Physico Chemical and Bacteriological Assessment of Deep Well. FINAL 5

Physico-Chemical, and Bacteriological Assessment of Deep Well
Water in ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy,

Dingle, Iloilo
A Thesis
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Education
Iloilo State University of Fisheries Science and Technology
Dingle, Iloilo
In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major in Biological Science
By:
Perez, Shaina Joy G.

Ator, Rowena O.
Guintibano, Queenzy Grace P.
Martizano, Neva Jean D.
May 2023
ILOILO STATE UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
APPROVAL SHEET
This undergraduate thesis, "Physico-chemical and
Bacteriological Assessment of Deep Well Water in ISUFST-DC
Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy, Dingle, Iloilo,"
prepared and submitted by Shaina Joy G. Perez, Rowena O.
Ator, and Queenzy Grace P. Guintibano, Neva Jean D.
Martizano, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree Bachelor of Secondary Education major in
Biological Science, is hereby approved with a grade of
passed.
SOCELINE N. BATISLA-ONG Ph.D.

Adviser
GLENN J. DADOR Ph.D. JINKY D. PEREZ Ph.D.

Panel Member Chairman
ELAINE H. ANZURES Ph.D. ALMA P. LOCARA Ed.D.

Research Coordinator Research Chair
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in
Biological Science.
____April 27, 2023_____ JINKY D. PEREZ Ph.D.

Date of Final Defense Dean, College of Education
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their sincere
gratitude to the following individuals who were able to
contribute the desire to help, for the unshakable and never-
ending support, encouragement, financial assistance, and
valuable time for the completion of this study:
Dr. Alma P. Locara, Chair, Research and Development,
for her encouragement, kindness, and guidance;
Dr. Jinky D. Perez, Dean of the College of Education,
for the warm encouragement, thoughtful guidance, comments,
and suggestions, and for the continued support for the
fulfilment of this study;
Dr. Elaine H. Anzures, Research Coordinator, for the
guidance, generous assistance, advice and suggestions
imparted for the success of this research;
To the researchers adviser, Dr. Soceline N. Batisla-
ong, for the unwavering leadership, care, encouragement,
support, and understanding—but most importantly for the love
she showed to each and every researcher.
Dr. Glenn J. Dador, for the patience, guidance, and
instruction that aided greatly for the completion of this
study and insights on the presentation of this study;
ii
To Dr. Aurelio D. Esmediana for guiding, preparing, and
helping the researchers in getting the samples for this
study.
The researchers credit their courage and determination
to family, friends, and all the people who help. For all the
unwavering support, financial aid, and love, care, counsel,
trust, and encouragement in conducting this study.
And most importantly, thanks to the Omnipotent God for
bestowing the fortitude, the blessings of constancy, and the
unfailing love.
iii
DEDICATION
This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved
parents, who have been our source of inspiration and gave us
strength when we thought of giving up, who continually
provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial
support.
To our brother, sisters, relatives, mentor, friends,
and classmates who shared their words of advice and
encouragement to finish this study.
And lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty God,
thank you for the guidance, strength, power of mind,
protection and skills and for giving us a healthy life. All
of these, we offer to you.
iv
ABSTRACT
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pages
TITLE
APPROVAL SHEET i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
DEDICATION iv
ABSTRACT v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF TABLES viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION 1
Background of the Study 1
Objectives of the Study 4
Significance of the Study 5
Scope and Limitations 6
Definition of Terms 7
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 10
III. METHODOLOGY 22
Research Design 22
Materials 22
Methods 22
vi
Pages
Procedure for the Collection of Samples 23
Proper Handling of Water Sample 25
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 27
Assessment of Physical Characteristics
Of Deep Well Water in ISUFST-Dingle
Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Brgy. Bonngloy,
Dingle, Iloilo. 27
Assessment of Chemical Characteristics
Dingle, Iloilo. 29
Assessment of Bacteriological Characteristics
Dingle, Iloilo. 33
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 36
Summary 36
Conclusions 37
Recommendations 38
VI. APPENDICES
REFERENCES
vii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Page
1 Laboratory Result for the Physical Water
Analysis of the water sample of the Deep
Well Water 29
2 Laboratory Result for the Chemical Water
Analysis of the water sample of the Deep
Well Water 32
3 Laboratory Result for the Bacteriological
Examination of the water sample of the
Deep Well Water 35
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
ix
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Water is one of the most fundamental elements on earth
that every living organism needs. The contamination of water
resources by water-borne pathogens and the diseases they
cause are a major issue for water quality worldwide.
Maintaining a reliable and contaminant-free supply of
drinking water is getting harder to do globally due to human
activity, industrial waste, and agricultural use. Surface
water serves as the world's main supply of drinking water.
However, groundwater is also gaining favor due to its
clarity and minimal necessity for turbidity reduction
techniques (Carrard, M., et al., 2019). Groundwater
contamination has been brought on throughout time by the
demand for the growth of the agricultural sector.
According to Gwimbi, P., et al., (2019), stated that
water sources in the studied villages were contaminated with
feces and posed a health risk to consumers of that water. E.
coli counts were found in all water samples, from protected
sources to unprotected sources. A significant association
was found between E. coli counts in drinking water samples
and lack of water source protection, a high prevalence of

2
open defecation and unhygienic practices, livestock feces,
and latrine detections in proximity to water sources.
Deep well water sources in a few urban barangays have
physico-chemical properties that exceed the Philippine
National Standard for Drinking Water (PNSDW), Department of
Health (DOH), and Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR) standards in terms of pH, temperature, and
total dissolved solids. According to the results, the four
selected urban barangays' deep-well water sources can be
used for bathing and washing clothes but not for drinking
(Sudaria et al., 2020).
Globally, there have been more severe instances of
microbial contamination of groundwater as the human
population has doubled over time. Water-borne illnesses keep
on spreading from time to time, causing epidemics from one
country to another as the unfortunate phenomenon spreads all
over the world. This issue has been present for some time,
and recent occurrences of gastroenteritis and amoebiasis
from drinking deep-well contaminated water in Iloilo City
are just the latest examples of how it continues to spread.
In addition to biological contaminants, there are also
chemical and physical contaminants that can impair the
quality of drinking water causing it to become unsafe and

3
unfit for human use. Eventually, these harmful chemicals can
have possible effects that might cause severe health issues.
After the implementation of the water chlorination
process in 1897 in Maidstone, England, to eradicate
waterborne pathogens, many developed countries followed suit
and significantly reduced outbreaks due to waterborne
pathogens (Karim, K., et. al., 2020). As a result, the
frequency of outbreaks brought on by contaminated pathogens
has significantly decreased. Although the chlorination
process has remained unchanged but effective over the past
century, studies reveal that greater chlorine by-products
can increase the incidence of miscarriages, infertility, and
even cancer. In order to reduce the health risk posed by
drinking water contaminated with various contaminants, the
World Health Organization (WHO) has placed laws in place.
The infrastructure needed to provide its population with
high-quality water is ultimately the responsibility of any
nation. Additionally, depending on the source of their
drinking water, each nation must establish rules to make
sure that the standards are adequate and particular to their
needs.
In prior water tests for E. coli, all analyzed deep
wells on the ISUFST Agri-Ecotourism Farm yielded promising

4
outcomes, thus we are conducting this study to assess the
physico-chemical, and bacteriological characteristics of the
additional deep wells that have not been investigated.
Objectives of the Study:
This study was conducted to assess the physico-chemical
and bacteriological characteristics present in deep well
water in ISUFST Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy,
Dingle, Iloilo.
Specifically, this study aimed to:
 Determine the physical characteristics of deep well
water in ISUFST Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy
Dingle, Iloilo.
 Determine the chemical characteristics of deep well
water in ISUFST Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy
Dingle, Iloilo.
 Determine the bacteriological characteristics of deep
well water in ISUFST Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay
Bongloy Dingle, Iloilo.
Significance of the Study
The results of this study would benefit the following:
Agriculture Students. This study would provide them with
information about the water contamination imposed by

5
pesticide, fertilizer, and manure discharges. In this
instance, they should refrain from utilizing chemicals in
close proximity to the deep well and pay attention to the
proper handling and disposal of chemicals.
Farm Personnel. This study would provide them with
information about the water contaminants that can poison
their livestock. This study can recommend a solution, and
they should prevent the students from using contaminated
water until it is safe for human and animal consumption.
Rural Health Unit. This study would provide them with
information about the water contamination. Rural health care
units could then assess, confirm, create, and disseminate
water quality standards for a safer water supply for those
who benefit from the source.
Biology Teacher. They would have more ideas and applicable
lessons from this study to share with their students. They
can offer current samples in this circumstance, explain how
to take care of them, and explain what would happen if they
became polluted, as water is one of the essential resources
for sustaining life.
Future Researchers. They could use this study to direct and
guide them as they look for reliable and trustworthy factors

6
that are known to be crucial information for their upcoming
literature review.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
This descriptive study was limited to the laboratory
assessment of the physico-chemical and bacteriological
characteristics present in the deep well water at ISUFST
Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy, Dingle, Iloilo. This
study has twelve (12) samples. The six (6) water samples was
collected from Animal Village (near the animal pasture) and
another six (6) water samples from Farm Village (near the
mango farm). Each water samples were taken in a sterile
bottle provided by the cooperating laboratory for biological
analysis and a 1-liter water bottle for physico-chemical
analysis. On April 11, 2023, between 6:00 a.m. and 8:00
a.m., the water samples were collected and put it in a
cooler box with ice packs. The water samples transported
immediately at the Western Visayas Medical Center,
Department of Pathology, Water Analysis Section, Mandurriao,
Iloilo City for bacteriological analysis. On the following
day another water samples were collected and put it in a
cooler box with ice packs for physico-chemical analysis and
transported immediately to the laboratory. The results was

7
released on April 19, 2023. The data collected were
tabulated, classified, encoded, statistically processed,
analyzed, and interpreted.
Definition of Terms
For the purpose of providing a precise understanding to
researchers, some terms used in this study were given their
conceptual definitions and operational meaning:
Assessment. An opinion or a judgment about someone or
something (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2023).
In this study, it refers to a laboratory analysis—a
method that would be used for identifying contaminants in
the deep well water in ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm.
Bacteriological Testing. is a method of collecting water
samples and analyzing those samples to estimate the numbers
of bacteria present (WEDC, Loughborough University, 2017).
In this study, it refers to the number of fecal
coliforms, heterotrophic plate count (cfu/ml), and total
coliforms present in the water samples.
Chemical Assessment. Measures of many elements and molecules
dissolved or suspended in the water (Wheeling Jesuit
University, 2004).
8
In this study, it refers to the chloride, pH level,
residual chlorine or disinfectant, total dissolve solids,
and total hardness (as CaCo3) present in the water samples.
Contaminant. A polluting or poisonous substance that makes
something impure (Oxford Learner’s Dictionaries, 2023).
In this study, this refers to any physical, chemical,
or biological substance or matter that is present in the
deep well water.
Deep Well. A well in which the water level is at a depth
exceeding 22 feet beyond which the ordinary suction pump
does not operate satisfactorily (Merriam-Webster, 2023)
In this study, this refers to the subject from which
the water that would be tested and derived.
Physical Assessment. A diagnostic process, adding
information obtained by inspection, palpation, percussion,
and auscultation (Britannica, 2023).
In this study, it refers to the apparent color,
turbidity, and odor present in the water samples.
Water. A substance composed of the chemical element’s
hydrogen and oxygen and existing in gaseous, liquid, and
solid states (Britannica, 2022).

9
In this study, it refers to the water from the deep
well, which is subjected to a laboratory assessment of its
physical, chemical, and bacteriological characteristics.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Water-borne pathogen contamination in water resources
and related diseases are a major water quality concern
throughout the world. Increasing interest in controlling

10
water-borne pathogens in water resources evidenced by a
large number of recent publications clearly attest to the
need for studies that synthesize knowledge from multiple
fields covering comparative aspects of pathogen
contamination, and unify them in a single place in order to
present and address the problem as a whole (Pandey, P., et
al., 2014).
According to Jung, AV., et al. (2014), turbidity
measurements taken at drinking water plants are typically
used to analyze microbiological contamination monitoring in
order to manage this concern. Recent research has
demonstrated a strong relationship between microbial
contamination and the likelihood of endemic gastroenteritis.
However, since the presence of colloids in water causes
interference with the nephelometric response, the relevance
of turbidimetry may be restricted. Therefore, a more
accurate, straightforward, and quick indicator for microbial
contamination detection in water is required, especially in
light of climate change and the rise in heavy rainfall
events.
Compared to severe rainfall events without CSO
influence, combined sewer overflow (CSO) episodes
significantly enhanced the concentrations and loads of

11
human-associated indicators. Each watershed's level of
urbanization was correlated with human-associated indicator
yields. Surface waters have contamination levels that are
too high for them to be used for recreational purposes.
Additionally, the distribution of drinking water and source
water are at risk due to evidence of sewage exfiltration
from pipes. Sewer overflows and contamination from failing
sewer infrastructure may grow with the forecast of more
heavy rain events in some areas owing to climate change,
leading to increases in the loads of waterborne pathogens in
rivers. These results demonstrate the additional stress that
climate change may put on urban water systems and quantify
risks in exposure pathways from rain events (Old's, HT., et
al., 2018).
Gwimbi, P., George, M., and Ramphalile, M., claim that
in 2019, feces-contaminated water sources in the examined
villages constituted a health risk to those who drank the
water. All water tests from exposed sources contained E.
coli counts. The study discovered a substantial correlation
between E. coli levels in drinking water samples and
unprotected water sources, a high prevalence of open
defecation, unsanitary practices, livestock feces, and
latrine detections nearby.

12
In Tunceli, Turkey's city center, and seven towns,
drinking water samples from 21 locations were found to
contain nitrate, nitrite, fluoride, bromate, pesticides,
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), trihalomethanes
(THMs), and other contaminants. According to the research,
these pollutants may cause minor health risks or unfavorable
consequences if exposed over an extended period of time.
This study focused on pesticides, PAHs, THMs, and a few
other organic and inorganic compounds as it examined the
probable contamination levels of drinking water in the
regions of Tunceli, Turkey. The study proposed that Turkey
establish a national monitoring program for identifying
contaminants in drinking water sources and implementing
remediation by the health directorate of each city to
monitor the quality of the drinking water in its region
(Demir and Ergin, 2013).
Wasonaga M.O., et al.'s (2020) research revealed that a
number of variables, including fecal emission levels,
changes in the seasons, viral stability, and physicochemical
properties, may influence the prevalence and survival of
enteric viruses in open surface waters. An indication that
there may be considerable levels of pollution is the finding
that specific chemical concentrations, such as Fe (iron),

13
were found to be beyond the WHO-permitted limits in several
tests. The source waters were determined to be chemically
safe since the average amounts of the 12 chemical
contaminants taken into account in this analysis were found
to meet the WHO's recommendations. The analysis showed that
the quantities of the 12 chemical contaminants were mostly
within the WHO's suggested limits.
Sakar et al. (2022) claim that tube wells, dug wells,
and stone spouts—all of which have been documented to have
serious water quality issues—are the main sources of
drinking water for people in Nepal's Kathmandu Valley. The
research indicates that water sources are significantly
contaminated by bacteria, with total or fecal coliforms
being found in 94% of sources. The bulk of the drinking
water in the Kathmandu Valley has contaminants that are
harmful to human health due to bacteria and/or chemicals.
Several water sources in the Kathmandu Valley contain
unacceptable high concentrations of arsenic, manganese,
and/or iron. Based on its findings, the WHO recommended that
the public's health might not be sufficiently protected by
relying simply on official drinking-water recommendations in
place of aesthetic standards for these contaminants.

14
The physico-chemical characteristics of deep well water
sources in barangays Aguit-itan, West Awang, Central Awang,
and East Awang in terms of pH, temperature, and total
dissolved solids passed the permissible limits of the
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW).
However, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical
oxygen demand, and total suspended solids exceeded the
Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water. The
results of microbiological analyses, such as those of total,
E. coli, and fecal coliforms, were over the PNSDW. Deep well
water sources in a few urban barangays have physico-chemical
properties that exceed the Philippine National Standard for
Drinking Water (PNSDW), Department of Health (DOH), and
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)
standards in terms of pH, temperature, and total dissolved
solids. According to the results, the four selected urban
barangays' deep-well water sources can be used for bathing
and washing clothes but not for drinking (Sudaria et al.,
2020).
According to the findings of Constantino and Vegas'
(2020) investigation, the deep well water of NEUST SIC Tabon
"passed" the allowed limit. All physical and chemical tests
for turbidity, color, total dissolved solids, nitrates, and

15
arsenic "passed" on the deep well water. However, it had a
pH reading of 6.15, which is lower than the normal pH of
water and is classified as "acidic" for this reason. Based
on its appearance, flavor, and smell, its acceptance was
evaluated. The majority of respondents characterized the
deep well water of NEUST SIC Tabon as "acidic" for its
color, smell, and taste, while others found it to be "barely
acceptable." The NEUST SIC Tabon deep well water sample had
a little fishy flavor and was tasteless, colorless, and
odorless. A study recommended that every six months, all
NEUST campuses should follow up on and regularly check the
microbiological characteristics of deep well water. A
physico-chemical analysis should also be carried out every
three years if the water source is in an agricultural area
to further determine the chemical composition of deep well
water. It is also suggested that a test for pesticide
presence be added because the area has been designated as an
agricultural area.
Tewodros (2019) study revealed that the tap water
sample tested positive for both fecal and total coliforms.
All of the physicochemical water quality tests showed that
the standards set by the World Health Organization were met.
The water sample taken from the well outlet tested negative
16
for fecal and total coliform in accordance with WHO
standards, indicating its safety for drinking and other
applications. The stations underwent a hygienic check, which
revealed that there was little chance of contamination. The
study's findings demonstrate that the physicochemical
parameters of groundwater from selected wells were generally
found to be acceptable in accordance with the drinking water
guidelines for domestic and drinking purposes provided by
the World Health Organization, with the exception of pH,
which was low (outside of the recommended range) for all
boreholes and hand-dug wells. Due to its microbiological
state at the point of use, water was unsafe for human
consumption without treatment. According to the results,
hygiene practices should be improved in order to prevent or
reduce the contamination of water with undesirable chemicals
and microbial flora.
Based on the results of De Vera's (2015) investigation,
the deep well water in the four elementary schools needs to
be boiled first and filtered before drinking, according to
their findings. Most of the deep well water samples were
tasteless, odorless, and colorless. All samples, with the
exception of Buenlag (fecal coliform), did not meet the
standard for drinking water as determined by the laboratory

17
studies using the accepted detection methods and values for
microbiological quality. The pH, nitrite, and pesticide
residue requirements for water samples from the four deep
well locations were all exceeded. The values for salinity
did not meet the drinking water norm. The total suspended
solids were only exceeded by Warding. Based on its findings,
the study indicated that all barangay primary schools should
continuously evaluate the microbiological and physico-
chemical characteristics of deep well water. Drinking water
should be tested for microbiological contaminants every six
months and for physicochemical contaminants every three
years.
The public's health is severely impacted by the
multiple causes of microbiological and chemical
contamination of groundwater. The goal was to ascertain the
physicochemical and microbiological quality of wells in the
western and eastern portions of Mexico's Cuautla-Yautepec
aquifer. Well 1's high level of bacterial contamination may
in part be attributable to the fact that it is situated
close to a cemetery in an area without a drainage system and
where people instead use septic tanks to dispose of their
waste. Additionally, this well is located in an aquifer zone
built on basalt, which has a high degree of permeability due

18
to strong fractures and volcanic scoria (volcanic rock),
which permits water infiltration. Total and fecal coliforms
showing up in some samples is a sign that contamination is
starting to seep into the aquifer. Based on the findings,
the study advised against untreated wastewater discharges,
particularly from the region's widely prevalent septic tanks
(Ramirez et al., 2010).
The findings of Murray et al. indicate that in 2018,
sampled wells failed to meet at least one federal drinking
water criterion based on public health. In the studied
wells, Escherichia coli, enterococci, total coliforms, and
fecal coliforms were all found. The criteria for pH,
nitrate-N, and total dissolved solids were not met in about
half of the examined wells. The presence of cattle, dairy,
broiler, turkey, or aquaculture operations did not correlate
statistically significantly with the finding of fecal
indicator bacteria in the studied wells. Additional research
is required to assess the elements that affect the quality
of well water because nearly half of the tested wells did
not fulfill federal drinking water criteria based on public
health. The findings suggest that homeowner education on
well water testing and well management may be crucial for
the general public's health.

19
According to the results of the study by Amrose et al. (2020), resource-limited
areas are most affected and confront particular difficulties that call for creative clean
water solutions. More than one billion people are affected by the global problem of
chemical contamination in drinking water, which puts them at risk for poor health
outcomes and water scarcity. It is advised based on the findings and encompasses the
presence of contaminants, their significant health impacts, and treatment methods or
avoidance techniques that have been successfully tested in real-world water matrices and
settings.
The pH is a measure of acidity and alkalinity. A pH of
7 is neutral; less than 7 is considered acidic, and over 7
is alkaline. The preferred pH for livestock water other than
that for dairy cattle is 5.5 to 8.3. The preferred water pH
for dairy cattle is 6.0 to 8.0. Highly alkaline water can
cause digestive upsets, diarrhea, poor feed conversion, and
reduced feed and water intake. Water, although not
considered a nutrient per se, is an essential element for
livestock production. Water is required for the regulation
of body temperature as well as for growth, reproduction,
lactation, digestion, metabolism, excretion and hydrolysis
of nutrients, transport of nutrients and waste, joint
lubrication, and many other functions. Water quality and
quantity concerns are becoming more important across the
United States. Because water is essential for livestock,

20
having a working knowledge of water quality issues is
important for livestock producers (Isrik, M., 2012).
There are no regulations governing the number of
microorganisms or bacteria in the water used for livestock
production unless the farm is a Grade A dairy. In that case,
the water must be from a supply that provides water of safe
and sanitary quality with no detectable fecal coliform
bacteria. Within the state of Missouri, a Grade A milk law
presents well-constructed construction guidelines for Grade
A dairies. Water must be tested after any repairs or
modifications to the water supply system. In addition,
specific requirements prohibit back siphoning from outdoor
livestock water tanks (Donald, L., and Charles D., 2001).
Following the introduction of the water chlorination
procedure in Maidstone, England in 1897 to eliminate
waterborne pathogens, many industrialized nations adopted
it, greatly reducing outbreaks caused by the waterborne
pathogens. Despite the fact that chlorination has remained
constant yet effective over the previous century, studies
show that higher chlorine by-products can raise the
incidence of miscarriages, infertility, and even cancer
(Karim, K., et al., 2020).

21
Drinking chlorinated water, surface water, or water
with high amounts of chloroform was employed as a stand-in
for exposure to chlorination by-products. From each study's
individual results, relative risk estimates were taken out
and combined. There is a relative risk estimate for exposure
to chlorination byproducts based on a straightforward meta-
analysis of all cancer locations. According to the findings
of this meta-analysis (Morris, R.D., et al., 2011),
consuming water that has been chlorinated may increase the
risk of developing bladder and rectal cancer in people
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
A descriptive research design was used in this study to
determine the physico-chemical and bacteriological
characteristics of the deep well water at ISUFST-DC Agri-Eco
Tourism Farm, Brgy. Bongloy Dingle, Iloilo. This design
accurately and systematically describes a population,
situation, or phenomenon. It is considered appropriate for
this study (McCombes, 2022).
Materials
22
The following were the materials used in the study: a
surgical mask, surgical gloves, 18 sterile water bottles, 6
1-liter water bottles, 1 cooler box, 1 pack of ice cubes, 1
marker, 1 tape, a thong, match sticks, cotton, a record
book, and a pen.
Methods
Procurement of Materials. The materials used, such as
surgical masks, surgical gloves, cotton, thongs, a cooler
box, tape, and matchsticks, were procured from local
commercial establishments. The collaborative laboratory
provided the sterile water bottles for the collection of
water samples.
23
Procedure for the Collection of Water Samples:
1. Clean the tap. Pump outlet, then wipe using clean cloth
or cotton swab.
2. Sterilized the tap. Sterilized the pump by flaming with
ignited cotton swab.
3. Flush the tap. Maintain normal pumping and allow the
water to flow for 1-2 minutes.

24
4. Open the sterilized sampling bottle. Unscrew the cup.
Hold the cap facing downward to avoid contamination.
5. Fill the bottle. Fill the bottle, avoid touching the
mouth of the bottle to the tap during filling. Fill the
bottle up to the shoulder or leave at least 2.5cm air
space to facilitate mixing by shaking prior to
analysis.
6. Cap the bottle. Tightly screw the cap and secure with a
tape.
7. Label the bottle. Write the date and time of sampling,
name of collector, and water sample code on a masking
tape.
8. Store the bottle. Place the sampling bottle in a cooler
with ice. Do not submerge the bottle in the water
during storage and transport.
9. Transport the water sample to the examining water
laboratory immediately within 6 hours after collection
or within 24 hours after collection under proper
storage condition.
Proper Handling of Water Sample for Physical/Chemical
Analysis.
25
Collection of water from well. Collect samples from wells
only after the well has been pumped sufficiently to ensure
that the samples represent the quality of ground water that
feeds the well. New wells will require sufficient
utilization and abstraction before sampling.
Sample Handling. It is necessary to keep the sample cool or
refrigerated. Storage at low temperature (4 deg. C) is the
best way to preserve most samples.
Volume of Sample. A one (1) liter of water sample should
suffice for physical and chemical analyses.
Sample Container. Polyethylene Bottles. Sample containers
must be carefully cleaned to remove all extraneous surface
dirt, thoroughly rinsed with distilled water and drained
before use. The sample containers should be filled the
desired amount of sample and must be properly labeled.
Labeling and Delivering of Samples to the laboratory. Fill
up completely the request form and send it with properly
labeled sample. Sample should reach the laboratory within
six (6) hours from time of collection.
Proper Handling of Water Sample for Physical/Chemical

26
Sampling Collection, Handling and Storage. Sample should be
representative of the one being tested. Collect sample
aseptically.
CHAPTER IV
27
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter deals with the results and discussion of
the study on physico-chemical and bacteriological assessment
of Deep Well Water in ISUFST-DC Agri-Eco Tourism Farm, Brgy.
Bongloy, Dingle, Iloilo.
Assessment of Physical Characteristics of Deep Well Water in
ISUFST-DC Agri-Eco Tourism Farm, Brgy. Bongloy, Dingle,
Iloilo
As can be gleaned in Table 1, the physical analysis of
deep well water in ISUFST Agri-Eco Tourism Farm in terms of
the apparent color and turbidity.
The results revealed that the physical analysis of the
deep well water of ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm in Animal
Village in terms of apparent color "passed" with a value of
0 ACU in the water samples tested. Meanwhile, in terms of
turbidity, "passed" with a value of 0.38 NTU. The result
implies that the physical analysis of the deep well water at
ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm in Animal Village near the
pasture met the standard values set by the Department of
Health.
28
However, in Farm Village, in terms of apparent color,
it "failed" with a value of 16.67 ACU. Further, in terms of
turbidity, "failed" with a value of 11.11 NTU. This denotes
that the results did not meet the standard values set by the
Department of Health. In this case, the deep well water from
the farm village near the mango farm needs to be filtered
and boiled first before drinking.
The results of De Vera (2015), with the detection of
the physico-chemical and microbiological results, support
the findings of the current study, which state that deep
well water needs to be boiled first and filtered before
drinking. Despite having no odor or color, the water sample
did not meet the requirements for drinking water based on
apparent color and turbidity, according to the laboratory
examination. The study suggested constantly monitoring the
physical and chemical characteristics of deep well water.

29
Table 1. Laboratory Result for the Physical Water Analysis
of the water sample of the Deep Well Water.
Parameters Result of Analysis Interpretation
Animal Village
Apparent Color 0 Passed
Turbidity 0.38 Passed
Farm Village
Apparent Color 16.67 Failed
Turbidity 11.11 Failed
Legend:
Standard Values Interpretation
Apparent Color <10 ACU Passed
>10 ACU Failed
Turbidity <5 NTU Passed
>5 NTU Failed
Assessment of Chemical Characteristics of Deep Well Water in
ISUFST-DC Agri-Eco Tourism Farm, Brgy. Bongloy, Dingle,
Iloilo
As shown in Table 2, the chemical analysis of deep well
water at the ISUFST Agri-Eco Tourism Farm in terms of
chloride, pH, total dissolved solids, and total hardness.

30
The results revealed that the chemical analysis of the
deep well water of ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm in Animal
Village in terms of chloride "passed" with a value of 16.33
mg/L. It was classified as having an "alkaline" pH with a
value of 7.46. Its total dissolved solids "passed" with a
value of 327 mg/L. Furthermore, in terms of total hardness
(as CaC03), "passed" with a value of 190 mg/L. The result
implies that the chemical analysis of the deep well water of
ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm in Animal Village met the
standard values set by the Department of Health.
Moreover, in Farm Village, in terms of chloride,
"passed" with a value of 7.33 mg/L. With a standard value of
7.46, it was classified as having a "neutral" pH. Its total
dissolved solids "passed" with a standard value of 244 mg/L.
Further, in terms of total hardness (as CaC03), "passed"
with a standard value of 211 mg/L. The result implies that
the chemical analysis of the deep well water of the ISUFST-
DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm in Farm Village met the standard
values set by the Department of Health. The result further
shows that the deep well water in Animal and Farm Village is
free from chemical contamination and therefore safe for
animal consumption.
31
This study's findings are corroborated by a study by
Isrik, M. (2012), which found that the ideal pH range for
livestock water—other than that for dairy cattle—is between
5.5 and 8.3. Water with a pH between 6.0 and 8.0 is ideal
for dairy cattle and is therefore suitable for animal
consumption. To further ascertain the chemical composition
of the source, the study advised follow-up and ongoing
monitoring for its physico-chemical examination of the deep
well water (Constantino and Vega, 2020). Since Farm Village
is known to be an agricultural area, it is also advised to
include a test for the presence of insecticides there.

32
Table 2. Laboratory Result for the Chemical Water Analysis
of the water sample of the Deep Well Water.
Parameters Result of Interpretation
Analysis
Animal Village
Chloride 16.33 Passed
pH 7.46 Alkaline
Total Dissolved Solids 327 Passed
Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 190 Passed
Farm Village
Chloride 7.33 Passed
pH 7.09 Neutral
Total Dissolved Solids 244 Passed
Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 211 Passed
Legend:
Chloride 250 mg/L Passed
>250 mg/L Failed
pH 0-6.9 Acidic
7.0 Neutral
7.1-14 Alkaline
Total Dissolved Solids 600 mg/L Passed
>600 mg/L Failed
Total Hardness (as CaCO3) 300 mg/L Passed
>300 mg/L Failed
33
Assessment of Bacteriological Characteristics of Deep Well
Water in ISUFST-DDC Agri-Eco Tourism Farm, Brgy. Bongloy,
Dingle, Iloilo
Table 3 shows the results of the bacteriological
analysis of the deep well water at the ISUFST Agri-Eco
Tourism Farm in terms of total coliforms, fecal coliforms,
and heterotrophic coliforms.
The results revealed that the bacteriological analysis
of the deep well water of ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm in
terms of total coliforms "failed" with a value of 3.53
MPN/mL in Animal Village near the pasture and 0.87 MPN/mL in
Farm Village near the mango farm. Meanwhile, in terms of
fecal coliforms, "passed" with a standard value of 0 MPN/mL
in all water samples tested. However, in terms of its
heterotrophic plate count, "failed" with a standard value of
13.33 cfu/mL in Animal Village near the pasture and 5700
cfu/mL in Farm Village near the mango farm. The result
implies that the bacteriological analysis of the deep well
water of ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm did not meet the
standard values set by the Department of Health. In this
case, the result indicates that the microbial quality of the
water at the point of usage was unsuitable for human

34
consumption without treatment but could be used for bathing
and washing clothes, watering rice fields, and animal
consumption.
This present study is supported by the findings of
Sakar et al. (2022) regarding the detection of the
bacteriological characteristics of deep well water. The
result revealed that there is high bacterial contamination
of water sources, with total coliforms being detectable in
all sources. It is concluded that filtration and boiling of
the water are needed before human consumption. Moreover, the
water is safe for animal consumption as there are no
regulations governing the number of microorganisms or
bacteria in the water used for livestock production unless
the farm is a Grade A dairy (Donald, L., and Charles D.
2001).
35
Table 3. Laboratory Result for the Bacteriological
Examination of the water sample of the Deep Well Water.
Parameters Animal Village Farm Village Interpretation
Total Coliform 3.53 0.87 Failed
Fecal Coliform 0 0 Passed
Heterotrophic 13.33 5700 Failed

Plate Count
Legend: Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
MPN/100ml. Total Coliforms <1.1 or 0 Passed
MPN/100ml. Total Coliforms >1.1 Failed
MPN/100ml. Fecal Coliforms <1.1 or 0 Passed
MPN/100ml. Fecal Coliforms >1.1 Failed
Heterotrophic Plate Count <500 cfu/ml Passed
Heterotrophic Plate Count >500 cfu/ml Failed

36
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The experimental research was conducted to determine
the physical, chemical, and bacteriological assessment of
deep well water at ISUFST Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay
Bongloy, Dingle, Iloilo.
The physical and chemical laboratory analysis results
of the water sample in Animal Village met the standard
values set by the Department of Health for the parameters
analyzed. However, its bacteriological analysis failed to
meet the Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
with its total coliform and heterotrophic levels. In the
water sample from Farm Village, the physical and chemical
analysis results failed to meet the standard values set by
the Department of Health for the parameters analyzed.
Likewise, its bacteriological analysis failed to meet the
Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water with its
total coliform, and the heterotrophic plate count exceeded
the permissible limits.

37
Conclusions:
Based on the results of the study, the following
conclusions are drawn:
1. It was found out that the water sample in Animal
Village, in terms of its physical and chemical
analysis, complied with the standard values set by the
Department of Health for the parameters analyzed.
However, it failed to meet the Philippine National
Standard for Drinking Water with its total coliform and
heterotrophic plate counts, which exceeded the
permissible limits.
2. In water sample 2 from Farm Village, it was found out
in terms of its physical and chemical analysis that its
apparent color and turbidity parameters failed to meet
the standard values set by the Department of Health for
the parameters analyzed. Likewise, it failed to meet
the Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
with its total coliform, and the heterotrophic plate
count exceeded the permissible limits.
3. The water samples, both from Animal Village and Farm
Village, failed to meet the Philippine National
Standards for Drinking Water and the Department of

38
Health, which illustrates a high risk of contamination.
Therefore, the microbial quality of the water at the
point of usage was unsuitable for human consumption
without treatment.
Recommendations:
Based on the results of the study, the following
recommendations are suggested:
1. A study recommended follow-up and constant monitoring
of the microbiological qualities of deep well water at
ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm every six months.
2. A physical and chemical analysis every three years
should also be made to further determine the chemical
content of deep well water. The inclusion of a test for
the presence of insecticides is also recommended since
the place is identified as an agricultural area.
3. It is recommended that hygienic practices be improved
so as to prevent or reduce contamination of water with
coliforms, especially in the animal village, and
undesirable chemicals in the farm village.

39
4. It is recommended that water from deep well sources be
subjected to filtration and boiling before it is safe
for human consumption.
5. It is not recommended for the water to go under
chlorination because it is not advisable for safe
drinking for the animals at the animal village;
instead, it is advised to install water tanks where
stored water will go through chlorination to kill
bacteria.
6. It is recommended that the institution establish a
water filtration system to remove undesirable chemical
compounds, organic and inorganic elements, and
biological pollutants from the water, thereby enhancing
water quality. The institution should install a water
filtration system to improve water quality by filtering
out undesirable chemical compounds, organic and
inorganic materials, and biological contaminants from
the water.
40
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44
Biographical Data
SHAINA JOY G. PEREZ

Licu-an, Dingle, Iloilo
Mobile No.: 0993 863 3224
Email: coed.sjperez@iscof.edu.ph
perezsj19@gmail.com
PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Date of Birth: June 19, 2000
Place of Birth: Pototan, Iloilo
Age: 22 years old
Civil Status: Single
Gender: Female
Religion: Born Again
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND:
Elementary: Nazuni Elementary School
2013
Junior High: Valenzuela National High School
2017
Senior High: Nazuni Summit Comprehensive National
High School
2019
Tertiary: Iloilo State University of Fisheries
Science and Technology
2019-Present
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education
Major: Biological Science
45
Biographical Data
ROWENA O. ATOR
Tulatula-an, Dingle, Iloilo
Mobile No.: 0910 237 4598
Email: rowenaator@gmail.com
Date of Birth: July 21, 2000
Place of Birth: Nazuni Dingle, Iloilo
Age: 22 years old
Gender: Female
Religion: Roman Catholic
Elementary: Sra. Consulacion Muyco Aportadera
Elementary School
2013
Junior High: Nazuni Summit Comprehensive National
High School
2017
High School
2019
2019-Present
46
Biographical Data
QUEENZY GRACE P. GUINTIBANO

Tulatula-an, Dingle, Iloilo
Mobile No.: 0963 663 8859
Email: guintibanoq@gmail.com
Date of Birth: November 21, 2000
Place of Birth: Nazuni, Dingle , Iloilo
Age: 22 years old
Gender: Female
Elementary: Nazuni Elementary School
2013
Junior High: Nazuni Summit Comprehensive National
High School
2017
High School
2019
2019-Present
47
Biographical Data
NEVA JEAN D. MARTIZANO
Lincud, Dingle, Iloilo
Mobile No.: 0963 680 1261
Email: nevajeanmartizano@gmail.com
Date of Birth: April 17, 1996

Place of Birth: Medina, Anilao, Iloilo
Age: 27 years old
Civil Status: Married
Gender: Female
Elementary: Medina Elementary School

2008
Secondary: Calicuang National High School
2012
2019-Present

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Physico Chemical and Bacteriological Assessment of Deep Well. FINAL 5

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Physico-Chemical, and Bacteriological Assessment of Deep Well

Water in ISUFST-DC Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy,

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Perez, Shaina Joy G.

This undergraduate thesis, "Physico-chemical and

Bacteriological Assessment of Deep Well Water in ISUFST-DC

Agri-Ecotourism Farm, Barangay Bongloy, Dingle, Iloilo,"

prepared and submitted by Shaina Joy G. Perez, Rowena O.

Ator, and Queenzy Grace P. Guintibano, Neva Jean D.

Martizano, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree Bachelor of Secondary Education major in

Biological Science, is hereby approved with a grade of

SOCELINE N. BATISLA-ONG Ph.D.

GLENN J. DADOR Ph.D. JINKY D. PEREZ Ph.D.

ELAINE H. ANZURES Ph.D. ALMA P. LOCARA Ed.D.

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

degree of Bachelor of Secondary Education Major in

____April 27, 2023_____ JINKY D. PEREZ Ph.D.

The researchers would like to extend their sincere

gratitude to the following individuals who were able to

contribute the desire to help, for the unshakable and never-

ending support, encouragement, financial assistance, and

valuable time for the completion of this study:

Dr. Alma P. Locara, Chair, Research and Development,

for her encouragement, kindness, and guidance;

Dr. Jinky D. Perez, Dean of the College of Education,

for the warm encouragement, thoughtful guidance, comments,

and suggestions, and for the continued support for the

fulfilment of this study;

Dr. Elaine H. Anzures, Research Coordinator, for the

guidance, generous assistance, advice and suggestions

imparted for the success of this research;

To the researchers adviser, Dr. Soceline N. Batisla-

ong, for the unwavering leadership, care, encouragement,

support, and understanding—but most importantly for the love

she showed to each and every researcher.

Dr. Glenn J. Dador, for the patience, guidance, and

instruction that aided greatly for the completion of this

study and insights on the presentation of this study;

To Dr. Aurelio D. Esmediana for guiding, preparing, and

helping the researchers in getting the samples for this

The researchers credit their courage and determination

unwavering support, financial aid, and love, care, counsel,

trust, and encouragement in conducting this study.

And most importantly, thanks to the Omnipotent God for

bestowing the fortitude, the blessings of constancy, and the

This study is wholeheartedly dedicated to our beloved

parents, who have been our source of inspiration and gave us

strength when we thought of giving up, who continually

provide their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial

To our brother, sisters, relatives, mentor, friends,

and classmates who shared their words of advice and

encouragement to finish this study.

And lastly, we dedicated this book to the Almighty God,

thank you for the guidance, strength, power of mind,

protection and skills and for giving us a healthy life. All

of these, we offer to you.

LIST OF TABLES viii

Background of the Study 1

Objectives of the Study 4

Significance of the Study 5

Scope and Limitations 6

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 10

Procedure for the Collection of Samples 23

April 27, 2023_ JINKY D. PEREZ Ph.D.