1- The play “Promallon” had a historical origin What was the significance

of the title, Pygmalion?

Show took his title from the ancient Greek legend of
the famous sculptor named Pygmalion who thought that
women behaved in a very bad way. So he carved a statue
of an extremely beautiful woman which he loved.
Consequently, at a festival, he prayed to the goddess of
love, Aphrodite, that he might have the statue come to
life When he reached home, to his amazement, he found
that his wish had been fulfilled and he proceeded to
marry the statue, which he named Galatea.

2- Show Introduced important themes in his play, Pygmalion. Diaguer

Shaw believed in the importance of true education. So, he chose Professor,
Higgins to be the main character in the play, Higgins decided to teach the flower
girl, Eliza, good manners of high-class people. He wanted to prove that, the gap
between the upper class and the lower one can be overcome through education.
Another important part was the independence of woman. Higgins considered Eliza
as a dummy which had to obey the orders without discussion. He forgot that she
was a real human being who had an independent personality. Higgins was
surprised at Eliza's decision of independence after being educated. He changed his
idea about Eliza

3- Show made a good use of the Introductory scene to introduce his main
characters: Explain.
The play began in London where the weather was very bad and it was raining
heavily. Some people were running for shelter into a church, Among them
Professor Higgins was standing. He was introduced as a "note taker" as he was
busy writing in a notebook He was taking notes on what people were saying in
order to guess the place where they come from. Other people in the scene were a
mother, Mrs Eynsford Hill, and her daughter, Clara. They were waiting for Freddy,
Clara's brother who went to get a cab (taxi) for them but he wouldn't come back
till the end of the act. They represented the upper class in society There was also
a girl selling flowers, Eliza, who represented the poor low class

(1)
1-Henry Higgins

He is a professor of phonetics who plays "Pygmalion" to Eliza.

He is the author of Higgins' Universal Alphabet. He is not
traditional. He goes in the opposite direction from the rest of
society in most matters. The only reason the world has not turned
against him because he is good and harmless. His biggest fault
is that he can act as a bully .‫ يتصرف كمستبد‬He is a phonetician by
profession and can place any man in London within two miles.
He claims that he can teach anybody any dialect including how to
speak correctly.

2-Colonel Pickering

the author of Spoken Sanskrit, is like Higgins, but he is less obsessive; in his
passion for phonetics. Higgins is a tough, careless ‫ مهمل‬and bully. Pickering is
always considerate ‫ مراعى لشعور األخرين‬and a true gentleman. He helps in the Eliza
experiment by making a wager of it. Higgins manages to teach Eliza
pronunciations. Pickering teaches her to respect herself.

3-Eliza Doolittle

She is not at all a romantic figure. She is like a bridge to reach the theme of the
play. She is not at all an attractive person. She is perhaps eighteen, perhaps
twenty, hardly older. She wears a little sailor's hat of black straw that has long
been exposed to the dust and soot of London. Her hair needs washing: its mousy
color can hardly be natural. She wears a shoddy ‫ رخيص‬black coat that reaches
nearly to her knees and is shaped to her waist. She has a brown skirt with a coarse
apron ‫مريله خشنه‬. Her boots are much the worse for wear.

Alfred Doolittle

He is Eliza's father. He is old, but a strong dustman. He has had at least six
wives. He doesn't fear anything. When he learns that his daughter has entered
Higgins' home; he at once follows to see if he can get some money out Of Higgins.
His speeches are honest though he is bad.

(2)
 Freddy Eynsford Hill

From the very beginning, Higgins thinks that Freddy is a

fool ‫أحمق‬. In the opening scene he has no will. He becomes lovesick
‫ مريض بالحب‬for Eliza, and courts ‫ يغازل‬her with letters.

Mrs. Higgins-

Professor Higgins' mother. Mrs. Higgins is a stately ‫ مهيب‬lady a-ed-a in her

sixties who sees the Eliza experiment as idiocy ‫حماقه‬, Too; she considers Higgins
and Pickering as senseless ‫ بدون احساس‬children. She is worried about Eliza and
about the whole affair.

ACT[I]
Covent Garden at 11.15 p.m. Torrents of heavy summer rain. Cab whistles
‫صفارات‬blowing frantically in all directions. Pedestrians ‫ المارة‬running for shelter
into the market and under the portico of St. Paul's Church, where there are already
several people, among them a lady and her daughter in evening dress. They are
all peering out gloomily ‫ بكابة‬at the rain, except one man with his back turned to
the rest, who seems wholly preoccupied ‫ مشغو ال‬with a notebook in which he is
writing busily.

THE DAUGHTER: [in the space between the central pillars close to the one on her
left] I'm getting chilled ‫ أشعر بالبرد الشديد‬to the bone. What can Freddy be doing all this
time? He's been gone twenty minutes.
THE MOTHER: [on her daughter's right] Not so long. But he ought to have got us
a cab by this.
A BYSTANDER: [on the lady's right] He won't get no cab not until half-past eleven,
missus, when they come back after dropping their theatre fares.
THE MOTHER: But we must have a cab. We can't stand here until half-past eleven.
It's too bad.
THE BYSTANDER: Well, it ain't my fault, missus.
(3)
THE DAUGHTER: If Freddy had a bit of gumption, he would have got one at the
theatre door.
THE MOTHER: What could he have done, poor boy?
THE DAUGHTER: Other people got cabs. Why couldn't he?
Freddy rushes in out of the rain from the Southampton Street side, and comes between
them closing a dripping umbrella. He is a young man of twenty, in evening dress, very
wet around the ankles.
THE DAUGHTER: Well, haven't you got a cab?
FREDDY: There's not one to be had for love or money.
THE MOTHER: Oh, Freddy, there must be one. You can't have tried.
THE DAUGHTER: It's too tiresome. Do you expect us to go and get one ourselves?

RETSENIOR 1
FREDDY: I tell you they're all engaged ‫مشغولين‬. The rain was so sudden: nobody
was prepared, and everybody had to take a cab. I've been to Charing Cross one way
and nearly to Ludgate Circus the other; and they were all engaged.
THE MOTHER: Did you try Trafalgar Square?
FREDDY: There wasn't one at Trafalgar Square.
THE DAUGHTER: Did you try?
FREDDY: I tried as far as Charing Cross Station. Did you expect me to walk to
Hammersmith?
THE DAUGHTER: You haven't tried at all.
THE MOTHER: You really are very helpless, Freddy. Go again; and don't come
back until you have found a cab.
FREDDY: I shall simply get soaked ‫ يتبلل‬for nothing.
THE DAUGHTER: And what about us? Are we to stay here all night in this
draught ‫ تيار هوائي‬with next to nothing on. You selfish pig-

(4)
FREDDY: Oh, very well: I'll go, I'll go. [He opens his umbrella and dashes off ‫يندفع‬
Strand wards, but comes into collision with a flower girl, who is hurrying in for shelter,
knocking her basket out of her hands. A blinding flash of lightning, followed instantly
by a rattling peal of thunder, orchestrates the incident]

THE FLOWER GIRL: Nah then, Freddy: look wh' y' gowin, deah.
FREDDY: Sorry [he rushes off].
THE FLOWER GIRL: [picking up her scattered ‫ مبعثرة‬flowers and replacing them
in the basket] There's menners f yer! Te-oo banches o voylets trod into the mad.
[She sits down on the plinth of the column, sorting her flowers, on the lady's right.
She is not at all an attractive person. She is perhaps eighteen, perhaps twenty, hardly
older. She wears a little sailor hat of black straw that has long been exposed to the
dust and soot ‫ سخام‬of London and has seldom if ever been brushed. Her hair needs
washing rather badly: its mousy color can hardly be natural. She wears a shoddy
‫ رخيص‬black coat that reaches nearly to her knees and is shaped to her waist. She has
a brown skirt with a coarse apron. Her boots are much the worse for wear. She is no
doubt as clean as she can afford to be; but compared to the ladies she is very dirty.
Her features are no worse than theirs; but their condition leaves something to be
desired; and she needs the services of a dentist].

THE MOTHER: How do you know that my son's name is Freddy, pray ily?
THE FLOWER GIRL: Ow, eez ye-ooa san, is e? Wal, fewd dan y' de-ooty bawmz
mather should, eed now bettern to spawl a pore gel's flahrzn than ran awy atbaht
pyin. Will yeoo py me f 'them? [Here, with apologies, this desperate attempt to
represent her dialect without a phonetic alphabet must be abandoned as unintelligible
outside London.]
THE DAUGHTER: Do nothing of the sort, mother. The idea!
THE MOTHER: Please allow me, Clara. Have you any pennies?
THE DAUGHTER: No. I've nothing smaller than sixpence ‫نصف شيلن‬
THE FLOWER GIRL: [hopefully] I can give you change for a tanner, ‫ سته بنسات‬kind
lady
THE MOTHER: [to Clara] Give it to me. [Clara parts reluctantly]. Now [to the girl]
This is for your flowers.
THE FLOWER GIRL: Thank you kindly, lady.

(5)
THE DAUGHTER: Make her give you the change. These things are only a penny a
bunch.
THE MOTHER: Do hold your tongue, Clara. [To the girl]. You can keep the change.
THE FLOWER GIRL: Oh, thank you, lady.
THE MOTHER: Now tell me how you know that young gentleman's name.
THE FLOWER GIRL: I didn't.
THE MOTHER: I heard you call him by it. Don't try to deceive me.
THE FLOWER GIRL: [protesting] Who's trying to deceive you? I called him Freddy
or Charlie same as you might yourself if you was talking to a stranger and wished to
be pleasant. [She sits down beside her basket].
THE DAUGHTER: Sixpence thrown away! Really, mamma, you might have spared
Freddy that. [She retreats in disgust behind the pillar].
An elderly gentleman of the amiable military type rushes into shelter, and closes a
dripping umbrella. He is in the same plight as Freddy, very wet about the ankles. He
is in evening dress with a light overcoat. He takes the place left vacant ‫ فارغ‬by the
daughter's retirement ‫تراجع‬
THE GENTLEMAN: Phew!
THE MOTHER: [to the gentleman] Oh, sir, is there any sign of its stopping?
THE GENTLEMAN: I'm afraid not. It started worse than ever about two minutes
ago. [He goes to the plinth beside the flower girl; puts up his foot on it; and stoops to
turn down his trouser ends].
THE MOTHER: Oh, dear! [She retires sadly and joins her daughter].
BOMATE TE PHY THE FLOWER GIRL: [taking advantage of the military gentleman's
proximity to establish friendly relations with him]. If it's worse it's a sign it's nearly
over. So cheer up, Captain; and buy a flower off a poor girl. WIRID SEWO FENT
THE GENTLEMAN: I'm sorry, I haven't any change.
THE FLOWER GIRL: I can give you change, Captain,
THE GENTLEMEN: For a sovereign ‫ ?جنيه ذهبى‬I've nothing less.
THE FLOWER GIRL: Garn! Oh do buy a flower off me, Captain. I can change half-
a- crown.‫ قطعة نقدية فضة تساوي خمس شلنات‬Take this for tuppence .

(6)
THE GENTLEMAN: Now don't be troublesome ‫مزعجة‬: there's a good girl. [Trying
his pockets] I really haven't any change-Stop: here's three hapence, if that's any use
to you [he retreats to the other pillar].
THE FLOWER GIRL: [disappointed, but thinking three halfpence better than
nothing] Thank you, sir.
THE BYSTANDER: [to the girl] You be careful: give him a flower for it. There's a
bloke ‫ رجل‬here behind taking down every blessed word you're saying. [All turn to the
man who is taking notes].

THE FLOWER GIRL: [springing up terrified] I ain't done nothing wrong by

speaking to the gentleman. I've a right to sell flowers if I keep off the kerb
‫[الرصيف‬Hysterically] I'm a respectable girl: so help me, I never spoke to him except to
ask him to buy a flower off me. [General hubbub, ‫ الصخب‬mostly sympathetic ‫متعاطف‬
to the flower girl, but Cries of Don't start hollerin‫ صراخ‬. deprecating her excessive
sensibility ‫ حساسيتها الزائد‬Who's hurting you? Nobody's going to touch you. What's the
good of fussing? Steady on. Easy, easy, etc., come from the elderly staid spectators
who pat her comfortingly. Less patient ones bid her shut her head, or ask her roughly
what is wrong with her. A remoter group, not knowing what the matter is, crowd in
and increase the noise with question and answer: What's the row ‫ ?الضجة‬What she
do? Where is he? A tec taking her down. What! him? Yes: him over there: Took money
off the gentleman, etc. The flower girl, distraught and mobbed, breaks through them
to the gentleman, crying mildly] Oh, sir, don't let him charge me. You dunno what it
means to me. They'll take away my character and drive me on the streets for speaking
to gentlemen. They-

THE NOTE TAKER: looming forward on her right, the rest crowding after him]
there, there, there! Who's hurting you, you silly girl? What do you take me for?
THE BYSTANDER: It’s all right: he's a gentleman: look at his boots. [Explaining
to the note taker] She thought you was a copper’s nark ‫الخبز‬, sir.
THE NOTE TAKER: [with quick interest] What’s a copper’s nark?
THE BYSTANDER: [inept ‫ أحمق‬at definition] It’s a—well, it’s a copper’s nark, as
yoL might say. What else would you call it? A sort of informer.
THE FLOWER GIRL: [still hysterical] I take my Bible oath I never said a word—
THE NOTE TAKER [overbearing but good-humored] Oh, shut up, shut up. Do I
look like a policeman?

(7)
THE FLOWER GIRL: [far from reassured] Then what did you take down my words
for? How do I know whether you took me down right? You just show me what you’ve
wrote about me. [The note taker opens his book and holds it steadily under her nose
though the pressure of the mob trying to read it over his shoulders would upset a
weaker man]. What's that? That ain’t proper writing. I can’t read that.
THE NOTE TAKER: I can. [Reads, reproducing her pronunciation exactly] “Cheer
ap, Keptin; n' haw ya flahr orf a pore gel."
THE FLOWER GIRL: [much distressed] It’s because I called him Captain. I meant
no harm. [To the gentleman] Oh, sir, don’t let him lay a charge agen me for a word
like that. You—
THE GENTLEMAN: Charge! I make no charge. [To the note taker] Really, sir, if
you are a detective, you need not begin protecting me against molestation ‫مضايقه‬
young women until I ask you. Anybody could see that the girl meant no harm.
THE BYSTANDERS GENERALLY: [demonstrating against police
espionage ‫ ] نجسس‬Course they could. What business is it of yours? You mind your own
affairs. He wants promotion, he does. Taking down people’s words! Girl never said a
word to him. What harm if she did? Nice thing a girl can’t shelter from the rain without
being insulted, etc., etc., etc. [She is conducted by the more sympathetic demonstrators
back to her plinth, where she resumes her seat and struggles with her emotion].
THE BYSTANDER: He ain’t a tec . He’s a blooming busybody‫ فضولى‬that’s what
he is , I tell you, look at this book
THE NOTE TAKER [turning on him genially] And how are all your people down at
Selsey?
THE BY STANDER: [suspiciously] Who told you my people come from Selsey ?
THE NOTE TAKER : Never you mind. They did. [To the girl] How do you come to
be up so far east? You were born in Lisson Grove.
THE FLOWER GIRL: appalled OH, what harm is there in my leaving Lisson Grove?
It wasn’t fit for a pig to live in; and I had to pay four-and -six a week. [In tears] Oh,
Poo— hoo— oo
THE NOTE TAKER: Live w here you like; but stop that noise.
THE GENTLEMAN: [to the girl] Come, come! he can't touch you: you have a right
to live where you please.

(8)
ASARCASTIC ‫ ساخر‬BYSTANDER , [thrusting him self between the note taker
and the gentleman] Park Lane, for instance. I’d like to go into the Housing Question
with you, I would.
THE FLOWER GIRL [subsiding into a brooding melancholy over her basket, and
talking very low -spiritedly to herself] I’m a good girl, I am.
THE SAR CASTIC BY STANDER: [not attending to her] Do you know where /
come from?
THE NOTE TAKER [prom ptly] Hoxton. Titterings. Popular interest in the note
taker's perfomiance increases.
THE SAR CASTICONE [amazed] W ell, who said I didn’t? Bly me! You know
everything, you do.
THE FLOWER GIRL: [still nursing her sense of injury] Ain’t no call to meddle with
me, he ain’t.
THE BY STANDER : [to her] Of course he ain’t. Don’t you stand it from him. [To
the note taker] See here: what call have you to know about people what never offered
to meddle with you? Where's your warrant?
SEVERAL BY STANDERS : [encouraged by this seeming point of law] Yes :
where ’s your warrant ‫? مبرر‬
The flower Girl: Let him say what he likes. I Don’t want to have no truck with him
The Bystander: you take us for dirt under your feet, don’t you? Catsh you taking
liberties with a genteleman!
The sarcastic Bystander: yes: tell him where he come from if you want to o
fortune-telling
The note taker: Cheltenham, Harrow, Cambridge, and india
The Genteleman: quite right [Great laughter. Reaction in the note faker's favor.
Exclamations of He knows all about it. Told him proper. Hear him tell the toff where
he come from? etc.). May I ask, sir, do you do this for your living at a music hall?
THE NOTE TAKER: I've thought of that. Perhaps I shall some day. The rain has
stopped; and the persons on the outside of the crowd begin to drop off.

(9)
THE FLOWER GIRL: (resenting the reaction] He's no gentleman, he ain't, to
interfere with a poor girl.
THE DAUGHTER: out of patience, pushing her way rudely to the front and
THE NOTE TAKER: [to himself, hastily making a note of her pronunciation of
*monis] Earlscourt.
THE DAUGHTER: (violently) Will you please keep your impertinent remarks to
THE MOTHER [advancing between her daughter and the note taker] How very
curious! I was brought up in Largelady Park, near Epsom.
THE NOTE TAKER: Juproariously amused] Ha! ha! What a devil of a name! Excuse
me. To the daughter] You want a cab, do you?
THE MOTHER: Oh, please, please Clara. [Her daughter repudiates her with an
angry shrug and retires haughtily.] We should be so grateful to you, sir, if you found
us a cab. [The note taker produces a whistle]. Oh, thank you. [She joins her daughter).
The note taker blows a piercing blast.
THE SARCASTIC BYSTANDER: There! I knowed he was a plain-clothes copper
THE BYSTANDER: That ain't a police whistle: that's a sporting whistle.
THE FLOWER GIRL: (still preoccupied with her wounded feelings) He's no right
to take away my character. My character is the same to me as any lady's.
THE NOTE TAKER: I don't know whether you've noticed it but the rain stopped
about two minutes ago. THE BYSTANDER: So it has. Why didn't you say so before? and
us losing our time listening to your silliness. He walks off towards the Strand]
THE SARCASTIC BYSTANDER: I can tell where you come Anwell. Go back
there.
THE NOTE TAKER. [helpfully] Hanwell.
THE SARCASTIC BYSTANDER (affecting great distinction of speech] Thank you teacher.
Haw haw! So long [he touches his hat with mock respect and strolls off
THE FLOWER GIRL: Frightening people like that! How would he like it himself
THE MOTHER: It's quite fine now. Clara. We can walk to a motor bus. Come (She
gathers her skirts above her ankles and hures off towards the Strand]

(10)
THE DAUGHTER: But the cab-[her mother is out of hearing! Oh, how tiresome!
[She follows angrily]. All the rest have gone except the note taker, the gentleman and
the flower girl, who sits arranging her basket, and still pitying herself in murmurs
THE FLOWER GIRL: Poor girl! Hard enough for her to live without being wonted
and chivied.
THE GENTLEMAN: (returning to his former place on the note takers eft) How do
you do it, if I may ask?
THE NOTE TAKER: Simply phonetics. The science of speech. That's my profession
also my hobby. Happy is the man who can make a living by his hobby! You can spot
an Irishman or a Yorkshireman by his brogue. I can place any man within six miles i
can place him within two miles in London. Sometimes within two streets
THE FLOWER GIRL: Ought to be ashamed of himself, unmanly coward
THE GENTLEMAN: But is there a living in that?

Questions:

1. What purpose does the rain shower serve?

……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Why is Mrs. Eynsford suspicious of Eliza?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. How does the flower girl justify calling Freddy by his name?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Describe Colonel Pickering.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(11)
5. The note taker is assumed to be of what profession? What actually is
his profession?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. What does the note taker say about a "woman who utters such
depressing and disgusting sounds"?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. The note taker brags about what he could do for the flower girl within
three months. What does he claim?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Who takes the cab Freddy brings? Why?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. What do Higgins and Pickering have in common?
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

Quotations:

1. “I’m getting chilled to the bone. What can Freddy be doing all this
time?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
2. “I tell you theyre all engaged.”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. “How do you know that my son’s name is Freddy, pray?”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
4. “Ow, eez yә-ooa san, is e? Wal, fewd dan y’dә-ooty bawmz…”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(12)
5. “Who’s trying to deceive you?” Eliza, the flower girl, says these words
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. “I aint done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
7. “He’s no gentleman, he aint, to interfere with a poor girl.”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
8. “He’s no right to take away my character.”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
9. “A woman who utters such depressing and disgusting sounds has no
right to be anywhere- no right to live.”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
10. “You see this creature with her kerbstone English: the English that
will keep her in the gutter to the end of her days.”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
11. “Hundreds and thousands of times, young man.”
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………

(13)
 Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more
temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May And summers lease
hath all too short a date:

thee: you thou art: you are

temperate: moderate; mild rough: wild; not soft

buds: young rolled - up flowers or leaves before they open lease:

rent; (summer ‘rents' a certain amount of time)
hath: has date: time

Shakespeare begins his sonnet asking whether he should compare

his beloved to a summer’s day. The answer comes immediately: his
beloved is more beautiful and more delightful. Then the poet begins
to point out the imperfections of summer. He says that even in May,
it ' is sometimes windy, and the strong winds shake the small fragile
buds. Moreover, summer does not last for long; it is far too short and
gives way tb the other seasons.

a- Metaphor Line 4 “And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:" •
Summer is compared to something leased for a short time.
b- Repetition: Line 2 “Thou art more lovely and more temperate:” • The
word ‘more1 is repeated twice.
c- Contrast: Lines 1 - 2 “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?” Thou art
more lovely and more temperate:” • The image of hot summer is
contrasted with the delightful image of his beloved. d. Assonance: Line
4 “And summer’s lease hath all too short a date:” The same vowel sound
“o” is repeated in “too” and “short”.

Rhyme scheme → abab

(14)
Some times too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion
dimm’d ; And every fair from fair sometimes declines, By chance, or natures
changing course, untrimmed;

eye of heaven: the sun

complexion: the natural colour of the skin, especially of the face.

dimm'd: (dimmed)made not bright fair: beauty; beautiful thing

declines: to become less; decays

untrimmed: deprived of beauty; unpleasant

The second quatrain (stanza) continues to develop the argument and

discusses the flaws of the summer, which is described as a season of extremes
and disappointments. A summer’s day is ruined when the sun shines too
brightly and makes the weather too hot, or when the sun is dimmed by clouds.
This suggests that the sun is rarely or never in a desirable medium. A summer’s
day is finally darkened by night, and darkness replaces sunshine. The poet
states that every beautiful creature will eventually lose its beauty, either
through some accident or because it is natural for all living things to grow and
die.

a- Metaphor Line 1
The sun is likened to the eye of heaven.
b- Personification:
Line 1 “Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines,"
• Heaven is personified as a human being who can see.
Line 2 “And often is his gold complexion dimm’d;”
• The sun is personified as a human being with a face and complexion.
c- Alliteration:
Line 3 “And every fair from fair sometimes declines,"
• The consonant sound T is repeated in ‘fair’, ‘from’, and ‘fair’.

(15)
 Unit (1) “Every Day’s at
school”
Key Words
compulsory subjects ‫ مواد إجبارية‬premises ‫ مبانى‬- ‫مقدمات منطقية‬
curriculum ‫ منهج دراسي‬boarding school ‫مدرسة داخلية‬
extra-curricular ‫ أنشطة غير مهدرجة‬education ‫تعليم‬
stamina ‫ القدرة على الحتمال‬examinations ‫اختبار‬
improvisation ‫ ارتجال‬assessment ‫تقييم‬
reconciliation ‫ خالف – مصالحة‬-‫ تسوية‬obstacle ‫ عقبة‬- ‫عائق‬
initiative ‫ مبادرة‬equipment ‫معدات‬
privilege ‫ امتياز‬logical ‫منطقى‬
entrant ‫مشترك في‬-‫ متقدم ل‬creativity ‫ابداع‬
stimulate ‫ينبه‬-‫ ينشط‬adventure ‫مغامرة‬
catch up with ‫ يلحق ب‬turn down ‫يرفض‬
join in ‫ ينضم إلى – يشارك‬take on ‫يلزم‬-‫يتخذ‬
settle into ‫يستوطن‬-‫يتركز‬-‫ يستقر‬fall behind ‫يتأخر عن الدفع‬-‫يتخلف عن غيره‬

Vocabulary
private school ‫ مدرسة خاصة‬lacrosse ‫الكروس لعبة‬
school term ‫ فصل دراسي‬softball ‫كرة السوفت بول‬
school semester ‫ فصل دراسي‬soccer ‫كرة قدم‬
school subject ‫ مادة دراسية‬chamber ‫غرفة‬
school timetable ‫ جدول المدرسة‬ensemble ‫ فرقة‬- ‫مجموعة‬
aboriginal ‫ سكان أصليون‬- ‫ بدائي‬involve ‫يتضمن‬
original ‫ أصلي‬impressive ‫مؤثر‬
Monitoring ‫ فحص‬- ‫ مراقبة‬impulsive ‫متهور‬
Appropriate ‫ يعين‬- ‫ مالئم يخصص‬inhabitants ‫سكان مواطنين‬
Promotion ‫ ترقية‬participants ‫مشارك‬
commerce ‫ تجارة‬historical ‫تاريخي‬
criticize ‫ ينتقد‬Former ‫سابق‬
atmosphere ‫ الغالف الجوي‬Breeding ‫تهذيب‬
exhausted ‫ مرهق‬bedding ‫أغطية السرير‬
unavoidable ‫ ل يمكن تفاديه‬Padding ‫ بطانة‬- ‫حشو‬
slope ‫ منحدر‬Track ‫أثر القدام‬
honesty ‫ صدق‬on the track of ‫اقتفاء األثر‬
imagination ‫ خيال‬- ‫ تخيل‬old-fashioned ‫موضة قديمة‬
found ‫ يؤسس‬tailcoat ‫بالطو طويل‬
threaten ‫ يهدد‬pinstripe ‫مالبس غامقة مقلمة‬
Progressive ‫متوال‬-‫ تقدمى‬straw ‫قش‬
Slip ‫ قصاصة ورق‬swamp ‫مستنقع‬
include ‫ يشمل‬teenager ‫مراهق‬

(16)
Study the following:
the ability to make decisions and take action without
initiative ‫مبادرة‬
waiting for someone to tell you what to do
/ ‫صدق‬
Honesty the quality of being honest
‫صراحة‬
physical or mental strength that lets you continue
stamina
doing something for a long time without getting tired
imagination ‫ خيال‬- ‫تخيل‬ the ability to form pictures or ideas in your mind
the ability to do something without practicing or
improvisation
preparation.
curricular
sports, hobbies, clubs, that are not part of the course
activities
a special advantage that is given only to one person
privilege ‫امتياز‬
or group of people
slip ‫قصاصة ورق‬ a small piece of paper used as a record of something
the land and buildings owned by someone, by a
premises
company or organization: .
vending
‫الة البيع بقطع‬ automatic selling machine
machine
a person who becomes a member of a group or
entrants ‫مشترك‬
organization
monitoring - ‫مراقبة‬
checking
‫فحص‬
If an activity is stimulating, it causes your body to be
stimulating ‫ينبه‬-‫ينشط‬
active

Phrasal verbs
Now that Charles has got a promotion, he has had
take on ‫يلتزم‬-‫يتخذ‬ to take on a lot of new responsibilities in his
department
You need to the way of planning your work. in
get into ‫يتورط في عراك‬
advance If you want to do well
join in -After listening for the first ten minutes, I decided
‫ينضم إلى‬
to join in the discussion.
catch up Lucy stayed late in the school library to catch up
‫يلحق بـ‬
with with the work she had missed.
- ‫يتركز – يستقر‬ It took the new students a few months to her new
settle into
‫يستوطن‬ class
– ‫يتخلف عن غير‬
fallen behind I was ill for three weeks and have in maths
‫يتأخر عن الدف‬

(17)
There are two types of schools in the UK. State school, where education is free
and private schools, whore you have to pay. About 7% of students in England
and 4% of students in Scotland attend private schools.

Princo William and Prince Harry, the sons of Prince Charles, attended Eton
College, one of the oldest and most famous private schools in England. Their
father and grandfather attended a very different private school. Gordonstoun
In Scotland.

Both Eton and Gordonstoun are boarding schools, which means that pupils live
at the school and only see their parents during the school holidays. Pupils
board at Eton and Gordonstoun from the age of 12 or 13, but there are some
boarding schools where the pupils are only five years old.

Pupils at Eton wear very old-fashioned uniforms. Eton boys wear tailcoats,
waistcoats, pinstripe trousers and they used to wear top hats.

Eton pupils play a strange game called the Wall Game, which nobody outside
the school understand. It is extremely difficult to score a goal in this game-the
last one was scored in 1909!

Old Etonians, a team consisting entirely of former pupils at Eton, won the soccer
FA Cup in 1882. They also appeared in the Cup Final the following year.

It costs 20,000 to send a child to Eton. The waiting list is so long that parents
register their children's names as soon as they are born. An impressive list of
writers went to Eton, including Lan Fleming, who wrote the James Bond novels

A compound Noun: is a unit of vocabulary made from two separate words

that is usually written as a single word.

1. A Single COMPOUND NOUNS: cardboard, caveman, waterfall, doorway,

pipeline, motorway, underwater, footstep, weekend, farmyard, friendship
2. Hyphenated COMPOUND NOUNS: mother-in-law, water-ski
3. Two Seprate Words: taxi driver, orange juice, address book, capital city,
school building, summer vacation, ground level, rubbish bag, world
problems, cup final, soccer match, education

(18)
1. Science is a popular subject (with - in - on- at) my ago group
2. Share your information (at – with – of - about) others in your group
3. lt is [ usual - unusual - useless - useful] to be able to see foxes in the city.
4. The school year is divided (in-on-to-into) three terms.
5. We can choose (from-of-off-at) a series of interesting extra subjects.
6. I like ( making - holding – doing - playing ) performing Arts at school
7. After listening for the first ten minutes, I decided to join (at-off-in-out) the
discussion
8. (Arabic-Arab-Arabs-Arabia) is used to describe the language.
9. Another name for Holland is (Dutch- The nether land -Duck- America).
10. Gordonstoun is [situated - situate - situation - situating] in the Scottish
mountains.
11. Cairenes is the name for the inhabitants of (Chicago-China-The USA-cairo)
12. In most educational systems, certain school subjects are (compulsory-
commerce-projects-free) and everyone has to study them.
13. The school year is normally divided into two or three terms or (subjects-
assesmenters-private-assessment).
14. American and French schools both have a long summer (semester-
assessment-Vacation-year).
15. In some schools, Pupils who are interested in business and study (Arabic-
medicine - science- Commerce)
16. lf you have to pay fees, your school is a (special- Private - public- common)
school
17. After school (activities – projects – semesters – sentences) are usualy very
popular with these who enjoy sport, music and drama
18. Do you know anyone who comes (at - of – in - from)
19. Do you know anything ( from - about - for - away] the education system in
Canada?
20. Lucy stayed late in the school library to catch (up-on-from-up with) the
work she had misseo

(19)
21. There are two ( types - states - students – typos) in the UK
22. About 4% of students in Scotland [decide - go - attend - pretend] private
schools
23. [Boring - Bother - boarding - Boozy] schools means that pupils live at the
school and only see their parents during the school holidays.
24. Pupils at Eton (were - weird - weigh - wear) very old-fashioned uniforms
25. Pupils board at Eton and Gordonstoun (in - at - from – for) the age of 12 or13
26. Eton boys [use – used to - using - uses to] wear top hats.
27. Eton pupils play a strange game [call - called - is called - is calling] the
Wall Game, which nobody outside the school understands.
28. lt is [ extreme - extremity - extremism-extremly] difficult to score a goal in
this game
29. The teacher set us a research (function - job - career – project) on a
historical famous event of our choosing.
30. After school (projects -careers- activities- habits) are usually very popular
with those who enjoy sport, music and drama.
31. My school is (on -in-at-of) the north— east part of the town,
32. Our flat is divided ( in - to- - into - onto) three rooms and a big hall
33. You need to (take on - get into - join in - catch up with ) the way of planning
your work in advance if you want to do well.
34. (entrants - Entries - Entrances - Enters) are new members who join a school
or club
35. Do you think [ study - studies - studing - studied] languages is important?
36. [Honesty-lmprovisation-lnitiative-Staminal] is the quality for someone who
works hard for a long time.
37. [Honesty - Stamina - Initiative improvisation] is the quality for someone who
doe something without practising or rehearsing.
38. (Stamina - Honesty -lnitiative-lmprovisationl) is the quality for someone who
tells the truth a the time
39. (imagintaion-Stamina- Honesty-initiative) is the quality for someone who
has original idea?

(20)
40. [lmprovisation - Honesty - Imagination - initiate] is the quality for someone
who decide what to do in an independentway.
41. Our school was (found - - fined - find) in 1939.
42. Eton College is one of the oldest and most [ boring - Famous-old-fashioned
- frigid] school
43. Old Etonians, a team consisting entirely of [ farmer - Former- form - farm]
pupils at Eton
44. The waiting list in Eton College is so long that parents [register - registrar -
registration registry] their children's names as soon as they are born.
45. (Breeding - Bedding - Boarding - Bouncing ) schools are kinds of schools
where pupils hv and only see their parents during holidays.
46. (Lacrosse – chamber ensemble - Soccer - Stamina) is a small group of
musicians this play a type of classical music.
47. (Softball - lacrosse - Cross- country - Chamber ensemble) is a game in
which two teams try to score goals with a ball, using long sticks with nets at
the end.
48. I like watching (Arab - arabic - Arabian - A rabia) films
49. Most educational systems have (optional - compulsory - resistant -
impostor) subjects r everyone has to study.
50. I go to school by bus, but my mother sometimes (picks - takes - reaches -
assists) me on her way home from work.
51. He is known for his (initiativo-Honesty-improvisation-Stamina) as ha always
the truth
52. The school year in Egypt is divided Into two (terms - semesters - options –
timetables)
53. Activities (apply - count - represent - rely) for 30% of our grade tins year
54. In some countries, there are three or four (terms-semesters-trimetables-
options)
55. lf you have topay fees, your school is a (special - private - state -
government school)

(21)
56. A (slope - swamp - pool - pond) is an area of land covered by water where
trees and plants grow
57. A (challenger-share-Participant-vaguer) is someone who takes part in an
activity
58. I have three study (sessions - circles - rounds - settings) every day
59. The company asked the applicants to send their certificates and (consist -
include -enclose - contain) their photos in the application letters.
60. I was not accepted for the job as my application had not been turned
(up - on - down - into)
61. I look forward (hear - hearing – to hearing- to hear) form you In the near
future
62. (lmagination - Stamina - improvisation - Impression) means the ability to
do Something without practising or rehearsing.
63. I (succeeded - managed - Passed - did) my driving test and got a license
64. Our final (reconciliation - assesment - activity - evolution) is based 75% or
results and 25% on our coursework
65. The teacher asked us to use our (imagination – initiative – Honesty –
Stamina) to solve problems on a computer.
66. You need (take on – get into – join in – catch up with) the way of planning
your work in advance if you want do well
67. They have a holiday home (in - on - at - into) the North Coast
68. The (tropic of cancer- equator- time zone - latitude) is the imaginary line
that goes rourd the middle of the world.
69. lt's very hot and humid (at-in- on -from) the interior of the country
70. The United Kingdom (consists - encloses – includes – concludes) England
scotland Wales and Northern Ireland
71. I don't agree with my best friend (at - across - about - into) a favourite club
72. Did Prince Charles (go-attend-attempt-allow) the same school as his
father?
73. The government announced about the (imagination-honesty-stamina-
lnitiative) to comb unemployment.

(22)
74. (lmagination-Honesty-stamina-lnitiative) is the quality of working hard for a
long time
75. He want to be (On – in – at – with) the school basketball team

Grammer& structure
1- Present Simple

He I
She + inf + (S – es – ies) They + inf
It We
EX. My sister always cleans her room you
EX. They often go shopping

To express facts that an? a'wavs true ‫تستخدم للتعبير عن الحقائق‬

Geologies study rocks

Fruit and vegetables give us vitamin
The moon moves around the earth
The earth orbits the sun.
The sun gives us heat and light.
The sun rises in the east.

To express a habit (a repeated action) ‫تستخدم للتعبير عن العادة‬

I walk to school every day

He sometimes writes in the magazine Egypt today.
She comes here every week.
I usually get up at 6 clock

(23)
To express a situation which is true for a long time
‫تستخدم للتعبير عن موقف قد يكون حقيقيا‬
I live in cairo

To express the future after time conjunctions

‫يستخدم بعض الروابط الزمنية للتعبير عن المستقبل‬

(when – after – before – as soon as – if – unless – till – until)

When, After, The moment
present simple + future (will / be going to) inf.
Before, as soon as, if, unless
As soon as I return home
I ll give you a ring.
We are going to return home after we finish the meeting
Future (negative) + till\until + present simple
He won’t leave until she comes

To express a calendar Time table, programmes

‫يستخدم للتعبير عن التقويم الزمنى وجداول المواعيد والبرامج‬
Tomorrow is Friday
Our piane arrives to London tomorrow
The Foodball match starts at 8 clock next Friday

Some verbs always take the present simple :

‫وضع في المضارع البسيط (أفعال الشعور واألدراك) بدلا من المضارع المستمر‬
believe ‫ يعتقد‬forget ‫ينسى‬ hate ‫يكره‬

know ‫ يعرف‬like ‫يحب‬ mean ‫يعنى‬

Prefer ‫ يفضل‬see ‫يرى‬ seem ‫يبدو‬
understand ‫ يفهم‬want ‫يريد‬ love ‫يحب‬
He wants to leave now I understand what you mean

Always (100%) usually (85%) often (75%) Sometimes (50%)

every + time
rarely scarcely = seldom (20%) never(0%)
occasionally
frequently once a year — etc. on Fridays

(24)
 every day/every week/every year/ twice a week/ on Sundays / on
Fridays
He goes to the club every Monday.
Every Monday he goes to the club.

always - usually - often - sometimes -rarely - never - eve -frequently -

occasionally
I never drive into town
am never late for school.

Usually I walk to school .

I cycle to school sometimes.

Mai scarcely goes to the cinema. (Scarecely)

Scarecely does Mai go to the cinema.

Subject→ don’t – doesn’t + inf

Never + verb
He doesn't play tennis at all. (never)
He never plays tennis.

Do
Does → subject + inf
(Are - Do - Have - Will) you (eats - eat - ate - eaten) fish every day?

(25)
To describe a present habit
1- Key words –
subject –always - usually + present verb
2-used to –
subject + am / is / are + used to + v - ing
3- Habit-
lt is + name's + ‫ ضمير ملكية‬habit to + Inf
name's + habit + is + to + Inf
subject + am /is /are + in the habit of + v – ing
1- Ali always gets up at dawn. (used to)
Ali is used to getting up at dawn
2- Aliaa is in the habit of watch in g TV in the evening, (used to)
Aliaa is used to watching TV in the evening 4-She usually drinks tea.

Object + am / is / are + p.p.

Somebody cleans this room every day. (This room ........)
This room is cleaned every day

Quotations:

1- Choose the correct answer-

1- My brother …… The newspaper every morning.
a) Read b) Reads c) has read d) is reading
2- Maher usually….. English with his friends.
a) Spoke b) will speak c) speaks d) is speaking
3- The moon….. round the Earth
a) will move b) moved c) moves d) has moved
4- Mr. Salem…… comes to work late
a) Doesn’t b) never c) didn't d) won't

(26)
 5- What time ……you usually go to bed?
a) will b) did c) do d) are
6- We often …….the weekends on our form
a) spend b) will spend c) are spending d) had spent
7- He always……to school everyday. It's near his house
a) Walks b) is walking c) will walk d) has walked
8- I rarely…… my relatives
a) am visiting b) visit c) have visited d) will visit
2- Rewrite using the word(s) in brackets to give the same meaning:
1- What's your brother's job? (What does)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2- He always comes late. (is)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3- Do you have an interest in football? (interested)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4- He is used to taking exercise in the morning. (habit)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
5- I always go to bed late. (never)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
6- It is my habit to get up early. (used to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
7- I help my brothers all times. (always)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
8- She always comes early. (used to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
9- It is his habit to drink a cup of coffee after lunch. (usually)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
10- We go to the theatre from time to time. (occasionally)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
11- He hardly ever attends formal dinners at his club. (rarely)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
12- He was in the habit of smoking when he was young. (used to)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
13- He is always late for work. (never)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
14- He rarely reads loudly. (Rarely)
…………………………………………………………………………………………

(27)
 Grammer& structure
2- Present Continuous

am
is + (verb + ing)
are
She is watching TV at the present.
They are making a cake now.

A-For actions happening at the time of speaking.

Listen! The girl is singing.
The water is boiling. Can you turn it off?
b- For fixed arrangement in the near future.
I am flying to London tomorrow.
He is coming to the conference next week
1- He arranged everything to prepare the food tonight. [preparing]
……………………………………………………………………………………..
2- She arranged everything to travel next week. [travelling]
……………………………………………………………………………………..

look! ‫انظر‬ Listen ‫استمع‬

Now ‫اآلن‬ this week ‫هذا األسبوع‬
Today ‫اليوم‬ Still ‫مازال‬
at the present ‫في هذه اللحظة‬ at the moment ‫في الوقت الحالي‬
1- She studies English every day. [today]
……………………………………………………………………………………..
2- They go to the cinema on Fridays. [This week]
……………………………………………………………………………………..

(28)
state verbs are the verbs that describes a state. They don't describe an action
so we use present simple form instead of present continuous.

feel-hear-see-smell-taste ‫أفعال الحواس‬

think-understand-remember-agree-disagree-believe- ‫أفعال التفكير‬
disbelieve-mind
like-love-hate-dislike-respect-doubt-trust-envy ‫أفعال العاطفة‬
have-own-possess-belong ‫أفعال الملكية‬
want-hope-wish-need-prefer ‫أفعال الرغبة‬

1- I want to leave now.

2- This coffee tastes bitter
3- We understand the lesson now.

Obj am/is/are+pp
1-Somebody is cleaning the room. (The room)
The room is being cleaned

Grammer& structure
3- Present Perfect

He, She, It has +

have (P.P.)
I, We, They, You
I have just bought a new pullover.
Dalia has already finished her homework.

(29)
Already ‫بالفعل من قبل‬ Recently ‫ حديثا‬- ‫مؤخرا‬ just ‫توا ا – حال‬ lately
ever ‫من قبل – سبق‬ Never ‫أبدا‬ yet ‫حتى اآلن‬ since ‫منذ‬
For ‫لمدة‬ up till now ‫حتى اآلن‬ so far ‫حتى اآلن‬ almost ‫تقريبا‬

An action that started in the past and finished recently (just/already)

1- I've just finished my homework.
2- He's already finished his homework.
An action that started in the past and continue in the present
(since/for)
1- I have lived in Egypt since 2010.
2- I have lived in Egypt for 8 years.
An action that happened at an indefinite time before now
(lately / recently)
1- I haven't seen her lately.
2- She has recently cooked the food.
An action that happened in the past and has a result in the present
1- It has rained. The streets are wet.

He, She, It → hasn't

+(P.P.) + Obj.+ yet.
I, We, They, You → haven't
1- I have already bought the books. (not) (never)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
2- He has just mended the chair. (not) (never)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
3- I haven't travelled to Paris yet. (never)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
4- She has already saved some money. (never)
…………………………………………………………………………………………
(30)
Has
Subj + ever + (P.P.)+ obj.?
Have
1- Have you ever played squash?
- Yes, I have already played squash.
- No, I have never played squash.
2- No, I have never been to Rome. (Have)
……………………………………………………..
3- Yes, he has travelled to Luxor. (Has)
……………………………………………………..
4- Has she ever seen a dragon? (No)
……………………………………………………..

Has
Subj + (P.P.)+ obj.?
Have
1- I have lived in Alex since 2015. (Where)
………………………………………………………
2- They have arrived late because they missed the train (Why)
………………………………………………………
3- She has learnt French for 2 years. (How long)
………………………………………………………

have been to have gone to

Subj + have/has been to + place

‫تستخدم لتبين أن الفاعل ذهب إلى مكان وعد‬
-He has been to Italy. (He went to Italy and returned)

Subj+have/has gone to+ place

‫ مازال هناك اآلن‬/ ‫تستخدم لتبين أن الفاعل ذهب إلى مكان ومازال هناك حتى اآلن‬
-He has gone to Italy. (He went to Italy and he is there now)

(31)
 1- My dad traveled to London and returned home. (has)
2- They traveled to London and they are still there now. (have)
3- He went to the cinema and he is here now. (has)
4- She went to the zoo and doesn't come back. (has)

‫كلمات المضارع التام‬

Just ‫ توا‬/ ‫حال‬ )‫تأتي في الثبات والسؤال (قبل التصريف الثالث‬
S+ has / have + just + p.p
-He has just left the shop
already ‫بالفعل‬ )‫تأتي في الثبات و السؤال (قبل التصريف الثالث‬
has/ have already p.p
-I have already studied.
-Have you already studied?
ever ‫من قبل‬ ‫ قبل التصريف‬/ ‫ صيغة التفضيل‬/ ‫(تأتي في السؤال‬
)‫الثالث‬
Have/Has + subject + ever + p.p ..?
-Have you ever been to the zoo?
-This is the tallest boy I have ever seen.
never ‫أبدا ا‬ ‫ قبل التصريف الثالث‬ever ‫تدل على النفي وخاصة‬
S + has / have never p.p
-No…………………..
-I have never seen such a tall boy.
lately / ‫مؤخراا‬ ‫تأتي في السؤال والنفي‬
‫حديثا ا‬ -He hasn't scored goals lately

recently / ‫مؤخراا‬ ‫تأتي في السؤال واإلثبات‬

‫حديثا ا‬ -He has scored goals recently.
Yet ‫ حتى‬/ ‫بعد‬ ‫ اخر الجملة المنقية‬/ ‫ثاني في اخر السؤال‬
‫الن‬ S + hasn't/haven't p.p
Have/Has + s + p.p …….yet?
Have you finished yet?

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 Since \ for
‫) مع توقيت زمنى منذ ذلك الوقت وحتى وقت الكالم‬Since( ‫يستخدم‬
‫) لفترة زمنية تمتد الى الوقت الحاضر‬For( ‫يستخدم‬

)Since( )For(
‫يتبعها بادية الفترة الزمنية التي بدأ عندها الحدث‬. ‫بتبعها مدة زمنية محددة‬
2 o'clock/5 o'clock / two thirty‫اسماء الساعات‬ an hour
Morning / afternoon / evening ‫وقت النوم‬ -a century
Breakfast/lunch /dinner/tea time ‫الوجبات‬ -5 years
Birth/death / arrival /success/ marriage ‫ المناسبات‬over a year
Saturday / Sunday....Friday ‫اسماء األيام‬ -five days
January/February – December ‫الشهور‬ -2 months
winter/summer ‫الفصول‬ -a season
1999/2005/2015 ‫السنة‬ -10 years
last (week- month- Friday...) the last (week/month/year)
the age of 10 - 20 ) -a night
the times of the pharaohs -a day
Then -ages
Yesterday -a long time

Since ‫قاعدة‬

Present perfect Since Past simple

-They have worked in a bank since they left school.

‫ نستبدل المدة ببداية الزمن والعكس صحيح‬Science ‫ بدلا من‬For ‫عند وضع‬
I've lived here since 2015. (for)
She hasn't phoned me for a week. (since)
)‫وفى حالة النفي يمكن استخدا التركيب التالى (يفضل مع العدد الغير محدودة (المبهمة‬
Subject haven't hasn't P.P for+‫المدة‬
It's since subject last past simple

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1. I haven't written a letter for a long time. (since)
....................................................... ..................................................
2. It's 3 weeks since I last spoke with him. (for)
…………………………………………………………………….

.‫ نستخدم زمن المضارع التام منفي‬when ‫ بدل من‬since ‫اذا طلب استخدام‬
Subject+last+past simple +when +Subject past simple
= Subject-haven't hasn't since Subject+past simple

1. I last saw my uncle when I was on his farm. (since)

………………………………………………………………………
2. She hasn't stolen any money since she was arrested. (stole)
………………………………………………………………………
‫ وزمن المضارع القام منفى‬for ‫ بدل من‬ago ‫استخدام‬
Subject + haven't hasn't+ P.P …..for + ‫مدة زمنية‬
Subject-last-past simple…… ‫مدة زمنية‬+ ago
The last time + subject+ past simple …. Was + ‫ مدة زمنية‬+ ago

1. I last met them 2 weeks ago. (for)

………………………………………………………………..
2. She hasn't visited them for 3 years. (ago)
……………………………………………………………….

‫ وزمن المضارع التام مثبت‬for ‫ بدل من‬ago ‫استخدام‬

Subject have\has+ P.P…….For+ ‫مدة زمنية‬
Subject-began \started to Inf. v-ing…..+ ‫ مدة زمنية‬+ ago

1. I began to learn French 6 years ago (for)

………………………………………………………………..
2. She has played tennis for 5 months. (ago)
………………………………………………………………..

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 ever‫ بدل من‬never ‫اذا طلب استخدام‬
Subject have has never + P.P+ such a \ an adj * noun
Subject + be + (the adj-est \ the most- adj) noun+ subject
have\has ever +P.P

1. I have never seen such a beautiful girl. (ever)

………………………………………………………………………
2. Ahmed is the tallest boy. I've ever met. (never)
……………………………………………………………………….

‫ للتعبير عن حدث يتم ألول مرة‬never ‫كما لحظ أيضا ا استخدام‬

Subject has / have never + p.p….before
It's the first time + subject + has / have ever + p.p

1. Hassan has never driven a car before. (It's)

………………………………………………………………………..

just ‫ بدل من‬go ‫اذا طلب استخدام‬

Subject have \has just + P.P

Subject+ past simple + a minute la moment a short time ago

1. He has just taken the keys. (ago)

…………………………………………………………………………

still‫ بدل من‬yet ‫اذا طلب استخدام‬

Subject+ am, is, are still+ V- ing
=Subject haven't \ hasn't finished\ stopped V-ing yet.

1. Hani is still doing his homework. (yet)

2. It hasn't stopped raining yet. (still)

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 More
Exercises:

1. Ali went to Alexandria last Friday. (been)

Ali has been to Alexandria last Friday.
2. My uncle travelled to Jordan and didn't return. (Gone)
My uncle has gone to Jordan.
3. I have been to England recently. (just)
I have just come back from England.
4. Hala did her homework a moment / a short time ago. (just now\ just)
Hala did her homework just now.
Hala has just done her homework.
5. I've worked here since 2017. (For)
I've worked here for 4 years.
6. Sami last went to the cinema in 2016. (since / for)
Sami hasn't gone to Aswan since 2016.
Sami hasn’t gone to Aswan for (five) years.
7. Nora last cooked fish five days ago. (since / for)
It’s five days since Nora Nora last cooked fish.
Nora hasn't cooked fish for five days.
8. I last played football when I was at the club. (since / I haven't)
I haven't played football since I was at the club.
9. The last time I travelled abroad was in 2016. (since / for)
It's (five) years since I last travelled abroad.
I haven't travelled abroad since 2014.
I haven't travelled abroad for (five) years.

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10. The last time I visited Aswan was two years ago. (since / for)
It's (two) years since I last visited Aswan.
I haven't visited Aswan since (2019).
I haven’t visited Aswan for two years.
11. I haven’t seen him for two weeks. (since / I last / The last time)
It’s two weeks since I last saw Ali.
I last saw him two weeks ago.
The last time I saw him was two weeks ago.
12. I haven’t visited my friend for a long time. (since)
It's a long time since I last visited my friend.
13. I have never met such a tall man. (ever)
He is the tallest man I have ever met.
14. I have never read a novel more interesting than "Oliver Twist", (ever)
’’Oliver Twist" is the most interesting novel I have ever read.
15. I have never watched a match as exciting as this one. (ever)
This is the most exciting match I have ever seen.
This match is the most exciting one I have ever seen.
16. He has never travelled abroad before. (ever)
It’s the first time he has ever travelled abroad.
17. 17- Hatem has never driven a car. (It's)
It’s the first time Hatem has ever driven a car.
18. Ahmed is still working. (yet)
Ahmed hasn’t finished his work yet.
19. I haven’t seen Ahmed since 2018. (ago)
I last saw Ahmed (two) years ago.
20. He has played the piano for two hours. (ago)
He began / started to play the piano two hours ago.
21. How long have you studied maths? (ago)
How long ago did you begin to study maths.
22. My parents have lived in Cairo since their marriage. (married)
My parents have lived in Cairo since they got married.

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Rewrite using words in brackets to give the same meaning:
1- We have lived here for 3 years. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
2- He hasn't rented a flat for a long time. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
3- It is the first time he has ever drawn a picture. (never)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
4- I haven't played football for ages (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
5- It's 2 years since I last met them. (for)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
6- She hasn't cleaned the room for 3 weeks. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
7- I have done this course for a week. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
8- We began learning French 3 years ago. (for)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
9- He started to wash the dishes 2 hours ago. (for)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
10- She has fed the animals for 2 hours. (How long)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
11- They began to water the plants 2 hours ago. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
12- How long have you stayed here? (When)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
13- She has cleaned the room for 2 hours. (ago)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
14- He has lived here since 2010. (ago)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
15- I last ate this meal when I was in Paris, (ago)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
16- He last came here when she was ill. (since)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..
17- He hasn't met her since she was in Luxor rent boy (when)
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

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