscess in AICOHOLIC patients -

NOTE: Enterobacter, Escherichra anci Klebsieila are the LAC They

are cultured using: Mr. Uc^W4 agar.
"r-,.+l^-"-toGal
2. PSEUDOIiIOI{AS AE is the most common i-nfection
This infection produces pigment.^^urJ deo\t/ +;tt'ncr
UTT, Pneumonia in cystic
fibrosis and otitis externa.
kLiit or 'l - Lo
NOTEz Staph. aureus, Strep- pneumonia and E- CoJr are common in(UOSIfTAfS)
,, ,.o\*<,c Lcar^
L
*i: NEISERRIL spp- is aerobic and non-motile.
N. MENINGITIDES causes YOUNG adult meningitis, septic arthritis and
-' qfu eaql 1i
rl".)r l<ni\,qv tt
(t o.^jJ"-cr
r t to1ts (,o nro n nz1 .4b
B" N. GONORRIIEA causes venereaf disease, GONORRHEA or \\2-1t' disease
In male, it is SYMPATOMATIC while in female, it is ASYMPTOMATIC. This may
the
TREATMENT : DOXYCYCLINE

C.

XS. is a facultative anaerobic that

ca affects CHTLDREN, Epiglottitis
and Upper respiratory tract infecticir. This species is cuitured with
5\ a"1gifiS ' 5lrLV' Q^0^ru'o'tt^e Llra*. ? )
pO'. Hc,ton^'gxi\r,r9 Lgro*. - 7
L 5. PORPTIYROT{O}iIAS ( BACTEROIDES )
. P.GINGT\/]IIISIS cultative anaerobic that causes GINGIVfTIS. This organism
as COL],AGENASE that
aS COLLAGENASE t produces of the s m.And if left
untreated,
LledLe(lr LII-LS will result to
this r-o
,eq4\bq uk' qrvrt|6
r^
L Lfi,nonJtCtm
BLAcK coLoNrES in b nJ
@
Pr"'raa'+'h)
I B. B- ERAGIIIS .is normaf microbiota in the GIT.
Lt'A: l'e-*trtt)
I

6. BORDETELI,A PERTUSSTS is an aerobic causes WHOOPTNG COUGH. -A^l( tvES

t

L -c-ti \lJ-<rl
1. HELICOBACTER PYIORI is a normal microbiota in the that causes PEPTIC
and GASRTIC ULCERS.
t
QIJESTIONS:
A. What organ is affected in: P tic ulcer? Gastric ufcer? {lp^ a.uh
I
B. What is the MOST COMMON compJ-ication of peptic/Oastri le€d.q.e)
C. What is the MAJOR complications of peptic/qastric ulc S
-\ \Yro"s
D. What is the complication of CHRONIC PEPTIC ulcer? f'o ftAemie,

t
E. What is the complication of CHORNIC GASTRIC ulcer? furxiLa' ,,t |i &* B tz
,lWpc of t-ttl&Y,t
8" VIBRTO rs a facultati.re anaerobic that causes CI{OT ERA" This is
infectr on is ccmincnly founC in The pathoginomonic sign is
t
- {ngd.a+to n
9. CEI,AMYDTA & RTC TTSI"& are the ohli_qate ites that contain DN& &
L inri-thin t-heir
'?(}
;(}
L

I
 that causes venereal disease.
A.C.T causes conjunctivitis and Iower genito-urina11, tract
infection.

9.2
(h,pawLb
C. R. TYPHI causes Endenric typhus through
t D. R. TSUTSUGAMUSIII causes Scrub typhus through
NOTE: Q EE\IER is a rickettsial infection but it has no anthropoid involved.
t Transmission results from inha]ation of 6ust and soi
r l! Sc,(gw
SPTROCHETES re free-Iiving anaerobic microorganisms contain
t Exotoxins NOR Endotoxi
1. TREPONB4A is observed under DARKEIELD MICROSCOPE because it is NOT readily
stained by common bacterial stain.
t
K: gsnzot'h'nc Peniqtt(n Cr
L
condyloma fata or This
L
TERTTARY: lreaence Of GI-IMMAS - nean5'ta6 ga\:tYris
L tN! rhott seuo(e
NEI,ROSYPHILIS CauSeS MENTN IS aS the ear}iesT sign- It affects also the S
I
of coordination of movement.
t_
TESTS '. ./ ^g )f <.O,^^fn00
A. FTA (El-uorescent Treponemal Antibody)
B I/DRI. (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory)- r11/
L svia wa+ar*
IT E. T. PAILIDUM ENDEMICT'M CAUSES BEJEL.
I f C. T. PALLIDI,M CaRATEI,M causes PINTA.
L *O. T. PALLIDTM PERTENT'E CAUSES YAWS.

2. BORRELLIA, BIJRGDOREERI causes LYME'S DISEiASE throuqrh T BITE- This lesion is

t murtirorme. tA):if. Qq,adz"3
,llCv9nJo\ryon' t O t V qJ rtp &
e-
lrr S

1_
3. r.E:PTOSPIRA was first observed in thar causes LLOW EEV
A. L. HYSTOLITICA Causes E that affects L]VER and ure
through RODENTS.
t+Lht r*|tu, f)ro(i+
I REDI&IBER:
MENTNGITIS PTGMENTS
NEONATAL-- E. coLi YELLOW SULEUR - A. israeffi
L ]NEANTS to CHILDREN - "H. inf].uenzae GOi-DEIi_YELLOW - S. aureus
YOUNG ADULT - N. meninqitides BLUE GREEN - P. aeruginosa
OLD ADULT - S. pneumonia RED -Serratia marcescens
I
A. EPIDEMTC is infection UEIIIT-D than normal within a population
(ouiel n cAYZs ,
79
L
 E- NOSOCOMLAI is infection originating in s.7-to lq)s
E- \IECTOR is any organism that carries and transmits infectious agents"
G- EOMTTE is any S object that transmits infectious disease"

VTRUS
They are obligate intracel lular par of any organisms "

VfRION is a ful1y formed virus t is able to establish an infectious in a host

cell.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OE VIRUS: A. Nucleic acid (DNA OR RNA)
B. Capsid
C. Lipid envelope
DNA VIRUSES
1. HE RUS causes HEPATITIS P, The most difficult macroorganrsm to
eradicate. Also, it contains REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE enzyme.
*t-t f?4&nvr'fv
2. HERPESVIRUSES # Reveys{, lrav\Sertpda$'( PrItl
PATHOGNOMONIC SIGN:
The initial lesion of herpes infection is STBCLINICAL.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
The most common clinical- sign of herpes is

A.1 HW-1 causes PRIMARY HERPETIC GINGIVOSTOMATITIS which is common in

1\b)a) h6^)F -LVt1l"talu,ra"7 3

A.3 HSV-6 causes or 3-DAY EEVER.

OTHER ORAL PROBLEMS: 1- Candidiasis - $unqa\ ( ca^tl&q &t!ir.-6^nil

2. Acivancing- periodontai drsease
3. Xerostomia
THREE TYPES OE KAPOST:

2. AI'R.ICAII-TYPE is endemic, typically seen ir

in extremities of B
,d 3. IMMUNODEEICIENT-TYPE is seen with AIDS with oral & iymph nocies Leslons
are 6ommon. The prognosis is POOR.
hon -c. oliv{. , Lton - t",'.t [& P 11,^ 5

B. \IARICELLA ZOSTER VfRUS causes C This virus will stay dormant in the
body for the longest time of life.

11rmphorna." i s rriononucieosis anr-l

noma. $- ,9iq I
FEATURES of INFECTIOUS MONONUCLEOSIS Lilt,r,rz 0*P,\19
-r
t. s
I

,l
I
t_
1es) a+/EVY
3. )

4. .* lloo} rCd.rr-

D" CYTOMEGAIOV:IRUS causes HEPATOSPL EGAIYT Rrhnuf^flYr 1o<t *1e \

aLL-ir'41

4.1 PARVOVIRUS affects only anj-mals and

4.2 ERYTHROVIRUS (B-19) affects the H
Hr{
CELL
CARCTNOMA it ^ ye!rlfr\\o/-v\ Yf4(^
"a,d\L
virutI

+ A. Sr.rALL POx spreads via Histoiogically, it contains

GUARNIER] bodies.
INCUBATION PERIOD: ays
B. IiICLLUSCUM CONTAGfOSIIM spreads via CT.

RNA VIRUSES

2. -G o*o
A. MEASLES VfRUS causes OLA resulting
SIGN S are multiple white
thin-Ei I1s.
L.Srh-,rrlfu Prnrc l;.
causes MLMPS.-
COMPLICATION: Orchitis. P h.o\)6\h^)
L
C. R.ESPIR,ATOR.Y SY}ICYTI,HL VIRUS causes LO!'[ER respiratory tract inf ection iike
bronchitis and pneumonia in infants.
I
D. PARAINFLUENZAE VIRUS causes UPPER r ct i-nfection like CROUP,

NOTE: Small pox, Chickenpox and Measles are (pERI'IATOIROPIC )vtraL infectrons"
L
disdarcr "1-nY ,t^ "u" #Wlnl
This virus can affect
I
SfGN: Eorcheimer's spots
A-
CONGENITAI TRIAD:*A- sensoneural: Deafness ---ff@
L
KC. \ \g<nr{
L 4. PTCORNAV]RTDAE
A. SES spread -FECAL route.
lqUA. e<t"r1rnil"a
-f -^-i^,.-
L ^i

-{e-
na
d-L COXS&CKIEVTRUS 6e rs cornmon in children.
I DISEASES: -_--___

81"
L

I
 Dsg"st'
appears bfisters and ulcerations
2 . EAI{D-F DISEJASE.
3. ACUTE L]MPHO-NODUI.AR PEARWGITIS
4 . ACUTE IIEI'ORRIIAGIC CONJI'NCTI\,1ITIS ',r. br€6rrl!'rn!
O
Ttr^,
A.3 COXSACKIEIJIIRUS serotlpe B causes at myocarditis and
pericarditis.

C. (INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS) is the I hepatitis.

that cause STROENTERITIS2in children.

t fects SUBSTANCIA NIGRA \ye^op\Obt C

Hrsrolocrc .ELL:
INCUBATION PERIOD:
.I ,/ l\A0\\_c
I
. HUT,IA}I IMMT,NODEETCIENCY \,:[RUS (HIV) is a member of RETROV]R, .o
r'v \
TypES: HrV-1 (strain C) & HrV-2 \'t\s
L

t B. ENZYME-LTNKED M{TNOSORBENTASSAY (ELISA) is used to detect HIV antibodies.

L
used to detect HIV proteins "

L TREATMENT: ARV / ART (Antiretroviral- therapy)

COI44ON OPPORTUN]STIC INFECT]ONS : .l \^5
t 1. Pneumonia is most common caused by
2. Oral Hairy leukoplakia and Candidiasis.
3. Kaposi sarcoma is the highest occurrence rate of cancer-
I MDsavrr \n M
B . Fr,AvrvrRu-
A. R is a mosquito-borne that infects LIVER.
I
B. DENGUE EEVER is a mosquito-borne that infects PLATELETS.

L. E'(]bIEI
They'are EUKARYOTIC wit-h two forms: and Yeasts.
They cause HYPERSENSITIVITY which resul-ts to infectious disease.
L CI,LTT,RING MEDII,M: SabouTaud, S agal

curANEous !{:rcosEs
L 1 " and EPIDERMOPHYTON)
DERIG,TOPIIYTES (TRYCHOPHYTON, MICROSPORUM
Tire produce TINEAL (Ringworm) infections. AILAItr\\ci('r Fe6l
A. T. PEDrS: Affects the FEET caused by TRYCOPHYTON and EPIDERT{OPITYTON
B. T. CORPORIS: Affects the BODY caused by TRYCOPHYTON and MICROSPORIJM
I C. T. UNffi"rL{I}f (Onchomycosis): Affects the NAILS caused by TRYCOPHYfON
o'I
OL
I

I
t_

D. T. CAPITIS: AffeCtS Ihe HAIR aNd EACE caused by TRYCOPHYTON and IfICROSPORUM
E. T. BAREAE: AffeCIS the NECK aNd BEARD caused TRYCOPIIYTON.
F. T. CRURIS: Affects the GROIN caused by TRYCOPHYTON.
SYSTEI'fiC
1" COCCIDIOMYCOSTS causes San Joaquin VaLley fever.
H- capsu)atum that affects RETICULO_ENDOTHEL]AL
and DUST. T ase mimics T S
microscopicatly and clinically.
BI,ASTOD TCOSIS caused by B. that produces gpanulomatous ulcers in
the oral cavity.

It is usually wj th

HOPT LD4ONARY ASPERGITLOSfS : ft has asthma-like sYmptoms.

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QUESTIONS:
1
A- What is the most common fungal infection?
L,.
B. What is the most common systemic fungal infection?

BROTOZOAIIS' (Grci1\c in tuc'lro'

They are sinqle-cefled either free-livinq or parasitic.
SYMBIOSIS rs an intima on with two organisms.
TYPES OE SYMBIOSIS:
A. PARASITfSM is when one organism lives in or on a second called the
HOST.
- organlsm,
E.--cot.ftfeNsAf,lsM is when one organism benefits and other neither benefit nor is
harmed.

X A. F. l"IAutRIAE is the most common cau

* B, P. Q\erE
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d

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2. TRICHOL'OfiIAS S is an anaerobi-c, flagellated protozoan that causes

a1ll
4. ENTOA}'OEBA, HYSTOLICA causes intestf dysentery that affects the SMALL
E. rt
TREATMENT:
*

IMMT'NITY
1. INNATE ()
A. ACTI\IE invo]ves the own body response with the production of
B. PASSflIE involves the fetal-mother circulation via
2. ACQUTRED (

A. ACTIVE CINES
VACCINE contains: A. Attenuated-live microorganism
B- KILLED microorganism
C. TOXCID: Antigenic and non-toxic
1. BACILLUS-CAIMETTE-GI ERIN (BCG) : Eor Tuberculosis
2. HEPA \/ACCINE should be given to newborn 48 hours after birth.
3. DTPTHERIA,-PERTUSSIS-TETA}II (DPT)
4. TYPHOID and PAfi.ATHYPIA and B (TAB)
5 . MEASI,ES-MT'MPS-RI'BELI,A (I'N4R)

B. PASSfVE is thru EXPOSURE to certain microorganism.

STERILIZATION
STERILIZATION is the process of kitling aII mi croorqanisms
DISINFECTION is the process of elimlnating or reducing harmful microorganisms
from inanimate objects.
TE{P. and TIME REQUIREMENT
Coagulation of proteins | 160"C for hours
-Itr^A\ |1710c for hour.
I"IOIST HE"AT (BOILING) Denatures the protein WRAPPED:
1-21oC under 15psi for 15 mins.
IrN!{RjAPPED :141. I, \O sh JkAt '+r,'hon
lz ;6 l^96Y- sg*i,hvg mak /t z{5
734oC under 3Opsi for (3 min
Atkylating agents that 1- 12 hours
denature NUCLEIC ACID and 70-72 hours
PROTEINS

ASEPSIS (ANTISEPTlC) is the process of eliminating or reducing harmful-

microorganisms from the livJ-ng tissues.
ANIISPETIC TECHNIQTIE MECH"ANISM 05' ACTIONS
TITICTITRE OF (2t) DisrupLion of ceII membrane.
AI,COHOL" -ll r'4 6Y( Dissolution of lipids on cell membranes
..1 L L cn..(
Denal--ures proteins. \ ',t o lfu\t 11

EORT'fiILDEHYDE Denai-ures and precipitates protelns

84
I

QUATERIiIARY e]'r!@Nlt M CAT]ONIC DETERGENT thAt disrupt the cell memlcrane.

.COMPOI'ND INACTIVATED by UND.
(BENZAIKON]UM CHLORIDE )
SOAPS E DETERGEI{flTS C that physically removes microbes.
COMPOUND
They are INACTIVATED by qATIONIC COMPOUND
They target the CELL MEMBRANE-
REIvIEMtsER: FlnSh

E. TILTRAVIOI.ET RADIATION iS uSEd tO StErilizE HOSPITA-I- ROOMS"

F. UTILITY GLO\IES are worn when cleaningi the dental cfinics.

TERATOGENIC DISEASES: INE"ECTION THRU SOIL ANd DUST:

1. Cytomegalovirus 1. Tetanus
2" Rubelfa 2- Histoplasmosis
3. Toxoplasmosis 3. Leglonnaires' drsease.
4" Herpes simplex infection 4. Q EEVER
!0squrTo-BoRl[E DrsE]asES : NOSOCODILAI INFECTIONS :
1 " Dengue fever 1. Staphylococcus
2" Malaria 2. Streptococcus
3" Japanese encephalitis 3. Escherichia coii
4- Yell-ow fever D. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5. Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
6. St. Louis encephalitis
QUESTIONS:
A. What is the most common infection in MoUNTATNsT Shtf,(&yi
B. What is the most comrnon infection in EARM? e- L0v1,
c' what is the most common infection in COIMUNTTY? (t&u;o pNsiJfi\c NrA
D- What is the most common infection in HOSPITAL?
E" illhat is the most coflrmon infection in SOILD and DUST?

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